0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views

O'-"Nh "T+ F Qler, I T PS.-RZ : - "FL T Oto, Ns .U 4 K? 4s.cl

- The document discusses the electronic structure and bonding properties of basic unit cells and crystalline solids. - It explains that unit cells contain atoms arranged in repeating patterns throughout the solid, held together by bonding electrons that are attracted to multiple nuclei. - Thermal vibrations can overcome these bonds, allowing atoms to move around fixed points in the lattice structure. Electron configurations and interactions between orbitals give rise to various types of bonds that determine a material's properties.

Uploaded by

Mohab Sameh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views

O'-"Nh "T+ F Qler, I T PS.-RZ : - "FL T Oto, Ns .U 4 K? 4s.cl

- The document discusses the electronic structure and bonding properties of basic unit cells and crystalline solids. - It explains that unit cells contain atoms arranged in repeating patterns throughout the solid, held together by bonding electrons that are attracted to multiple nuclei. - Thermal vibrations can overcome these bonds, allowing atoms to move around fixed points in the lattice structure. Electron configurations and interactions between orbitals give rise to various types of bonds that determine a material's properties.

Uploaded by

Mohab Sameh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

St

Oernircndr-^-cf-cs
r - / , n n
t-uj6 ru'q,lL blz

*.- e( - r
\:eru4pr.SUSIn_[S:(3.C.)
j'v'4'^ln.b'rs
-{ftc^.d.,lbiri\ o1 s"*tro".c!'.c}ors io }e}u}eo/ru1fie44 sd
amd- co/r\-,. tbf tt"; -Aq'oa;Xire'tr Jo,"-q.fohn-, j$r,-min6!br,.9wn?fa:Lq-
!i"U 0."+ addrtr,o,r-oF mir1u"&,
o'-"nh "t+^f qler, I t pS.-rZ
--"fl*t oto,ns.u 4 K? *
4s.cl
+m; "oln&ir\ r.rn crnd'c.fivi\ mo.keslh-o r.c, "r^-
irnprh"d
{Ur-"^.xf
mohr@ls {or *Qo"honr" afilic,o1.d,,a
8. C. mq6 be .oi-bh-c,rcrn ,q-01.rla^,rf
! s; , Gel or o cor.ngo.,o
d I C:"Arl .

r___ll!s_\,'1slg{ :>hd..q:
'\-b(rod/" g .-rrv! q (rqstol Ldhare-
, {.ajflce I C. Orfonternen-f oY Ofr-om )
o.tom1 -lhermql \ ibro.!.i:ns &re crnYerel- a-bor.f {' *.d p6sih6%s
_, n
Jhqt Yo',n--bls G , c. -

* Ltnff Glt, A vsLr"".r j"rsi \r- -b,r -Qojda,c-rltv\.rh .r.i)


fe-pf esentrGrra cP {"Lh}.,r-Q-o.Jttca. arr\L \e,r* ^rfeabr"e- tL
\hr.x5teo-tf J$^o-crSst<9- 1 6vu2-ca..,rutr^.-h Jl^la e.^nf* ["ftr-.

) B!6ic UnibCe.lls
r

(t
arh tti(o-
t/ ^ coos\aoL
a - Sio,fle\rbe- tBJ" G^h*i Crb" . EceCa/'ilcra
" fu\e
. 6 r'arrest neglrbq. a-lons " I neacesbn*.4"t"r. raneorest{.4
u '
Ghct/lls- o.},'n s
@
x b-h-.^J. Stc..tn"-q
--,Si Q Ge --Dro/J.dr^*.qa. -l.afi.co- /h*cjol-. Don"ndo srucfra_
cqm -\s Aaqi{L o! &'hto -tvn-b\err evqirn+ eC.C. Mk.0..s.BJ'co, ..r^,r}g_sltq_
o{-ttr* dlrpA,r.rod-
\bpA,r.&,cL+,,rn Jlu- 6{t4
Jm!- 6tF.4-l.
-I%_6v\!.1",on.toto$ dr;t"nco-
d;t"nco-
+- l"-on,h;t
o,Sb..^itl$.r- d"1cn"!-
E
-t!^e-c-"\o t+ drblt-o<omz'rl.l

:,ul,e- ,{-
toFr@

: An slo"
-f\as,
- . - - -U-
- - -nafesD
.-----.-
\e\sl\tdr o'rum\

(Sor1e ]..- o"tons G( smt ,\Sd ft.c"<o,'t...d


R,oco-,.te,.d S cbom
5 si"rPirc,t^L
. )
(f,- ,

staL?to,nes FhilerTndtciq"'

''}0ry oQlua-cl, ffecenL- Q\c/^%'


, t1"nL "j".I"'"^O an.! olhrz,"C)noro"la-''"b['c t Q;;'-M'&'pe'A u*
Jl^,e.crgsto-L odefrafu/. .

