RADIOSS Theory Manual V13 PDF

RADIOSS THEORY MANUAL
13.0
.0 version Jan 2014
Large Displacement
acement Finite Element Analysis
PART 2
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RADIOSS THEORY Version 13.0 CONTENTS
CONTENTS
9.0 MATERIAL LAWS 3
9.1 ISOTROPIC ELASTIC MATERIAL 5
9.2 COMPOSITE AND ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS 8
9.2.1 FABRIC LAW FOR ELASTIC ORTHOTROPIC SHELLS (LAWS 19 AND 58) 8
9.2.2 NONLINEAR PSEUDO-PLASTIC ORTHOTROPIC SOLIDS (LAWS 28, 50 AND 68) 11
9.2.3 HILLS LAW FOR ORTHOTROPIC PLASTIC SHELLS (LAW 72) 145
9.2.4 ELASTIC-PLASTIC ORTHOTROPIC COMPOSITE SHELLS 177
9.2.5 ELASTIC-PLASTIC ORTHOTROPIC COMPOSITE SOLIDS 27
9.2.6 ELASTIC-PLASTIC ANISOTROPIC SHELLS (BARLATS LAW) 30
9.3 ELASTO-PLASTICITY OF ISOTROPIC MATERIALS 31
9.3.1 JOHNSON-COOK PLASTICITY MODEL (LAW 2) 32
9.3.2 ZERILLI-ARMSTRONG PLASTICITY MODEL (LAW 2) 36
9.3.3 COWPER-SYMONDS PLASTICITY MODEL (LAW 44) 37
9.3.4 ZHAO PLASTICITY MODEL (LAW 48) 38
9.3.5 TABULATED PIECEWISE LINEAR AND QUADRATIC ELASTO-PLASTIC LAWS
(LAWS 36 AND 60) 39
9.3.6 DRUCKER-PRAGER CONSTITUTIVE MODEL (LAWS 10 & 21) 40
9.3.7 BRITTLE DAMAGE FOR JOHNSON-COOK PLASTICITY MODEL (LAW 27) 42
9.3.8 BRITTLE DAMAGE FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE MATERIALS (LAW 24) 44
9.3.9 DUCTILE DAMAGE MODEL 47
9.3.10 DUCTILE DAMAGE MODEL FOR POROUS MATERIALS (GURSON LAW 52) 48
9.3.11 CONNECT MATERIALS (LAW 59) 51
9.4 VISCOUS MATERIALS 52
9.4.1 BOLTZMANN VISCOELASTIC MODEL (LAW 34) 56
9.4.2 GENERALIZED KELVIN-VOIGT MODEL (LAW 35) 57
9.4.3 TABULATED STRAIN RATE DEPENDENT LAW FOR VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS (LAW 38) 59
9.4.4 GENERALIZED MAXWELL-KELVIN MODEL FOR VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS (LAW 40) 62
9.4.5 VISCO-ELASTO-PLASTIC MATERIALS FOR FOAMS (LAW 33) 62
9.4.6 HYPER VISCO-ELASTIC LAW FOR FOAMS (LAW 62) 63
9.5 MATERIALS FOR HYDRODYNAMIC ANALYSIS 65
9.5.1 JOHNSON COOK LAW FOR HYDRODYNAMICS (LAW 4) 65
9.5.2 HYDRODYNAMIC VISCOUS FLUID LAW (LAW 6) 66
9.5.3 ELASTO-PLASTIC HYDRODYNAMIC MATERIAL (LAW 3) 67
9.5.4 STEINBERG-GUINAN MATERIAL (LAW 49) 68
9.6 VOID MATERIAL (LAW 0) 68
9.7 FAILURE MODEL 69
9.7.1 JOHNSON-COOK FAILURE MODEL 69
9.7.2 WILKINS FAILURE CRITERIA 70
9.7.3 TULER-BUTCHER FAILURE CRITERIA 70
9.7.4 FORMING LIMIT DIAGRAM FOR FAILURE (FLD) 70
9.7.5 SPALLING WITH JOHNSON-COOK FAILURE MODEL 71
9.7.6 BAO-XUE-WIERZBICKI FAILURE MODEL 71
9.7.7 STRAIN FAILURE MODEL 72
9.7.8 SPECIFIC ENERGY FAILURE MODEL 73
9.7.9 XFEM CRACK INITIALIZATION FAILURE MODEL 73
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Chapter
9
MATERIALS
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RADIOSS THEORY Version 13.0 MATERIALS
9.0 MATERIAL LAWS

A large variety of materials is used in the structural components and must be modeled in stress analysis
problems. For any kind of these materials a range of constitutive laws is available to describe by a mathematical
approach the behavior of the material. The choice of a constitutive law for a given material depends at first to
desired quality of the model. For example, for standard steel, the constitutive law may take into account the
plasticity, anisotropic hardening, the strain rate, and temperature dependence. However, for a routine design
maybe a simple linear elastic law without strain rate and temperature dependence is sufficient to obtain the
needed quality of the model. This is the analyst design choice. On the other hand, the software must provide a
large constitutive library to provide models for the more commonly encountered materials in practical
applications.
RADIOSS material library contains several distinct material laws. The constitutive laws may be used by the
analyst for general applications or a particular type of analysis. The user can also program a new material law in
RADIOSS. This is a powerful resource for the analyst to code a complex material model.
Theoretical aspects of the material models that are provided in RADIOSS are described in this chapter. The
available material laws are classified in Table 9.0.1. This classification is in complementary with those of
RADIOSS input manual. The reader is invited to consult that one for all technical information related to the
definition of input data.
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Table 9.0.1 Material law description

Law number
Type Description Model in RADIOSS
(MID)
Linear elastic Hooke (1)
Isotropic Elasticity Ogden-Mooney-Rivlin (42)
Hyper elastic
Tabulated input for Hyper-elastic (69)
Material Ogden material (82)
Linear elastic for orthotropic shells Fabric (19)
Nonlinear elastic for anisotropic shells Fabric (58)
Honeycomb (28)
Nonlinear pseudo-plastic orthotropic Cosserat Medium (68)
solids without strain rate effect Thermal Hill Orthotropic (73)
Thermal Hill Orthotropic 3D (74)
Nonlinear pseudo-plastic orthotropic Crushable foam (50)
Composite and solids with strain rate effect
Anisotropic Hill (32)
Materials Hill (tabulated) (43)
Elasto-plastic anisotropic shells
3-Parameter Barlat (57)
Anisotropic Hill (72)
Composite Shell (25)
Composite Shell Chang-Chang (15)
Elasto-plastic orthotropic composites Composite Solid (14)
Tsai-Wu formula for solid (12)
Foam model (53)
Johnson-Cook (2)
Zerilli-Armstrong (2)
Zhao (48)
Connection material (59)
Cowper-Symonds (44)
Tabulated piecewise linear (36)
Tabulated quadratic in strain rate (60)
Rigid material (13)
von Mises hardening without damage
Drucker-Prager for rock or concrete (21)
Drucker-Prager for rock or concrete by (10)
polynominal
Elasto-plasticity of
Connection material (59)
Isotropic Materials
Hnsel model (63)
Ugine and ALZ approach (64)
Elastomer (65)
Yoshida-Uemori (78)
Aluminium, glass, etc. (27)
von Mises hardening with brittle
Predit rivets (54)
damage
Reinforced concrete (24)
von Mises hardening with ductile Ductile damage for solids and shells (22)
damage Ductile damage for solids (23)
Ductile damage for porous materials, (52)
von Mises with visco-plastic flow
Gurson
Boltzman (34)
Generalized Kelvin-Voigt (35)
Tabulated law (38)
Generalized Maxwell-Kelvin (40)
Visco-elastic
Viscous Materials Hyper visco-elastic (62)
Visco-elastic (66)
Tabulated law - hyper visco-elastic (70)
Isotropic visco elastic model --
Visco-plastic Closed cell, elasto-plastic foam (33)
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Law number
Type Description Model in RADIOSS
(MID)
Strain rate and temperature Johnson-Cook (4)
dependence on yield stress
Turbulent viscous flow Hydrodynamic viscous (6)
Multiphase Gray E.O.S + Johnsons Gray model (16)
shear law
Hydrodynamic von Mises isotropic hardening with (3)
Elasto-plastic hydrodynamic polynomial pressure
Semi-analytical elasto-plastic (76)
Hydrodynamic material Lee-Tarver material (41)
Elasto-plastic hydrodynamic with Steinberg-Guinan (49)
thermal softening
Void Void material Fictitious (0)
Multimaterial
Multiphase Multimaterials Solid, liquid, gas and explosives (51)
Materials
Detonation driven by time Jones Wilkins Lee model (5)
Explosives Hydrodynamics Lee-Tarver material (41)
Multimaterials Solid, liquid, gas and explosives (51)
9.1 Isotropic Elastic Material

Two kinds of isotropic elastic materials are considered:
Hookes law for linear elastic materials,
Ogden and Mooney-Rivlin laws for nonlinear elastic materials.
These material laws are used to model purely elastic materials, or materials that remain in the elastic range. The
Hookes law requires only two values to be defined; the Young's or elastic modulus E, and Poisson's ratio, .
The law represents a linear relation between stress and strain.
The Ogdens law is applied to slightly compressible materials as rubber or elastomer foams undergoing large
deformation with an elastic behavior [34]. The strain energy W is expressed in a general form as a function of
W (1 , 2 , 3 ) :
W ( 1, 2 , 3 ) =
p
p
p
(p
1

)
+ 2p + 3 p 3 +
K
2
(J 1) 2 EQ. 9.1.0.1
where i , ith principal stretch ( i = 1 + i , i being the ith principal engineering strain), J = 1 2 3 , relative
1

volume: J = 0 , i = J i is the deviatoric stretch, and, p and p material constants.
3

This law is very general due to the choice of coefficient p and p .
For an incompressible material, we have J=1. For uniform dilatation:
1 = 2 = 3 = EQ. 9.1.0.2
The strain energy function can be decomposed into deviatoric and spherical parts:
W = W ( 1, 2 , 3 ) + U(J) EQ. 9.1.0.3
With:
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p
W ( 1, 2 , 3 ) = (1 + 2 + 3 3)
pp
K
U(J) = (J 1) 2
2
The stress corresponding to this strain energy is given by:
i W
i = EQ. 9.1.0.4
J i
which can be written as:
i W i 3 W j U J
i =
J i
= +
J j =1 j i J i
EQ. 9.1.0.5
J j 2 13 j 1 13 j
Since i = J and = J for i=j and = J for ij, EQ. 9.1.0.5 is simplified to:
i i 3 i 3 i
1 W 1 3 W U
i = i j J EQ. 9.1.0.6
J i 3 j =1 j J
For which the deviator of the Cauchy stress tensor, and the pressure would be:
1 W 1 3 W
si = i j EQ. 9.1.0.7
J 3 j =1 j
i
1 3 U
p=
3 j =1
j =
J
EQ. 9.1.0.8
The only deviatoric stress above is retained, and the pressure is computed independently as follows:
p = K f bulk ( J ) ( J 1) EQ. 9.1.0.9
where f bulk a user defined function related to the bulk modulus K:
2(1 + )
K = EQ. 9.1.0.10
3(1 2 )
p p
= p
EQ. 9.1.0.11
2
being the ground shear modulus, and the Poisson's ratio.
Note: For an incompressible material you have 0.5 . However, = 0.495 is a good compromise to avoid
too small time steps in explicit codes.
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Mooney-Rivlin material law admits two basic assumptions:

The rubber is incompressible and isotropic in unstrained state,
The strain energy expression depends on the invariants of Cauchy tensor.
The three invariants of the Cauchy-Green tensor are:
I1 = 1 + 2 + 3
2 2 2
I 2 = 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
EQ. 9.1.0.14
I 3 = 1 2 3 = 1 for incompressible material

2 2 2
The Mooney-Rivlin law gives the closed expression of strain energy as:
W = C10 (I1 3) + C01 (I 2 3) EQ. 9.1.0.15
with:
1 = 2 C10
2 = 2 C01 EQ. 9.1.0.16
1 = 2
2 = 2
The model can be generalized for a compressible material.
Viscous effects are modeled through the Maxwell model:
G1 1
G2 2
G3 3
G4 4
Maxwell model
where the shear modulus of the hyper-elastic law is exactly the long-term shear modulus G.
i
i are relaxation times: i =
Gi
Rate effects are modeled through visco-elasticity using convolution integral using Prony series. This
corresponds to extension of small deformation theory to finite deformation.
This viscous stress is added to the elastic one.

