SUDAPET COMPANY LTD

PETROLEUM TECHNICAL CENTER

INSTRUMENT TRAINING

CONTROL LOOP TRACING AND P&I Diagrams

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 PETROLEUM TECHNICAL CENTER
CONTROL LOOP TRACING AND P&I DIAGRAMS
Objectives:

By the end of this course the Trainee will learn

A. To understand the basic concepts associated with instrumentation diagrams and

drawings
B. How to interpret plant drawing, and learn the standard features that are found on all
process flow diagrams and Piping and Instrumentation diagrams P & I diagrams.
C. The process control loops element and the Function of each element.

Introduction:

The definition for Instrument in any English dictionary is any Article that does Work. Generally
Instrument can be classified in many categories ie.

Industrial Instruments

Musical Instruments

Medical Instruments

Aviation Instruments

In the Petroleum Industry we are dealing with the Industrial Instruments, which helped the
Industrial revolution progress by Granted the following benefits

Safe and easy operation

High Capital Retain

High response and accuracy

Continuous operation

Solved complicated problems

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Process Control:

Mainly there are two basic types of control used is process control applications One is
termed open-loop, the other closed loop. The meaning of each and the differences may best
be demonstrated by figures IA, IB, IC.

I-A. The operator measures the temperature by feeling the pipe. He then compares this
measurement with what it should be, then, depending on the comparison, be controls the
valve opening (complete manual no loop).

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I-B. The operator determines the temperature by examining the instrument that measure the
temperature he then compares that temperature with the required Temperature. Then
depending on the comparison, be controls the valve (open loop control)

I-C. The measurement is made by the recorder, the controller compares the measurement
with the set point, and controls the valve opening in accordance with that comparison since
this is a continuous cycle of events without interruption, it is described as closed control loop.

Figure 2 is a block diagram of a closed control loop and it show the elements that work
together to provide automatic regulations of a manufacturing process and they are

1. The process
2. The primary element (sensor)
3. The Transmitter
4. TheController
5. The Transducer
6. The final Control element

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 7.
1. The process:
The flow of steam into the heat-exchanger of Fig-1 is representative of a typical process.
The process, in this case is the operation of adding heat energy to the water. The steam
coils, tank, pipes and regulator valves are representative of the system needed to a
accomplish the heating process.

2. The primary element (sensor):

It senses the change in the process variable and converts this change into a mechanical
movement or a vesicle change.
3. The Transmitter:
Receives the sensor output and Converts it into a Standard signal.
4. The Controller:
Receives the Transmitter single and compare it with its set point and change its output
within a definite algorism to eliminate this deference.
5. The Transducer:
Produces a pneumatic signal proportions to the electronic signal from the controller.
6. The final Control element C.V:
Follow pneumatic signal and change its opening in the direction to eliminate the error.

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 INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAMS AND SYMBOLS

INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS

Instrument Symbols

On an Instrumentation diagrams, each instrument in the system is represented by a circle,

Type equation here.called a balloon. Letters, numbers, and lines drawn inside the balloon give
specific information about the type of instrument, its location, and the function it performs.

PI

361

Two or more balloons drawn in tangent indicate that the instrument is monitoring two or
more measured or initiating variables or, optionally, a single variable instrument with more
than one function. Each balloon is used to show a separate function of the instrument,
represented by the letters and numbers inside the balloon, or the different measured or
initiating variable.
On most instrumentation diagrams, balloons are drawn to a standard size (approximately
7/16 diameter). The balloons and other symbols shown in this book have been enlarged
for purposes of illustration and do not conform to the scale normally used on the
instrumentation diagrams you will be working with.

