Hashemite University

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Computer Engineering Department

Microprocessors Lab Manual

408331

Prepared By: Eng. Ezya Khader

 Table of Content

Lab Rules 2

Guidelines for Writing Lab report 3

Exploring Software Architecture of the 8088 Microprocessor 6

Addressing modes, Arithmetic and Data Transfer instructions 8

Assembling, Editing, Linking and Executing assembly programs using

18
Emu8086 and MASM

Programming Techniques 28

BIOS Interrupts Programming 37

DOS Interrupts Programming 45

Parallel Data Input/output 50

I/O Applications: Stop Watch & Dynamic Display 53

LCD & Keypad Interrupts 56

Appendix A: MASM 6.11 Installation Notes 58

Appendix B: Communicating with MTS-8088 KIT 60

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 Lab Rules

General Rules:
o Be PUNCTUAL for your laboratory session.
o Foods, drinks and smoking are NOT allowed.
o The lab timetable must be strictly followed. Prior permission from the
Lab Supervisor must be obtained if any change is to be made.
o Experiment must be completed within the given time.

Instruments:
o Be careful in dealing with the lab apparatus.
o Don't change the place of any instrument or any of its cables.
o The main equipment that you will use in the lab experiments is the
MTS-8088 trainer kit; check your program carefully before
implementing it in order to avoid harming or damaging the kit ICs.
o Don't touch or remove the kit ICs.
o When you connect interfaces cards to the kit, make sure that you use
the right connector in its right location.
o If you face any problem or you have any question about the
instruments operations please refer to the laboratory supervisor.
o At the end of the lab turn-off all the instruments.

Lab Reports:
o Lab work is very important to you as an engineer, it gives you some
practical experience that you will need in your future work. Also it
increases your understanding of the theoretical material that you have
taken at class.
o Writing lab reports with high quality is also important to you, it
develops your ability to express your ideas, work, and your
observations to other people in the field.
o You must follow the following sequence in organizing your lab report .

Lab Report Items

Cover Page
Objectives
Theoretical Background
Equipment
Procedure
Results
Conclusions

o Be organized in your lab report, and be clear in expressing your

theoretical and experimental data.
o Make sure to include all the required and important data and items
within your report to make it comprehensive and self contained.
o Copies will take zero grades.
o Report submission will be due to the next lab. Only one day late is
allowed with 25% deduction.

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 Guidelines for Writing Lab Report
The most effective way to acquire the practical skills in engineering studies is
usually by experimenting in a laboratory. The process of experimentation involves
organization, observation, familiarization with various pieces of equipment, working
with others, writing, and communicating ideas and information. These are the skills
required of an engineer.
In a practical situation, such as that in the industry or university research,
experiments are designed for the purpose of clarifying research questions or
conflicting theories by means of collecting a series of data. The conclusions drawn
from that data can be used to validate a theory or sometimes to develop a theory that
explains the behavior of an engineering object. The report for this kind of experiments
must includes an introduction to the topic and purpose of the experiment, the theory,
method, procedure, equipment used in the experiment, the data presented in an
organized manner, and the conclusions based on the data gathered.
In engineering education, lab experiments are usually designed to enhance the
understanding in engineering topics. Students are supposed to "dirty their hand" in
preparing the experiment setup, organize the experiment flow, and learn to observe
the salient features as well as to spot any unexpected occurrence as part of the training
to acquire the practical skill to become an engineer. Although the introduction and the
procedure are usually given in the lab handouts, students should practice writing a
proper lab report which includes all the necessary sections, targeting at a reader who
does not have any prior knowledge about the experiment. This is to develop the skill
in documenting the laboratory work and communicating that experience to others.
This write-up gives some guidelines on what to write in each section in preparing
laboratory reports for engineering curricula.

Title Page
The title page should contain the title of the experiment, the code and title of
the course, the name of the writer, the date when the experimental work was
performed, submission date of the lab report, and the name of lecturer for whom the
report is prepared for.

Introduction or Objectives
An introduction is necessary to give an overview of the overall topic and the
purpose of the report. The motivation to the initialization of the experimental work
can be included. Its content should be general enough to orientate the reader
gracefully into the subject materials.

Theoretical Background
This section is to discuss the theoretical aspects leading to the experiment.
Typically, this involves the historical background of the theories published in the
research literature and the questions or ambiguities arose in these theoretical work.
Citations for the sources of information should be given in one of the standard
bibliographic formats (for example, using square brackets with the corresponding
number [2] that points to the List of References). Explore this background to prepare
the readers to read the main body of the report. It should contain sufficient materials
to enable the readers to understand why the set of data are collected, and what are the
salient features to observe in the graph, charts and tables presented in the later
sections.

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 Depending on the length and complexity of the report, the introduction and the
theoretical background may be combined into one introductory section.

Experimental Method, Procedure and Equipment

This section describes the approach and the equipment used to conduct the
experiment. It explains the function of each apparatus and how the configuration
works to perform a particular measurement. Students should not recopy the
procedures of the experiment from the lab handout, but to summarize and explain the
methodology in a few paragraphs.

Observations, Data, Findings, Results

The data should be organized and presented in the forms of graphs, charts, or
tables in this section, without interpretive discussion. Raw data which may take up a
few pages, and most probably won't interest any reader, could be placed in the
appendices.

Calculations and Analysis

The interpretation of the data gathered can be discussed in this section. Sample
calculations may be included to show the correlation between the theory and the
measurement results. If there exists any discrepancy between the theoretical and
experimental results, an analysis or discussion should follow to explain the possible
sources of error.
The experimental data and the discussions may also be combined into one
section, for example, under the heading called "Discussion of Experimental Results".

Conclusions
The conclusions section closes the report by providing a summary to the
content in the report. It indicates what is shown by the experimental work, what is its
significance, and what are the advantages and limitations of the information
presented. The potential applications of the results and recommendations for future
work may be included.

Appendices
The appendices are used to present derivations of formulae, computer program
source codes, raw data, and other related information that supports the topic of the
report.

List of References
The sources of information are usually arranged and numbered according to
the order they are cited in the report. The reference materials may be entered in the
following formats:
[1] Author, "Title of the book", 2nd edition, New York: Publisher, 1989.
[2] Author, "Title of the paper", Journal name, Vol. 2, No. 3, Jan 1990, pg. 456-458.
[3] Author, "Title of the paper", Proceedings of Conference 1991, pg. 5-6.
[4] Author, "Title of the thesis", Ph.D. thesis, RiceUniversity, Houston, May 1973.

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 Hashemite University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Computer Engineering Department
Experiment 1
Exploring Software Architecture of the 8088 Microprocessor

1.1 Objectives:
1. Be familiar with the software structure of MTS-8088 kit.
2. To utilize and apply the system commands of MTS-8088 system.
3. Calculate the physical address of storage locations in the memory
address space.
4. Assemble instructions into the memory and Disassemble machine code
stored in memory.

1.2 Pre-lab Preparation:

Read the experiment thoroughly and make a real effort to answer the
questions.
Review 8088 System commands from Microprocessor internal lab before you
coming to the lab.
The Pre-lab questions must be answered and submitted by each student on a
separate piece of paper to the lab supervisor BEFORE the lab starts.

1.3 Equipments:
Personal computer.
MTS-8088 kit.

1.4 Theoretical background:

First: System Commands

Table 1 lists the most of the system commands used in the MTS-8088. The
8088 System has two command groups. These are the system commands and the I/O
Driver commands. The system commands provide ways to utilize the systems
resources, and the I/O Driver Commands are used to control I/O devices.

Command Description
Memory Management Commands
D Display the contents of Memory
C Compare the contents of Memory
E Edit/Modify the memory contents
F Fill memory
M Move the contents of memory
Assembler Commands
A Command A is used to write an assembly language program.
I Insert instruction in the program
U Disassemble the assembly language instructions into machine code
Program Control Commands
G Executing Programs
R Display / modify the contents of registers.
T Trace the program execution
Numerical Operation/Conversion
B Convert a decimal number into binary

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H Sum or difference of two hexadecimal numbers
J Convert a decimal number in Hexadecimal
S Convert a hexadecimal number into decimal
V Convert a binary number into decimal
Table 1: System commands.

You can examine this command not only on the MTS-8088 kit but also using the
DEBUG program, the programmer can issue commands to the microcomputer in the PC.
To load DEBUG program from DOS:
Start programs Run write cmdthen depress Enter () key.
Write DEBUG and depress Enter () key:

Prompt (-) is then displayed.