The visco-Kirchoff stress is given by:
t s
[ ]
m t
d
= Gi e
v i
dev ( F F T ) ds EQ. 9.1.0.17
i =1 0
ds
1

Where, m is the order of the Maxwell model, F is the deformation gradient matrix, , F = J 3 F and
dev ( F F T ) denotes the deviatoric part of tensor F F T .
The viscous-Cauchy stress is written as:
1
v (t) = v (t ) EQ. 9.1.0.18
J
9.2 Composite and Anisotropic Materials

The orthotropic materials can be classified into following cases:
Linear elastic orthotropic shells as fabric,

Nonlinear orthotropic pseudo-plastic solids as honeycomb materials,
Elastic-plastic orthotropic shells,
Elastic-plastic orthotropic composites.
The purpose of this section is to describe the mathematical models related to composite and orthotropic
materials.
9.2.1 Fabric law for elastic orthotropic shells (laws 19 and 58)
Two elastic linear models and a nonlinear model exist in RADIOSS.
9.2.1.1 Fabric linear law for elastic orthotropic shells (law 19)
A material is orthotropic if its behavior is symmetrical with respect to two orthogonal plans. The fabric law
enables to model this kind of behavior. This law is only available for shell elements and can be used to model an
airbag fabric. Many of the concepts for this law are the same as for law 14 which is appropriate for composite
solids. If axes 1 and 2 represent the orthotropy directions, the constitutive matrix C is defined in terms of
material properties:
1 21
E 0 0 0
E22
11
12 1
0 0 0
E11 E22
1
C 1 = 0 0 0 0 EQ. 9.2.1.1
G12
1
0 0 0
G23
0

0 1
0 0 0
G31
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where the subscripts denote the orthotropy axes. As the matrix C is symmetric:
12 21
= EQ. 9.2.1.2
E11 E22
Therefore, six independent material properties are the input of the material:
E 11 = Young's modulus in direction 1

E 22 = Young's modulus in direction 2
12 = Poisson's ratio
G 12 , G 23 , G 31 = Shear moduli for each direction
The coordinates of a global vector V is used to define direction 1 of the local coordinate system of orthotropy.
The angle is the angle between the local direction 1 (fiber direction) and the projection of the global vector
V as shown in Figure 9.2.1.
Figure 9.2.1 Fiber Direction Orientation
The shell normal defines the positive direction for . Since fabrics have different compression and tension
behavior, an elastic modulus reduction factor, RE, is defined that changes the elastic properties of compression.
The formulation for the fabric law has a 11 reduction if 11 < 0 as shown in Figure 9.2.2.
Figure 9.2.2 Elastic Compression Modulus Reduction
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9.2.1.2 Fabric nonlinear law for elastic anisotropic shells (law 58)
This law is used with RADIOSS standard shell elements and anisotropic layered property (type 16). The fiber
directions (warp and weft) define the local axes of anisotropy. Material characteristics are determined
independently in these axes. Fibers are nonlinear elastic and follow the equation:
d
= E B 2 , with >0 EQ. 9.2.1.3
d
The shear in fabric material is only supposed to be function of the angle between current fiber directions (axes of
anisotropy):
= G0 tan( ) 0 if T EQ. 9.2.1.4
= G tan( ) + G A 0 if > T
and
GT
G A = (G0 G ) tan( T ) , G= with 0 = G0 tan( 0 )
1 + tan 2 ( T )
where T is a shear lock angle, GT is a tangent shear modulus at T , and G0 is a shear modulus at = 0. If
G0 = 0, the default value is calculated to avoid shear modulus discontinuity at T : G0 = G.
Figure 9.2.4 Elastic Compression Modulus Reduction
weft warp

0 is an initial angle between fibers defined in the shell property (type 16).
The warp and weft fiber are coupled in tension and uncoupled in compression. But there is no discontinuity
between tension and compression. In compression only fiber bending generates global stresses. Figure 9.2.5
illustrates the mechanical behavior of the structure.
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Figure 9.2.5 Local frame definition
Warp traction (free in weft direction)
Warp compression (no traction in weft)
A local micro model describes the material behavior (Figure 9.2.6). This model represents just of a warp fiber
wave length and of the weft one. Each fiber is described as a nonlinear beam and the two fibers are connected
with a contacting spring. These local nonlinear equations are solved with Newton iterations at membrane
integration point.
Weft
War
Traction Compression
(fiber coupling) (no coupling)
9.2.2 Nonlinear pseudo-plastic orthotropic solids (laws 28, 50 and

68)
9.2.2.1 Conventional nonlinear pseudo-plastic orthotropic solids (laws 28
and 50)
These laws are generally used to model honeycomb material structures as crushable foams. The microscopic
behavior of this kind of materials can be considered as a system of three independent orthogonal springs. The
nonlinear behavior in orthogonal directions can then be determined by experimental tests. The behavior curves
are injected directly in the definition of law. Therefore, the physical behavior of the material can be obtained by
a simple law. However, the microscopic elasto-plastic behavior of a material point cannot be represented by
decoupled unidirectional curves. This is the major drawback of the constitutive laws based on this approach. The
cell direction is defined for each element by a local frame in the orthotropic solid property. If no property set is
given, the global frame is used.
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The Hooke matrix defining the relation between the stress and strain tensors is diagonal, as there is no Poisson's
effect:
11 E11 0 0 0 0 0 11
0 E22 0 0 0 0
22 22
33 0 0 E33 0 0 0 33
= EQ.
12 0 0 0 G12 0 0 12
23 0 0 0 0 G23 0 23

31 0 0 0 0 0 G31 31
9.2.2.1
An isotropic material may be obtained if:
E11
E11 = E22 = E33 and G12 = G23 = G31 = EQ. 9.2.2.2
2
Plasticity may be defined by a volumic strain or strain dependent yield curve (Figure 9.2.8). The input yield
stress function is always positive. If the material undergoes plastic deformation, its behavior is always
orthotropic, as all curves are independent to each other.
Figure 9.2.8 Honeycomb typical constitutive curve
The failure plastic strain may be input for each direction. If the failure plastic strain is reached in one direction,
the element is deleted. The material law may include strain rate effects (law 50) or may not (law 28).
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9.2.2.2 Cosserat medium for nonlinear pseudo-plastic orthotropic solids

(law 68)
Conventional continuum mechanics approaches cannot incorporate any material component length scale.
However, a number of important length scales as grains, particles, fibers, and cellular structures must be taken
into account in a realistic model of some kinds of materials. To this end, the study of a microstructure material
having translational and rotational degrees-of-freedom is underlying. The idea of introducing couple stresses in
the continuum modelling of solids is known as Cosserat theory which returns back to the works of brothers
Cosserat in the beginning of 20th century [110]. A recent renewal of Cosserat mechanics is presented in several
works of Forest et al [111], [112], [113], and [114]. A short summary of these publications is presented in this
section.
Cosserat effects can arise only if the material is subjected to non-homogeneous straining conditions. A Cosserat
medium is a continuous collection of particles that behave like rigid bodies. It is assumed that the transfer of the
interaction between two volume elements through surface element dS occurs not only by means of a traction and
shear forces, but also by moment vector as shown in Figure 9.2.9.
Figure 9.2.9 Equilibrium of Cosserat volume element
32
22
12
21 2
31 = +
11 1
11 31
L
Surface forces and couples are then represented by the generally non-symmetrical force-stress and couple-stress
tensors ij and ij (units MPA and MPa-m):
ti = ij n j ; mi = ij n j EQ. 9.2.2.3
The force and couple stress tensors must satisfy the equilibrium of momentums:
ij , j + f i = ui
ij , j ikl kl + ci = Ii EQ. 9.2.2.4
where f i are the volume forces, ci volume couples, mass density, I the isotropic rotational inertia and ikl
the signature of the perturbation (i,k,l).
In the often used couple-stress, the Cosserat micro-rotation is constrained to follow the material rotation given by
the skew-symmetric part of the deformation gradient:
1
i = ijk u j , k EQ. 9.2.2.5
2
The associated torsion-curvature and couple stress tensors are then traceless. If a Timoshenko beam is regarded
as a one-dimensional Cosserat medium, constraint EQ. 9.2.2.5 is then the counterpart of the Euler-Bernoulli
conditions.
The resolution of the previous boundary value problem requires constitutive relations linking the deformation
and torsion-curvature tensors to the force- and couple-stresses. In the case of linear isotropic elasticity, we have:
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ij = ekk ij + 2 eijSymm. + 2 ceijSkew Symm.

EQ. 9.2.2.6
ij = kkk ij + 2 ijSymm. + 2 ijSkew Symm.
where eijSymm. and eijSkewSymm. are respectively the symmetric and skew-symmetric part of the Cosserat
deformation tensor. Four additional elasticity moduli appear in addition to the classical Lam constants.
Cosserat elastoplasticity theory is also well-established. Von Mises classical plasticity can be extended to
micropolar continua in a straightforward manner. The yield criterion depends on both force- and couple-stresses:
f ( , ) =
3
2
(a1sij sij + a2 sij s ji + b1ij ij + b2 ij ji ) R EQ. 9.2.2.7
where s denotes the stress deviator and ai, bi are the material constants.
Cosserat continuum theory can be applied to several classes of materials with microstructures as honeycombs,
liquid crystals, rocks and granular media, cellular solids and dislocated crystals.
9.2.3 Hills Law for Orthotropic Plastic Shells

Hills law models an anisotropic yield behavior. It can be considered as a generalization of von Mises yield
criteria for anisotropic yield behavior. The yield surface defined by Hill can be written in a general form:
F ( 22 33 ) + G ( 33 11 ) + H ( 11 22 ) + 2 L 23 + 2M 312 + 2 N 122 1 = 0
2 2 2 2
EQ. 9.2.3.1
where the coefficients F, G, H, L, M and N are the constants obtained by the material tests in different
orientations. The stress components ij are expressed in the Cartesian reference parallel to the three planes of
anisotropy. EQ.9.2.3.1 is equivalent to von Mises yield criteria if the material is isotropic.
In a general case, the loading direction is not the orthotropic direction. In addition, we are concerned with the
plane stress assumption for shell structures. In planar anisotropy, the anisotropy is characterized by different
strengths in different directions in the plane of the sheet. The plane stress assumption will enable to simplify EQ.
9.2.3.1, and write the expression of equivalent stress eq as:
eq = A1 112 + A2 22 2 A3 11 22 + A12 12 2 EQ. 9.2.3.2
The coefficients Ai are determined using Lankfords anisotropy parameter r :
r00 + 2r45 + r90 R 1

R= ; H= ; A1 = H 1 + EQ. 9.2.3.3
4 1+ R r00
1 1 1
A2 = H 1 + ; A3 = 2 H ; A12 = 2 H (r45 + 0.5) +
r90 r00 r90
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where the Lankfords anisotropy parameters r are determined by performing a simple tension test at angle
to orthotropic direction 1:
d
H + (2 N F G 4 H )Sin 2 Cos 2

+
r = 2
= EQ. 9.2.3.4
d 33 F Sin 2 + G Cos 2
The equivalent stress eq is compared to the yield stress y which varies in function of plastic strain p and
the strain rate (law 32):
y = a ( 0 + p )n . max(, 0 )m EQ. 9.2.3.5
Therefore, the elastic limit is obtained by:
0 = a ( 0 )n .(0 )m EQ. 9.2.3.6
The yield stress variation is shown in Figure 9.2.10.
Figure 9.2.10 Yield stress variation
The strain rates are defined at integration points. The maximum value is taken into account:
d d d y d
= max x , ,2 ( xy ) EQ. 9.2.3.7
dt dt dt dt
In RADIOSS, it is also possible to introduce the yield stress variation by a user defined function (law 43). Then,
several curves are defined to take into account the strain rate effect.
It should be noted that as Hills law is an orthotropic law, it must be used for elements with orthotropy properties
as Type 9 and Type 10 in RADIOSS.
9.2.3.1 Anistropic Hill Material Law with MMC Fracture Model

(Law 72)
This material law uses an anistropic Hill yield function along with an associated flow rule. A simple isotropic
hardening model is used coupled with a modified Mohr fracture criteria. The yield condition is written as
( , y ) = Hill y = 0
Where, Hill is the Equivalent Hill stress given as:
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For 3D model (Solid)

Hill = F ( yy zz )2 + G ( zz xx )2 + H ( xx yy )2 + 2 L yz2 + 2 M zx2 + 2 N xy2
For Shell
hill = F yy 2 + G xx 2 + H ( xx yy )2 + 2 N xy2
Where, F , G , H, N , M , L are Six Hill anisotropic parameters.
For the yield surface a modified swift law is employed to describe the isotropic hardening in the application of
the plasticity models :
y = y0 ( p0 + p )
n
with y is the initial yield stress, p is the initial equivalent plastic strain and p is the equivalent
0 0
plastic strain and n is an material constant.
Modified Mohr fracture criteria:

A damage accumulation is computed as:
p
d p
D=
0 f ( , )
Where, f is a plastic strain fracture for the modified Mohr fracture criteria is given by :
Anisotropic 3D model
1

0
(1 c3 ) sec( ) 1
3 1+ c2
1
n
f = y c3 +
1
cos( ) + c1 + sin( )
c2 2 3 6 3 6 3 6

with:

= 1 2 arccos

27 J 3
=
2 vmises
3
3 ( xx + yy + zz )
1
=
vmises
Where, J 3 is the third invariant of the deviatoric stress.

2D Anisotropic Model
1

0 1 + c 2 f
n

f = y f 3 1
f1 + c1 + 2

c 2 3 3

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With:
1 27 2 1
f1 = cos arcsin
3 2 3
1 27 2 1
f 2 = sin arcsin
3 2 3

f 3 = c3 +
3
(1 c3 ) 1 1
2 3 f1
C1 , C 2 and C3 are parameters for MMC fracture model.
The fracture initiates when D = 1.