FFRT FFS

461 461

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TAG NUMBERS

The letters and numbers written inside an instrument balloon are used to identify the
instrument. These letters and numbers, called the instrument identification or tag numbers,
furnish various types of information about the instrument.
Tag numbers are divided into two sections to provide different types of identification
information.
The functional is located in the top part of the balloon. This code is used to identify the
measured or initiating variable and the function of the individual instrument.
The loop identification is located in the bottom part of the balloon. As its name implies,
this code is used to identify the loop of which the instrument is a part. A loop is a
combination of one or more interconnected instruments arranged to measure or control
a process variable, or both.

FUNCTION IDENTIFICATION

The function identification normally consists of two, three, or four letters.

The first letter indicates the measured or initiating variable. In this example, the first
letter (P) represents pressure.
The remaining letters usually indicate the functions performed by the individual
instrument. These include readout or passive function; such as record (R), and output
functions, such as control (C) or transmit (T).

No more than four letters should be used

MEASURED OR INITIATING VARIABLE

PR

FUNCTION
The second letter in the functional identification may act as a modifier of the first letter. For
example, pressure (P) could be modified to indicate differential pressure (PD). In such cases, a
third letter would be used to identify the function of the individual instrument.
Similarly, the letter used to designate a function may be followed by a modifier.

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A table listing the meaning of standard identification letters can be found on page 10 of Fig. 1

MODIFIED PROCESS VARIABLE

PDI

FUNCTION

FIRST LETTER
P Pressure
F Flow
L Level
T Temperature
Q Quality Analyzer
S Speed

SECONDING LETTERS
T Transmitter
R Recorder
I Indicator
C Controller
A Alarm
X Emergency Action
C.V. Control Valve

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Loop Identification

A loop consists of one or more interconnected instruments. These instruments are arranged
to measure a process variable, control a process variable, or both.
Each instrument in a loop must be identified. On an instrumentation diagram, the loop
identification for an instrument consists of a group of numbers shown in the lower portion of
the instrument balloon. The number shown on the instrumentation diagram is also shown on
the instrument itself to aid in identification.

TT

629

LOOP IDENTIFICATION
Each loop in a plant is assigned a specific number. All of the instruments in a particular loop
will have the same loop identification number, regardless of the type of instrument or the
function it performs.
Some loops may have two or more instruments performing the same function. If this is the
case, a consecutive letter suffix usually added to the loop identification number for each
instrument. These letters are used to differentiate two or more Instruments with the same
functional identification in the same

TT TT

629 A 629 B

Interpreting Information
All of the symbols shown in instrument balloons can be used to determine the key
functions of the instruments and the loop of which they are a part. Full details about
the instruments are usually found in specification data sheets.
The functional identification letters designate the measured or initiating variable
and the function of the individual instrument.
A solid line indicates the instrument is board mounted; a broken line indicates the
instrument is mounted behind the board; a balloon without a line indicates the
instrument is field-mounted.
The loop identification numbers designate the loop number. A letter suffix after the
number indicates that there is more than one instrument performing the same function
in the loop.

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For example, this instrument balloon furnishes specific information about a particular
instrument.
(FUNCTIONAL IDENTIFICATION)
TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

MORE THAN ONE

TEMPERA TURE INDICATOR IN THIS LOOP

(LOOP IDENTIFICATION)

LINE SYMBOLS
Line symbols

Various types of line symbols are used on instrumentation diagrams. These lines may indicate:
Process Piping
Process connections, or
Signals
Process Line Symbols
Process piping lines represent the piping that carries the working fluid. These lines are dark
and bold.
Process connection lines are fine lines used to represent different types of connections,
such as
a mechanical link between two parts of an instrument system,
a connection between an instrument and the process, or
a connection indicating the supply line to an instrument.

PROCESS CONNECTION TT
LINE 201

PROCESS PIPING LINE

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Pneumatic Signal Lines
In industrial processes, it is often necessary to send
a signal from one instrument to another instrument.
Different types of lines are used on instrumentation
Diagrams to represent the pathways for different types
Of signals. The type of line that is used on the
Diagram will depend on the type of signal transmitted.