All we need to do is type in the command and then depress Enter () key. These
debug commands are the tools a programmer needs to enter, execute, and debug
programs. At the completion of the operation, results are displayed on the screen and
the DEBUG prompt () is redisplayed. The PC waits in this state for a new entry.

Second: Physical Address:

A logical address in 8088 microprocessor is described by a segment base and
an offset. As shown in Figure 1, both the segment base and offset are 16-bit
quantities. However the physical addresses that are used to access memory 20-bit
length. The generation of the physical address involves combining a 16-bit offset
value that is located in the instruction pointer, a base register, an index register, or a
pointer register and a 16-bit segment base value that is located in one of the segment
registers.

Figure 1: Generating a Physical Address.

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 Hashemite University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Computer Engineering Department
Experiment 2
Addressing modes, Arithmetic and Data Transfer instructions

1.1 Objectives:
Practice different addressing modes.
Examine some arithmetic instructions.
Practice different data transfer instructions.

1.2 Pre-lab Preparation:

Read the experiment thoroughly and make a real effort to answer the
questions.
The Pre-lab questions must be answered and submitted by each student on a
separate piece of paper to the lab supervisor BEFORE the lab starts.

1.3 Equipments:
Personal computer.
MTS-8088 kit.

1.4 Theoretical background:

First: Addressing Modes;
The addressing modes are categorized into the categories:-
Register Operand Addressing Mode.
Immediate Operand Addressing Mode.
Direct Addressing Modes.
Register Indirect Addressing.
Based-Index Addressing Mode.
Register Relative Addressing.
Based relative-plus-index addressing.

Register Operand Addressing Mode:

In this mode a copy of a byte or word is transferred from the source register to
the destination register. To understand register operand addressing mode we should
know all registers exist in the 8088 microprocessor.

Immediate Addressing Mode

Transfers the source-immediate byte or word of data to the destination register
or memory location.

Direct Addressing Mode:

Moves a byte or word between a memory location and a register. The
instruction set does not support a memory-to-memory transfer, except of the MOVS
instruction.

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 In this mode of addressing, Data is transferred between a memory location
located within the data segment, and the microprocessors registers. The general form
of this instruction is:
MOV REG, [Address]
Where the byte of data stored at the memory location Address (written in
HEX code) is transferred to the register REG .

Register Indirect Addressing.

Transfers a byte or word between a register and a memory location addressed
by an index or base register. The index and base registers are: BP, BX, DI and SI. For
example:
MOV AX,[SI]
Executing this instruction moves the contents of the memory location that is
offset from the beginning of the current data segment by the value in register SI into
the AX Register.

Based-Index Addressing Mode.

Transfer a byte or word between a register and the memory location addressed
by a base register (BP or BX) plus an index register (SI or DI). The base register often
holds the beginning location of a memory array, while the index register holds the
relative position of an element in the array.
Remember that whenever BP addresses memory data, both the stack segment
register and BP generate the effective address.
Also, whenever BX addresses memory data, both the data segment register
and BX generate the effective address.

Register Relative Addressing

Moves a byte or word between a register and the memory location addressed
by an index or base register plus a displacement.(BX, DI or SI for data segment and
BP for stack segment).
MOV AX,[BX+100]
This will generate the memory address as DS:(BX + 100) and loads the
contents of this memory location within the data segment into the register AX.

Based relative-plus- index addressing

Moves a byte or word between a register and the memory location addressed
by an index and a base register plus a displacement.(BX, DI or SI for data segment
and BP for stack segment).
MOV CX,[BX+DI+100]
This will generate the memory address as DS:(BX + DI + 100) and loads the
contents of this memory location within the data segment into the register CX.

Second: Arithmetic Instructions

The instruction set of the 8088 microprocessor contains a variety of arithmetic

instructions. They include instructions for addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, comparison, negation, increment and decrement.

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 Addition
The add instructions can be performed on 8-bit or 16-bit registers, The
allowable addressing modes include any register except segment registers, or the
memory-memory operation.
a- Addition (ADD).
Format: ADD Destination, Source
Operation: Destination = (Source) + (Destination)

(CF) = Carry
Flags affected: A, C, O, P, S, and Z.

b- Add with Carry (ADC).

Format: ADC Destination, Source
Operation: Destination = (Source) + (Destination) + (CF)

(CF) = Carry
Flags affected: A, C, O, P, S, and Z.

Subtraction
The subtraction instructions can be either 8 or 16 bit. The allowable addressing
modes include any register except segment registers, or the memory-memory
operation.
a- Subtract (SUB)
Format: SUB Destination, Source
Operation: Destination = (Source) - (Destination)
(CF) = Borrow
Flags affected: A, C, O, P, S, and Z.

b-Subtract with Borrow (SBB).

Format: SBB Destination, Source
Operation: Destination = (Destination) - (source) - (CF)
(CF) = Borrow
Flags affected: A, C, O, P, S, and Z.

Increment and Decrement

Format: INC (D) >>>>> D = D + 1

DEC (D) >>>>> D = D - 1
Flags Affected: A, O, P, S, and Z.

Multiplication
The addressing modes allowed for multiplication are the same for addition and
subtraction except the immediate addressing. There is no immediate multiplication
instruction in 8088. The instructions MUL & IMUL are designed in the
microprocessor 8088 to by one-operand instructions. The destination operand is AL or
AX register. This is determined by the size of the instruction operand.

a- Multiply (MUL)
Performs unsigned multiplication with 8 bit source:
Format: MUL source8Bit
Operation: AX = (AL)*( Source8Bit)

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 Performs unsigned multiplication with 16it source:
Format: MUL source16bit
Operation: DX,AX = (AX)*(Source16Bit)

Flags affected C, O (the flags are reset if the upper half of the result is
zero)

b- Integer Multiply (IMUL)

Performs signed multiplication
Format: IMUL source8Bit
Operation: AX = (AL)*(Source8Bit)

Performs signed multiplication with 16it source:

Format: IMUL source16bit
Operation: DX, AX = (AX)*(Source16Bit)

Flags affected: C, O

IMUL instruction has the same operation as MUL instruction but the flags CF and OF
are set if the upper half of the product is not the sign extension of the lower half.

Division

Like the multiplication, Division can be performed on 8 or 16 bit, also there

are two types of division instructions: signed (IDIV) or unsigned (DIV). Also there
is no immediate division instruction. An error can occur if the quotient is too large or
if it is divided by zero.

a- Divide: DIV performs unsigned division.

Performs unsigned division with 8 bit source

Format: DIV Source8Bit

Operation: AL = Quotient ((AX) / (Source8Bit))

AH = Reminder ((AX) / (Source8Bit))

Performs unsigned division with 16 bit source

Format: DIV Source16Bit

Operation: AX = Quotient ((DX, AX) / (Source16Bit))

DX = Reminder ((DX, AX) / (Source16Bit))

b- Integer Divide: IDIV performs signed division.

Performs signed division with 8 bit source
Format: IDIV Source8Bit

Operation: AL = Quotient ((AX) / (Source8Bit))

AH = Reminder ((AX) / (Source8Bit))

Performs signed division with 16 bit source

Format: IDIV Source16Bit

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 Operation: AX = Quotient ((DX, AX) / (Source16Bit))
DX = Reminder ((DX, AX) / (Source16Bit))

None of the flag bits change predictability for a division. A division can result
in two different types of errors; one is an attempt to divide by zero and the other is
a divide overflow. A divide overflow occurs when large number is divided by a
small number. For example, suppose that AX = 3000 and that it is divided by 2.
Because the quotient for an 8-bit division appears in AL, the result of 1500 a
divide overflow because the 1500 does not fit into AL. In either case, the
microprocessor generates an interrupt if a divide error occurs. In most systems, a
divide error interrupt displays an error message on the video screen.

Third: Data Transfer Instructions:

The 8088 microprocessor has a group of data transfer instructions that are
provided to move data either between its internal registers or between an internal
register and a storage location in a memory.

Data movement instructions include:

1- General Purpose instructions group: MOV

2- Stack instructions group: PUSH, POP
4- String Instructions group: LODS, STOS, MOVS

General Purpose Instructions Group

MOV: Copy Data from source to destination. Source contents are not affected.
Format: MOV Destination, Source
Operation: (S) (D)

Example:
MOV Ax, 00FE

Stack Instructions Group

Stack is a very important part of the memory system for all microprocessors. The
stack is a storage area that holds data and addresses temporarily in order to be used
when needed. An important characteristic of the stack memory is that it is a LIFO
(last-in first-out) memory. Therefore the data that is stored (Pushed) last is received
(popped) first. Two registers maintain the stack memory: the stack pointer
register (SP) and the stack segment register (SS). When the stack area is initialized,
we load both the stack segment register (SS) and the stack pointer (SP).It is normal to
designate an area of memory as the stack segment by loading SS with the bottom
location of the stack segment whereas the stack pointer register holds the address of
the top of the stack. For example, if the stack segment resides in memory locations
10000 H 1FFFF H, we load SS with a 1000 H. To start the stack at the end of this

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64Kbyte stack segment, the stack pointer (SP) is loaded with a 0000H. There are two
typical instructions that are used with stack. They are:

A- PUSH: push word into stack

Format: PUSH (16-bit register)
Operation: 1) SP = SP 2
2) (16-bit register) (SS:SP)
Flags affected: None

B- POP: Pop word of the stack to destination register.

