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Computer-Based Exercises For Signal Processing Using MATLAB Ver.5 (McClellan)

by James H. McClellan, C. Sidney Burrus, Alan V. Oppenheim, Thomas W. Parks, 1998 This book offers a rich collection of exercises and projects which guide students in the use of MATLAB v5 to explore major topical areas in digital signal processing. For senior or introductory graduate-level courses in digital signal processing.

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2K views418 pages

Computer-Based Exercises For Signal Processing Using MATLAB Ver.5 (McClellan)

by James H. McClellan, C. Sidney Burrus, Alan V. Oppenheim, Thomas W. Parks, 1998 This book offers a rich collection of exercises and projects which guide students in the use of MATLAB v5 to explore major topical areas in digital signal processing. For senior or introductory graduate-level courses in digital signal processing.

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James H. MCCLELLAN ¢ C. SIDNEY BURRUS ALAN V. OPPENHEIM ® THOMAS W, PARKS RONALD W. SCHAFER ® HANS W. SCHUESSLER MATLAB® CURRICULUM, ‘SERIES Computer-Based Exercises for Signal Processing Using MATLAB® 5 James H. McClellan C. Sidney Burrus Alan V. Oppenheim Thomas W. Parks Ronald W. Schafer Hans W. Schuessler M Mariap® Curriculum Series PRENTICE HALL, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ‘Computer-based exercises fo signal processing using MATLAB® 5 / James HL MeCiellan etal pom Includes index SBN 0-13-789009-5 1. Signal processing—Digitltechniques—Mathematies. 2, MATLAB, |. MeCletlan, James H., ‘TKSIO29.C367_ 1998 621.382 2078553042 —de2t 9741499 cr Publisher: Tom Robbins Editor-in-Chief: Marcia Horton Production Coordinator: Wanda EspaiaWEE DESIGN GROUP, Vice President Director of Production and Manufacturing: David W. Riccardi ‘Managing Edivor: Bayani Mendoza de Leon Cover Designer: Design Source ‘Manufacturing Buyer: Donna Sullivan Editorial Assistant: Nancy Garcia Compositor: Techsetters, Inc. (©1998 by Prentice-Hall, Ine. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, ‘The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories, ‘and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, ‘or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. Al rights reserved, No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any ‘means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Maran is a registered trademark of the MathWorks, Ine. Printed in the United States of America 9876543 ISBN 0-13-789009-5 Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London ‘The MathWorks, Inc. Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney 24 Prime Park Way Prentice-Hall Canada Ine., Toronto, Natick, Massachusetts 01760-1500 Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana, S.A., México Phone: (508) 647-7000 Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Dethi Fax: (508) 647-7001 Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., Tokyo E-mail: [email protected] Pearson Education Asia Pte, Ltd, Asia ‘hup://www.mathworks.com Editora Prentice-Hall do Brazil, Ltda., Rio de Janeiro OUTLINE 10 u Presace BASIC SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS DiscRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM, ‘SPECTRUM ANALYSIS (MuLTTRATE PROCESSING SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES. STOCHASTIC SIGNALS ‘Woroiencrh Errects DiscRETE-Time FieR DESIGN DFT ANo FFT AicormTams ‘APPUCATIONS. SIGNAL MODELING ‘Appenoix A ‘SOFTWARE AND PROGRAMMING NOTES Inpex xi 83 113 129 159 205 287 289 317 351 385 399 beige Sei CONTENTS PREFACE xi 1 BASIC SIGNALS AND SysTEMs 1 Signals 2 Project 1 Basi Signals, 2 Project 2: Comples-Valaed Signals, 6 Difference Equations 8 Projet 1: Time-Domain Response of Difference Equations, 9 Projet 2: Steady-State Response. 10 Prnjct 3: Frequency Response for Diference Equations, 12 Fourier Transform: DTFT 13 Project 1: Computing the DTFT: Finite-Length Signals, 14 Project 2: DTFT Symmetries, 17 Project 3: DTET of lnfinite-Length Signals, 19 Project 4: Windowing forthe DTT, 21 Project S: Frequency Response ofa Notch Filter 23 Group Delay 24 Project I: Algorithm for Computing the Group Delay. 