_.-l-v---=-,.'--\-

t.Kw:"a14r)
ptta,rs:
-- ii;;a$,4 "[t 4.,4,rr-l"-
U
4taruz -r^t o crgd aO ; obfo'nd c's

@{nl-er--r^.lo^<opopo-pr"n-'-t-^:'ll-r'a't1"t|t't!oj:<'u, o'd'natto'
-lnu. br.t*^pa"'Qs oPs's j,"Frc+ts'
@
O An"* j9'ern '1-" tt' etnqlQst-f rr'btyl 'Yeqing Ane-xrneraEo'
.)<
1.J"&!s&.Eqdl.
Eoclu dr;c.r.o"d -!dt'c-o- -L Atvrounded bp 4 reoresb ne,1hic"colorns.

+ul
r-<
goch poi.
* Qlo\ent 3.^U^j, shcdo,t- r ,! ,
iri o > tt+-,o
q c-JO\nf
[o1 Jfuq]rorr.g .lt-rri\!r neqrest o Ft
rx{t ,Uocs, o

+ri

+ c4tJag\b!g&a"_:
, e\eclrons ofp bs'vd tn t'ra J0$.o-hpJrorr,{-oJdrcc > naL avorlalde $r
Con-dr<lioo.

g,"&t
tfFermql vibro-hbn mo.rtrbreoK tV.4 bo.nds------ t." e.0o.]t-s
.
ca,n QntUo4otiL -t ^n-Cond-ch ol" .
cesugt '.^Jh,i:c-V\,
(m"w .rr',.d-c.n-
Jil- -&.b D8"nlac-b\t#.0i)

. koe o-Oocf-ro -aia.,r, &&*.* (v"<---.*,) cDhietLc-a-N-


ba
{tlL<rL t,6 a".iRor,, rurq\a-bo(
q-
io9 afuct\o4 - -* v es-rQ-b
$
. , n
{m o. sv\r)t -$ qa p. cra."n
c1l t-!.Icai-ow
( J _ g ^
ilr'

cj. "X{=g1s
-a
hDte D
tLt
G)

. D"9'"--"+ e-o.^ ba- conc-id-ecel- oz o- 9art & 'atn^Io^ JF e


l L, tc-ornes o-?ostn*uq.c-hpate- av'A.tvav<n'tttAero&f
C,a004ddddd
of ojocy.to t+nld" ,^ drcec.bonoppear\z*p th" eiak"4 -
'
-> t. B.Hn eJechror',sI be\es conkibrr'6- tb fohd eleclr'c crl.f(enf
x kesu bqnd;' @
<-
---*3F +ur! deoGco0 o.lome o.re $r a5nrb, .j$s o-\\Duxi-energ fu'udn
-rlri \\ ba J*u- eorne +tp\il obme trl{S'*\o'\tS a*aetpzatno

Who^rS,o k. c*onrg ors a)wr '-----'^*"81 9j'^9^


brotl21Wtr
>
AnY '
6Jtt''Y\o
-\,ri![ ^?a,F--u1tr'& Sotd'
\'rr'\Tx!chb* ""1*;'"' Qxfr*^''
uhc-Qrac-o
Cokeroc.trb"u Ub q*Y:*"r^1*
-; "*'nZ Je,elt )
.5irn3 .---:, ooluAoas, Jn^qr

el L&'-^b
. % r N o.bo-s; Jlw oc\its oF o"ja^ e-Qpclrn"" a'A"
oue,t\n"oand .l,nJ@""cf- :rpLlF;n3
r'uoos bqnd' oPeo,orgg.
e N, tf,- res.,It s i n o c-Dnh'

brrnd :fl.rltt\ oP3"."::o"durlo'rs'


ffi,4-o ocoaj d^f q% **^g30"*y
( fho,.i" rodii q6q nucfL .Amq[Ler bvroil' JJ^p 'rmbero"kc'rnic eepero-hon)

