The ecoDarwinian Paradigm:

In a Landscape of Suggestions

Richard Ostrofsky
copyright © Richard Ostrofsky, 2007
ISBN: 978-1-4357-1325-3

Further Reading
What this book needs is not so much a bibliography as an orientation
manual. A flood of material explaining, contributing to and/or utilizing this
or that aspect of eco-Darwinian science is now available, and more comes
out every day. A layman (like myself), wishing to survey the paradigm as
a whole, to get a sense of what it is, where it came from and where it is
going, has his work cut out. Daniel Dennett’s writings are a good place to
begin. It was Dennett’s Consciousness Explained (1991) that turned me
onto this exciting field and I owe him big time for doing so. While some of
his positions are considered extreme in neuroscience circles and elsewhere,
they are intellectually provocative, and closely reasoned. In general, my
approach has been to get my head around Dennett’s ideas, read further as
seemed appropriate, and then consider why not every one agrees with him,
(myself included, on a few secondary issues). That strategy saved me from
drowning in the literature – and I can recommend it to anyone whose main
interest lies not so much in the science itself as in the human “landscape”
it illuminates: the implications for our self-understanding of the
naturalistic, ecological and evolutionary perspective.
The central reason why Dennett has attracted so much controversy is
his insistence that anyone who wants to explain consciousness must not
invoke it as part of the explanation. As he says in one of his papers: 1 “To
me one of the most fascinating bifurcations in the intellectual world today
is between those to whom it is obvious – obvious – that a theory that
leaves out the Subject is thereby disqualified as a theory of consciousness
(in Chalmers’s terms, it evades the Hard Problem), and those to whom it is
just as obvious that any theory that doesn’t leave out the Subject is
disqualified.” I know which camp that puts me in: Since it is circular to

1 Are we Explaining Consciousness Yet? Available on the Web at

http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/papers/cognition.fin.htm.
explain subjectivity and consciousness in their own terms, one must either
despair of explanation or face the question of how subjectivity could arise
in a material world. Given the rapid progress in neuroscience, it seems pre-
mature to despair unless one prefers, as many do, that the “Hard Problem”
remain unsolved. The conclusion, accordingly, is not to deny that we are
conscious beings, but to refrain from appealing to anything like
subjectivity when subjectivity is the phenomenon to be explained.
My starting point, then, is that however the details come out, people like
Dennett and Nicholas Humphrey are holding the right end of the stick.
However . . . the Roman poet Lucretius was a naturalistic thinker
more than two thousand years ago. The central difference between his
self-understanding and ours is that we begin to see how the trick of matter-
emergent consciousness is done. Evolution, ecology, auto-poiesis (or self-
organization) and the underlying concept of system are the key ideas. The
central metaphor is Gregory Bateson’s: Mind is not an immaterial
substance, not a kind of engine, and not a computer. It seems most like a
kind of ecology: a pattern that emerges in the functioning and interaction
of a great many separate cells with no central direction whatever (apart
from the general context they produce together), much as a forest emerges
from the interaction of a great many living organisms.
Anyone wishing to unpack this metaphor and grasp its implications, finds
six main strands to follow:
￢ There is the question of what it means to be a self-constructing,
self-maintaining system. As a good part of our understanding of
such systems has been gained in attempts to duplicate their
functions artificially, some branches of engineering – especially
communications engineering, cybernetics and artificial
intelligence – are relevant.
￢ Next comes biology, with a focus on ecology and evolution, of
course, but also on the crucial puzzle of genetics and foetal
development – how a single fertilized ovum becomes an organism
of its kind. It turns out, remarkably, that this developmental
process is itself Darwinian and ecological in nature.
￢ Within biology, there must be special focus on the brain and
nervous system, especially on their processes of signaling, and on
the perceptual and affect systems that evaluate events in the world
for their significance to us. This general field is called neuro-
physiology, with numerous related specialties and sub-specialties.
￢ We also need to learn what we can about the Mind as such – as we
experience our own subjectivity, and as we observe comparable
effects in others. Psychology (the generic name for this effort)
 also has numerous sub-specialties. Apart from neuropsychology,
concerned with tracing the link of feelings, thoughts and intentions
with physiological events in the nervous system, two other sub-
disciplines of psychology have special interest for us: One of these
is evolutionary psychology, which seeks to work out what it can
about “human nature” – the aptitudes, propensities and quirks with
which evolution has equipped our species. The other is social
psychology, specifically focused on the propensities and
suggestions that guide our participation in groups, and our
relationships with other individuals.
￢ Corresponding to our human social proclivities, we have sciences
– relatively primitive ones as yet – to study the social institutions
that result. In an “ecology of Mind,” these must not be over-
looked because a mind is more the product of its environment and
relationships than of the wetware that supports it. It is conceivable
(the idea has been raised) that human personalities may someday
be recorded (as we now record appearance and voice) and then
uploaded to a server for a kind of immortality in cyberspace. But
no one thinks that a mind or personality can be detached from the
society in which it was nurtured and educated, from the skills it
learned, the work it did, the ideas and prejudices it entertained.
￢ Finally, there are traditions of religion and philosophy. From one
perspective these are obstacles, rival accounts that our inquiry
must overcome and clear away. But they are also sources of
concepts, questions and values that are still valid, and of
suggestions that have directed and that still direct our lives and
institutions. They are part of our history, part of our minds, part of
who we are. Even in overcoming them we remain in many ways
attached to them. In any case, it is vital to understand them: what
we can keep of this heritage, and what we shall have to discard.