25 Project 2: Effect of Group Delay on Signals, 27 Project 3: Negative Group Delay, 28 Basic Sampling Theory 29 Project I: Aliasing Caused by Sampling, 29 Project 2: Frequency-Domain View of Sampling, 31 Project 3: Reconstruction of Signals From Samples, 33 Zero-Phase UR Filtering 35 Project 1: Amticausal Filtering, 36 Project 2: Forwant-Backward Filter 2 Discrere Fourier TRANSFORM 43 DFT Properties 44 Project 1: Examples of the DFT of Common Signals, 45 Projet 2: Difficult DFTs, 47 Project 3: Symmetries in the DFT. 49. Pmmject 4: Tricks for the lmerse DFT, 52 Projet S: Zero Padding and Decimation Properties, $4 Project 6: Real Data FFT, 55 Prnjet 7: Discrete Fourier Series, 8 DFT asa Matrix 59 Project 1: DFT as an Orthogonal Matrix, 60 Project 2: Eigenvalues ofthe DFT Marri, 61 Project 3: DFT Diagonalizes Civculant Matrices, 64 Project 4: FFT Algorithm as a Matrix Factorization, 64 Convolution: Circular and Block 66 Project I: Circular Indexing, 67 Project 2: Circular Convolution, 68 Projet 3: Relation 10 Linear Convolution, 70 Praject 4: Black Processing, 73 Projet 5: High-Speed Convolution, 75 Related Transforms 77 Projet I: Diserete Cosine Transform, 77, Project 2: Diseree Hartley Transform, 8) 3 SPECTRUM ANALYSIS 83 Spectral Windows 84 Project 1: Window Types, 85 Project 2: Window Performance, 88 Project 3: Resolution, 91 Sliding Window DFT 92 Projet I: Spectrogram, 93 Project 2: Tone Generator, 97 Narrowband Signals 100 Projet I: Synthesis of a Bandpass Pulse, 1OF Projet 2: Ftering the Bandpass Pulse, 105 Project 3: Resonant Peaks, 108 Project 4: Line Spectra, 109 Project 5: Frequency Sampling in the DTPT, 11 4 Mummpare Processine 3 Bandlimited Interpolation 114 Project 1: Inerpolation Fler Performance, 115 Project 2: Optimum Min-Mas Interpolation, 117 Contents __vii Zoom Transform 121 Prnjct 1: Zoom Transform, 121 Rate Changing 123, Project 1: Rate Reduction: Decimation, 124 Project 2: Rate Changing, 127 5 SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES 129 Systems and Structures 130 Project I: Description of Systems, 131 Project 2: Measuring the Frequency Response for @ = 0, 137 Project 3: Types of Systems, 139 Project 4: Structures, 148 6 STocHasmic SiGNALS 159 Stochastic Signals 161 Projet 1: Random Variables, 162 Projet 2: Nonstationary, Stationary, and Ergodie Random Processes, 165 Project 3: Influence ofa Linear System on a Stochastic Process, 168 Project 4: Infuence of a Nonlinear Mapping on a Random Process, I73 Project 5: Combining Two Random Processes, 176 FET Spectrum Estimation 178 Project 12 Periodogram, 178 Project 2: Periodogram Averaging, 182 Project 3: Narrowband Signals, 185 Projet 4: Crmss Spectrum, 187 ‘Modem Spectrum Estimation 188 Pret I: Maxinum Entropy Method, 189 Projet 2: Spectrum Estimates Based on Linear Prediction, 192 Pinject 3: Narrowband Signals, 195 Pinject 4: Eigenvector-Based Methods, 197 Project S: Testing with Symhetic Signals, 201 7 WorDuNGTH EFFEcts 205 Wordlength Effects 206 Projet 1: Quantzed Signals, 207 Projet 2: Modeling a Multiplier 213 Project 3: Sensitivity of Filter Structures, 216 Project 4: Limit Cyeles, 225, Project 8: Quantization Noise in Digital Filters, 231 Disceeve-Time FitreR DESIGN 207 Discrete Design of FIR Filters 249 Project I: FIR Filter Design by Frequency Sampling, 249 Project 2: Use ofa Transition Band in the Filter Specifications, 256 Project 3: FIR Filter Design by Discrete Least Squared -Error Approximation, 258 Least-Squares Design of FIR Filters 261 Projet I: FIR Filter Design by Least Integral Squared Error Approximation, 261 Project 2: Design of High-Puss, Bandpass, and Band-Reject Least-Squared-Evror FIR Filters, 265, Project 3: FIR Flier Design Using Window Functions, 267 Chebyshev Design of FIR Filters 270 Projet I: FIR Filter Design by the Parks-McClellan Method, 270, Projet 2: Alteration Theorem and Reme: Exchange Algorithm, 272 Project 3: FIR Filter Design Using Linear Programming, 277, Design of TR Filters 279) Project 1: Characteristics of HR Filters, 280 Project 2: Using the Bilinear Transformation, 282 Project 3: Design of High-Pass, Bandpass, and Band-Reject UR Filters, 284 Project 4: UR Filter Design inthe Tine Domain by Prony's Method, 285 Project 5: Special Topics, 287 DFT AND FFT ALGORITHMS 289 Direct Calculation of the DFT 291 Projet 1: Calculation ofthe DFT from the Definition, 291 Project 2> Goertzel's Algorithm, 293 ‘The CooleyTukey FFT 295 Pmmjet I: Recursive Derivation ofthe FFT, 295, Projet 2: Two-Factor FFT with Twiddle Factors, 298 Projet 3: Split Radic FFT, 300 Prime Factor FFTs 302 Project 1: Two Factor Prime Factor Algovthon PFT, 302 Project 2: The General Linear Index Map, 304 Projet 3: Prime-Length DET Method and Some Base Ideas from Number Theory, 308 General Length of FFTs 312 Project 1: Evaluation of the Marian FET, 312 Project 2: The Chirp =Transform, 313 Contents ix 10 Appucanions 317 Radar Simulation 318 Project I: Properties of the LEM Chirp Signal, 319 Projet 2: Range Processing, 321 Projet 3: Velocity Processing, 323 Projet 4: Radar System Simulation, 325 Introduction to Speech Processing 329 Project I: Speech Segmentation, 329 Project 2: Preemphasis of Speech, 332 Project 3: Shori-Tine Fourier Analysis, 333 Project I: Glotal Pulse Models, 336 Pmject 2: Lossless Tube Vocal Tract Models, 38 Prnject 3: Vowel Synthesis, 324 Speech Quantization 343 Project 1: Speech Properties, 44 Projet 2: Uniform Quantization, 344 Project 3: jt-Law Companding, 357 Project 4: Signal-o-Noise-Ratios, 348 Project 5: Listening 10 Quantced Speech, 350 SIGNAL MODELING 351 Linear Prediction 352 Project I: Linear Prediction of Data, 354 Projet 2: Decorrelation by Linear Prediction, 357, Linear Prediction of Speech 359 Project 1: Basic Linear Prediction, 360 Project 2: Line Spectrum Pair Representations, 361 Project 3: Quantization of Parameters, 362 Projet 4: Formant Tracking, 363 Exponential Modeling 365 Project I: Prony's Method, 366 Project 2: Pole-Zero Modeling, 368 Signal Estimation 371 Project I: Finding the Optimal Estimate ina Filter Class, 372 Project 2: Error Bounds: How Good isthe Esimate?, 374 Least-Squares Inversion 375 Projet I: Least Squares Inversion, 375. Project 2: Testing with Noise-Free Signals, 377 Project 3: Inversion of Noisy Signals, 378 Project 4: Evaluation of Least-Squares Inversion, 379 Contents 12 Appenoix A ‘SOFTWARE AND PROGRAMMING NOTES 385 Inoex 399 ee PREFACE The area of digital signal processing has consistently derived its vitality from the interplay between theory and applications. Correspondingly, university courses in digital signal processing have been inereasingly incorporating computer exercises and laboratories to help students better understand the principles of signal processing and experience the excitement of applying abstract mathematical concepts to the processing of real signals, This book is a collection of computer exercises about digital signal processing, Tt is an outgrowth of our collective experience in incorporating computer-based projects into ‘our signal processing courses. Each of us has been involved in teaching signal processing a our respective institutions for many years. Individually, we recognized the importance ‘of computer demonstrations and experiments as a supplement to the theory and had been independently developing computer-based projects, Several years ago we began sharing ‘our experiences and projects with each other and eventually decided to make our combined experiences and collection of projects more widely available, ‘The exercises in this book are designed to be used together with a digital signal processing textbook and on the workstations and personal computers commonly used at ‘most universities. Students working alone or in small groups can approach the exercises in a variety of ways consistent with their individual styles of learning and at a speed and for a length of time consistent with their skills and abilities, The Format and exercises hopefully encourage (even require) experimentation and learning by discovery, much as is done in engineering practice. The use of high-speed integrated graphics allows visualization, which is very valuable in learning abstract theories and methods. ‘In our early experiences with computer-based projects for signal processing, we used 4 variety of computers and software. Over a period of time, and again somewhat inde- pendently, we each began gravitating toward the use of MATLAB in our courses because ‘we found that its interactive mathematical calculations, easy-to-use inte aphies, simple programmability, consistent functional environment, and availability on a wide va riety of hardware make it very efficient for students to focus quickly on the essential signal processing issues without gged down with details of a particular m: programming language. As a natural consequence, in combining our projects into this col lection, we adopted MATLAB as the signal processing environment. The recent availability of a student version of MATLAB makes it even more attractive For educational use, There are, of course, many other excellent and well-supported computer-based