In order to represent realistic process of an element, a softening function is introduced to
reduce the deformation resistance. The yield surface is modified as:
y = y0 ( 0p + p )
n
m
D D
with = c
Dc 1
where, Dc is Critical damage.
We have crack propagation when 1 < D < DC in this case 0< <1 is considered to reduce the
yield surface otherwise the =1.
The element is deleted if D Dc .
9.2.4 Elastic-Plastic Orthotropic Composite Shells

Two kinds of composite shells may be considered in the modeling:
Composite shells with isotropic layers,
Composite shells with at least one orthotropic layer.
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The first case can be modeled by an isotropic material where the composite property is defined in element
property definition as explained in Chapter 5. However, in the case of composite shell with orthotropic layers the
definition of a convenient material law is needed. Two dedicated material laws for composite orthotropic shells
exist in RADIOSS:
Material law COMPSH (25) with orthotropic elasticity, two plasticity models and brittle tensile failure,
Material law CHANG (15) with orthotropic elasticity, fully coupled plasticity and failure models.
These laws are described here. The description of elastic-plastic orthotropic composite laws for solids is
presented in the next section.
9.2.4.1 Tensile behavior

The tensile behavior is shown in Figure 9.2.12. The behavior starts with an elastic phase. Then, reached to the
yield state, the material may undergo an elastic-plastic work hardening with anisotropic Tsai-Wu yield criteria. It
is possible to take into account the material damage. The failure can occur in the elastic stage or after
plastification. It is started by a damage phase then conducted by the formation of a crack. The maximum damage
factor will allow these two phases to separate. The unloading can happen during the elastic, elastic-plastic or
damage phase. The damage factor d varies during deformation as in the case of isotropic material laws (law 27).
However, three damage factors are computed; two damage factors d1 and d 2 for orthotropy directions and the
other d 3 for delamination:
11 = E11 (1 d1 ) 11
22 = E22 (1 d 2 ) 22 EQ. 9.2.4.1
12 = G12 (1 d1 )(1 d 2 ) 12
Figure 9.2.11 Shear strain
where d1 and d 2 are the tensile damages factors. The damage and failure behavior is defined by introduction of
the following input parameters:
t1 = Tensile failure strain in direction 1

m1 = Maximum strain in direction 1
t 2 = Tensile failure strain in direction 2
d max = Maximum damage (residual stiffness after failure)
30-Jan-2014 18
Figure 9.2.12
9.2. Tensile behavior of composite shells
(1-dmax) E
9.2.4.2 Delamination
The delamination equations are:
31 = G31 (1 d 3 ) 31 EQ. 9.2.4.2
23 = G23 (1 d 3 ) 23 EQ. 9.2.4.3
where d 3 is the delamination damage factor. The damage evolution law is linear with respect to the shear strain.
Let = 312 + 232 then:
for d3 = 0 = t
for d3 = 1 =m EQ. 9.2.4.4
9.2.4.3 Plastic behavior

The plasticity model is based on the Tsai
Tsai-Wu criterion, which enable to model the yield and failure phases. The
criteria are given by [57]:
F ( ) = F1 1 + F2 2 + F11 12 + F22 22 + F44 122 + 2 F12 1 2 EQ. 9.2.4.5

1 1 1 1
Where F1 = + ; F2 = +
c
1y t
1y c
2y 2t y
1 1
F11 = ; F22 =

c
1y
t
1y 2t y
c
2y
1
F44 = ; F12 = F11 F22
c
12 y
t
12 y 2
is the reduction factor. The six other parameters are the yield stresses in tension and compression for the
orthotropy directions which can be obtained uniaxial loading tests:
1yt = Tension in direction 1 of orthotropy
2 y t = Tension in direction 2 of orthotropy
1y c = Compression in direction 1 of orthotropy
2 y c = Compression in direction 2 of orthotropy
12 y c = Compression in direction 12 of orthotropy
12 y t = Tension in direction 12 of orthotropy

The Tsai-Wu criteria are used to determine the material behavior:
F ( ) < 1 : elastic state
F ( ) = 1 : plastic admissible state EQ. 9.2.4.6
F ( ) > 1 : plastically inadmissible stresses
( )
For F = 1 the cross-sections of Tsai-Wu function with the planes of stresses in orthotropic directions is
shown in Figure 9.2.13.
30-Jan-2014 20
Figure 9.2.13 Cross-sections of Tsai-Wu yield surface for F ( ) = 1
2t y
12t y
1cy 1
1t y
2c y
12c y
12
IfF ( ) > 1 , the stresses must be projected on the yield surface to satisfy the flow rule. F ( ) is compared to a
maximum value F (W p ) varying in function of the plastic work W p during work hardening phase:
F ( ) = F (W p ) = 1 + bWpn EQ. 9.2.4.7
with:
b = Hardening parameter
n = Hardening exponent
Therefore, the plasticity hardening is isotropic as illustrated in Figure 9.2.14.
30-Jan-2014 21
Figure 9.2.14 Isotropic plasticity hardening
9.2.4.4 Failure behavior

The Tsai-Wu flow surface is also used to estimate the material rupture by means of two variables:
plastic work limit W pmax ,

maximum value of yield function Fmax .
If one of the two conditions is satisfied, the material is ruptured. The evolution of yield surface during work
hardening of the material is shown in Figure 9.2.15.
Figure 9.2.15 Evolution of Tsai-Wu yield surface

The model will allow the simulation of the brittle failure by formation of cracks. The cracks can either be
oriented parallel or perpendicular to the orthotropic reference frame (or fiber direction), as shown in Figure
max
9.2.16. For plastic failure, if the plastic work WP is larger than the maximum value WP for a given element,
then the element is considered to be ruptured. However, for a multi-layer shell, several criteria may be
considered to model a total failure. The failure may happen:
If WP > WP
max
for one layer,
If WP > WP
max
for all layers,
If WP > WP
max
or tensile failure in direction 1 for each layer,
If WP > WP
max
or tensile failure in direction 2 for each layer,
If WP > WP
max
or tensile failure in directions 1 and 2 for each layer,
If WP > WP
max
or tensile failure in direction 1 for all layers,
If WP > WP
max
or tensile failure in direction 2 for all layers,
If WP > WP
max
or tensile failure in directions 1 and 2 for each layer.
The last two cases are the most physical behaviors; but the use of failure criteria depends, at first, to the analysts
choice. In RADIOSS the flag IOFF defines the used failure criteria in the computation.
Figure 9.2.16 Crack orientation
In practice, the use of brittle failure model allows to estimate correctly the physical behavior of a large rang of
composites. But on the other hand, some numerical oscillations may be generated due to the high sensibility of
the model. In this case, the introduction of an artificial material viscosity is recommended to stabilize results. In
addition, in brittle failure model, only tension stresses are considered in cracking procedure.
The ductile failure model allows plasticity to absorb energy during a large deformation phase. Therefore, the
model is numerically more stable. This is represented by CRASURV model in RADIOSS. The model makes
also possible to take into account the failure in tension, compression and shear directions as described in the
following.
9.2.4.5 Strain rate effect

The strain rate is taken into account within the modification of EQ. 9.2.4.7 which acts through a scale factor:
Wp
n
1 + c ln
( )
F W p , = 1 + b ref
EQ. 9.2.4.8
Wp

0

30-Jan-2014 23
with:
Wp : plastic work,
ref
Wp : reference plastic work,
b : plastic hardening parameter
n : plastic hardening exponent
c : strain rate coefficient (equal to zero for static loading).
The last equation implies the growing of the Tsai-Wu yield surface when the dynamic effects are increasing. The
effects of strain rate are illustrated in Figure 9.2.17.
Figure 9.2.17 Strain rate effect in work hardening
9.2.4.6 CRASURV model

The CRASURV model is an improved version of the former law based on the standard Tsai-Wu criteria. The
main changes concern the expression of the yield surface before plastification and during work hardening. First,
in CRASURV model the coefficient F44 in EQ. 9.2.4.5 depends only on one input parameter:
1
F44 =
( ) 2
EQ. 9.2.4.9
12 y
Another modification concerns the parameters Fij in EQ. 9.2.4.5 which are expressed now in function of plastic
work and plastic work rate as in EQ. 9.2.4.8:
F (Wp ) = 1 = F1 (Wp ) 1 + F2 (Wp ) 2 + F11 (Wp ) 12 + F22 (Wp ) 22 + F44 (Wp ) 122 + 2 F12 (Wp ) 1 2
( n
)
1cy = 10c 1 + b1c (W p1c ) 1 + c1c Ln
o
( n
)
2c y = 20c 1 + b2c (W p2c ) 1 + c2c Ln
o
( n
)
1t y = 10t 1 + b1t (W p1t ) 1 + c1t Ln EQ. 9.2.4.10
o
( n
)
2t y = 20t 1 + b2t (W p2t ) 1 + c2t Ln
o
( n
)
12 y = 120 1 + b12 (W p12 ) 1 + c12 Ln
o
30-Jan-2014 24
where the five sets of coefficients b, n and c should be obtained by experience. The work hardening is shown in
Figure 9.2.18.
Figure 9.2.18 CRASURV plasticity hardening
The CRASURV model will allow the simulation of the ductile failure of orthotropic shells. The plastic and
failure behaviors are different in tension and in compression. The stress softening may also be introduced in the
model to take into account the residual Tsai-Wu stresses. The evolution of CRASURV criteria with hardening
and softening works is illustrated in Figure 9.2.19.
Figure 9.2.19 Flow surface in CRASURV model
30-Jan-2014 25
9.2.4.7 Chang-Chang model

Chang-Chang law [58], [59] incorporated in RADIOSS is a combination of the standard Tsai-Wu elastic-plastic
law and a modified Chang-Chang failure criteria [60]. The affects of damage are taken into account by
decreasing stress components using a relaxation technique to avoid numerical instabilities.
Six material parameters are used in the failure criteria:
S1 = Longitudinal tensile strength

S 2 = Transverse tensile strength
S12 = Shear strength
C1 = Longitudinal compressive strength
C 2 = Transverse compressive strength
= Shear scaling factor.
where 1 is the fiber direction.
The failure criterion for fiber breakage is written as:
Tensile fiber mode : 11 > 0

2 2
0 failed
e = 11 + 12 1.0
2
EQ. 9.2.4.11
< 0 elastic plastic
f
S1 S12
Compressive fiber mode : 11 < 0

2
0 failed
e = 11 1.0
2
EQ. 9.2.4.12
< 0 elastic plastic
c
C1
For matrix cracking, the failure criterion is:
Tensile matrix mode : 22 > 0
2 2
0 failed
e = 22 + 12 1.0
2
EQ. 9.2.4.13
< 0 elastic plastic
m
S2 S12
Compressive matrix mode : 22 < 0
22 C2
2 2 2
12 0 failed
e =
2
+ 1 22
+ 1.0 EQ. 9.2.4.14
< 0 elastic plastic
d
2S12 2S12 C2 S12
If the damage parameter is equal to or greater than 1.0, the stresses are decreased by using an exponential
function to avoid numerical instabilities. A relaxation technique is used by gradually decreasing the stress:
[ (t )] = f (t ) [ d (tr )] EQ. 9.2.4.15
30-Jan-2014 26
t tr
With: f (t ) = exp and t tr where:
T
t = the time,
tr = the start time of relaxation when the damage criteria are assumed,
T= the time of dynamic relaxation.
d 22
[ d (tr )] = the stress components at the beginning of damage (for matrix cracking [ d (tr )] = )
d 12
9.2.5 Elastic-Plastic Orthotropic Composite Solids

The material law COMPSO (14) in RADIOSS allows to simulate orthotropic elasticity, Tsai-Wu plasticity with
damage, brittle rupture and strain rate effects. The constitutive law applies to only one layer of lamina.
Therefore, each layer needs to be modeled by a solid mesh. A layer is characterized by one direction of the fiber
or material. The overall behavior is assumed to be elasto-plastic orthotropic.
Direction 1 is the fiber direction, defined with respect to the local reference frame (r , s , t ) as shown in Figure
9.2.20.
Figure 9.2.20 Local reference frame
For the case of unidirectional orthotropy (i.e. E33 = E22 and G31 = G12 ) the material law (53) in RADIOSS
allows to simulate an orthotropic elastic-plastic behavior by using a modified Tsai-Wu criteria.
9.2.5.1 Linear elasticity

When the lamina has a purely linear elastic behavior, the stress calculation algorithm is as follows:
1. Transform the lamina stress, ij (t ) , and strain rate, dij, from global reference frame to fiber reference frame.
2. Compute lamina stress at time t + t by explicit time integration:
ij (t + t ) = ij (t ) + Dijkl d kl t EQ. 9.2.5.1
3. Transform the lamina stress, ij (t + t ) , back to global reference frame.