For a survey of the kind undertaken here, the Internet is a superb tool. Any
errors of detail that a more scholarly approach would catch and correct are
more than compensated by the sheer convenience of access to this global
archive of information and opinion, and by the vivid graphics often
deployed in its presentation. In painting a landscape, the leaves on each
tree are less important than the sweep and mood of the prospect before
you. Surfing on the Web, you can get a sense of the landscape that would
be much harder to obtain in a library. Moreover, in a field evolving as
rapidly as this one, the materials available – and many details – are
changing on a weekly basis – and web sites are easier to update than
books. So, for further reading, I suggest you go on-line and explore for
yourself. Merely to help in getting started, a few books and sites,
organized under headings that correspond to the strands just mentioned,
are listed below. To save space, I’ve suppressed most of the Wikipedia
entries, which usually provide excellent introductions to the topics
mentioned. Lifetimes of study begin with the first mouse click, and the
only question is, “How deep do you want to go?”

Systems Theory and Engineering

Adaptive Systems
www.calresco.org/lucas/cas.htm
www.eas.asu.edu/~kdooley/casopdef.html
www.casresearch.com

Artificial Intelligence
http://users.erols.com/jsaunders/papers/aitechniques.htm
www.cse.msu.edu/dl/SciencePaper.pdf

Biomimicry
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimicry

Butterfly Effect (see also Chaos Theory)

www.cmp.caltech.edu/~mcc/chaos_new/Lorenz.html

Chance and Necessity

http://dannyreviews.com/h/Chance_and_Necessity.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random

Chaos Theory, Edge of Chaos

http://users.viawest.net/~keirsey/eofchaos.html
http://users.viawest.net/~keirsey/Inv.html

Collective Intelligence – Swarm Logic and Stigmergy

Out of Control, Kevin Kelly – see www.kk.org/outofcontrol/
ch2-g.html
www.advancedlab.pe.kr/wiki/index.php?CollectiveIntelligenceIn
SocialInsects
www.sce.carleton.ca/netmanage/tony/swarm.html
 http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/Distr.CognitionFramework.pdf
www.stigmergicsystems.com/
www.geocities.com/fastiland/Teaching/acs/swarm.html
www.red3d.com/cwr/boids/index.html
www.casresearch.com/

