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Magnetic Fundamentals, Permeability

Permeability is a measure of a material's ability to support a magnetic field within itself. It is represented by the Greek letter μ and is defined as the ratio of the flux density (B) to the magnetic field intensity (H). Permeability has units of webers per ampere-turn-meter. For most non-magnetic materials, permeability is linear, but for strongly magnetic materials like iron, permeability is non-linear and varies with changes in the magnetic field intensity. The permeability of a material is the product of the relative permeability and the permeability of a vacuum.

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88 views4 pages

Magnetic Fundamentals, Permeability

Permeability is a measure of a material's ability to support a magnetic field within itself. It is represented by the Greek letter μ and is defined as the ratio of the flux density (B) to the magnetic field intensity (H). Permeability has units of webers per ampere-turn-meter. For most non-magnetic materials, permeability is linear, but for strongly magnetic materials like iron, permeability is non-linear and varies with changes in the magnetic field intensity. The permeability of a material is the product of the relative permeability and the permeability of a vacuum.

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Mohamed Ibrahim
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6/15/2017 MagneticFundamentals,Permeability

Experimentswithmagnetsandoursurroundings

TwelveFundamentalsofMagnetism
8.Permeability,[webersperampereturnmeter,
Wb/(At*m)]
a.Linksforthistopic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)

Permeability.pdf

b.Whatisit?

Thepermeabilityofamaterialisameasureofitsabilitytosupportamagneticfield
withinitself.Itcanbethoughtofastheeffectivemultiplicationofanexternalmagnetic
fieldbythealignmentofthemagneticdomainswithinthematerial.

http://www.coolmagnetman.com/magfund08.htm 1/4
6/15/2017 MagneticFundamentals,Permeability

c.Itsunit

Permeability,=B/H,theratioofthefluxdensitytothemagneticfieldintensity.Itis
oftenseenasB=*H.(isthelowercaseGreeklettermu.)Itsunitsarewebersper
ampereturnmeter(Wb/(At*m))ornewtonsperamperesquared(N/A2).Itcanbeseen
astheslopeoftheBHcurveforatypeofmaterial.AsHvaries,theslopeofBusually
variesnonlinearly.Thisiswhatcausessomedifficultyindesigningmagneticcircuits
sinceBdoesnotvarylinearlywithHforstronglymagneticmaterials.However,for
mostnonmagneticmaterials,itspermeabilityislinear.Seethediagramsbelow:

http://www.coolmagnetman.com/magfund08.htm 2/4
6/15/2017 MagneticFundamentals,Permeability

Here,weseehowvariesfordifferenttypesofmaterials.
fisthepermeabilityofferromagneticmaterial(stronglymagnetic,butsaturates,is
nonlinear)
(note,fshouldlookmorelikewhatweseebelow)
pisthepermeabilityofparamagneticmaterial(slightlymagnetic,islinear)
0isthepermeabilityofavacuum(nonmagnetic,islinear)
disthepermeabilityofdiamagneticmaterial(slightlyantimagnetic,islinear)


Here,weseehowbothfandBvarywithrespecttoHforaferromagneticmaterial,
suchasiron.
SinceB=*H,whenisnonlinear,Bwillalsobenonlinear.

d.Howisitused?

Thepermeabilityofamaterialistheproductofthematerial'srelativepermeabilitywith
thepermeabilityofavacuum:=r*0

i.ristherelativepermeabilityofthematerial,whichusuallyrangesfrom1(fora
http://www.coolmagnetman.com/magfund08.htm 3/4
6/15/2017 MagneticFundamentals,Permeability

vacuum)to4,000foranelectricalsteel

ii.Insomespecialcases,therelativepermeabilitycanrangefrom
0forasuperconductivematerial,to
0.9998foradiamagneticmaterial,to
1,000,000forspecialferromagneticalloys

ii.r~1formostmaterials,suchasavacuum,air,wood,plastic,skin,copper,
aluminum,silver,gold,etc

iii.rhasnounitssinceitisarelativeterm

iv.0(munaught)=4*pi*107andisapproximatelyequalto1/800,000Wb/(At*m)

e.Anexampleinavacuum

Inavacuumwherer=1,so=r*0=4*pi*107,afieldintensityof796At/m
(oftenroundedto800At/m)isneededtocreateafluxdensityof1mTwithinthe
vacuum.Sincethepermeabilityofavacuumdoesnotchange,Bisalinearfunctionwith
respecttoH.IfyoudoubleH,Bwilldouble.Soitwouldtakeabout800,000At/mto
createafluxdensityof1Twithinthevacuum.

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