Format: POP (16-bit register)
Operation: 1) (SS:SP) (16-bit register)
2) SP = SP + 2
Flags affected: None

Examples:

Before Executions Instructions After Executions

SP = B3F SP = B3B
SS = 0040 SS = 0040
SS:B3A = 00 Mov CX, 88AA SS:B3A = 00
SS:B3B = 00 Mov DX,BB99 SS:B3B = 99
SS:B3C = 00 PUSH CX SS:B3C = BB
SS:B3D = 00 PUSH DX SS:B3D = AA
SS:B3E = 00 SS:B3E = 88
SS:B3F = 00 SS:B3F = 00
SP = B3F
SP = B3B SS = 0040
SS = 0040 SS:B3A = 00
SS:B3A = 00 SS:B3B = 99
SS:B3B = 99 POP AX SS:B3C = BB
SS:B3C = BB POP SI SS:B3D = AA
SS:B3D = AA SS:B3E = 88
SS:B3E = 88 SS:B3F = 00
SS:B3F = 00 AX = BB99
SI = 88AA
SP = B3F
SS = 0040
SP = B3B
SS:B3A = 00
SS = 0040
SS:B3B = 22
SS:B3A = 00
SS:B3C = 66
SS:B3B = 22 POP BX
SS:B3D = CC
SS:B3C = 66 POP wo[80]
SS:B3E = 88
SS:B3D = CC
SS:B3F = 00
SS:B3E = 88
BX = 6622
SS:B3F = 00
DS:80 = CC
DS:81 = 88

String Instructions Group

By String we mean a series of data words (or bytes) that reside in consecutive
memory locations. The string instructions of the 8088 permit a programmer to
implement operations such as moving data from one block of memory to another
block elsewhere in memory. Associated with string operation, the direction flag that is
explained below.

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The Direction Flag

The Direction flag (D) (located in the flag register) selects the auto-increment
(D = 0) or the auto decrement (D = 1) operation for the DI and SI registers during
string operations. The Direction flag is used only with the String operations. The CLD
instruction clears the D flag (D = 0), The STD instruction sets the D flag (D = 1)

A- LODS

The LODS instruction loads AL or AX with data stored at the data segment
offset address indexed by the SI register. After loading AL with a byte or AX with a
word, the contents of SI increment, if D = 0 or the contents of SI decrement, if D = 1.

Before Execution Instructions After Execution

AL = DS:[SI]
Df = 0 LODSB
SI = SI + 1
AL = DS:[SI]
Df = 1 LODSB
SI = SI 1
AL = DS:[SI]
Df = 0 LODSW AH = DS:[SI+1]
SI = SI + 2
AL = DS:[SI]
Df = 1 LODSW AH = DS:[SI+1]
SI = SI - 2

B- STOS

The STOS instruction stores AL or AX at the extra segment memory locations

addressed by the DI register.

Before Execution Instructions After Execution

ES:[DI] = AL
Df = 0 STOSB
DI = DI + 1
ES:[DI] = AL
Df = 1 STOSB
DI = DI 1
ES:[DI] = AL
Df = 0 STOSW ES:[DI+1] = AH
DI = DI + 2
ES:[DI] = AL
Df = 1 STOSW ES:[DI+1] = AH
DI = DI - 2

C- MOVS

The instruction MOVS transfers data from one memory location to another.
This is the only memory-to-memory transfer allowed in the 8088.

The MOVS instruction transfers a byte or word from the data segment location
addressed by SI to the extra segment location addressed by DI.

The pointers (SI & DI) then increment or decrement the value as dictated by
the direction flag.

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 Before Execution Instructions After Execution
ES:[DI] = DS:[SI]
Df = 0 MOVSB DI = DI + 1
SI = SI + 1
ES:[DI] = DS:[SI]
Df = 1 MOVSB DI = DI - 1
SI = SI 1
ES:[DI] = DS:[SI]
ES:[DI+1] = DS:[SI+1]
Df = 0 MOVSW
DI = DI + 2
SI = SI + 2
ES:[DI] = DS:[SI]
ES:[DI+1] = DS:[SI+1]
Df = 1 MOVSW
DI = DI 2
SI = SI - 2

REPEAT

In most applications, the basic string operations must be repeated in order to

process arrays of data. This is done by inserting a repeat prefix REP before the
instruction that is to be repeated. REP, causes the basic operation to be repeated
until the contents of register CX become equal to 0. Each time the instruction is
executed, it causes CX to be tested for 0. if CX is found not to be 0, it is decremented
by 1 and the basic string operation is repeated. REP is useful when used with the
instructions: MOVS and STOS.

Examples

LODS
Before Execution Instructions After Execution
CLD Df = 0
MOV SI,80 SI = 81
LODSB AL = 30
CLD
MOV SI,84 Df = 0
LODSB SI = 86
MOV BH,AL BX = FC90
DS:7F = C2 LODSB AL = 90
DS:80 = 30 MOV BL,AL
DS:81 = 24 CLD Df = 0
DS:82 = 8B MOV SI,83 SI = 85
DS:83 = 71 LODSW AX = FC71
DS:84 = FC STD
DS:85 = 90 MOV SI,85 Df = 1
DS:86 = A0 LODSB SI = 83
DS:87 = F9 MOV CL,AL CX = FC90
LODSB AL = FC
MOV CH,AL
STD
Df = 1
MOV SI,83
SI = 7F
LODSW
DX = FC71
MOV DX,AX
AX = 8B24
LODSW

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 STOS

Instructions After Execution

CLD
ES:53 = 56
MOV DI,53
DI = 54
MOV AL, 56
Df = 0
STOSB
CLD ES:70 = 7C
MOV DI,70 ES:71 = 92
MOV AX, 927C DI = 72
STOSW Df = 0
STD
ES:94 = 33
MOV DI, 94
DI = 93
MOV AL,33
Df = 1
STOSB
STD ES:62 = 7F
MOV DI, 62 ES:63 = 5D
MOV AX,5D7F DI = 60
STOSW Df = 1
ES:90 = F3
CLD
ES:91 = F3
MOV DI,90
ES:92 = F3
MOV AL,F3
ES:93 = F3
MOV CX,4
DI = 94
REP STOSB
Df = 0
ES:84 = 9A
ES:85 = 74
STD
ES:86 = 9A
MOV DI,88
ES:87 = 74
MOV AX,749A
ES:88 = 9A
MOV CX,3
ES:89 = 74
REP STOSW
DI = 82
Df = 1

MOVS

Before Executions Instructions After Executions

CLD Df = 0
MOV SI,82 SI = 83
DS:7E = 14
MOV DI,60 DI = 61
DS:7F = C2
MOVSB ES:60 = 8B
DS:80 = 30
CLD Df = 0
DS:81 = 24
MOV SI,84 SI = 86
DS:82 = 8B
MOV DI,5B DI = 5D
DS:83 = 71
MOVSB ES:5B = FC
DS:84 = FC
MOVSB ES:5C = 90
DS:85 = 90
Df = 1
DS:86 = A0 STD
SI = 84
DS:87 = F9 MOV SI,86
DI = 99
DS:88 = 8C MOV DI,9B
ES:9B = A0
MOVSW
ES:9C = F9

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 Df = 0
SI = 87
DI = 77
CLD ES:6F = C2
MOV SI,7F ES:70 = 30
MOV DI,6F ES:71 = 24
MOV CX,4 ES:72 = 8B
REP MOVSW ES:73 = 71
ES:74 = FC
ES:75 = 90
ES:76 = A0
Df = 1
SI = 81
STD DI = 95
MOV SI,87 ES:97 = 71
MOV DI,9B ES:98 = FC
MOV CX,3 ES:99 = 90
REP MOVSW ES:9A = A0
ES:9B = F9
ES:9C = 8C

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 Hashemite University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Computer Engineering Department
Experiment 3
Assembling, Editing, Linking and Executing assembly
programs using Emu8086 and MASM
1.1 Objectives:
1. Assemble and execute instructions into the memory using Emu8086
2. Use MASM to identify then correct syntax errors and assemble a source
program into object code.
3. Edit an existing source program.
4. Explore the listing file and identify its different parts.
5. Make a run module with the LINK program then load and execute it with the
DEBUG program.
1.2 Pre-lab Preparation:
Read the experiment thoroughly and make a real effort to answer the
questions.
Read Appendix A: MASM 6.11 installation Notes.
The Pre-lab questions must be answered and submitted by each student on a
separate piece of paper to the lab supervisor BEFORE the lab starts.