Complexity, Science of
http://complexity.orcon.net.nz/
www.santafe.edu/index.php

Cybernetics
http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/TOC.html#CSTHINK
www.asc-cybernetics.org/foundations/timeline.htm

Holarchy and Emergence

www.worldtrans.org/essay/holarchies.html
http://arxiv.org/ftp/nlin/papers/0506/0506028.pdf
http://llk.media.mit.edu/projects/emergence/index.html
http://www.panarchy.org/koestler/holon.1969.html

Fractals, Self-Similarity, Re-entrant Form

A Recursive Vision, Peter Harries-Jones, 1995
http://library.thinkquest.org/26242/full/index.html
www.taos-telecommunity.org/epow/EPOW-Archive/archive_
2003/EPOW-031117.htm

Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy Thinking, Bart Kosko
www.fuzzy-logic.com/

Information, Concept of & Problems With

www.capurro.de/infoconcept.html
http://okmij.org/ftp/Computation/limits-of-information.html
www.capurro.de/trialog.htm

Neural Networks and Computational Neuro Science

www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol4/cs11/report.html
http://vv.carleton.ca/~neil/neural/index.html
www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~brd/Teaching/AI/Lectures/
NN/neural.html
www.shef.ac.uk/psychology/gurney/notes/index.html
 www.neurocomputing.org
http://diwww.epfl.ch/mantra/tutorial/english/index.html

Power Laws
www.shirky.com/writings/powerlaw_weblog.html
http://complexityworkshop.com/sun/PLaw/index.html
http://econophysics.blogspot.com/2006/07/tyranny-of-power-law-
and-why-we-should.html

Production Systems
http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Production_system
http://cogprints.org/1477/
www.thymos.com/tat/cognitio.html

Self Organization, the Self-So (zi ran and wu wei)

www.physicsdaily.com/physics/Self-organization
http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/notebooks/
self-organization.html
www.calresco.org/index.htm
www.santafe.edu/

Self-programming and Self-Reference

www.idsia.ch/~juergen/goedelmachine.html
http://informatics.indiana.edu/rocha/kampis.html
www.december.com/cmc/mag/1997/dec/langham.html

Simulation, Ecological Simulation

www.csi.uoregon.edu/nacse/ecosim/
www.red3d.com/cwr/ibm.html
www.exetersoftware.com/cat/Trinity/ecosim.html
www.ecobeaker.com/

Suggestion and Influence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggestion
www.rickross.com/reference/brainwashing/brainwashing20.html
http://changingminds.org/index.htm
www.clinicalsocialwork.com/dealing.html
Systems, Closed and Open
www.panarchy.org/vonbertalanffy/systems.1968.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_system_%28systems_theory%29
www.managementhelp.org/systems/systems.htm

Trans-humanism and “The Singularity”

www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2007/09/ai-singularit-2.html
www.wtec.org/ConvergingTechnologies/
www.nickbostrom.com/
www.kurzweilai.net/articles/art0134.html?printable=1
http://bioethicsnews.com/category/nanotechnology/
www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1855353/posts

Biology, Evolution and Ecology

Baldwin Effect and Niche Construction
www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~seal/niche/
www.geocities.com/Athens/4155/edit.html
http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/papers/baldwincranefin.htm

Bio-semiotics
www.library.utoronto.ca/see/pages/biosemioticsdef.html
www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/cePubl/2003a.bs01entry.html
www.ento.vt.edu/~sharov/biosem/
www.zbi.ee/~uexkull/biosem.htm

Cell Biology
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/
www.geocities.com/jjmohn/endosymbiosis.htm
www.cellsalive.com/

Cladistics
www.fossilnews.com/1996/cladistics.html
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/clad/clad1.html
Cooperation, Evolution of and Game Theory
http://endeavor.med.nyu.edu/~strone01/altruism.html
http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/COOPEVOL.html
http://users.tpg.com.au/users/jes999/5.htm
http://taumoda.com/web/PD/setup.html

