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Notes For Class 11 Maths Chapter 8 Binomial Theorem Download

The document discusses the binomial theorem and its properties. Some key points: 1) The binomial theorem expresses the expansion of (x + a)n as a sum of terms involving binomial coefficients for any positive integer n. 2) The theorem has various properties - the coefficients are binomial coefficients, the sum of indices in each term is n, it holds for complex x and a, and the coefficients of terms equidistant from beginning and end are equal. 3) There are formulas for the general term, greatest term, middle terms, and greatest coefficient in the expansion, which depend on whether n is even or odd. 4) The binomial theorem can be extended to any rational number n,

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740 views9 pages

Notes For Class 11 Maths Chapter 8 Binomial Theorem Download

The document discusses the binomial theorem and its properties. Some key points: 1) The binomial theorem expresses the expansion of (x + a)n as a sum of terms involving binomial coefficients for any positive integer n. 2) The theorem has various properties - the coefficients are binomial coefficients, the sum of indices in each term is n, it holds for complex x and a, and the coefficients of terms equidistant from beginning and end are equal. 3) There are formulas for the general term, greatest term, middle terms, and greatest coefficient in the expansion, which depend on whether n is even or odd. 4) The binomial theorem can be extended to any rational number n,

Uploaded by

Mohsin Manzoor Bhat
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Class 11 Maths Chapter 8 Binomial Theorem


Binomial Theorem for Positive Integer

If n is any positive integer, then

This is called binomial theorem.

Here, nC0, nC1, nC2, , nno are called binomial coefficients and
n
Cr = n! / r!(n r)! for 0 r n.

Properties of Binomial Theorem for Positive Integer

(i) Total number of terms in the expansion of (x + a)n is (n + 1).

(ii) The sum of the indices of x and a in each term is n.

(iii) The above expansion is also true when x and a are complex numbers.

(iv) The coefficient of terms equidistant from the beginning and the end are equal. These
coefficients are known as the binomial coefficients and
n
Cr = nCn r, r = 0,1,2,,n.

(v) General term in the expansion of (x + c)n is given by

Tr + 1 = nCrxn r ar.

(vi) The values of the binomial coefficients steadily increase to maximum and then steadily
decrease .

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(vii)

(viii)

(ix) The coefficient of xr in the expansion of (1+ x)n is nCr.

(x)

(xi) (a)

(b)

(xii) (a) If n is odd, then (x + a)n + (x a)n and (x + a)n (x a)n both have the same number of
terms equal to (n +1 / 2).

(b) If n is even, then (x + a)n + (x a)n has (n +1 / 2) terms. and (x + a)n (x a)n has (n / 2)
terms.

(xiii) In the binomial expansion of (x + a)n, the r th term from the end is (n r + 2)th term

from the
beginning.

(xiv) If n is a positive integer, then number of terms in (x + y + z) n is (n + l)(n + 2) / 2.

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Middle term in the Expansion of (1 + x)n

(i) It n is even, then in the expansion of (x + a)n, the middle term is (n/2 + 1)th terms.

(ii) If n is odd, then in the expansion of (x + a)n, the middle terms are (n + 1) / 2 th term and (n
+ 3) / 2 th term.

Greatest Coefficient

(i) If n is even, then in (x + a)n, the greatest coefficient is nCn / 2

(ii) Ifn is odd, then in (x + a)n, the greatest coefficient is nCn 1 / 2 or nCn + 1 / 2 both being equal.

Greatest Term

In the expansion of (x + a)n

(i) If n + 1 / x/a + 1 is an integer = p (say), then greatest term is Tp == Tp + 1.

(ii) If n + 1 / x/a + 1 is not an integer with m as integral part of n + 1 / x/a + 1, then Tm + 1. is the
greatest term.

Important Results on Binomial Coefficients

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Divisibility Problems

From the expansion, (1+ x)n = 1+ nC1x + nC1x2+ +nCnxn

We can conclude that,

(i) (1+ x)n 1 = nC1x + nC1x2+ +nCnxn is divisible by x i.e., it is multiple of x.

(1+ x)n 1 = M(x)

(ii)

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(iii)

Multinomial theorem

For any n N,

(i)

(ii)

(iii) The general term in the above expansion is

(iv)The greatest coefficient in the expansion of (x1 + x2 + +

xm)n is where q and r are the quotient and remainder respectively,


when n is divided by m.

(v) Number of non-negative integral solutions of x1 + x2 + + xn = n is n + r 1Cr 1

R-f Factor Relations

Here, we are going to discuss problem involving (A + B)sup>n = I + f, Where I and n are
positive integers.

0 le; f le; 1, |A B2| = k and |A B| < 1

Binomial Theorem for any Index

If n is any rational number, then

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(i) If in the above expansion, n is any positive integer, then the series in RHS is finite otherwise
infinite.

(ii) General term in the expansion of (1 + x)n is Tr + 1 = n(n 1)(n 2) [n (r 1)] / r! * xr

(iii) Expansion of (x + a)n for any rational index

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(vii) (1 + x)- 1 = 1 x + x2 x3 +

(viii) (1 x)- 1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 +

(ix) (1 + x)- 2 = 1 2x + 3x2 4x3 +

(x) (1 x)- 2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 4x3 +

(xi) (1 + x)- 3 = 1 3x + 6x2

(xii) (1 x)- 3 = 1 + 3x + 6x2

(xiii) (1 + x)n = 1 + nx, if x2, x3, are all very small as compared to x.

Important Results

(i) Coefficient of xm in the expansion of (axp + b / xq)n is the coefficient of Tr + l where r = np


m/p+q

(ii) The term independent of x in the expansion of axp + b / xq)n is the coefficient of Tr + l where
r = np / p + q

(iii) If the coefficient of rth, (r + l)th and (r + 2)th term of (1 + x)n are in AP, then n2 (4r+1) n
+ 4r2 = 2

(iv) In the expansion of (x + a)n

Tr + 1 / Tr = n r + 1 / r * a / x

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(v) (a) The coefficient of xn 1 in the expansion of

(x l)(x 2) .(x n) = n (n + l) / 2

(b) The coefficient of xn 1 in the expansion of

(x + l)(x + 2) .(x + n) = n (n + l) / 2

(vi) If the coefficient of pth and qth terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n are equal, then p + q = n
+2

(vii) If the coefficients of xr and xr + 1 in the expansion of a + x / b)n are equal, then

n = (r + 1)(ab + 1) 1

(viii) The number of term in the expansion of (x1 + x2 + + xr)n is n + r 1C r 1.

(ix) If n is a positive integer and a1, a2, , am C, then the coefficient of xr in the expansion of
(a1 + a2x + a3x2 + + amxm 1)n is

(x) For |x| < 1,

(a) 1 + x + x2 + x3+ + = 1 / 1 x

(b) 1 + 2x + 3x2 + + = 1 / (1 x)2

(xi) Total number of terms in the expansion of (a + b + c + d)n is (n + l)(n + 2)(n + 3) / 6.

Important Points to be Remembered

(i) If n is a positive integer, then (1 + x)n contains (n +1) terms i.e., a finite number of terms.
When n is general exponent, then the expansion of (1 + x)n contains infinitely many terms.

(ii) When n is a positive integer, the expansion of (l + x)n is valid for all values of x. If n is
general exponent, the expansion of (i + x)n is valid for the values of x satisfying the condition
|x| < 1.

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