The elastic constitutive matrix C of the lamina relates the non-null components of the stress tensor to those of
strain tensor:
{ } = [D]{ } EQ. 9.2.5.2
30-Jan-2014 27
The inverse relation is generally developed in term of the local material axes and nine independent elastic
constants:
1 21 31
E 0 0 0
E22 E33
11
1 32
11 0 0 0 11
E22 E33
22
22 1
0 0 0
33 E33 33
=
EQ. 9.2.5.3
12 0 12
1
0
23 G12 23
1
31 Symm. 0 31
G23
1

G31
where Eij are the Youngs modulus, Gij shear modulus and ij Poissons ratios. ij is the strain components
due to the distortion.
Figure 9.2.21 Strain components and distortion
9.2.5.2 Orthotropic plasticity

Lamina yield surface defined by Tsai-Wu yield criteria is used for each layer:
F = f (W p ) = F1 1 + F2 2 + F3 3 + F11 12 + F22 22 + F33 32 + F44 122 + F55 23

2
+ F66 312
+ 2 F12 1 2 + 2 F23 2 3 + 2 F13 1 3 EQ. 9.2.5.4
with:
1 1 1
Fi = + ; Fii =
i
c
t
i it
c
i
F12 =
1
(F11F22 ) ;
1
F23 = F22
2 2
30-Jan-2014 28
where i is the yield stress in direction i, c and t denote respectively for compression and tension. f W p ( )
represents the yield envelope evolution during work hardening with respect to strain rate effects:

f (W p ) = (1 + B W pn )1 + c. ln EQ. 9.2.5.5
0
where W p is the plastic work, B the hardening parameter, n the hardening exponent and c strain rate coefficient.
f (W p ) is limited by a maximum value f max :
2

f (W p ) f max = max EQ. 9.2.5.6

y
If the maximum value is reached the material is failed.
In EQ. 9.2.5.5, the strain rate affects on the evolution of yield envelope. However, it is also possible to take into
account the strain rate effects on the maximum stress max as shown in Figure 9.2.22.
Figure 9.2.22 Strain rate dependency
(a) Strain rate effect on max (b) No strain rate effect on max

= y 1 + c. ln
= y 1 + c. ln

0 0

max = max
0
1 + c. ln

max = max
0
0
2

f max = max

y
9.2.5.3 Unidirectional Orthotropy

Law (53) in RADIOSS provides a simple model for unidirectional orthotropic solids with plasticity. The
unidirectional orthotropy condition implies:
30-Jan-2014 29
E33 = E22 EQ. 9.2.5.7
G31 = G12
The orthotropic plasticity behavior is modeled by a modified Tsai-Wu criterion (EQ. 9.2.5.4) in which:
F12 =
2

1
(F11 + F22 + F44 ) + F1 +45Fc 2
( )
EQ. 9.2.5.8
y
2
45 c
y
2
where y is yield stress in 45 unidirectional test. The yield stresses in direction 11, 22, 12, 13 and 45 are
45 c
defined by independent curves obtained by unidirectional tests (Figure 9.2.23). The curves give the stress
variation in function of a so-called strain v :
v = 1 exp(Trace[ ]) EQ. 9.2.5.9
Figure 9.2.23 Yield stress curve for a unidirectional orthotropic material
ij
User defined
Yield curve ij
Traction Compression
v = 1 exp(Trace[ ])
9.2.6 Elastic-plastic anisotropic shells (Barlats law)

Barlats 3- parameter plasticity model is developed in [100] for modelling of sheet under plane stress assumption
with an anisotropic plasticity model. The anisotropic yield stress criterion for plane stress is defined as:
F = a K1 + K 2 + a K1 K 2 + c 2K 2 2( e )
m m m m
EQ. 9.2.6.1
where e is the yield stress, a and c are anisotropic material constants, m Barlats exponent and K1 and K 2
are defined by:
xx h yy
K1 = EQ. 9.2.6.2
2
30-Jan-2014 30
xx h yy
2
+ p 2 ( xy )2

K 2 =
2
where h and p are additional anisotropic material constants. All anisotropic material constants, except for p
which is obtained implicitly, are determined from Barlat width to thickness strain ratio R from:
R R
a = 2 2 00 90 EQ. 9.2.6.3
1 + R00 1 + R90
c = 2a
R 1 + R90
h = 00
1 + R00 R90
The width to thickness ratio for any angle can be calculated according to [100] by:
2 m ( e )
m
R = 1 EQ. 9.2.6.4
F F
+
yy
xx
where is the uniaxial tension in the direction. Let = 45, EQ. 9.2.6.4 gives an equation from which the
anisotropy parameter p can be computed implicitly by using an iterative procedure:
2m( e )
m
1 R45 = 0 EQ. 9.2.6.5
F F
+
45
xx yy
It is worthwhile to note that Barlats law reduces to Hills law when using m=2.
9.3 Elasto-Plasticity of Isotropic Materials

The strain hardening behavior of materials is a major factor in structural response as metal working processes or
plastic instability problems. A proper description of strain hardening at large plastic strains is generally
imperative. For many plasticity problems, the hardening behavior of the material is simply characterized by the
strain-stress curve of the material. For the proportional loading this is generally true. However, if the loading
path is combined, the characterization by a simple strain-stress curve is no longer adequate.
The incremental plasticity theory is generally used in computational methods. Plasticity models are written as
rate-dependent or independent. A rate-dependent model is a one in which the strain rate does affect the
constitutive law. This is true for a large range of metals at low temperature relative to their melting temperature.
Most isotropic elastic-plastic material laws in RADIOSS use von Mises yield criteria as given in section 2.7.2.
Several kinds of models are integrated. The models involve damage for ductile or brittle failures with or without
dislocation. The cumulative damage law can be used to access failure. The next few paragraphs describe
theoretical bases of the integrated models.
30-Jan-2014 31
9.3.1 Johnson-Cook plasticity model (law 2)

In this law the material behaves as linear elastic when the equivalent stress is lower than the yield stress. For
higher value of stress, the material behavior is plastic. This law is valid for brick, shell, truss and beam elements.
The relation between describing stress during plastic deformation is given in a closed form:
m
= a + b np 1 + c ln 1 EQ. 9.3.1.1
0
where:
= Flow stress (Elastic + Plastic Components)
p = Plastic Strain (True strain)
a = Yield Stress
b = Hardening Modulus
n = Hardening Exponent
c = Strain Rate Coefficient
= Strain Rate
0 = Reference Strain Rate
m = Temperature exponent
298
=
melt 298
melt is the melting temperature in Kelvin degrees. The adiabatic conditions are assumed for temperature
computation:
Eint
= i + EQ. 9.3.1.2
C (Volume)
Where:
Cp = the specific heat per unit of volume
i = initial temperature (in degrees Kelvin)
Eint = internal energy

Two optional additional inputs are:
max = Maximum flow stress

max = Plastic strain at rupture
Figure 9.3.1 shows a typical stress-strain curve in the plastic region. When the maximum stress is reached during
computation, the stress remains constant and material undergoes deformation until the maximum plastic strain.
Element rupture occurs if the plastic strain is larger than max . If the element is a shell, the ruptured element is
deleted. If the element is a solid element, the ruptured element has its deviatoric stress tensor permanently set to
zero, but the element is not deleted. Therefore, the material rupture is modeled without any damage effect.
30-Jan-2014 32
Figure 9.3.1 Stress - Plastic Strain Curve
Chard in this material law is same like in /MAT/LAW44. More detail for Chard see 9.3.3.
9.3.1.1 Strain rate definition

Regarding to the plastification method used, the strain rate expression is different. If the progressive
plastification method is used (i.e. integration points through the thickness for thin-walled structured), the strain
rate is:
d d d y d
= max x , ,2 ( xy ) EQ. 9.3.1.3
dt dt dt dt
1
xy = xy EQ. 9.3.1.4
2
With global plastification method, we have:
d dEi / dt
= EQ. 9.3.1.5
dt VM
where Ei is the internal energy.
For solid elements, the maximum value of the strain rate components is used:
= max (x y z 2xy 2 yz 2xz ) EQ. 9.3.1.6
9.3.1.2 Strain rate filtering

The strain rates exhibit very high frequency vibrations which are not physical. The strain rate filtering option
will enable to damp those oscillations and; therefore obtain more physical strain rate values.
If there is no strain rate filtering, the equivalent strain rate is the maximum value of the strain rate components:
eq = max (x y z 2xy 2 yz 2xz ) EQ. 9.3.1.7
30-Jan-2014 33
For thin-walled structures, the equivalent strain is computed by the following approach. If is the main
component of strain tensor, the kinematic assumptions of thin-walled structures allows to decompose the in-
plane strain into membrane and flexural deformations:
= z + m EQ. 9.3.1.8
Then, the expression of internal energy can by written as:
t t t
2 2 2
Ei = dz = E 2 dz = E (z + m ) dz
2
EQ. 9.3.1.9
t t t

2 2 2
Therefore:
t t
1 2
2
Ei = E ( z + + 2 m z ) dz = E 2 z 3 + m2 z + m z 2
2 2 2
m EQ. 9.3.1.10

t 3 t
2
2
The expression can be simplified to:
1
Ei = E 2t 3 + m2 t = E eq2 t EQ. 9.3.1.11
12
1 22
eq = t + m2 EQ. 9.3.1.12
12
The expression of the strain rate is derived from EQ. 9.3.1.8:
= z + m EQ. 9.3.1.13
Admitting the assumption that the strain rate is proportional to the strain, i.e.:
m = m EQ. 9.3.1.14
= EQ. 9.3.1.15
Therefore:
= EQ. 9.3.1.16
Referring to EQ. 9.3.1.12, it can be seen that an equivalent strain rate can be defined using a similar expression
to the equivalent strain:
eq = eq EQ. 9.3.1.17
1 2 2
eq = k t + m2 EQ. 9.3.1.18
12
30-Jan-2014 34
For solid elements, the strain rate is computed using the maximum element stretch:
eq = max EQ. 9.3.1.19
The strain rate at integration point, i in /ANIM/TENS/EPSDOT/i (1<i<n) is calculated by the following
expression:
1 (2i 1)
i = m 1tb EQ. 9.3.1.20
2 n
Where:
m is the membrane strain rate /ANIM/TENS/EPSDOT/MEMB
b is the bending strain rate /ANIM/TENS/EPSDOT/BEND
The strain rate in upper and lower layers is computed by:
1
u = m + tb /ANIM/TENS/EPSDOT/UPPER EQ. 9.3.1.21
2
1
l = m tb /ANIM/TENS/EPSDOT/LOWER EQ. 9.3.1.22
2
The strain rate is filtered by using the following equation:
f (t ) = a (t ) + (1 a ) f (t 1) EQ. 9.3.1.23
where:
a = 2 dt Fcut
dt = time interval
Fcut = cutting frequency
f = filtered strain rate
9.3.1.3 Example: Strain rate filtering

An example of material characterization for a simple tensile test is given in RADIOSS Example Manual. For the
same example a strain rate filtering allows to remove high frequency vibrations and obtain smoothed the results.
This is shown in Figures 9.3.2 and 9.3.3 where the cut frequency Fcut = 10 KHz is used.
30-Jan-2014 35
Figure 9.3.2 Force comparison in example 9.3.1.3
Figure 9.3.3 First principal strain rate comparison (max = 10%)
9.3.2 Zerilli-Armstrong plasticity model (law 2)

This law is similar to the Johnson-Cook plasticity model. The same parameters are used to define the work
hardening curve. However, the equation that describes stress during plastic deformation is:

= C0 + C1 exp C3 + C4 ln + C5 pn
EQ. 9.3.2.1
0

where:
= Stress (Elastic + Plastic Components)
p = Plastic Strain
= Temperature (computed as in Johnson Cook plasticity)

C0 = Yield Stress
30-Jan-2014 36
= Strain Rate, must be 1 s-1 converted into user's time unit
0 = Reference Strain Rate
Additional inputs are:

The max enables to define element rupture as in the former law. The theoretical aspects related to strain rate
computation and filtering are also the same.
9.3.3 Cowper-Symonds plasticity model (law 44)

This law models an elasto-plastic material with:
isotropic and kinematic hardening
tensile rupture criteria
The damage is neglected in the model. The work hardening model is similar to the Johnson Cook model (law 2)
without temperature effect where the only difference is in the strain rate dependent formulation. The equation
that describes the stress during plastic deformation is:
1 1p
(
= a + b 1 +
c
n
p ) EQ. 9.3.3.1

where, = Flow stress (Elastic + Plastic Components)
p = Plastic Strain (True strain)
a = Yield Stress
b = Hardening Modulus
c = Strain Rate Coefficient
= Strain Rate
1/p = strain rate exponent
The implanted model in RADIOSS allows the cyclic hardening with a combined isotropic-kinematic approach.
The coefficient Chard varying between zero and unity is introduced to regulate the weight between isotropic and
kinematic hardening models.
In isotropic hardening model, the yield surface inflates without moving in the space of principle stresses. The
evolution of the equivalent stress defines the size of the yield surface, as a function of the equivalent plastic
strain. The model can be represented in one dimensional case as shown in Figure 9.3.4. When the loading
direction is changed, the material is unloaded and the strain reduces. A new hardening starts when the absolute
value of the stress reaches the last maximum value (Figure 9.3.4(a)).
30-Jan-2014 37
Figure 9.3.4 Isotropic and Kinematic hardening models for deformation decrease
(a) Isotropic hardening (b) Prager-Ziegler kinematic hardening
This law is available for solids and shells. Refer to the RADIOSS Input Manual for more information about
element/material compatibilities.
9.3.4 Zhao plasticity model (law 48)