1.3 Equipments:
Personal computer with MASM 6.11 software installed on it.
MTS-8088 kit.

1.4 Theoretical background:

The Microsoft Assembler package, MASM, is a programming environment
that contains two major tools: the assembler/linker and the CodeView debugger. The
assembler/linker translates x86 instructions to machine code and produces an ".exe"
file that can be executed under DOS. The CodeView tool is an enhanced version of
DEBUG with a graphical interface that also handles 32 bit instructions.

First: MASM 6.11:

Assemble the Source File( .ASM file):
After writing the source code in .asm file you can assemble it using the MASM
software to do that; do the following steps:
1) Suppose we have exp3.asm file saved in the following directory:
(D:\MicroLAB )
2) Open DOS then go to the path (D:\MicroLAB).

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 3) Use MASM/L instruction to assemble the source file exp3.ASM into a
machine language object file exp3.OBJ.

Note: MASM checks the source file for syntax errors. If it finds any, a short
description of the errors will be displayed with the line number of each.
Now the files exp3.OBJ and exp3.LST will be created.
Before feeding the ".OBJ" file into LINK, all syntax errors produced by the
assembler must be corrected.
The ".lst" file which is optional is very useful to the programmer because it
lists all the opcodes and offset addresses as well as errors that MASM
detected.

4) LINK program with MASM version 6.11 take one or more object files and
combine them into a single executable file (.EXE file).

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 Now the files exp3.EXE and exp3.MAP will be created.
The ".MAP" file which is optional gives the name of each segment, where it
starts, where it stops, and its size in bytes.
So when there are many segments for code or data there is a need to see where
each is located and how many bytes are used by each.

5) Now you can load the program in the DEBUG. See the following figure.

We can summaries the above steps as in the following figure:

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Second: Emu8086
1. Open emu8086 (Figure 1)

Figure 1

2. Click Continue (Figure 2)

Figure 2

3. From Tool Bar choose NEW (Figure 3)

Figure 3

4. Choose COM or EXE Template

A) COM File (Figure 4)

Figure 4

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 Figure 5

B) EXE File (Figure 6)

Figure 6

Figure7

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 5. Example: Create COM file and write these tow instructions as shown in
(Figure 8)

Figure 8
6. Compile, correct errors if any, and then run (Emulate) (Figure 9)

Figure 9

7. When you press Emulate, this window (Figure 10) will appear, it displays the
value of all Registers, flags, block of memory (1K) at a time as Hex value,
Decimal value, and ASCII char, and disassembled machine code.

You can watch and change them during the executing of your code.

Figure 10

8. This window (Figure 11) views the source code; the highlighted instruction is
the next one to be executed

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 Figure 11
9. To change any register or any memory location, double click on the register
(Figure 10), this window (Figure 12) will appear, from Watch select the
register then change it as HEX, BIN, or OCT.

Figure 12

Here we changed the lower byte of AX to 5E instead of 00 (Figure 13)

Figure 13

Close the window in Figure 13; the value of AX is changed (blue color)
(Figure 14)

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 Figure 14

10. Here we will change two memory locations at 0B56:0106

1) Select MEM from Watch (Figure 15).

Figure 15

2) Write the address segment: offset 0B56:0106 (Figure 16)

Figure 16

3) Change 0B56:0106 to 01 and 0B56:0107 to A6h. (Figure 17)

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 Figure 17

4) Close the window in Figure 17; the value at offset 0106 and 0107 is
changed (Figure 18)

Figure 18

11. To start Running:

Press on Single Step (Figure 19)

Figure 19

At CS: IP one instruction will be executed at a time.

12. Figure 20 & 21 show the changes after executing MOV AX, 2

Figure 20

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 Figure 21

13. Then press again on Single Step for the next instruction until you finish your
code.

14. NOTE: Emulator has a complete 8086 instruction set, press on HELP

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 Hashemite University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Computer Engineering Department
Experiment 4
Programming Techniques

1.1 Objectives:
1. Learn how to write assembly programs using simplified and full segment
definitions
2. Define subroutines.
3. Explain the use of EXTRN and PUBLIC as they apply to modular
programming.
4. Set up a library file that contains commonly used subroutines.
5. Define macros by coding its definition directives, write assembly language
instructions to invoke macros.

1.2 Pre-lab Preparation:

Read the experiment thoroughly and make a real effort to answer the questions.
The Pre-lab questions must be answered and submitted by each student on a
separate piece of paper to the lab supervisor BEFORE the lab starts.

1.3 Equipments:
Personal computer with MASM software installed on it.
MTS-8088 kit.

1.4 Theoretical background:

First: Developing Assembly Language Programs

Data Definition
Using assembly language the user can define different types of data with different
sizes. Data allocation directives (DB, DW, DD.) are used to declare variables as
in the following examples:

Var1 DB 15 : Defines a variable called Var1 and initializes it with value 15

Var2 DB 12, 13, 15 : Defines an array of bytes called Var2, Var2 [0] =12, Var2 [1]
=13

An error occurs if the value assigned is greater than memory size allocated to
it

VAR3 DB 270 : error

VAR4 DW 270 : correct

Variables of type character can be defined by placing data between single

quotations

STR1 DB A ; STR1 ='A', the ASCII code of 'A'

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STR2 DB 8 ; STR2='8', the ASCII code of '8'

String variables can be defined by enclosing the string between single

quotations

STR3 DB Hello to assembly language laboratory, STR3 [0] =H STR3 [1] = e

Illegal instructions

In assembly language there are some illegal operations that the user should avoid to
make sure that the assembler will not generate errors:

1- Segment to Segment data transfer

MOV DS, ES; illegal
MOV DS, CS; illegal

2- Code segment (CS) can not be a destination operand

MOV CS, AX ; illegal

3- Write an immediate value to a segment

MOV ES, 1422h ; illegal

4- Instructions that have operands with different sizes

VAR DB 5
MOV AX, VAR ; error

Directives vs. Instructions.

Directives:
1. Use Directives to tell assembler what to do
2. Commands that are recognized and acted upon by the assembler
Not part of the Intel instruction set
Used to declare code, data areas, select memory model, declare
procedures, etc.
3. Different assemblers have different directives
NASM != MASM, for example.

Instructions:
1. Use Instructions to tell CPU what to do.
2. Assembled into machine code by assembler
3. Executed at runtime by the CPU
4. Member of the Intel IA-32,IA-16 instruction set

Segment Definition
There are two ways to define segments in assembly

Simplified segment Definition

Full segment Definition

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Simplified segment Definition

The following example shows the structure of a main module using simplified segment
directives:

.MODEL memorymodel ; It is required before you can use other simplified segment
directives
.STACK ; Use default 1-kilobyte stack

.DATA ; Begin data segment

; Place data declarations here
.CODE ; Begin code segment
.STARTUP ; Generate start-up code
; Place instructions here
.EXIT ; Generate exit code
END

.MODEL Directive

The .MODEL directive defines the attributes that affect the entire module: memory
model, default calling and naming conventions, operating system, and stack type.
You must place .MODEL in your source file before any other simplified segment
directive. The syntax is: .MODEL memorymodel
The memorymodelfield is required and must appear immediately after the .MODEL
directive
The following list summarizes the memorymodelfield

Memory model No. of code No. of data Data and code Segment size
segments segments combined
Tiny 1 Yes 64k
Compact 1 Many No 64k
Small 1 1 No 64k
Medium Many 1 No 64k
Large Many Many No 64k
Flat 1 Yes 32 bit OS
4G

Starting and Ending Code with .STARTUP and .EXIT

The easiest way to begin and end an MS-DOS program is to use the .STARTUP and
.EXIT directives in the main module. The main module contains the starting point and
usually the termination point.
These directives make MS-DOS programs easy to maintain. They automatically generate
code appropriate to the stack distance specified with .MODEL. However, they do not
apply to flat-model programs written for 32-bit operating systems.
To start a program, place the .STARTUP directive where you want execution to begin.
Usually, this location immediately follows the .CODE directive:
.CODE
.STARTUP
;Place executable code here
.EXIT END

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Full Segment Definitions
If you need complete control over segments, you can fully define the segments in your
program.