.l6e co
%ut VoLanc4,alacJr"rti'ot" 1sL^Fue\-,gr,ueoklilbound. !0.\on
BS hot& atofes
e\lr}roos occ*Pt ls ,3P 6ubshqffi, u'rho,r-o
on-d 3P \nos 6 ebrfu'0,

. As.bro- ulo,rotom ic d;:bon,r- A,ocrrnuan'o,-tha'a'bzVu% o)6


N q'6t- L;Ia' ;nfu^^<t cnrL a'erGp q^'L.4of tb's' <l'olibr.','''"
-r-rntoro.brrirc- &iton cr' ; tli\\ opl.l} aqc-vn wiln Lr sto'tes uru
s'bond !c-o-lled-!ol"''.8'"-d-,l
-5h3-,a.,o. & U ehab: in
JJu tlppec borr,j, tc,riJai- G.a-<'f'-' B"*d] FrorDrn'
(a
\!./

E\ocho" .E"ergg
,4 N 6foJz4
' 0daclr"\
6Nstufia
/.4 2Nefua|rai.

LN 6fak"
.? 2N eb!h",6

v.b, .D

q, Lioferdornic d,])tqnca,)
D,I+3h

*ATT=o:
occ,lgtlu-.loreeF exerg she. -]
- e\ee}cons tlg-- al\ st -bes
boJ
in -Q-ou.er -+ lor.,er Bond.I volt'r'ce'B'nd-] cutll b" futl
oaoL oLt sLqts,y! u4pe"Bo^al conar<traoaondl o.rtllbe eYnpp,

" Th=" Bo6o- oQGrxTrrm;^ l9-'J" --Ec '


" TheT.p o( V,"L.nco b".,1- ==' Ev'
" ,AnrL ]F,e -!-x"'a pgp o,*"+,rl ( h) -qref".,ta,.--tlo l-olto* op
GndrrJ'.b* -lr"^.ri o^+ Gt oP Vat4^" \ea"L'I ( Ec-Ev)
is o hr[idden- {-,^ergd
t'P]

E6 , ttf^.d\Y 'b 'ti'a- er\erql re\u'aarL J:" Sre"lt o' bond' i-"".,
-$roa -r"<r' C'B'
-Iio Serr.t ondt croc -[o eetr # tU"l.t-"'

orrd leore' o-Vdo--Ltv'"V'B'

e /tl
-l-
J<com r-v'O:

, An oyprert"hLc,nurlaa^.
{ d oon l-lrerr,.,cll-x-
e^uita|
$"a. V.g.
toc'9.

ttLtl * ol $^r nosb icr.pertonf bfnbde,Ler^inzaga--


po,r-omcfere
drcxicoL +ots{fu o!- rnoEer;0,\t.
"g"d*rc-biv\(6') 6+ e motseric\is rnter{ p,..y.honaL6 E5.
1}',\1g1g_G.ierG.ronFroHo ;
C.- Noul, -rt ls raurrcd" &"
,$,,irL .1}to-c"l.,i n-r Conco/nYohovu
of
)1st ^a,* sEoE of q ?g'* te"'^g<-n--bnc
' -,f&rr -o.0.-a-quiUU.utnu
cifqEb-.,. -U)rc- -p-0s"iv,e f<"Od r \,.?rjtr - -l
u-ritkt-oul: -qrcl--conc.!,.p-a.

a-re qvcrhA- !r"""


> AT a X<ren b,'rnparc.frrfe"r e*.t4ckrone V.'to Q'b'
","& -a"-r, -A"k^ c-t V'A '

(- a"a;-;tlo elccfr.,* der,siS: n(E)

ra(F) = de'rti\ of sbetes X ErobolrtQr.liL^ o ocs4SinB


/ Pr enr0.r fon@, {-h ql }^ IO
n 9o f
?ei. ne{3j fong?-dt
r \-d\!'r"e-
fre

.r4 P,"^"*;'* JSn* A.^re"-fr- "rrrvmton,s{ arn Utao ecohz ,gtn


W1;JCw?^u,r- e* acz^Lai",,- -l-ane^o61QagqQ.
E.