The elasto-plastic behavior of material with strain rate dependence is given by Zhao formula [61], [62]:

= ( A + B np ) + (C D mp ). ln + E k EQ. 9.3.4.1
0
where: p = plastic strain

= strain rate
A = Yield stress
B = hardening parameter
n = hardening exponent
C = relative strain rate coefficient
D = strain rate plasticity factor
m = Relative strain rate exponent
E = strain rate coefficient
k = strain rate exponent
In the case of material without strain rate effect, the hardening curve given by EQ. 9.3.4.1 is identical to those of
Johnson-Cook. However, Zhao law allows a better approximation of strain rate dependent materials by
introducing a nonlinear dependency.
As described for Johnson-Cook law, a strain rate filtering can be introduced to smooth the results. The plastic
flow with isotropic or kinematic hardening can be modeled as described in section 9.3.3. The material failure
happens when the plastic strain reaches a maximum value as in Johnson-Cook model. However, two tensile
strain limits are defined to reduce stress when rupture starts:
t 2 1
n+1 = n EQ. 9.3.4.2
t 2 t1
30-Jan-2014 38
where: 1 = largest principal strain
t1 and t2 = rupture strain limits
If 1 > t1 , the stress is reduced by EQ. 9.3.4.2. When 1 > t 2 the stress is reduced to zero.
9.3.5 Tabulated piecewise linear and quadratic elasto-plastic laws

(laws 36 and 60)
The elastic-plastic behavior of isotropic material is modeled with user defined functions for work hardening
curve. The elastic portion of the material stress-strain curve is modeled using the elastic modulus, E, and
Poisson's ratio, . The hardening behavior of the material is defined in function of plastic strain for a given
strain rate (Figure 9.3.5). An arbitrary number of material plasticity curves can be defined for different strain
rates. For a given strain rate, a linear interpolation of stress for plastic strain change, can be used. This is the case
of law 36 in RADIOSS. However, in law 60 a quadratic interpolation of the functions allows to better simulate
the strain rate effects on the behavior of material as it is developed in law 60. For a given plastic strain, a linear
interpolation of stress for strain rate change is used. Compared to Johnson-Cook model (law 2), there is no
maximum value for the stress. The curves are extrapolated if the plastic deformation is larger than the maximum
plastic strain. The hardening model may be isotropic, kinematic or a combination of the two models as described
in section 9.3.3. The material failure model is the same as in Zhao law.
For some kinds of steels the yield stress dependence to pressure has to be incorporated especially for massive
structures. The yield stress variation is then given by:
y = y 0 ( p ) f ( p ) EQ. 9.3.5.1
where p is the pressure defined by EQ. 2.7.2.1. Drucker-Prager model described in section 9.3.6 gives a
( )
nonlinear function for f p . However, for steel type materials where the dependence to pressure is low, a
simple linear function may be considered:
y = y 0 ( p ) C p( p ) EQ. 9.3.5.2
where C is user defined constant and p the computed pressure for a given deformed configuration.
Chard in /MAT/LAW36 is same like in /MAT/LAW44. More detail for Chard see 9.3.3.
Figure 9.3.5 Piecewise linear stress-strain curves

1
= 1
0
p
The principal strain rate is used for the strain rate definition:

d 1 d x d y d d xy
2 2
d
= + + x y + EQ. 9.3.5.3
dt 2 dt dt dt dt dt

For strain rate filtering, refer to section 9.3.1.2.
9.3.6 Drucker-Prager constitutive model (laws 10 & 21)

For materials like soils and rocks the frictional and dilatational effects are significant. In these materials, the
plastic behavior depends on the pressure as the internal friction is proportional to the normal force. Furthermore,
for frictional materials, associative plasticity laws, in which the plastic flow is normal to the yield surface, are
often inappropriate. Drucker-Prager [63] yield criterion uses a modified von Mises yield criteria to incorporate
the effects of pressure for massive structures:
(
F = J 2 A0 + A1P + A2 P 2 ) EQ. 9.3.6.1
where:
1
J 2 = second invariant of deviatoric stress J 2 = sij sij
2
P = pressure
A0 , A1, A2 = material coefficients
Figure 9.3.6 shows EQ. 9.3.6.1 in the plane of J 2 and P. The criterion expressed in the space of principal
stresses represents a revolutionary surface with an axis parallel to the trisecting of the space as shown in Figure
9.3.7. This representation is in contrast with the von Mises criteria where yield criterion has a cylindrical shape.
Drucker-Prager criterion is a simple approach to model the materials with internal friction because of the
symmetry of the revolution surface and the continuity in variation of normal to the yield surface.
The pressure in the material is determined in function of volumetric strain for loading phase:
P = f ( ) for loading d > 0 EQ. 9.3.6.2
where f is a user defined (law 21) or a cubic polynomial function (law 10). For unloading phase, if the
volumetric strain has a negative value, a linear relation is defined as:
P = C1 for unloading d < 0 and <0 EQ. 9.3.6.3
For unloading with a positive volumetric strain, another linear function may be used:
P = B for unloading d < 0 and >0 EQ. 9.3.6.4
In RADIOSS Drucker-Prager model is used in laws 21 and 2. Neither of these laws can reproduce the
monodimensional behavior. In addition, no viscous effect is taken into account.
30-Jan-2014 40
Figure 9.3.6 Yield Criteria in the plane of J 2 and P.
Figure 9.3.7 Drucker-Prager yield criteria in space of principal stresses
2
Figure 9.3.8 Material pressure variation in function of volumetric strain
9.3.7 Brittle damage for Johnson-Cook plasticity model (law 27)

Johnson-Cook plasticity model is presented in section 9.3.1. For shell applications, a simple damage model can
be associated to this law to take into account the brittle failure. The crack propagation occurs in the plan of shell
in the case of mono-layer property and through the thickness if a multi-layer property is defined (Figure 9.3.9).
Figure 9.3.9 Damage Affected Material
2
1
Crack orientation Layer cracking
The elastic-plastic behavior of the material is defined by Johnson-Cook model. However, the stress-strain curve
for the material incorporates a last part related to damage phase as shown in Figure 9.3.10. The damage
parameters are:
t1 = Tensile rupture strain in direction 1
d max1 = Maximum damage in direction 1

f 1 = Maximum strain for element deletion in direction 1
The element is removed if one layer of element reaches the failure tensile strain, f 1 . The nominal and effective
stresses developed in an element are related by:
n = eff (1 d ) EQ. 9.3.7.1
where 0 < d < 1 is the damage factor.

The strains and the stresses in each direction are given by:
1 v 2
1 = EQ. 9.3.7.2
(1 d1 )E E
2 v 1
2 = EQ. 9.3.7.3
E E
12
12 = EQ. 9.3.7.4
(1 d1 )G
E (1 d1 )
1 = (1 + v 2 )
[ 1 (1 d1 )v 2 ] EQ. 9.3.7.5
2 =
E
( 2 + (1 d1 )v 1 )
[
1 (1 d1 )v 2 ] EQ. 9.3.7.6
The conditions for these equations are:

0<d<1
= t ; d=0
= m ; d=1
A linear damage model is used to compute the damage factor in function of material strain.
t
d= EQ. 9.3.7.7
m t
The stress-strain curve is then modified to take into account the damage by EQ. 9.3.7.1. Therefore:
m
=E
m t
( tp ) EQ. 9.3.7.8
The softening condition is given by:
m t t tp EQ. 9.3.7.9
The mathematical approach described here can be applied to the modeling of rivets. Predit law in RADIOSS
allows achievement of this end by a simple model where for the elastic-plastic behavior a Johnson-Cook model
or a tabulated law (36) may be used.
30-Jan-2014 43
Figure 9.3.10 Stress-strain curve for damage affected material
9.3.8 Brittle damage for reinforced concrete materials (law 24)

The model is a continuum, plasticity-based, damage model for concrete. It assumes that the main two failure
mechanisms are tensile cracking and compressive crushing of the concrete material. The material law will enable
to formulate the brittle elastic plastic behavior of the reinforced concrete.
The input data for concrete are:

Ec Young's modulus (e.g.: 32000 MPa)
c Poisson's ratio (e.g.: 0.2)
fc Uniaxial compressive strength (ex : 32 MPa)
f t /f c Tensile strength ratio (default = 0.1)

f b /f c Biaxial strength ratio (default = 1.2)
f 2 /f c confined strength ratio (default = 4.0)
s 0 /f c confining stress ratio (default = 1.25)
Experimental results enable to determine the material parameters. This can be done by in-plane unidirectional
and bi-axial tests as shown in Figure 9.3.11. The expression of the failure surface is in a general form as:
f ( m , J 2 , f c , f b , ) c = 0 EQ. 9.3.8.1
where:
J 2 = second invariant of stress

I1
m = = mean stress
3
3 3 J3
= lode angle with cos 3 =
2 J 23 / 2
30-Jan-2014 44
A schematic representation of the failure surface in the principal stress space is given in Figure 9.3.12. The yield
surface is derived from the failure envelope by introducing a scale factor k( m , ). The meridian planes are
presented in Figure 9.3.13.
The steel directions are defined identically to material law 14 by a type 6 property set. If a property set is not
given in the element input data, r ,s , are taken respectively as direction 1, 2, 3. For quad elements, direction
3 is taken as the direction.
Steel data properties are:

E = Young's modulus
y = Yield strength
E t = Tangent modulus
1 = Ratio of reinforcement in direction 1
Figure 9.3.11 Failure surface in plane stress
2
Uniaxial tension
1
Uniaxial compression
Biaxial tension
Biaxial compression
30-Jan-2014 45
Figure 9.3.12 Failure surface in principal stress space
Failure
1 2
Figure 9.3.13 Meridians of failure and yield surfaces
Failure in Failure in
compression traction
vonm
fc Yield in
compression
1.5 Yield in
traction
1.
0.5
P
fc
0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0
9.3.9 Ductile damage model

In section 9.3.7, a damage model for brittle materials is presented. It is used in RADIOSS law (27) valid for shell
meshes. The damage is generated when the shell works in traction only. A generalized damage model for ductile
materials is incorporated in RADIOSS laws (22), and (23). The damage is not only generated in traction but also
in compression and shear. It is valid for solids and shells. The elastic-plastic behavior is formulated by Johnson-
Cook model. The damage is introduced by the use of damage parameter, . The damage appears in the material
when the strain is larger than a maximum value, dam :
0 1
o If < dam = 0 Law 22 is identical to law 2.
dam Edam = (1 )E + (1 )
1
o If and dam =
2
This implies an isotropic damage with the same effects in tension and compression. The inputs of the model are
the starting damage strain dam and the slope of the softening curve Et as shown in Figure 9.3.14.
For brick elements the damage law can be only applied to the deviatoric part of stress tensor sij and
Edam
Gdam = . This is the case of law (22) in RADIOSS. However, if the application of damage law to
2(1 + dam )
stress tensor ij is expected, RADIOSS law (23) may be used.
Figure 9.3.14 Ductile damage model
The strain rate definition and filtering for these laws are explained in section 9.3.1. The strain rate may or
may not affect the maximum stress value max according to the user's choice as shown in Figure 9.3.15.
30-Jan-2014 47
Figure 9.3.15 Strain rate dependency
(a) Strain rate effect on max (b) No strain rate effect on max