Defining Segments with the SEGMENT Directive

A defined segment begins with the SEGMENT directive and ends with the ENDS
directive:

nameSEGMENT

nameENDS

The ASSUME Directive

Recall that all memory addresses have two components: a segment address and an offset
Address. Furthermore, every label in an assembly-language program (with the single
Exception of labels used before the SEGMENT directive) represents some offset address
from a segment address.
But which segment address?
Look at the data segment block named MyData:

; BEGIN DATA SEGMENT

MyData SEGMENT
Eatl DB "Eat at Joe's!"."$" ; Strings are terminated by "$"
CRLF DB 0DH, 0AH,'$' ;for printing by DOS
MyData ENDS
; END DATA SEGMENT

Everything between the two directives SEGMENT and ENDS is the program's data
segment. There is nothing in this segment definition to tell the assembler that it is a
data segment. You can define variables in the code segment or in the stack segment if
you want, even though it's customary and more correct programming practice to keep
variables in the data segment.
Segment MyData could be just as easily considered a code segment, though not a
stack segment. We have the problem of indicating to the assembler which segment is
the data segment. This might seem like an easy one, but rather than a single problem it
is actually two problems: one is that the assembler needs to know which segment
address to put into the Data Segment (DS) register; and the other problem is which
form of memory-addressing machine instructions to use.
The first problem is easily addressed:

MOV AX.MyData ; Set up our own data segment address in DS

MOV DS,AX ;Can't load segment reg. directly from
memory MyData,
If you recall, segment registers (ES, DS, SS), contain the segment address of a segment
defined using the SEGMENT and ENDS directives. That address is first loaded into AX,
and then from AX the address is loaded into DS. This roundabout path is necessary
because the DS register cannot be loaded with either immediate data or memory data; it
must be loaded from one of the other registers.
The end result is that the segment address represented by the label MyData is loaded into
DS. This neatly solves the first problem of specifying the address of the data segment.
We simply load the data segment's address into DS. Now MyData can be considered a
real data segment because its segment address is in the data segment register, DS.

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That, however, doesn't solve the second problem. Although we wrote two instructions
that moved the address of our data segment into DS, the assembler doesn't "know" that
this move took place. Never forget that the assembler follows its orders without
understanding them. It doesn't make inferences based on what you do to addresses or the
segment registers. It must be told which segment is to be used as the data segment, the
code segment, and the stack segment. Somewhere inside the assembler program is a little
table where the assembler "remembers" that segment MyData is to be considered the data
segment, and that segment MyCode is to be considered the code segment, and that
segment MyStack is to be considered the stack segment. It can't remember these
relationships, however, unless you first tell the assembler what they are somehow. This
somehow (for the data, code, and extra segments, at least) is the ASSUME directive.
Why is this important? It has to do with the way the assembler creates the binary opcodes
for a given instruction. When you write an instruction that addresses memory data like
this:
MOV AX,Eat1

The assembler must put together the series of binary values that will direct the CPU to
perform this action. What that series of binary values turns out to be depends on what
segment the label Eat1 resides in. If Eat1 is in the data segment, the binary opcodes will
be one thing, but if Eat1 resides in the code segment, stack segment, or extra segment, the
binary opcodes will be something else again. The assembler must know whether any label
indicates an address within the data segment, code segment, stack segment, or extra
segment. The assembler knows that Eat1 indicates an address within the segment
MyData, but you must tell the assembler that MyData is in fact the data segment.
The Syntax of the ASSUME Directive is:
ASSUME CS:MyCode, DS:MyData, SS:MyStack
Example :
The following code shows how to define the same program using the simplified and full
segments definitions:
SIMPLIFIED SEGMENT FULL SEGMENT DEFINITION
DEFINITION
.MODEL SMALL
.STACK 64 MyStack SEGMENT
DB 64 DUP (?)
MyStack ENDS

.DATA MyData SEGMENT

N1 DW 1432H N1 DW 1432H
N2 DW 4365H N2 DW 4365H
SUM DW 0H SUM DW 0H
MyData ENDS

.CODE MyCode SEGMENT

.STARTUP BEGIN PROC FAR
ASSUME CS:MyCode, DS:MyData, SS:MyStack
MOV AX,MyData
MOV DS,AX
MOV AX,N1 MOV AX,N1
ADD AX,N2 ADD AX,N2
MOV SUM,AX MOV SUM,AX
.EXIT MOV AH,4C
INT 21
BEGIN ENDP
MyCode ENDS
END END BEGIN

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Second: Subroutines

A subroutine (also known as procedure) is a special segment of program that

can be called for execution from any point in a program. The subroutine is written to
provide a function that may be performed at various points in the main program. The
process of transferring control from the main program to a subroutine and return
control back to the main program is achieved by what is known as subroutine
handling instructions.

Subroutine Handling Instruction:

There are two basic instructions for subroutine handling: the call (CALL) and
ret (RET) instructions. Together they provide the mechanism for calling a subroutine
into operation and returning control back to the main program.

a- CALL
Format: CALL Operand
Operation: PUSH IP
IP = operand (16 bit)
Flags affected: None

b- RET
Format: RET or RET Operand
Operation: POP IP
SP = SP + Operand
Flags affected: None

Third: PUBLIC and EXTRN directives:

The PUBLIC and EXTRN directives are very important in modular

programming. We use PUBLIC to declare that labels of code, data, or entire
segments are available to other program modules. EXTRN (external) declares that
labels are external to a module.
The PUBLIC directive is placed in the opcode field of an assembly language
statement to define a label as public, so that the label can be used by other modules.
The label declared as public can be a jump address, a data address, or an entire
segment. When segments are made public, they are combined with other public
segments that contain data with the same segment name. See Example 1

EXAMPLE 1
.MODEL SMALL
.DATA
PUBLIC Table1
PUBLIC Table2
PUBLIC Table3
PUBLIC Datax
Table1 DW 01H,02H,3FH,42H,05H,16H
Table2 DW 10DUP(?)
Table3 DB 10DUP(?)
Datax DD 4DUP(?)

.CODE
.STARTUP
PUBLIC Main
Main PROC FAR
MOV SI, OFFSET Table1

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 MOV DI, OFFSET Table2
MOV CX, 6H
LO:
MOVSW
LOOP LO
Main ENDP
END

The EXTRN statement appears in both data and code segments to define labels as
external to the segment. If data are defined as external, their sizes must be defined as
BYTE, WORD, or DWORD. If a jump or call address is external, it must be defined as
NEAR or FAR. Example 2 shows how the external statement is used to indicate that
several labels are external to the program listed.
EXAMPLE 2
.MODEL SMALL
.DATA
EXTRN Table1:WORD
EXTRN Table2:WORD
EXTRN Table3:BYTE
EXTRN DATAx :DWORD
.CODE
EXTRN Main:FAR
.STARTUP
MOV DX, OFFSET Table3
MOV AX,05H
MOV [DX],AX

.EXIT

END

Fourth: Libraries

Library files are collections of procedures that are used by many different
programs. These procedures are assembled and compiled into a library file by the LIB
program that accompanies the MASM assembler program. Libraries allow common
procedures to be collected into one place so they can be used by many different
applications. The library file (FILENAME.LIB) is invoked when a program is linked
with the linker program.
When the library file is linked with a program, only the procedures required by
the program are removed from the library file and added to the program- If any
amount of assembly language programming is to be accomplished efficiently, a good
set of library files is essential and saves many hours in receding common functions.
A library file is created with the LIB command, typed at the DOS prompt. A
library file is a collection of assembled .OBJ files that each performs one procedure or
task. Example 3 shows two separate files (Main1 and Main2) that will be used to
structure a library file. The name of the procedure must be declared PUBLIC in a
library file and does not necessarily need to match the file name. Each procedure in
this example is defined as a FAR procedure, so that the linker can place the
procedures in a code segment separate from the main program.
EXAMPLE 3
; The first library module Main1
.MODEL TINY
.stack
.code
.startup
PUBLIC Main1
Main1 PROC FAR

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Prepared by: Eng. Ezya Khader 34
 PUSH DX
READKEY1: MOV BX,0AA55H
MOV CL, 5
SHR BX, CL
AND BX, 0F0FH
RET
Main1 ENDP
END

; The second library module is called Main2.

.MODEL TINY
.stack
.code
.startup
PUBLIC Main2
Main2 PROC FAR
MOV DX, AX
ADD DX, BX
ADD DX, CX
MOV SI, DX
POP DX
RET
Main2 ENDP
END
The LIB program is used to combine them into a single library file.

