Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Objectives
In this lesson, you will learn to:
Use operators
Use conditional constructs
Use loop constructs
Define the scope of variables

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Types of Operators
Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Unary operators
Comparison operators
Logical operators
Conditional operators

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Arithmetic Operators
Are used to perform arithmetic operations
Are used in an order according to the
precedence rules

Type Operators Associativity

Value construction () Innermost to outermost

Multiplicative * / % Left to right

Additive + - Left to right

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Arithmetic Assignment Operators

Are used to assign the value of the right operand to
the left
Are as follows: =, +=, -=, /=, *=, %=

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Unary Operators
Operate on one operand
Are of two types:
Increment operator (++)
Decrement operator (--)

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Comparison Operators
Are also called relational operators
Are used to compare two values
Evaluate to true or false

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Comparison Operators (Contd.)

Operator Description Example Explanation

Evaluates whether or not the x == y Returns true if the values are equal and false
==
operands are equal. otherwise
Evaluates whether or not the x != y Returns true if the values are not equal and
!=
operands are not equal false otherwise

Evaluates whether or not the left x > y

Returns true if x is greater than y and false
> operand is greater than the right
otherwise
operand
Evaluates whether or not the left x < y
Returns true if x is less than y and false
< operand is less than the right
otherwise
operand
Evaluates whether or not the left x >= y
Returns true if x is greater than or equal to y
>= operand is greater than or equal to
and false otherwise
the right operand
Evaluates whether or not the left x <= y
Returns true if x is less than or equal to y and
<= operand is less than or equal to the
false otherwise
right operand

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Logical Operators
Are used to combine two or more expressions
Are of three types:
AND (&&)
OR (||)
NOT (!)

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Conditional Constructs
Control the flow of a program
Allow selective execution of statements
Use comparison operators for evaluating conditions
Are of two types:
The ifelse construct
The switchcase construct

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

The ifelse Construct

In an ifelse block of statements:
Condition is evaluated first
If condition is true, statements in the immediate block
are executed
If condition is false, statements in the else block are
executed

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

The ifelse Construct (Contd.)

Syntax:
if (expression)
{
statements;
}
else
{
statements;
}

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Just a Minute
Write a construct that assigns grades to students based
on their marks. Students who have scored marks
between 75 and 100 are to be given grade A, those who
have scored between 50 and 75 are to be given grade
B, and the rest of them should be given grade C.

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

The switchcase Construct

Is used when there are multiple values for a variable
Evaluates condition-variable of the switch statement
and compares with each case constant
Requires a break statement to exit from its body
Uses default keyword for associating any other
statements other than mentioned in the case constant

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Loop Constructs
Cause a section of a program to be repeated a certain
number of times
Are of three types:
while loop
dowhile loop
for loop

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

The while Loop

Continues until the evaluating condition becomes
false
Syntax:
while (expression)
{
statements;
}
Requires the continue statement to return the
control to the beginning of while loop skipping any
other statements after the continue keyword

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Just a Minute...
Write a function to display the sum of all numbers
between 1 and 100.

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

The do...while Loop

Continues until the evaluating condition becomes
false
Executes the body of the loop at least once
Syntax:
do
{
statements;
} while(boolean_expr);

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

The for Loop

Provides a compact way of specifying statements that
control the repetition of the steps within the loop
Contains three expressions:
The initialization expression
The test expression
The increment/decrement expression

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

The for Loop (Contd.)

Syntax:
for( initialization_expr; test_expr; change_expr)
{
statements;

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

The break and continue statement

The break statement is used to exit a loop before the
loop condition is re-evaluated after iteration
The continue statement is used to skip all the
subsequent instructions and take the control back to
the loop

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Problem Statement 4.D.1

Write a program that will reverse an accepted string and
copy it into another string.

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Problem Statement 4.D.2

Write a program that displays the amount outstanding for
all customers. The amount outstanding should be
displayed in an ascending order.
The amount outstanding is represented as an array of
float values:
float amounts[10] =
{200.5,323,0,100.7,314,523,256,10.90,
553.90,0};

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Problem Statement 4.P.1

Write a program to accept the salaries of 10 employees
from the user and displays them in descending order for
all the employees. If the user enters zero, the program
should display the message The amount should be
greater than zero and accept the value again.

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

The Scope of a Variable

Falls under three heads:
File scope
Local scope
Class scope

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

File Scope
Is considered to be the outermost scope
Variables are accessible throughout the program file
Are called global variables

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Local Scope
Is defined as being limited to the braces of a function
or a control structure like for, while, and if
Are called local variables

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Class Scope
Variables are accessible only within the class
Variables have the flexibility of being accessed
outside the class by declaring them as public

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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Summary
In this lesson, you learned that:
Operators are used to compute and compare values
and test multiple conditions
You use arithmetic operators to perform arithmetic
operations, such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division
You can also use arithmetic assignment operators to
perform arithmetic operations
The unary operators, such as the increment and
decrement operators operate on one operand
Comparison operators, which are also called
relational operators, are used to compare two values
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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Summary (Contd.)
Logical operators are used to combine two or more
expressions
Conditional constructs are used to allow the selective
execution of statements. The conditional constructs in
C++ are:
if...else
switch...case
Looping constructs are used when you want a section
of a program to be repeated a certain number of
times. C++ offers the following looping constructs:
while
do...while
for
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Operators and Decision-Making Constructs

Summary (Contd.)
The break and continue statements are used to
control the program flow within a loop

The scope of a variable specifies its accessibility

C++ features three types of scopes: file, class, and
local scope

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