= y 1 + c. ln
= y 1 + c. ln

0 0

max = max
0
1 + c. ln

max = max
0
9.3.10 Ductile damage model for porous materials (Gurson law

52)
The Gurson constitutive law [64] models progressive microrupture through void nucleation and growth. It is
dedicated to high strain rate elasto-viscoplastic porous metals. A coupled damage mechanical model for strain
rate dependent voided material is used. The material undergoes several phases in the damage process as
described in Figure 9.3.16.
Figure 9.3.16 Damage process for visco-elastic-plastic voided materials
initial state of Growth of the Nucleation by Coalescence of

the material existing microvoids decohesion of the mircovoids
matrix-particules and ductile fracture of
interface or by fracture the matrix
of the inclusion
: Inclusion or particle second phase
: Void
30-Jan-2014 48
The constitutive law takes into account the void growth, nucleation and coalescence under dynamic loading. The
evolution of the damage is represented by the void volume fraction, defined by:
Va Vm
f = EQ. 9.3.10.1
Va
Where Va , Vm are respectively the elementary apparent volume of the material and the corresponding
elementary volume of the matrix. The rate of increase of the void volume fraction is given by:
f = fg + fn EQ. 9.3.10.2
The growth rate of voids is calculated by:
fg = (1 f ) Trace D p [ ] EQ. 9.3.10.3
Where Trace[Dp] is the trace of the macroscopic plastic strain rate tensor. The nucleation rate of voids is given
by the following expression:
2
1
M N
fN
fn = e
2 SN
M EQ. 9.3.10.4
S N 2
Where fN is the nucleated void volume fraction, SN is the Gaussian standard deviation, N is the nucleated
effective plastic strain and M is the admissible plastic strain.
The viscoplastic flow of the porous material is described by:
eq2 3

evp =
M
+ 2q1 f cosh q2 m

( )
1 + q3 f 2 if m > 0
2 M
2

EQ. 9.3.10.5

( )
2
= eq + 2q f 1 + q f if m 0
evp
M2 1 3
Where eq the von Mises is effective stress; M is the admissible elasto-viscoplastic stress; m is the

hydrostatic stress and f is the specific coalescence function which can be written as:
f = f if f f c

f = f + fu fc ( f f ) if f > f c
EQ. 9.3.10.6
c
f F fc
c
Where:
f c critical void volume fraction at coalescence,
f F critical void volume fraction at ductile fracture,
, f ( f F ) = fu .
1
f u the corresponding value of the coalescence function f u = *
q1
The variation of the specific coalescence function is shown in Figure 9.3.17.
30-Jan-2014 49
Figure 9.3.17 Variation of specific coalescence function

*
f
f * = fF
f * = fN f * = fC
Coalescence
Nucluation
Growth
N f* M
The admissible plastic strain rate is computed as follows:
: Dp
M = EQ. 9.3.10.7
(1 f ) M
Where is the Cauchy stress tensor; M is the admissible plastic stress and Dp is the macroscopic plastic
strain rate tensor which can be written in the case of the associated plasticity as:
evp
D p = EQ. 9.3.10.8

with evp the yield surface envelope. The viscoplastic multiplier is deduced from the consistency condition:
evp =
=0
evp EQ. 9.3.10.9
From this last expression we deduce that:
evp
= EQ. 9.3.10.10
evp evp
evp M evp evp
A2 (1 f ) : I + A1 A2
e
:C :
M M f
where:
evp
:
2
1 M N

A2 = ; A = f N e 2 SN
EQ. 9.3.10.11
(1 f ) M 1
S N 2
30-Jan-2014 50
9.3.11 Connect materials (law 59)

For the moment /MAT/LAW59 is only compatible with /PROP/TYPE43 and /FAIL/CONNECT.
Solid connection element and material:
These materials and properties are only compatible with each other; with /FAIL/CONNECT, the designated
failure model.
They are designed for spotweld, welding line or glue type connections.
The property is only compatible with standard 8 node brick elements. The element orientation with respect to the
connected surfaces is important, and must be defined as shown below:
Figure 9.3.18 solid connect element
The main characteristic of CONNECT property is the time step is independent on the element height, only on the
section surface area. Hence, it can be used for glue or spotweld connections, with null height distance.
Element definition:
The element local coordinate system is constructed in the mid-plane section between the bottom and top faces.
The orientation is the same as in RADIOSS shell elements:
Figure 9.3.19 Points 1a, 2a, 3a and 4a are in the mid distance between bottom and top face nodes
t Points 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a are in the mid distance between

bottom and top face nodes
s
4a 3a
1a 2a
The local element system is fully corotational (not only convected), local deformations are thus independent on
rigid element rotations.
The element has four Gauss integration points placed in the mid plane section. Element deformation in each
point is constructed using nodal displacements and linear function forms in the following way:
Dzz = sum(Ni*Vzi)i=5,6,7,8 - sum(Nj*Vzj)j=1,2,3,4

Dxz = sum(Ni*Vxi)i=5,6,7,8 - sum(Nj*Vxj)j=1,2,3,4
Dyz = sum(Ni*Vyi)i=5,6,7,8 - sum(Nj*Vyj)j=1,2,3,4
Vx, Vy, and Vz being nodal velocities in local corotational system and Ni the function forms.
Its important to note that these independent variables are not deformations but relative displacements
(velocities).
The element has only three strain components traction/compression in normal (Z) direction and both
transverse shears XZ and YZ. Actually, in-plane shear, as well as lateral tractions/compressions does not give
any resistance forces. Its a pure connection element and is not intended to be used in independent way. Both
upper and bottom faces have to be tied to different structural parts.
Material law:
The elastic-plastic behavior is modeled independently in normal and tangent (in-plane) directions in each Gauss
integration points, using user defined functions for work hardening curve. There is no coupling between normal
and shear direction in the material law. The hardening model is purely isotropic. Different number of hardening
curves may be defined in each direction, for different values of deformation rate.
For a given strain rate, a linear interpolation between corresponding curves is used to find the value of the yield
stress for the actual plastic elongation.
Deformation rates may be optionally filtered. In this regard, the law is similar to the classical elastic-plastic
tabulated approach.
Nodal forces are assembled using stress components calculated in each Gauss integration point, and additional
treatment is performed to assure global force and moment balance at every time step.
Input parameters for material law:

The material stiffness parameters are input as total element rigidity per section area, which is equivalent to the
Young and shear modulus per height unit [kg / (m s)].
The hardening functions are expressed as engineering stress relative to plastic elongations.
Element stability:
The element does not have its own elementary time step. Corresponding nodal time step is calculated using
nodal masses and stiffness to assure the numerical stability. In RADIOSS v12.0 the nodal time step is imposed to
the whole model, in the next releases the elementary time step is option is maintained if chosen in the engine
input file, only the connection material elements will use nodal time step.
9.4 Viscous materials

General case of viscous materials represents a time-dependent inelastic behavior. However, special attention is
paid to the viscoelastic materials such as polymers exhibiting a rate- and time-dependent behavior. The
viscoelasticity can be represented by a recoverable instantaneous elastic deformation and a non-recoverable
viscous part occurring over the time. The characteristic feature of viscoelastic material is its fading memory. In a
perfectly elastic material, the deformation is proportional to the applied load. In a perfectly viscous material, the
rate of change of the deformation over time is proportional to the load. When an instantaneous constant tensile
stress 0 is applied to a viscoelastic material, a slow continuous deformation of the material is observed. When
the resulting time dependent strain (t ) , is measured, the tensile creep compliance is defined as :
30-Jan-2014 52
(t )
D (t ) = EQ. 9.4.0.1
0
The creep behavior is mainly composed of three phases: (i) primary creep with fast decrease in creep strain rate,
(ii) secondary creep with slow decrease in creep strain rate and (iii) tertiary creep with fast increase in creep
strain rate. The creep strain rate is the slope of creep strain to time curve.
Another kind of loading concerns viscoelastic materials subjected to a constant tensile strain, 0 . In this case,
the stress, (t ) which is called stress relaxation, gradually decreases. The tensile relaxation modulus is then
defined as:
(t )
E (t ) = EQ. 9.4.0.2
0
Because viscoelastic response is a combination of elastic and viscous responses, the creep compliance and the
relaxation modulus are often modeled by combinations of springs and dashpots. A simple schematic model of
viscoelastic material is given by the Maxwell model shown in Figure 9.4.1. The model is composed of an elastic
spring with the stiffness E and a dashpot assigned a viscosity . It is assumed that the total strain is the sum of
the elastic and viscous strains:
=e +v EQ. 9.4.0.3
Figure 9.4.1 Maxwell model
The time derivation of the last expression gives the expression of the total strain rate:
= e + v EQ. 9.4.0.4
As the dashpot and the spring are in series, the stress is the same in the two parts:
e =v = EQ. 9.4.0.5
The constitutive relations for linear spring and dashpot are written as:
= E e then = E e EQ. 9.4.0.6
= v EQ. 9.4.0.7
Combining EQ. 9.4.0.4, EQ. 9.4.0.6 and EQ. 9.4.0.7, an ordinary differential equation for stress is obtained:

= E or = E EQ. 9.4.0.8

30-Jan-2014 53

where = is the relaxation time. A solution to the differential equation is given by the convolution integral:
E
d (t ' ) d (t ' )
(t ) = E e[ ( t t ') / ] dt ' = R (t t ')
t t
dt ' EQ. 9.4.0.9
dt ' dt '
where R(t) is the relaxation modulus. The last equation is valid for the special case of Maxwell one
one-dimensional
model. It can be extended to the multi-axial
axial case by:
d (t ' )
(t ) = Cijkl (t t ')
t
dt ' EQ. 9.4.0.10
dt '
where Cijkl are the relaxation moduli. The Maxwell model represents reasonab
reasonably
ly the material relaxation. But it
is only accurate for secondary creep as the viscous strains after unloading are not taken into account.
Another simple schematic model for viscoelastic materials is given by Kelvin-Voigt Voigt solid. The model is
represented by a simple spring-dashpot
dashpot system working in parallel as shown in Figure 9.4.2.
Figure 9.4.2 Kelvin-Voigt model
The mathematical relation of Kelvin-Voigt

Voigt solid is written as:
= E + EQ. 9.4.0.11
When = 0 (no dashpot), the system is a linearly elastic system. When E=0 (no spring), the material behavior
is expressed by Newton's equationn for viscous fluids. In the above relation, a one-dimensional
dimensional model is
considered.. For multiaxial situations, the equations can be generalized and rewritten in tensor form.
The Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt

Voigt models are appropriate for ideal stress relaxation and
and creep behaviors. They are
not adequate for most of physical materials. A generalization of these laws can be obtained by adding other
springs to the initial models as shown in Figures 9.4.3 and 9.4.4. The equations related to the generalized
Maxwell model are given as:
= i + 1 EQ. 9.4.0.12
i
= EQ. 9.4.0.13
Ei
1 1
= + EQ. 9.4.0.14
E1 1
The mathematical relations which hold the generalized Kelvin-Voigt model are:
= e +k EQ. 9.4.0.15
= e + k
V V
e = ; k = ; k =
E Et
The combination of these equations enables to obtain the expression of stress and strain rates:

= e + k = + k EQ. 9.4.0.16
E
= k + Et k EQ. 9.4.0.17
= E
(E + Et ) +
EEt
EQ. 9.4.0.18

Figure 9.4.3 Generalized Maxwell model
Figure 9.4.4 Generalized Kelvin-Voigt model
The models described above concern the viscoelastic materials. The plasticity can be introduced in the models by
using a plastic spring. The plastic element is inactive when the stress is less than the yield value. The modified
model is able to reproduce creep and plasticity behaviors. The viscoplasticity law (33) in RADIOSS will enable
to implement very general constitutive laws useful for a large range of applications as low density closed cells
polyurethane foam, honeycomb, impactors and impact limiters.
30-Jan-2014 55
The behavior of viscoelastic materials can be generalized to three dimensions by separating the stress and strain
tensors into deviatoric and pressure components:
eij
sij = 2 (t )
t
d EQ. 9.4.0.19
0
kk
kk (t ) = 3K (t )
t
d EQ. 9.4.0.20
0
where sij and eij are the stress and strain deviators. kk , (t) and K (t) are respectively the dilatation and the
shear and bulk relaxation moduli.
9.4.1 Boltzmann Viscoelastic model (law 34)

This law valid for solid elements can be used for viscoelastic materials like polymers, elastomers, glass and
fluids. Elastic bulk behavior is assumed. Air pressure may be taken into account for closed cell foams:
P = K kk + Pair EQ. 9.4.1.1
with:
P0 V
Pair = ; = 1 + 0 EQ. 9.4.1.2
1+ V0
and:
V
kk = ln EQ. 9.4.1.3
V0
is the volumetric strain, , the porosity, P0 the initial air pressure, 0 the initial volumetric strain and K
the bulk modulus. For deviatoric behavior, the generalized Maxwell model is used. The shear relaxation moduli
in EQ. 9.4.0.19 is then defined as:
(t ) = Gl + Gs e t EQ. 9.4.1.4
Gs = G0 Gl EQ. 9.4.1.5
where G0 is the short time shear modulus, Gl the long time shear modulus and is the decay constant,
defined as the inverse of relaxation time s:
1 s
= ; with s = EQ. 9.4.1.6
s Gs
The coefficients s , Gs and Gl are defined for the generalized Maxwell model as shown in Figure 9.4.5.
30-Jan-2014 56
Figure 9.4.5 Generalized Maxwell Model for Boltzmann law
From EQ. 9.4.1.4, the value of governs the transition from the initial modulus G0 to the final modulus Gl .
For t=0, we obtain (t ) = G0 and when t then (t ) Gl . For a linear response, we put G0 = GI .
9.4.2 Generalized Kelvin-Voigt model (law 35)