Pneumatic signal lines are fine lines, intersected by pairs of slashed

lines. This symbol is used to show the path of a pneumatic signal in the system. In this
example, the pneumatic signal line indicates that a locally-mounted pressure
transmitter is used to send a pneumatic signal to a pressure recorder located on the
control board.
PNEUMATIC SIGNAL LINE

Directional arrowheads
Directional arrowheads shall be added to signal lines when needed to clarify the
direction of flow of intelligence.
Signal lines:
Electrical signal lines are used to represent the wiring or cables by which electrical
signals are conveyed. These signals are represented by broken lines, or dashes.

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Capillary tubing signal lines are fine lines, with X's drawn at intervals along the line.
Capillary tubing (filled system) is often used to transmit temperature signals.

X X X X X

Hydraulic signal lines are used to represent the plpmg used to transmit signals by hydraulic
pressure. These signal lines are represented by fine lines, intersected by the letter "L"

L L L L L
Electromagnetic or sonic signal lines represent signals that are carried by heat, light, or radio
waves. These signals do not use piping, tubing, or wiring for transmission. The symbol for this
type of signal is a fine line, with wave symbols drawn at intervals along the line.

VALVE AND ACTUATORS

Valves are used to control the flow of fluid. The most common types of valves used in process
systems are globe valves and gate valves. These valves are both represented by a symbol
consisting of two triangles, connected at their points.

Three-wav control valves allow a process to be channeled in three directions. A three-way

control valve body has three intersecting process piping lines. The symbol for a three-way
control valve consists of three triangles.

Four-way control valves allow four options for the direction of flow. Four process piping
lines may intersect in the valve body. The symbol for these valves consists of four
triangles.

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Angle control valves allow the process to bend or turn. These valves are usually installed if
the process must be controlled at a point where there is a bend in the process piping. The
symbol for these valves consists of two triangles.

Two other types of valves have the following symbols:

BUTTERFLY, ROTARY PLUG, BALL

DAMPER, LOUVER

Some valves are represented by a symbol that indicates that the valve is unclassified.
Information about an unclassified valve is usually provided elsewhere on the
instrumentation diagram.

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Valve Actuator Symbols

'Hand actuators are used to control valves manually.The symbol for a hand actuator is a "T"
connected to the symbol for the valve body.

Valves are often controlled automatically. A common method of automatic control is the use
of a diaphragm. The diaphragm is often actuated by a pneumatic signal.

The symbol for a diaphragm actuator differs according to its method of operation and con-
struction. This symbol represents a spring opposed diaphragm connected by a pneumatic
signal.

Valve Identification

Tag numbers may also be used to identify valves. The format, letters, and numbers used in
valve tag numbers are the same as those used to identify instruments. For example, this tag
number would be used to identify a pressure control valve in Loop 182.

PV

A82
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Automatic Valve Actuators
Different automatic actuators respond to different types of signals .

The diaphragm actuator discussed in the last segment

usually responds to a pneumatic signal. Two other . common types of automatic actuators are
solenoids and motors. These actuators respond to electrical signals.
A solenoid actuatoris represented by a square with an "s" inside it.

A motor actuator is represented by a circle with an "M" inside it

Interpreting a Loop Diagram

The symbols used in an instrumentation loop diagram provide specific
information about a system and its components.

The symbols that were covered in the previous segments can be used to interpret the
information
in this simple loop diagram. Fig. 2.

The instruments are all concerned with the measurement and control of
temperature. All of the instruments are in the same loop (20 I) .
The temperature transmitter (TT-20 I) and the temperature valve (TV -20 I) are
locally-mounted and the sensor components of the transmitter and the valve are
connected directly to the
Process piping.

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 These balloons have no line across the middle.

The temperature recorder (TR-20 I) and the temperature controller (TC-20 I) are
board- mounted .
These balloons have a solid line across them.

The three-way valve (TV-201) is actuated by a diaphragm actuator .