signal processing environments, and we tried to make the projects in this book adaptable to these as well. In order to provide maximum flexibility in the use of these projects, each section in ‘a chapter contains one or more projects associated with a common theme. Te intent is for each of the chapter sections to be independent of the others so that the order and selection Box Preface can be as flexible as possible. When a section contains more than one project, we have again tried to keep separate projects as independent as possible, although some of the more advanced projects in a section might assume familiarity with earlier ones. Within each project are exercises which, by necessity, are somewhat interdependent, although in many eases, some of the exercises are optional (Our individual experiences have varied in the use of these projects. In some cases, these exercises have been used to supplement lecture and homework material, while in others, the material in this book has been used in a signal processing laboratory, supple- ‘mented by real-time signal processing hardware and development systems for various DSP chips. The level of the material is appropriate for senior and first-year graduate courses. ‘The time required to complete one exercise varies from as litle as five minutes to as much as several hours. The diversity of exercises reflects the authors” different teaching styles. ‘Some projects include considerable text material reviewing the signal processing prineiples involved in the associated exercises. Other projects focus on the signal processing problems tobe solved and rely on the Suggested reading to provide the necessary theory. Oceasion- ally samples of special MATLAB functions are included in the text, Sometimes special files of data (e.g., speech) are referenced. The MathWorks, Inc., has arranged to supply th ‘material from their web site From the outset, our goal has been to make this collection of projects available in a timely way to.as wide an audience as possible. Without question, many of the projects could have been polished and expanded further. There are also many other projects that were in terms, and the other vector containing the Feedback coefficients, a, forthe y terms. The coefficient ag is usually taken tobe 1, so that ‘when y[n] is writen in terms of past values it drops out: Yau vin 1+ 5 beat — 01 In MATLAB the £1 tex function will divide out ap, soit must not be zero. 1 yin} Hints ‘The function y = filter (b,a,x) implements a digital filter defined by the a and b coefficient vectors as in (I-1) to filter the data stored in x. If x is the unit impulse signal, then y will be the impulse response fi(n]. Note that the function £1ter returns only as many samples into y as there are in x (i.e, the impulse response is truncated to the length of the unit impulse vector, x). ER Simple CCreate vectors band a that contain the coefficients of s[] and yl], respectively, inthe following difference equation: ifference Equation yin] +0.9yIn ~ 0.3xln) + 0.6x(n ~ 1] +0.34{n — 2}, (2) 'b, Caleulate yf] analytically for xf) = 5). ce. Now ereate a unit impulse vector, imp, of length 128. Generate the frst 128 points ofthe ‘impulse response ofthe filter in (1-2). Use atem to plot these values as a diserete-time signal versus time (see hep stem), It may help to plot just the first 10 or 20 point. EXERCISE 1.2 Impulse Response with £4 ter 1. Use the £1 ter function to generate and plot the impulse response in] ofthe following dlilfeence equation. Plot h(n] inthe range of 10 0, the output signal for large wis due entirely tothe input Infact, the output becomes a constant in this cas. 1 Por the system in (1-3), find the response to step function input of amplitude 3 (ie xn] = 3ubn)). Use a long enough seetion of the input signal so thatthe output from i Leer is early constant This length can be estimated by considering the size of |p" versus 7. Plot the step response and determine the constant level (Gy) of the output 3s b. The constant level determined in part (a) isthe steady-state response, Its precise value can be ealetated by observing that both yn] and x{a] become constants inthe limit => oc. Thus, lim yf] = Gp and.x(n] = 3. Use these Facts in (1-3) to determine Gy The variable part ofthe total response is called the transient response. Determine the transient response yu] = y(n] ~ Gy and plot it for 0

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