Culture, Non-human
(cultural primatology, biological anthropology)
The Evolution of Culture in Animals, John Tyler Bonner
http://biologybk.st-and.ac.uk/cultures3/articles/deWaal.html
www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/9893/
http://www2.gsu.edu/~psysfb/Manuscripts/McGrew%20
Review%20AJP%202006.pdf

Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo)

http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/24/
051024crbo_books1
www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/eduweb/virtualembryo/dev_biol.html
www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~browder/dydev_at_glance.html
www.kli.ac.at/theorylab/Areas/DB.html
www.cellmigration.org/science/
www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0005D708-2F7C-123B-
AF7C83414B7F0000

Ecology and Ecosystems

www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/eco/darwin.html
http://library.thinkquest.org/11353/ecosystems.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ecology/
www.greenleft.org.au/back/1991/19/19p10.htm
www.ecologyandsociety.org/
www.wikisummaries.org/The_Tipping_Point
www.wordspy.com/words/tippingpoint.asp
www.iht.com/articles/2007/11/16/opinion/edmoon.php

Evolution, Theory of
www.talkorigins.org/origins/faqs-evolution.html
www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/
www.becominghuman.org/
www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/a-z/
Genes and Genetics, Genome Project
www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/NIH/gene03.html
www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/b4241d.html
www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/publicat/
primer2001/index.shtml
http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/gene-code/
www.americanscientist.org/amsci/issues/Comsci98/compsci9801.html
http://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2007/02/real-genetic-code.html
http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/37228
http://homeobox.biosci.ki.se/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_plan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology

Geology, the Age of the Earth and Plate Tectonics

www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html
http://home.entouch.net/dmd/age.htm
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/geologictime.php
www.moorlandschool.co.uk/earth/tectonic.htm
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tectonics.html

Group Selection
www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/a-z/Group_selection_.asp
www.physorg.com/news115476686.html
www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.wilson.html

Hypersea
www.medobserver.com/aug2002/hypersea.html
www.test.earthscape.org/r3/mcmenamin/mcmenamin12.html
http://discovermagazine.com/1995/oct/hyperseainvasion571

Life (What is it?)

www.panspermia.org/whatis2.htm
http://academic.sun.ac.za/medphys/life.htm
http://dieoff.org/page150.htm
www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/bio99/bio99171.htm

Medicine, Eco-Darwinian
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/medicine_01
www.evolutionandmedicine.org/
www.sehn.org/ecomedicine.html
Social Insects
www.ndsu.nodak.edu/entomology/topics/societies.htm
http://ai-depot.com/Essay/SocialInsects.html
http://evolutionofcomputing.org/Multicellular/Stigmergy.html

Sociobiology
See “Human Nature” in Anthropology and Social Science

Neuroscience
Neuroscience (Introductory)
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/hist.html
www.thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/index_d.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience
Neurophysiology (how brains work)
www.cyberpunks.org/freeside/mab_neuro.html
www.cyberpunks.org/freeside/mab_neuro2.html
www.cyberpunks.org/freeside/mab_neuro3.html

Neuroanatomy (how human brains are configured)

http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/
NEURANAT/NEURANCA.html
www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/session2/
group10/Neuroanatomy.htm

Neuropsychology (the brain – mind relationship)

The Synaptic Self, Joseph LeDoux
The Feeling of What Happens, Antonio Damasio
The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy, Louis Cozolino
www.humphrey.org.uk/papers/2000MindBodyProblem.pdf
www.apa.org/monitor/nov05/neuroscience.html
www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~emiii/index.htm
http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v4/psyche-4-10-taylor.html
Psychology and The Mind
Affect and Emotion
Shame and Pride, Affect Sex and the Birth of the Self, Nathanson
www.affectivetherapy.co.uk/news.htm
www.hedweb.com/bgcharlton/damasioreview.html
www.jnd.org/dn.mss/CH01.pdf