C:/masm614/bin> LIB
Microsoft (R) Library Manager Version 3.20-010
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corp. 1983-1992. All rights reserved.
Library name: name
Library file does not exist. Create? Y
Operations: Main1+Main2
List file: name

The LIB program begins with the copyright message from Microsoft, followed by the
prompt Library name. The library name chosen is name for the name.LIB file.
Because this is a new file, the library program asks if we wish to create the library
file. The Operations: prompt is where the library module names are typed. In this
case, we create a library by using two procedure files (Main1 and Main2). Note that
these files were created and assembled as Main1.ASM and Main2.ASM from
Example 3. The list file shows the contents of the library and is illustrated in Example
4. The list file shows the size and names of the files used to create the library, and the
public label (procedure name) that is used in the library file.

EXAMPLE 4
MAIN1.............main1 MAIN2.............main2
main1 Offset: 00000010H Code and data size: 50dH
MAIN1
main2 Offset: 000000b0H Code and data size: 50aH
MAIN2

Once the library file is linked to your program file, only the library procedures
actually used by your program are placed in the execution file. Don't forget to use the
label EXTRN when specifying library calls from your program module. For example,
to use the Main2 procedure in a program, type

EXTRN Main2:FAR

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Fifth: Macros
A macro is a group of instructions that perform one task, just as a procedure
performs one task. The difference is that a procedure is accessed via a CALL
instruction, while a macro, and all the instructions defined in the macro, is inserted in
the program at the point of usage. Macro sequences execute faster than procedures
because there are no CALL and RET instructions to execute. The instructions of the
macro are placed in your program by the assembler at the point they are invoked.
The MACRO and ENDM directives delineate a macro sequence. The first
statement of a macro is the MACRO instruction, which contains the name of the
macro and any parameters associated with it.

Example 5
INCLUDE Irvine32.inc
Putchar MACRO char
pusheax
moval,char
popeax
ENDM
.code
main PROC
Putchar 'A'
moval,'A'
mov ecx,20
L1: Putchar al
inc al
Loop L1
quit: exit
main ENDP
END main
If a macro is expanded more than once in a program and there is a label in the label
field of the body of the macro, these labels must be declared as LOCAL. Otherwise,
an assembler error would be generated when the same label was encountered in two
or more places. The directive LOCAL is used to declare a local label. It must appear
right after the MACRO directive, before comments and the body of the macro. The
LOCAL directive can be used to declare all names and labels at once.

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 Hashemite University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Computer Engineering Department
Experiment 5
BIOS Interrupts Programming
1.1 Objectives:
1. To become familiar with the BIOS interrupts of the 8086/88 processor.

1.2 Pre-lab Preparation:

Read the experiment thoroughly and make a real effort to answer the questions.
The Pre-lab questions must be answered and submitted by each student on a
separate piece of paper to the lab supervisor BEFORE the lab starts.

1.3 Equipments:
Personal computer with MASM software installed on it.
MTS-8088 kit.

1.4 Theoretical background:

There are some extremely useful subroutines within BIOS and DOS that are available
to the user through the INT instruction. The INT instruction is somewhat like a FAR
call. When it is invoked, it saves CS:IP and then flags on the stack and goes to the
subroutine associated with that interrupt. The INT instruction has the following
format:

INT xx ; the interrupt number xx can be 00 FF

Since interrupts are numbered 00 to FF, this gives a total of 256interrupts in 80x86
microprocessors. Of these 256 interrupts, two are the most widely used: INT10 and
INT 21. Each one can perform many functions. You can find a list of these interrupts
in textbooks or on the web. Before the service of INT 10H or INT 21H is requested,
certain registers must have specific values in them, depending on the function being
requested. Various functions of INT 21H and INT 10H are selected by the value put
in the AH register.

BIOS Interrupts

Interrupt types 0-1FH are known as BIOS interrupts. This is because most of these
service routines are BIOS routines residing in the ROM segment F000h.
Interrupt Types 0 7
Interrupt types 0 7 are reserved by Intel, with types 0 4 being predefined. IBM
uses type 5 for print screen. Types 6 and 7 are not used.
Interrupt Types 8h Fh
The 8086 has only one terminal for hardware interrupt signals. To allow more devices
to interrupt the 8086, IBM uses an interrupt controller, the Intel 8259 chip which can
interface up to eight devices. Interrupt types 8 Fh are generated by hardware devices
connected to 8259.

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 Interrupt Types 10h 1Fh
The interrupt routines 10h 1Fh can be called by application programs to perform
various I/O operations and status checking.

Text Display Programming

One of the most interested and useful applications of assembly language are in
controlling the monitor display
.
Display Modes
We commonly see both text and picture images displayed on the monitor. The
computer has different techniques and memory requirements for displaying text and
picture graphics. So the adapters have two display modes: text and graphics. In the
text mode, the screen is divided into columns and rows, typically 80 columns by 25
rows, and the character is displayed at each screen position. In graphics mode, the
screen is divided into columns and rows, and each screen position is called a pixel. A
picture can be displayed by specifying the color of each pixel on the screen.

Kinds of video adapters

The video adapters for the IBM PC differ in resolution and the number of colors that
can be displayed. IBM introduced two adapters with the original PC, the MDA
(Monochrome Display Adapter) and CGA (Color Graphics Adapter). The MDA can
only display text and was intended for business software, which at that time did not
use graphics. The CGA can display in color both text and graphics, but it has lower
resolution. In text mode, each character cell is only 88 dots. In 1984 IBM introduced
EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter), which has good resolution and color graphics.
The character cell is 814 dots. In 1988 IBM introduced the PS/2 models which are
equipped with the VGA (Video Graphics Array) and MCGA (Multi-color Graphics
Array) adapters. These adapters have better resolution and can display more colors in
graphics mode than EGA. The character cell is 819 dots.

Mode Numbers
Depending on the type of adapter present, a program can select text or graphics
modes. Each mode is identified by a mode number; table 5.1 lists the text modes for
the different kinds of adapters.

Table 5.1: Video adapter text modes

Mode Number Description Adapters
0 4025 16-color text (color burst off) CGA,EGA,MCGA,VGA
1 4025 16-color text CGA,EGA,MCGA,VGA
2 8025 16-color text (color burst off) CGA,EGA,MCGA,VGA
3 8025 16-color text CGA,EGA,MCGA,VGA
7 8025 Monochrome text MDA,EGA,VGA

Display Pages
For the DMA, the display memory can hold one screenful of data. The graphics
adapter, however, can store several screens of text data. This is because graphics
display requires more memory, so the memory unit in a graphics adapter is bigger. To
fully use the display memory, a graphics adapter divides its display memory into
display pages. One page can hold the data for one screen. The pages are numbered,
starting with 0; the number of pages available depends on the adapter and the mode
selected. If more than one page is available, the program can display one page while

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Prepared by: Eng. Ezya Khader 38
updating another one. Table 5.2 shows the number of display pages for the MDA,
CGA, EGA, and VGA in text mode. In the 8025 text mode, each display page is
4KB. The MDA has only one page, page0; it starts at location B000:0000h. The CGA
has four pages, starting at address B800:0000h. In text mode, the EGA and VGA can
emulate either the MDA or CGA.

Table 5.2: Number of text mode display pages

Modes Maximum Number of Pages
CGA EGA VGA
0-1 8 8 8
2-3 4 8 8
7 NA 8 8

The Attribute Byte

In a display page, the high byte of the word that specifies a display character is called
the attribute byte. It describes the color and intensity of the character, the
background color, and whether the character is blinking and/or underlined.

16 Color Display
The attribute byte for 16 color text display (modes 0 3) has the format shown
below. A 1 in a bit position selects an attribute characteristic. Bits 0 2 specify the
color of the character (foreground color) and bits 4 6 give the color background at
the character's position. Bit 3 specifies the intensity of the character and bit 7 specifies
whether the character is blinking or not.

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Attribute Blinking Background color Intensity Foreground color
Red Green Blue Red Green Blue

Monochrome Display
For monochrome display, the possible colors are white and black. For white, the RGB
bits are all 1; for black, they are all 0. Normal video is a white character on a black
background; the attribute byte is 0000 0111 = 7h. Reverse video is a black character
on a white background, so the attribute is 0111 0000 = 70h.