+w c,Ea* kr el i ^ ca^d.,,(ct,i'^ band E

(:.6)t'" (E-E"J'' '"*l


NCE)= lrn"'. i oR"u;
$
-.:2 T\e s\o.tr,?u^itr& fu-D^d39-rrn t'to.!o,.c" bo"rrcg;
*.f,,t r- .{/z -*]
N(E) = **(t-i* h ) I c'r-t, Lrrlri , Lt- ")&"k
+3
r fhe l?a.mi DirocD,s\.ib!.Li,1,!:
* gt *f*^L\ .t -y^U* o," e0ae-hDa-
-./.mo,h
tC.
.^-tt,lrcrr" G)
' 1ue-t
" Ee' P"'^; -Qa*e-t
c4- ",9ich -tt"" P"'t-u-l;l"-.
', {(t)
/ ^ ' \ \
= \r;a-*)d') .p,'t,-$*
+
f)a t:"*t'
rP'
*
.K,8.l!<-"'*.s"rLa'S
" .r , , hs.t i.. be..^pt K)

1) El d"?."{s "., '.,o}erio0 61vrotson


Cernpe.ahre-

G>\ o \
2., $i , rEF):y1
- \
qr o\\ te -tsroii,(es
3) A-i o K ,o1l is ore l,celoo Eg

@ As te.p &c(eqoa, ?(E)


t.oc eaAi, P6( e > tp
dec{eo.a4, P!( E <E F
9 u.ecL a. o 1'r=oo,r.r,3- q, I h-o P . -bohdJ-q o.\ V, rAr^4
8o. t' d
c-o-rrer dLtlribu-Lau_ o D'an z d
or*r erunq.{u 'e0o.

Ec
-EP

- o oo o o o o oE V
Sdt qce in \'' 8.

ot Tr- ) O"K
Pc) t"
t
\L
E Ev
-* ooooooc, b cA
i ) o S,:ne <-ovojorrtlosnds ole br.ken, 6 e'X'
?r.ur.,[x..
q ol
q 'Jr"di"q
\ t

at Tr jr

ws{'"
fe -- n''>r,tJ X. t" cB
aa
,( \_,afiier \-on@n hrqEo4 ..

/'i-
Ol lne(.no( CqtI{-lkrur,.m :
- (cc-tc\ I
P(E)d E lbrhlu
| - g -Ei- i
\'r.rtrl . , k T
L;

' tna-r esullt


ol Aurl-r,.rnjqqraLdw
\ l J
: [,] -- N. F(rJ
+ N" '5 U,a"ff.cture
-3.
arhrth. &+rr4-d4 ory,.,
-th-o-.r'"Erua!- qri.d, tl4
J@*per*bre- .

-Cc'
rE,.
'YL = g t-F,i
N.

c--oncenVd.,o,-,. n l
-vr'oLqa ._t/n Ua LQ,.nca_ ba
)kl l

r ^ ( e v ) _ - |r . _ _(rg_tJ-
f t_ .^y e-Ir i
.l / r+e*iH .l
+. Nv is tha, "p stoha o* Vql-o,r'
<-n-tsonJ .

-(E{+' (++t
^rL-p--lrJ"N" e(-E*F) = N"N,; =Mh/ui?'.
rnqssc.ct ;.,, Lo,,:

cJhere ni ,n JJ.r- ;y,'6"ic ca,r^fiy'- **_ ,


x @\e Ft*rt
ptri- a* irn-h'ins 'c sernicond-rrc,b-
r is dotairc'L
Xtt
btr"1....\ n; t)
F
" l._, -_ F E_c '+r _
- r, -- .r- _ KE
E,v \ + _ T Q^ N/u
M
AT rwm terr,p , t\e &nd, ter.n 6 much srnollsT^ond" heno.
Lhe infr;nsic.Qrm,'lsuglf; 0',,; v<lAd.s4-A ',iek { Ea

"lloi
. 'fli rt temgorojfure. \erdevuL-, r,:hrere-o.ts roo'" !q."'p ,
oi si e. \r td" cm-j
. TEe-[nr1er J*u- bondn-pGt-) r J** wnq$r \i iS -

Co" c entra-hbru ( Ep =Et of midiloE6)


-x {

4 pa".,l
F.,

(E)
Nre> f(E)
-tl,"r<.ole nu^hnr oP allt.u.d- sbtes ( NG)l ;t\- c'B ' , Aauant'
* We'
(tLprb"b$.q 4 W o**P[^t aw.ffttatat- s?.bt n cnallrQnrca-.,,
-ternbo.Jrclt r sr'btuo- uilL not be. motV
$. infrinai"o
y" cg, f i.e. nksnaltJ,
9^;b"!> -Po,-.!ola't Fi smq.LL Lw.

You might also like