Affordance Theory
www.learning-theories.com/affordance-theory-gibson.html
www.jnd.org/dn.mss/affordances_and.html

Attachment Theory
www.personalityresearch.org/attachment.html
http://attachment.edu.ar/outline.html

Cognitive Development
www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/development/piaget.shtml
www.psy.pdx.edu/PsiCafe/Areas/Developmental/CogDev-Child/

Consciousness
www.tjonard.ws/mind.html
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Consciousness_studies
www.klab.caltech.edu/~koch/crick-koch-cc-97.html
www-personal.umich.edu/~lormand/phil/cons/consciousness.htm
www.sciencenews.org/articles/20060211/bob9.asp
http://consc.net/online.html
www.sciencenews.org/articles/20060211/bob9.asp
http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/papers/cognition.fin.htm
www.tartanhen.co.uk/mind/zombie.htm
http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Papers/Py104/searle.prob.html
www.consciousentities.com/index.php

Consciousness, States of – Dreaming and Dreams

www.scholarpedia.org/article/Neural_Correlates_of_Consciousness
http://psych.ucsc.edu/dreams/Articles/purpose.html
www.dreams.ca/
http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/amoebaweb/
index.aspx?doc_id=875
eco-Darwinian Psychology, Ecology of Mind
www.oikos.org/psicen.htm
www.danieleastwell.co.uk/body.html
www.csulb.edu/~kmacd/MOTIVATE.PDF
http://home.comcast.net/~reillyjones/consciousa.html
www.psych.utah.edu/stat/dynamic_systems/Content/
examples/E42_Manual/Eco-of-Mind_CNS/
Further-Steps_Intro.html
http://ecopsychology.athabascau.ca/
www.psych.utah.edu/stat/dynamic_systems
http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/mnemosyne.htm
http://cogprints.org/2130/00/dennett-chalmers.htm

Evolutionary Psychology and Sociobiology

See “Human Nature” in the Anthropology and Social Science Section

Flow, Csikszentmihalyi’s theory of

www.austega.com/gifted/articles/flow.htm
www.unrealities.com/essays/flow.htm

Judgment and mis-judgment (akrasia)

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/self-deception/
http://www.philosophy.ubc.ca/prolegom/backissues/papers/
Schwartz.htm
http://www.utilitarian.org/akrasia.html

Language, Evolution of
The Symbolic Species, Terence Deacon
http://www.childrenofthecode.org/interviews/deacon.htm
http://williamcalvin.com/LEM/
http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/5/2/4.html
http://seedmagazine.com/news/2007/09/the_evolution_of_
language.php
www.cwu.edu/~cwuchci/welcome.html

Needs, Maslow’s Hierarchy of

www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/maslow.html
http://www.xenodochy.org/ex/lists/maslow.html
http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/
guidebk/teachtip/maslow.htm
Neuroscience and Neuropsychology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuroscience
http://gustavus.edu/academics/philosophy/lcogsci.html
http://www.brainsource.com/neuropsy.htm
http://web.uvic.ca/psyc/tcn_bm.html

Personality
www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/conclusions.html
www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html
www.ptypes.com/overviews.html
www.personalityresearch.org/

Self, Concept and Evolution of the

www.bizcharts.com/stoa_del_sol/conscious/conscious3.html
www.accampbell.uklinux.net/essays/skeptic/jaynes.html
www.soton.ac.uk/~crsi/thesymbolicself.pdf
www.soton.ac.uk/~crsi/evololutionofthesymbolicself.pdf
http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~gallaghr/tics2000.html
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro99/
web3/Sancar.html

Sensation, Perception, Interpretation

http://ccrg.cs.memphis.edu/tutorial/PDFs/Sensing&
Perceiving.pdf
http://pagesperso-orange.fr/philospir/Lesson14.htm