INT 10h
Even though we can display data by moving them directly into the active display
page, this is a very tedious way to control the screen. Instead we use the BIOS video
screen routines which is invoked by the INT 10h instructions; a video functions is
selected by putting a function number in the AH register.
Function 0:
Select Display Mode
Input: AH = 0
AL = mode number ( see table 7.1)
Output: none
Function 1:
Change Cursor Size
Input: AH = 1
CH = Starting scan line
CL = ending scan line
Output: none

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 In text mode, the cursor is displayed as a small dot array at a screen position (in
graphics mode, there is no cursor). For the MDA and EGA, the dot array has 14 rows
(0 13) and for the CGA, there are 8 rows (0 7). Normally only rows 6 and 7 are lit
for the CGA cursor, and rows 11 and 12 for the MDA and EGA cursor. To change the
cursor size, put the starting and ending numbers of the rows to be lit in CH and CL,
respectively.
Function 2:
Move Cursor
Input: AH = 2
DH = new cursor row (0 24)
DL = new cursor column. 0 79 for 8025 display, 0 39 for 4025 display.
BH = Page number
Output: none
Function 3:
Get Cursor Position and Size
Input: AH = 3
BH = page number
Output: DH = cursor row
DL = cursor column
CH = cursor starting scan line
CL = cursor ending scan line
Function 5:
Select Active Display Page
Input: AH = 5
AL = active display page
0 7 for modes 0,1
0 3 for CGA modes 2,3
0 7 for EGA, MCGA, VGA modes 2,3
0 7 for EGA, VGA mode 7
Output: none
Function 6:
Scroll the Screen or a Window UP
Input: AH = 6
AL = number of lines to scroll (Al = 0 means scroll the whole screen or window)
BH = attribute for blank lines
CH,CL = row, column for upper left corner of window (see table 7.3)
DH,DL = row, column for lower right corner of window (see table 7.3)
Output: none
Function 7:
Scroll the screen or a Window Down
Input: AH = 7
AL = number of lines to scroll (Al = 0 means scroll the whole screen or window)
BH = attribute for blank lines
CH,CL = row, column for upper left corner of window (see table 5.3)
DH,DL = row, column for lower right corner of window (see table 5.3)
Output: none

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Function 8:
Read Character at the Cursor
Input: AH= 8
BH = page number
Output: AH = attribute of character
AL = ASCII code of character

Table 5.3: some 8025 screen positions

Position Decimal Hex
Column Row Column Row
Upper left corner 0 0 0 0
Lower left corner 0 24 0 18
Upper right corner 79 0 4F 0
Lower right corner 79 24 4F 18
Center of the screen 39 12 27 C

Function 9:
Display Character at the Cursor with Any Attribute
Input: AH = 9
BH = page number
AL = ASCII code of character
CX = number of times to write character
BL = attribute of character
output: none
Function Ah:
Display Character at the Cursor with Current Attribute
Input: AH = 0Ah
BH = page number
AL = ASCII code of character
CX = number of times to write character
Output: none
Function Eh:
Display Character and Advance Cursor
Input: AH = 0Eh
AL = ASCII code of character
BH = page number
BL = foreground color (graphics mode only)
Output: none

This is the BIOS function used by INT 21h, function 2, to display a character. The
control characters bell (07h), backspace (08h), line feed (0Ah), and carriage return
(0Dh) cause control functions to be performed.

Function Fh:
Get Video Mode
Input: AH = 0Fh
Output: AH = number of screen columns
AL = display mode (see table 5.1)
BH = active display page
This function can be used with function 5 to switch between pages being displayed.

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 Graphics Modes
In graphics mode operation, the screen display is divided into columns and rows; and
each screen position, given by a column number and row number, is called a pixel
(picture element), the number of columns and rows gives the resolution of the
graphics mode. The columns are numbered from left to right starting with 0, and rows
are numbered from top to bottom starting with 0, depending on mapping of rows and
columns into the scan lines and dot positions, a pixel may contain one or more dots.
For example, in the low-resolution mode of the CGA, there are 160 columns by 100
rows, but the CGA generates 320 dots and 200 scan lines; so a pixel is formed of 22
set of dots. A graphics mode is called APA (all points addressable) if it maps a pixel
into a single dot. Table 5.4 shows the APA graphics modes of the CGA, EGA, and
VGA. To maintain compatibility, the EGA is designed to display all CGA modes and
the VGA can display all the EGA modes.

Table 5.4: Video adapter graphics display modes

Mode Number (Hex) CGA Graphics
4 320200 4 color
5 320200 4 color (color burst off)
6 640200 2 color
EGA Graphics
D 320200 16 color
E 640200 16 color
F 640350 Monochrome
10 640350 16 color
VGA Graphics
11 640480 2 color
12 640480 16 color
13 320200 256 color
Note: the screen mode is normally set to text mode; hence the first operation to begin
graphics display is to set the display mode using function 0, INT 10h.

CGA Graphics
The CGA has three graphics resolutions: a low resolution of 160100, a medium
resolution of 320200, and a high resolution of 640200. only the medium-resolution
and high-resolution modes are supported by the BIOS INT 10h routine.

Medium-Resolution Mode
The CGA can display 16 colors; Table 5.5 shows the 16 colors of the CGA. In
medium resolution, four colors can be displayed at one time. This is due to the limited
size of the display memory. To allow different four-color combinations, the CGA in
medium resolution mode uses two palettes; a palette is a set of colors that can be
displayed at the same time. Each palette contains three fixed colors plus a
background color that can be chosen from any of the standard 16 colors. The
background color is the default color of all pixels. Thus, a screen with the background
color would show up if no data have been written. Table 5.6 shows the two palettes.

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 Table 5.5: Sixteen standard CGA colors
IRGB Color
0000 Black
0001 Blue
0010 Green
0011 Cyan
0100 Red
0101 Magenta
0110 Brown
0111 White
1000 Gray
1001 Light Blue
1010 Light Green
1011 Light Cyan
1100 Light Red
1101 Light Magenta
1110 Yellow
1111 Intense White

Table 5.6: CGA Mode, Four color palettes

palette Pixel Value Color
0 Background
1 Green
0 2 Red
3 Brown
0 Background
1 Cyan
1 2 Magenta
3 White

The default palette is palette 0, but program can select either palette for display. A
pixel value (0 3) identifies the color in the current selected palette; if we change the
display palette, all the pixels change color. INT 10h, function 0Bh, can be used to
select a palette or a background color.
Function 0Bh:
Select Palette or Background Color

Sub function 0: Select Background

Input: AH = 0Bh
BH = 0
BL = color number (0 15)
BH = active display page
Output: none

Sub function 1: Select Palette

Input: AH = 0Bh
BH = 1
BL = palette number (0 or 1)
Output: none
To read or write a pixel, we must identify the pixel by its column and row numbers.
These functions 0Dh and 0Ch are for read and write respectively.

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Function 0Ch:
Write Graphics Pixel
Input: AH = 0Ch
AL = pixel value
BH = page (for the CGA, this value is ignored)
CX = column number
DX = row number
Output: none
Function 0Dh:
Read Graphics Pixel
Input: AH = 0Dh
BH = page (for the CGA, this value is ignored)
CX = column number
DX = row number
Output: AL = pixel value

Examples:
Below are two examples that use BIOS interrupts:
a) Clearing the screen:
MOV AX, 0600H ; scroll entire screen
MOV BH, 07 ; normal attribute
MOV CX, 0000 ; start at 00,00
MOV DX, 184FH ; end at 18, 4F
INT 10H ; invoke the interrupt

b) Setting the cursor position:

MOV AH, 02 ; set cursor option
MOV BH, 00 ; page 0
MOV DL, 25 ; column position
MOV DH, 15 ; row position
INT 10H

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 Hashemite University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Computer Engineering Department
Experiment 6
DOS Interrupts Programming
1.1 Objectives:
2. To become familiar with the DOS interrupts of the 8086/88 processor.

1.2 Pre-lab Preparation:

Read the experiment thoroughly and make a real effort to answer the questions.
The Pre-lab questions must be answered and submitted by each student on a
separate piece of paper to the lab supervisor BEFORE the lab starts.

1.3 Equipments:
Personal computer with MASM software installed on it.
MTS-8088 kit.

1.4 Theoretical background:

The interrupt types 20-3FH are serviced by DOS routines that provide high
level service to hardware as well as system resources such files and directories. The
most useful is INT 21H, which provides many functions for doing keyboard, video,
and file operations.
Interrupt 20h Program terminate Interrupt 20h can be used by a program to
return control to DOS. It is not widely used because CS must be set to the program
segment prefix before using INT 20h. It is more convenient to exit a program with
INT 21h, function 4Ch.
Interrupt 21h Function Request Interrupt 21h may be use for various functions,
these functions may be classified as character I/O, file processing, memory
management, disk access, and miscellaneous.
Interrupt 22h 26h Interrupt routines 22h 26h handle Ctrl-Break, critical errors,
and direct disk access.
Interrupt 27hTerminate but Stay Resident Interrupt 27h allows programs to stay
in memory after termination

INT 21h
INT 21h may be used to invoke a large number of DOS functions, a particular
function is requested by placing a function number in the AH register and invoking
INT 21h. Here we are interested in the following functions.