Temperature signals are sent to the transmitter by way of capillary tubing .

The temperature transmitter uses a pneumatic signal to transmit the temperature

measurement to the recorder and the controller.

The controller sends a pneumatic signal to the valve actuator

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 TR

201

TT TC

201 201

X
TV

201

FIG. 2
TYPES OF DIAGRAMS
Instrumentation Diagrams and Loop Diagrams

Complex industrial process systems are usually made up of several process loops. Each loop
performs a different function in the total process system.
An instrumentation diagram provides information about the process system as a whole. This
type of diagram shows all of the process loops and their relationship to the entire process
system. By using an instrumentation diagram, you can trace the operation of a process from
beginning to end.
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Loop diagrams contain more detailed information about each of the loops shown on an
instrumentation diagram. This information is provided to help the technician to understand:
how to determine if a problem exists in the loop.
How the loop performs its function, and
How to determine if problem exists in the loop

In the last part of this program, some of the standard symbols used on instrumentation
diagrams were explained. In addition to standard symbols, instrumentation diagrams
contain other types of information about the process. This additional information is
provided by:

A title block
A list of revisions
A notes
Loop diagrams use many of the same symbols as instrumentation diagrams as well as other
symbols that may not be used on instrumentation diagrams. Leading to read and interpret all
of the information shown in loop diagrams requires a logical step-by-step method.

ISA Standard for Loop Diagrams

ISA Standard (S5.4), Instrument Loop Diagrams, defines three types of information
requirements that can be included in a loop diagram:
Minimum,
Desired, and
Optional requirements.

These requirements can be combined to match the desired uses of the facility. Each facility
should meet the minimum requirements for the information to be provided on loop diagrams.
Information beyond the minimum standards may or may not be provided, depending on the
circumstances, in this way, each faculty has some flexibility in determining the details that will
be provided on loop diagrams.

The minimum, desired, and optional requirements j loop diagrams are listed on Page 5 of ISA
Standard S5.4, B.

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Title Block

The title block of an instrumentation diagram is used to identify the diagram. The title block is
normally located in the lower right-hand corner of the diagram.

diagram number - used to identify the diagram,

diagram title- gives the name of the drawing and, in some cases, a few words of description,
number of sheets - specifies the number of sheets comprising the diagram. and
Many diagrams have two or three sheets.
signatures section - this section may include the signatures of the person who drew the
diagram, the person who checked it, and the person who approved it.

In some cases, the title block may include additional information, such as:
Standard for inspection,
Contract numbers, and
Other information that is considered important by the facility

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Revision Section

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The revisions section of an instrumentation diagram provides information about changes
made to the original diagram. This section is usually located near the title block.

The facility document control file contains information about revisions to the
instrumentation diagrams used
at the facility. It is important to check to make
sure that the information shown in the revisions section of the diagram reflects the
changes described
in the document control file. If a revision described
in the document control file is not shown on the diagram, you will know that you do not
have an up to-date copy of the diagram.
List of Materials
The list of materials provides information about certain parts that are used in the
process system.
The parts included in this list are usually parts that are specific to a particular loop or part
of the instrument system.

The information provided for each of the parts specified in the list of materials may
include:

The tag number,

The manufacturers name

The model number, and

The number used by the facility to identify the part.

NOTES
The notes provide supplementary information about the process or instruments shown in the
instrumentation diagram. There are two types of notes used on instrumentation diagrams:
general and local.
General notes usually apply to the entire diagram. These notes are usually located at the
bottom of the drawing. References to other diagrams may also be included in the general
notes.
Local notes usually apply to a specific instrument or area of a loop. Local notes are located
near the instrument or area they concern. Each note is connected to the instrument or area it
refers to by a leader line. Local notes may also be used to refer to one of the general notes.

The nature and extent of information contained in the notes or in other parts of
instrumentation diagram will depend on the practices and procedures used at the facility.

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