Social Psychology (Persuasion and Influence)

www.geocities.com/l_zinkiewicz/socialpsych.html
www.LuciferEffect.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_behavior
http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/socpsy.html
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/socpsy.html
www.spring.org.uk/2007/11/10-piercing-insights-into-
human-nature.php
Transpersonal Psychology
www.naropa.edu/faculty/johndavis/tp/index.html
www.mdani.demon.co.uk/trans/tranlink.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology
www.transpersonalpsychology.ca/
http://home.wxs.nl/~brouw724/Assagioli.html
www.imprint.co.uk/Wilber.htm

Unconscious Mind
www.ayrmetes.com/articles/conscious_and_unconscious.htm
http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/rediscovery.htm

Anthropology and Social Science

Anthropology, Cultural (Ethnology)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology
www.vanderbilt.edu/anthro/intro
http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cultural.htm
www.anthro.net/

Anthropology Physical
See Human Evolution

Cities
www.ecospherics.net/pages/RoweCities.html

Conflict Theory
www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-conflicttheory.html
www.d.umn.edu/~jhamlin1/conflict.html
www.drnadig.com/conflict.htm
Cultural Evolution and Meme Theory
www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/formerly-hyper-weird/
memetics.html
http://jom-emit.cfpm.org/1998/vol2/rose_n.html
http://jom-emit.cfpm.org/1998/vol2/lynch_a.html
www.istop.com/~ggrant/memetics/memelex.html
www.memecentral.com/Level3.htm
http://edge.org/3rd_culture/dennett/dennett_p2.html
www.percepp.demon.co.uk/evltcult.htm

Firms, Theory of
www.tinbergen.nl/~buhai/papers/others/incomplete_contracts.pdf
www.scribd.com/doc/239542/The-Theory-of-the-Firm
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=903746
http://som.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/FILES/reports/1995-1999/themeB/
1997/97B05/97b05.pdf
http://william-king.www.drexel.edu/top/prin/txt/mpch/firm1.html

Government and Society

www.g7.utoronto.ca/scholar/2002/bell11062002.pdf
www.thecorporation.com/media/TheRoleOfGovernment.pdf
www.caledoninst.org/PDF/553820495.pdf
www.wordwiz72.com/govt.html
www.heartacademy.org/2006/debakey.pdf

“Human Nature”
The Birth of the Mind , Gary Marcus
http://bostonreview.net/BR28.6/marcus.html
www.personalityresearch.org/evolutionary.html
www.anth.ucsb.edu/projects/human/evpsychfaq.html
www.psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/primer.html
www.evoyage.com/
http://human-nature.com/darwin/books/tattersall.html
www.edge.org/3rd_culture/haidt07/haidt07_index.html
http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/notebooks/evol-psych.html
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~kruger/
www.cato.org/research/articles/wilkinson-050201.html
www.elon.edu/arcaro/titles/partiv.htm
Human Evolution
www.snowcrest.net/goehring/a2/primates/fossils.htm#intro
http://johnhawks.net/weblog/topics/evolution/selection/
acceleration_embargo_ends_2007.html
www.palomar.edu/anthropology/

Language
The Symbolic Species, Terence Deacon
www.brainconnection.com/topics/?main=fa/evolution-language
http://nationalzoo.si.edu/publications/zoogoer/1995/6/
machiavellianmonkeys.cfm
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/langevol.html
http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/5/2/4.html
www.metaresolution.com

Meme Theory
see Cultural Evolution

Political Psychology and Political Theory

www.trinity.edu/mkearl/spy-pol.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State
http://economics.about.com/cs/macroeconomics/a/
logic_of_action.htm

Political Entrepreneurs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_entrepreneur

Public Interest, Concept of

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_interest

Social/Association Networks
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network