This law uses a generalized viscoelastic Kelvin-Voigt model whereas the viscosity is based on the Navier
equations. The effect of the enclosed air is taken into account via a separate pressure versus compression
function. For open cell foam, this function may be replaced by an equivalent "removed air pressure" function.
The model takes into account the relaxation (zero strain rate), creep (zero stress rate), and unloading. It may be
used for open cell foams, polymers, elastomers, seat cushions, dummy paddings, etc. In RADIOSS the law is
compatible with shell and solid meshes.
The simple schematic model in Figure 9.4.6 describes the generalized Kelvin-Voigt material model where a
time-dependent spring working in parallel with a Navier dashpot is put in series with a nonlinear rate-dependent
I1
spring. If m = is the mean stress, the deviatoric stresses sij at steps n and n+1 are computed by the
3
expressions:
sijn = ijn ij mn =1 for i = j else = 0 EQ. 9.4.2.1
sijn +1 = sijn + sij dt EQ. 9.4.2.2
with:
G + Gt 2G.Gt
sij = 2Geij sij (t ) + e ( for i j ) EQ. 9.4.2.3
0 0 ij
G + Gt G.Gt
sij = Geii sii (t ) + eii ( for i = j ) EQ. 9.4.2.4
0 0
30-Jan-2014 57
where G and Gt are defined as:
E Ae + B
G = Min , EQ. 9.4.2.5
2(1 + v ) 2(1 + v )
Et
Gt = EQ. 9.4.2.6
2(1 + vt )
In EQ. 9.4.2.5 the coefficients A and B are defined for Young's modulus updates ( E = E1 + E2 ).
Figure 9.4.6 Generalized Kelvin-Voigt model for RADIOSS law 35
The expressions used by default to compute the pressure is:
dP K + Kt KK t
= C1 Kkk C2 kk + C3 kk EQ. 9.4.2.7
dt 3 + 2 0 3 + 2 0
where:
E
K= EQ. 9.4.2.8
3(1 2v )
Et
Kt = EQ. 9.4.2.9
3(1 2vt )
1
P = kk EQ. 9.4.2.10
3
V
kk = ln EQ. 9.4.2.11
V0
0 are the Navier Stokes viscosity coefficients which can be compared to Lame constants in elasticity.
and
2
+ 0 is called the volumetric coefficient of viscosity. For incompressible model, kk = 0 and
V
3

and 0 = . In EQ. 9.4.2.11, C1, C2 and C3 are Boolean multipliers used to define different responses. For
3
example, C1=1, C2= C3=0 refers to a linear bulk model. Similarly, C1=C2=C3=1 corresponds to a visco-elastic
bulk model.
For polyurethane foams with closed cells, the skeletal spherical stresses may be increased by:
P0
Pair = EQ. 9.4.2.12
1+
30-Jan-2014 58
where is the volumetric strain, the porosity, P0 the initial air pressure. In RADIOSS, the pressure may

= 1 , by a user defined function. Air pressure may be assumed as an
also be computed with the P versus 0
"equivalent air pressure" vs.

. The user can define this function used for open cell foams or for closed cell by
defining a model identical to material law FOAM_PLAS (33) (see following sections).
9.4.3 Tabulated strain rate dependent law for viscoelastic

materials (law 38)
The law incorporated in RADIOSS can only be used with solid elements. It can be used to model:
polymers,
elastomers,
foam seat cushions,
dummy paddings,
hyperfoams,
hypoelastic materials.
In compression, the nominal stress-strain curves for different strain rates are defined by user (Figure 9.4.7). Up
to 5 curves may be input. The curves represent nominal stresses versus engineering strains.
Figure 9.4.7 Nominal stress-strain curves defined by user input functions
The first curve is considered to represent the static loading. All values of the strain rate lower than the assumed
static curve are replaced by the strain rate of the static curve. It is reasonable to set the strain rate corresponding
to the first curve equal to zero. For strain rates higher than the last curve, values of the last curve are used. For a
given value of , two values of function at for the two immediately lower 1 and higher 2 strain rates are
read. The related stress is then computed as:
b
a
= 2 + ( 1 2 )1 1
EQ. 9.4.3.1
2 1

Parameters a and b define the shape of the interpolation functions. If a = b = 1, then the interpolation is linear.
30-Jan-2014 59
Figure 9.4.8 shows the influence of a and b parameters.
Figure 9.4.8 Influence of a and b parameters
The coupling between the principal nominal stresses in tension is computed using anisotropic Poisson's Ratio:
( (
vij = vc + (vt vc ) 1 exp Rv ij )) EQ. 9.4.3.2
t is the maximum Poisson's ratio in tension, c being the maximum Poisson's ratio in compression, and R, the
exponent for the Poisson's ratio computation (in compression, Poisson's ratio is always equal to c ).
In compression, material behavior is given by nominal stress vs nominal strain curves as defined by the user for
different strain rates. Up to 5 curves may be input.
The algorithm of the formulation follows several steps:
1. Compute principal nominal strains and strain rates.
2. Find corresponding stress value from the curve network for each principal direction.
3. Compute principal Cauchy stress.
4. Compute global Cauchy stress.
5. Compute instantaneous modulus, viscosity and stable time step.
Stress, strain and strain rates must be positive in compression. Unloading may be either defined with an
unloading curve, or else computed using the "static" curve, corresponding to the lowest strain rate (Figures 9.4.9
and 9.4.10).
30-Jan-2014 60
Figure 9.4.9 Unloading behavior (no unloading curve defined)
Figure 9.4.10 Unloading behavior (unloading curve defined)
It should be noted that for stability reasons, damping is applied to strain rates with a damping factor:
n1 + RD ( n n 1 ) EQ. 9.4.3.3
The stress recovery may be applied to the model in order to ensure that the stress tensor is equal to zero, in an
undeformed state.
An hysteresis decay may be applied when loading, unloading or in both phases by:
= H min (1, (1 e (t ) )) EQ. 9.4.3.4
Where, H is the hysteresis coefficient, and the relaxation parameter.

Confined air content may be taken into account, either by using a user defined function, or using the following
relation:
V
1
V0
Pair = P0 EQ. 9.4.3.5
V

V0
30-Jan-2014 61
The relaxation may be applied to air pressure: Pair = Min (Pair , Pmax ) exp R p t .( )
9.4.4 Generalized Maxwell-Kelvin model for viscoelastic materials

(law 40)
This law may only be applied to solid elements.
Bulk behavior is assumed to be linear:
dp
= Kkk EQ. 9.4.4.1
dt
Shear behavior is computed using a shear factor as follows:
3
G (t ) = G + Gi e i t EQ. 9.4.4.2
1
Figure 9.4.11 Maxwell-Kelvin Model
G1 1
G2 2
G3 3
G4 4
Gi 1
i are time decays, i = = with i the relaxation time.
i i
9.4.5 Visco-elasto-plastic materials for foams (law 33)

This material law can be used to model low density closed cell polyurethane foams, impactors, impact limiters. It
can only be used with solid elements.
The main assumptions in this law are the following:
The components of the stress tensor are uncoupled until full volumetric compaction is achieved
(Poisson's ration = 0.0).
The material has no directionality.
The effect of enclosed air is considered via a separate Pressure vs Volumetric Strain relation:
P0
Pair = EQ. 9.4.5.1
1+
V
with: = 1 + 0 EQ. 9.4.5.2
V0
being the volumetric strain, , the porosity, P0 the initial air pressure, 0 the initial volumetric
strain.
The skeletal stresses ( ) before yield follow the Maxwell-Kelvin-Voight viscoelastic model (see
s
Figure 9.4.12):
Figure 9.4.12 Maxwell-Kelvin-Voight Model
E + Et EEt
ijs (t + t ) = ijs (t ) + Eij ijs (t ) + ij t EQ. 9.4.5.3

The Young's Modulus used in the calculation is: E = max(E , E1 + E2 )
Plasticity is defined by a user defined curve vs volumetric strain, , or y = A + B (1 + C )
Plasticity is applied to the principal skeletal stresses.
The full stress tensor is obtained by adding air pressure to the skeletal stresses:
ij (t ) = ijs (t ) (Pair ij ) EQ. 9.4.5.4
9.4.6 Hyper visco-elastic law for foams (law 62)

Experimental tests on foam specimens working in compression illustrate that the material behavior is highly
nonlinear. The general behavior can be subdivided into three parts related to particular deformation modes of
material cells. When the strain is small, the cells working in compression deform in membrane without causing
buckling in its lateral thin-walls. In the second step, the lateral thin-walls of the cells buckle while the material
undergoes large deformation. Finally, in the last step the cells are completely collapsed and the contact between
the lateral thin-walled cells increases the global stiffness of the material.
As the viscous behavior of foams is demonstrated by various tests, it is worthwhile to elaborate a material law
including the viscous and hyper elasticity effects. This is developed in [101] where a decoupling between
viscous and elastic parts is introduced by using finite transformations. Only the deviatoric part of the stress
tensor is concerned by viscous effects.
Material law 62 corresponds to a hyper-elastic solid material using the Ogden formulation for rubber material.
The strain energy functional is given by [34]:
2 i i
( )
N 1
W(C) = + 2i + 3i 3 + Ji 1
2 1
EQ. 9.4.6.1
i=1 i
Where:
C is the right Cauchy Green Tensor, C = F tF with F the deformation gradient matrix
i are the eigenvalues of F, J = det F,
1
= , 0 and
(1 2 ) 2
30-Jan-2014 63
Note that for rubber materials which are almost incompressible: the bulk modulus is very large compared to the
shear modulus.
The ground shear modulus is given by:
N
= i EQ. 9.4.6.2
i =1
W can be written as:

W (C ) = W (C ) + U ( J ) EQ. 9.4.6.3
t
Where C = F F , F = J 1/ 3F
C is the deviatoric part of the right Cauchy Green Tensor

U and W are the volumetric and deviatoric parts of the stored energy functions and S0 the second Piola-
Kirchhoff stress tensor given by:
W W W U
S0 = =2 =2 +2 = S 0dev + S 0vol EQ. 9.4.6.4
E C C C
With E = 1 (C I )
2
The Green-Lagrange strain tensor
W U
S 0dev = 2 and S 0 = 2
vol
are the deviatoric and volumetric parts of the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress
C C
tensor S0.
Rate effects are modeled through visco-elasticity using a convolution integral using Prony series. This
corresponds to an extension of small strain theory or finite deformation to large strain. The rate effect is applied
only to the deviatoric stress. The deviatoric stress is computed as:
Mi
S dev (t ) = S 0dev (t ) J 2 / 3 DEV [Qi (t )] EQ. 9.4.6.5
i =1
Qi is the internal variable given by the following rate equations:

1 W
Q i (t ) + Qi (t ) = i DEV [2 (t )] EQ. 9.4.6.6
i i C
lim Q i ( t ) = 0 , t
i [0,1] , i > 0
Qi is given by the following convolution integral:
d DEV {2 C W [C ( s )]}
0
i t
Qi (t ) = exp (t s ) / i ds EQ. 9.4.6.7
i ds
Where:
Mi
= G / G0 1 = + i
i =1
30-Jan-2014 64
Mi
i = Gi / G 0 G0 = G + Gi
i =1
1
dev () = ( : C )C 1
3
G0 is the initial shear modulus; G0 should be exactly the same as the ground shear modulus . G is the long-
term shear modulus that can be obtained from long-term material testing. i are the relaxation times.
The relation between the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor S = S + S 0vol and Cauchy stress tensor is:
dev
1
= FSF t EQ. 9.4.6.8
det F
The reader is invited to consult references [101], [102], and [118] for more details.
9.5 Materials for Hydrodynamic Analysis

The following material laws are commonly used for fluid simulations:
Johnson-Cook model for strain rate and temperature dependence on yield stress (law 4),
Hydrodynamic viscous material for Newtonian or turbulent fluids (law 6),
Elasto-plastic hydrodynamic materials with von Mises isotropic hardening and polynomial pressure
(law 3),
Steinberg-Guinan elasto-plastic hydrodynamic law with thermal softening (law 49),
Boundary element materials (law 11),
Purely thermal materials (law 18)
RADIOSS provides a material database incorporated in the installation. Many parameters are already defined by
default and give accurate results. Some of them are described in the following sections:
energy and pressure equations are solved simultaneously.
9.5.1 Johnson Cook Law for Hydrodynamics (law 4)

This material law combines both laws 2 and 3, as well as adding thermal characteristics such as melting
temperature.
The equations describing the state of stress and pressure are:

= (A + B pn )1 + C ln (1 m ) EQ. 9.5.1.1
0
p = C0 + C1 + C2 2 + C3 3 + (C 4 + C5 )En EQ. 9.5.1.2
0
where =
melt 0
Material parameters are the same as in law 3.
30-Jan-2014 65
The parameters are:

C = Strain rate coefficient
0 = Reference strain rate.

m = Temperature exponent
melt = Melting temperature
max = Maximum Temperature. For T > max : m=1 is used.
p C p = specific heat per unit volume

0
For an explanation about strain rate filtering, refer to Chapter 9.3.1.2.
9.5.2 Hydrodynamic Viscous Fluid Law (law 6)

This law is specifically designed to model liquids and gases.
The equations used to describe the material are:
Sij = 2 veij EQ. 9.5.2.1
p = C0 + C1 + C2 2 + C3 3 + (C 4 + C5 )En EQ. 9.5.2.2
where Sij = Deviatoric stress tensor

= Kinematic viscosity
eij = Deviatoric strain rate tensor

The kinematic viscosity is related to the dynamic viscosity, by:

v= EQ. 9.5.2.3

9.5.2.1 Modeling a perfect gas

To model a perfect gas, all coefficients C0, C1, C2, C3 must be set to equal zero. Also:
C 4 = C5 = 1 EQ. 9.5.2.4
P0
En 0 = EQ. 9.5.2.5
1
A perfect gas allows compressibility and expansion and contraction with a rise in temperature. However, for
many situations, especially very slow subsonic flows, an incompressible gas gives accurate and reliable results
with less computation.
9.5.2.2 Modeling an incompressible gas

To model an incompressible gas, the coefficients should be set to:
C0 = C2 = C3 =C 4 = C5 = E0 = 0 EQ. 9.5.2.6
C1 = 0 c 2 EQ. 9.5.2.7
where, c = speed of sound
30-Jan-2014 66
Incompressibility is achieved via a penalty method. The sound speed is set to at least 10 times the maximum
velocity.
This classical assumption is not valid when fluid and structures are coupled. In this case, set the sound speed in
the fluid so that the first eigen frequency is at least 10 times higher in the fluid than in the structure.
9.5.3 Elasto-plastic Hydrodynamic Material (law 3)

This law is only used with solid brick and quadrilateral elements. It models the elastic and plastic regions,
similar to law 2, with a non-linear behavior of pressure and without strain rate effect. The law is designed to
simulate materials in compression.
The stress - strain relationship for the material under tension is:
= (A + B pn ) EQ. 9.5.3.1
The compression relationship is given in terms of pressure, p:
p = C0 + C1 + C2 2 + C3 3 + (C 4 + C5 )En EQ. 9.5.3.2
where = / 1
0
C0, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 = Hydrodynamic constants

En = Energy per unit of initial volume
The pressure and energy values are obtained by solving two linear equations:

Et + t = Et
1
(t + t + t ) 1 1 EQ. 9.5.3.3
2 p p
t +t t
pt + t = F ( )t + t + G ( )t + t p Et + t EQ. 9.5.3.4
0
where F ( ) = C0 + C1 + C2 + C3
2 3
G ( ) = C 4 + C 5
Input requires Young's or the elastic modulus, E, and Poisson's ratio, . These quantities are used only for the
deviatoric part. They do not need to be consistent with the bulk modulus, C1. The plasticity material parameters
are:
A = Yield Stress
B = Hardening Modulus

A pressure cut off, pmin, can be given to limit the pressure in tension. The pressure cut off must be less than zero.
Figure 9.5.1 shows a typical curve of the hydrodynamic pressure.
30-Jan-2014 67
Figure 9.5.1 Hydrodynamic Pressure Relationship
The coefficients C4 and C5 are used to control temperature effects. The initial energy per unit volume, En0, is
also required. Simulations involving temperature effects can increase computational time substantially since
energy and pressure equations are solved simultaneously.
9.5.4 Steinberg-Guinan material (law 49)

This law defines as elastic-plastic material with thermal softening. When material approaches meting point, the
yield strength and shear modulus reduces to zero. The melting energy is defined as:
Em = E c + c p Tm EQ. 9.5.4.1
Where E c is cold compression energy and Tm melting temperature supposed to be constant. If the internal
energy E is less than E m , the shear modulus and the yield strength are defined by the following equations:
fE
1
G = G 0 1 + b1pV 3 h(T T0 ) e E Em EQ. 9.5.4.2

fE
1
y = 0 1 + b 2 pV 3 h (T T0 ) e E E m EQ. 9.5.4.3

Where b1 , b2 , h and f are the material parameters. 0 is given by a hardening rule:
[
0 = 0 1 + p ]n EQ. 9.5.4.4
The value of 0 is limited by max .

The material pressure is defined by a polynomial equation of state as in law 3 (EQ. 9.5.3.1).
9.6 Void Material (law 0)

This material can be used to define elements to act as a void, or empty space.
30-Jan-2014 68
9.7 Failure model

In addition to the possibility to define users material failure models, RADIOSS V11 integrates several failure
models. These models use generally a global notion of cumulative damage to compute failure. They are mostly
independent to constitutive law and the hardening model and can be linked to several available material laws. A
compatibility table is given in the RADIOSS Reference Guide. The following table gives a brief description of
available models.
Table 9.0.2 FAILURE MODEL DESCRIPTION

Failure Model Type Description
CHANG Chang-Chang model Failure criteria for composites
CONNECT Failure Normal and Tangential failure
model
ENERGY Energy isotrop Specific energy
FLD Forming limit diagram Introduction of the experimental
failure data in the simulation
HASHIN Composite model Hashin model
JOHNSON Ductile failure model Cumulative damage law based on
the plastic strain accumulation
LAD_DAMA Composite delamination Ladeveze delamination model
POWER_DAM Composite delamination Benzegag & Kenane
PUCK Composite model Puck model
SPALLING Ductile + Spalling Johnson Cook failure model with
Spalling effect
TBUTCHER Failure due to fatigue Fracture appears when time
integration of a stress expression
becomes true
TENSSTRAIN Traction Strain failure
WIERZBICKI Ductile material 3-D failure model for solid and
shells
WILKINS Ductile Failure model Cumulative damage law
XFEM_FLD Forming limit diagram Fld
XFEM_JOHNS Ductile failure model Johnson-Cook
XFEM_TBUTC Ductile (brittle) failure model Modified Tuler-Butcher model
9.7.1 Johnson-Cook failure model

High-rate tests in both compression and tension using the Hopkinson bar generally demonstrate the stress-strain
response is highly isotropic for a large scale of metallic materials. The Johnson-Cook model is very popular as it
includes a simple form of the constitutive equations. In addition, it also has a cumulative damage law that can be
accesses failure:

d = EQ. 9.7.1.1
f

with: f = [D1 + D2 exp(D3 * )]1 + D4 ln [
1 + D5T * ] EQ. 9.7.1.2
0
m
where is the increment of plastic strain during a loading increment, * = the normalized mean stress
VM
and the parameters Di the material constants. Failure is assumed to occur when d=1.
30-Jan-2014 69
9.7.2 Wilkins failure criteria

An early continuum model for void nucleation is presented in [98]. The model proposes that the decohesion
(failure) stress c is a critical combination of the hydrostatic stress m and the equivalent von Mises stress
VM :
c = m + VM EQ. 9.7.2.1
In a similar approach, a failure criteria based on a cumulative equivalent plastic strain was proposed by Wilkins.
Two weight functions are introduced to control the combination of damage due to the hydrostatic and deviatoric
loading components. The failure is assumed when the cumulative reaches a critical value dc. The cumulative
damage is obtained by:
t n
d c = W1W2 d p W1W2 ip EQ. 9.7.2.2
0
i =1

1 1 3 s s
with: W1 = , P= jj , W2 = (2 A) , A = Max 2 , 2 , s1 s2 s3
1 + aP 3 j =1 s3 s1
where:
p is an increment of the equivalent plastic strain,

W1 is the hydrostatic pressure weighting factor,
W2 is the deviatoric weighting factor,
si are the deviatoric principal stresses,
a, and are the material constants.
9.7.3 Tuler-Butcher failure criteria

A solid may break owning to fatigue due to Tuler-Butcher criteria [99]:

d = ( r ) dt
t
EQ. 9.7.3.1
0
where r is the fracture stress, is the maximum principal stress, material constant, t is the time when
solid cracks and d another material constant called damage integral.
9.7.4 Forming Limit Diagram for failure (FLD)

In this method the failure zone is defined in the plane of principal strains (Fig. 9.7.1). The method usable for
shell elements allows introducing the experimental results in the simulation.
30-Jan-2014 70
Figure 9.7.1 Generic forming limit diagram (FLD)
major (%)
Failure
zone
min (%)
9.7.5 Spalling with Johnson-Cook Failure model

In this model, the Johnson-Cook failure model is combined to a Spalling model where we take into account the
spall of the material when the pressure achieves a minimum value pmin. The deviatoric stresses are set to zero for
compressive pressure. If the hydrostatic tension is computed, then the pressure is set to zero. The failure
equations are the same as in Johnson-Cook model.
9.7.6 Bao-Xue-Wierzbicki Failure model

Bao-Xue-Wierzbicki model [115] represents a 3-D fracture criterion which can be expressed by the following
equations:
fn = max [ max min ](1 m )

n n n 1/ m
EQ. 9.7.6.1
max = C1e C
2
min = C3e C
4
Where C1 , C2 , C3 , C4 , and m are the material constants, n the hardening parameter and and are
defined as following:
m 27 J 3
for solids: = ; =
VM 2 VM 3
m 27 2 1
for shells: = ; =
VM 2 3
with:
m : hydrostatic stress
VM : von Mises stress
J 3 = s1s2 s3 : Third invariant of principal deviatoric stresses
30-Jan-2014 71
Figure 9.7.2 Graphical representation of Bao-Xue-Wierzbicki failure criteria
f =const
f
max
min f
-1 0 +1
9.7.7 Strain Failure Model

This failure model can be compared to the damage model in law 27. When the principal tension strain 1
reaches t1 , a damage factor D is applied to reduce the stress as shown in Fig. 9.7.3. The element is ruptured
when D=1. In addition, the maximum strains t1 and t 2 may depend on the strain rate by defining a scale
function.
Figure 9.7.3 Strain failure model

9.7.8 Specific Energy Failure Model

When the energy per unit volume achieves the value E1 , then the damage factor D is introduced to reduce the
stress. For the limit value E2 , the element is ruptured. In addition, the energy values E1 and E2 may depend
on the strain rate by defining a scale function.
Figure 9.7.4 Strain failure model
9.7.9 XFEM Crack Initialization Failure Model

This failure model is available for Shell only.
The failure mode criteria are written as:
For ductile materials, the cumulative damage parameter is:
where,
r is the fracture stress
is the maximum principal stress

is the material constant
t is the time when shell cracks for initiation of a new crack within the structure
D is another material constant called damage integral
For brittle materials, the damage parameter is:
r = 0 (1 - D)b
30-Jan-2014 73

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RADIOSS THEORY MANUAL

9.0 MATERIAL LAWS

Table 9.0.1 Material law description

9.1 Isotropic Elastic Material

W = W ( 1, 2 , 3 ) + U(J) EQ. 9.1.0.3

p = K f bulk ( J ) ( J 1) EQ. 9.1.0.9

where f bulk a user defined function related to the bulk modulus K:

Mooney-Rivlin material law admits two basic assumptions:

I 3 = 1 2 3 = 1 for incompressible material

W = C10 (I1 3) + C01 (I 2 3) EQ. 9.1.0.15

The model can be generalized for a compressible material.

Viscous effects are modeled through the Maxwell model:

This viscous stress is added to the elastic one.

The visco-Kirchoff stress is given by:

The viscous-Cauchy stress is written as:

9.2 Composite and Anisotropic Materials

Linear elastic orthotropic shells as fabric,

E 11 = Young's modulus in direction 1

Figure 9.2.2 Elastic Compression Modulus Reduction

= G0 tan( ) 0 if T EQ. 9.2.1.4

Figure 9.2.4 Elastic Compression Modulus Reduction

Figure 9.2.5 Local frame definition

Warp traction (free in weft direction)

Warp compression (no traction in weft)

Figure 9.2.6 Local frame definition

9.2.2 Nonlinear pseudo-plastic orthotropic solids (laws 28, 50 and

Figure 9.2.7 Local frame definition

9.2.2.2 Cosserat medium for nonlinear pseudo-plastic orthotropic solids

ij , j ikl kl + ci = Ii EQ. 9.2.2.4

ij = ekk ij + 2 eijSymm. + 2 ceijSkew Symm.

9.2.3 Hills Law for Orthotropic Plastic Shells

eq = A1 112 + A2 22 2 A3 11 22 + A12 12 2 EQ. 9.2.3.2

The coefficients Ai are determined using Lankfords anisotropy parameter r :

r00 + 2r45 + r90 R 1

y = a ( 0 + p )n . max(, 0 )m EQ. 9.2.3.5

Therefore, the elastic limit is obtained by:

0 = a ( 0 )n .(0 )m EQ. 9.2.3.6

The yield stress variation is shown in Figure 9.2.10.

Figure 9.2.10 Yield stress variation

9.2.3.1 Anistropic Hill Material Law with MMC Fracture Model

For 3D model (Solid)

plastic strain and n is an material constant.

Modified Mohr fracture criteria:

Where, J 3 is the third invariant of the deviatoric stress.

The fracture initiates when D = 1.

9.2.4 Elastic-Plastic Orthotropic Composite Shells

9.2.4.1 Tensile behavior

t1 = Tensile failure strain in direction 1

d max = Maximum damage (residual stiffness after failure)

31 = G31 (1 d 3 ) 31 EQ. 9.2.4.2

23 = G23 (1 d 3 ) 23 EQ. 9.2.4.3

Let = 312 + 232 then:

9.2.4.3 Plastic behavior

F ( ) = F1 1 + F2 2 + F11 12 + F22 22 + F44 122 + 2 F12 1 2 EQ. 9.2.4.5

1yt = Tension in direction 1 of orthotropy