Social Hierarchies:
see also holarchy in General Systems Theory
www.experiencefestival.com/hierarchy
Sociology, Social Psychology and Social Behaviour
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_group
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_dynamics
www.psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/primer.html
www.socialpsychology.org/
www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/socpsy.html
www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/socpsy.html
http://changingminds.org/explanations/needs/conformity.htm
http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/a_conforming.htm
www.usyd.edu.au/su/social/robert/papers/ritzer.htm
www.edge.org/3rd_culture/haidt07/haidt07_index.html
www.elon.edu/arcaro/titles/partiv.htm

Style and Fashion

www.heia.com.au/heia_graphics/JHEIA82-4.pdf
www.wiwi.uni-bonn.de/sfb/papers/1994/a/bonnsfa462.pdf
www.lib.latrobe.edu.au/AHR/archive/Issue-March-1997/
finkelstein.html
http://web.media.mit.edu/~hugo/ideas/fashiondavis.html
www.sfu.ca/~csmith/genstuff/academic/lab/style.html
www.willamette.edu/cla/ler/learningstyles.htm
www.arts.adelaide.edu.au/humanities/wp/jmcmahon/
ThePossibilityofPerceptualStyle.pdf

Religion and Philosophy

Biology, Philosophy of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology
www.kli.ac.at/theorylab/Areas/PB.html
www.hps.cam.ac.uk/research/philofbio.html

Categories and Constructs

Explorations in Common Sense and Common Nonsense,
Daniel S. Levine
www.uta.edu/psychology/faculty/levine/EBOOK/
Constructivism
www.constructivism123.com
http://repgrid.com/reports/PSYCH/SIM/index.html

Creation Science
http://emporium.turnpike.net/C/cs/
www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/

Disenchanted World
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mmanty/teaching/
example4.html

Emergentism
http://progressiveliving.org/emergentism_defined.htm
http://home.sprynet.com/~owl1/emergenc.htm
www.brynmawr.edu/biology/emergence/stephan.pdf
See also Holarchy and Emergence under
Systems, Communication and Cybernetics

Evolution and eD Paradigm, Catholic Position on

www.newadvent.org/library/docs_jp02tc.htm
www.catholic.com/thisrock/2004/0401bt.asp

Evolutionary Epistemology and eco-Darwinian Paradigm

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/
www.bostonreview.net/BR21.3/Orr.html
www.thur.de/philo/project/CA1.htm
www.mdpi.org/fis2005

Functionalism
www.philosophyonline.co.uk/pom/pom_functionalism_
introduction.htm
Gaia Theory and Philosophy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis
www.greenleft.org.au/back/1991/19/19p10.htm

Gnosticism
www.iep.utm.edu/g/gnostic.htm
www.webcom.com/~gnosis/gnintro.htm
www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm
Knowledge Science
www.bcngroup.org/area3/pprueitt/book.htm

Meditation
http://deepfreeze9.blogspot.com/2005/11/damasios-theory-of-
consciousness.html

Mind-Body Problem
(see also neurophysiology and the brain)
http://home.sprynet.com/~owl1/mind.htm
www.humphrey.org.uk/papers_available_online.htm
How to Solve the Mind-Body Problem, Nicholas Humphrey

Mind of God, Creative Universe

www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft9508/davies.html
www.pantheism.net/?gclid=CKPl2ZmujoICFRvsPgoddENyDA
Naturalism, Physicalism, Materialism
http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Physicalism
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/
Nietzsche. Darwin’s Influence on
http://ndpr.nd.edu/review.cfm?id=4801
www.hichumanities.org/AHproceedings/James%20Birx.pdf

Perennial Philosophy
http://mythosandlogos.com/perennial.html

Philosophical Biology and Psychology

www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/theobiophi.html
https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/handle/1912/1703
http://pagesperso-orange.fr/philospir/

Religion and Science

www.religioustolerance.org/sci_rel.htm
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/religion-science/

Spirituality, Ecological and Postmodern

www.oates.org/journal/vol-05-2002/reviews/lamothe-01.php
www.soulfulliving.com/myth_and_meaning.htm