Character I/O Functions:

Function 1:
Single Key Input
Input: AH = 1
Output: AL = ASCII code if character Key is pressed
= 0 if non character key is pressed

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 The processor will wait for the user to hit a key if necessary. If a character key is
pressed, AL gets its ASCII code; the character is also displayed on the screen.
Because INT 21h doesn't prompt the user for input, he might not know whether the
computer is waiting for input or is occupied by some computation. The next function
can be used to generate an input prompt.

Function 2:
Display a character or execute a control function
Input: AH = 2
DL = ASCII code of the display character or control character
Output: AL = ASCII code of the display character or control character

Table 5.7 shows some of the control characters and their corresponding control
functions.

Table 5.7: control characters and functions

Function Symbol ASCII Code
Beep (sounds a tone) BEL 7
backspace BS 8
tab HT 9
Line feed (new line) LF A
Carriage return (start of current line) CR D

In case the programmer wants to prompt user for input by a meaningful message
function 9 could be used.
Function 9:
Display a String
Input: AH = 9
DX = offset address of string.
The string must end with a '$' character.

See also AH = 6h, AH = 7h, and AH = 0Ah

Time and Date Functions

To get the system time or date the following functions could be used.
Function 2Ch:
Get System Time
Input: AH = 2Ch
Output: CH = hours (0 23)
CL = minutes (0 59)
DH = seconds (0 59)
DL = 1/100 seconds (0 99)
Function 2Ah
Get System Date
Input: AH = 2Ah
Output: AL = Day of the week (0 = Sun., 6 = Sat.)
CX = Year (1980 2099)
DH = Month (1 12)
DL = Day (1 31)

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 To set the system time or date the following functions could be used.
Function 2Dh
Set System Time
Input: AH = 2Dh
CH = hours (0 23)
CL = minutes ( 0 59)
DH = seconds (0 59)
DL = hundredths (0 100)
Output: AL = 00 if the time is valid
FFh if the time is invalid
Function 2Bh
Set System Date
Input: AH = 2Bh
CX = year (1980 2099)
DH = month (1 12)
DL = day (1 31)
Output: AL = 00 if the date is valid
FFh if the date is invalid

File Processing Functions

INT 21h provides a group of functions called file handle functions. These functions
make file operations much easier than the file control block method used before. In
the latter, the programmer was responsible for setting a table that contained
information about open files. With file handle functions, DOS keeps track of open file
data in its own internal tables, thus relieving the programmer of this responsibility.

File Handle
When a file is opened or created in a program, DOS assign it a unique number called
the file handle. This number is used to identify the file, so program must save it.
There are five predefined file handles. They are:
0 Keyboard
1 Screen
2 Error output screen
3 Auxiliary device
4 Printer

File Errors
There is many opportunities for errors in INT 21h file handling; DOS identifies each
error by a code number. In the functions described here, if an error occurred then CF
is set and the code number appears in AX. Table 5.8 shows the most common file
handling errors.

Table 5.8: File handling errors

Hex Error Code Meaning
1 Invalid function number
2 File not found
3 Path not found
4 All available handles in use
5 Access denied
6 Invalid file handle
C Invalid access code

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 F Invalid drive specified
10 Attempt to remove current directory
11 Not the same device
12 No more files to be found

Opening and closing a file:

Before a file can be used, it must be opened. To create a new file or rewrite an existing
file, the user provides a file name and an attribute; DOS return a file handle.
Function 3Ch
Create a New File/Rewrite a File
Input: AH= 3Ch
DS:DX = address of file name which is an ASCIIZ string
CL = attribute byte
Output: If successful, AX = file handle
Error if CF = 1, error code in AX (3,4, or 5)

Attribute byte is a byte in which each bit specifies file attribute.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bit
Read- Hidden DOS Volume Subdire Archive Not Not Attribute
Only file system label ctory bit used used
file file

To open an existing file, there is another function.

Function 3Dh
Open an Existing File
Input: AH = 3Dh
DS:DX = address of a file name which is an ASCIIZ string
AL = access code: 0 means open for reading
1 means open for writing
2 means open for both
output: if successful, AX = file handle
Error if CF = 1, error code in AX (2, 4, 5, 12)
After a file has been processed, it should be closed. This frees the file handle for use
with another file. If the file is being written, closing causes any data remaining in
memory to be written to the file, and the file's time, date, and size to be updated in the
directory.
Function 3Eh
Close a File
Input: BX = file handle
Output: if CF = 1, error code in AX (6)

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 Reading a file
The following function reads a specified number of bytes from a file and stores them
in memory.
Function 3Fh
Read a File
Input: AH = 3Fh
BX = file handle
CX = number of bytes to read
DS:DX = memory buffer address
Output: AX = number of bytes actually read
If AX = 0 or AX < CX, end of file encountered
If CF = 1, error code in AX (5, 6)
Writing a file
Function 40h writes a specified number of bytes to a file or device.
Function 40h
Write File
Input: AH = 40h
BX = file handle
CX = number of bytes to write
DS:DX = data address
Output: AX = bytes written. If AX < CX, error (full disk)
If CF = 1, error code in AX (5, 6)

Examples:
Below are two examples that use DOS interrupts.
a) display the message defined with variable DATA_ASC DB the earth is but
one country,$
MOV AH, 09 ; option 9 to display string of data
MOV DX, OFFSET DATA_ASC ; DX= offset address of data
INT 21H ; invoke the interrupt

b) Inputting a single character, with echo.

MOV AH, 01 ; option 01 to input one character
INT 21H ; invoke the interrupt

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 Hashemite University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Computer Engineering Department
Experiment 7
Parallel Data Input/Output

1.1 Objectives:
1) To understand the decoding circuit that is implemented for the 8088 input and
output subsystems.
2) To know how to download assembly program from PC to the MTS-8088 kit,
using serial communication port RS232.
3) Programming the 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface.
4) Program simple traffic light on the kit.

1.2 Pre-lab Preparation:

Read the experiment thoroughly and make a real effort to answer the
questions.
Read Appendix B: Communicating with MTS-8088 kit (Very Important).

1.3 Equipments:
Personal computer with MASM software installed on it.
MTS-8088 kit.
EDS-8809.
50 pins IDC flat cable
RS232 serial cable.

1.4 Theoretical background:

Input and output Units provide the microprocessor with the means for
communicating with the outside world. Examples for the I/O interfaces are: PC
keyboard, display and serial communication interface. For the 8088 microprocessor,
16- address lines are used to assign up to 216 I/O port. Figure 1 is an example of an 8-
port output circuit for the 8088 microprocessor.

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 Figure 1 (8-port Output circuit for the 8088 microprocessor)

First: 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI):

The 8255 is an example of I/O port. It is a programmable peripheral interface
device designed for use with Intel microcomputer systems. The programmable
peripheral interface (PPI) 8255 is used with 8088 microprocessor to permit easy
implementation of parallel I/O. It has three ports that are used as I/O ports, And a
control register. Table 1 shows the addresses of them.
Address Address allocated to

FF10 H Port A
FF11 H Port B
FF12 H Port C
FF13 H Control Register
Table 1
Figure2: shows the pin layout of the programmable 8255 interface.

Figure2

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 To Write a Program:

1. Send Control Byte to Control Register.

Control Register (8 bits):

Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0

1 0 0 Port A Upper Port C 0 Port B lower Port C

To decide the value of bits (0, 1, 3, and 4):

If the port is connected to Input Device, the value will be 1.
If the port is connected to Output Device, the value will be 0.

Example:
If we connect 7-segment display to Port A (Output), 8 Push buttons to Port B (Input),
and 8 LEDs to Port C (Output), the value of Control Register should be 10000010B=
82H.
MOV DX, .. ; put the address of Control Register
MOV AL, ; put the value of Control Byte. It is 82h in the example above.
OUT DX, AL ; after executing OUT instruction, the Control Register is initialized.

2. To Read from any Port.

MOV DX, .. ; put the address of the Port you want to read a Byte from.
IN AL, DX ;after executing IN instruction, AL contains the Byte you have
just read

3. To Write (Send) on Any Port.

MOV DX, .. ; put the address of the Port you want to send a byte to it.
MOV AL, ; put the value of the Byte (Data).
OUT DX, AL ; after executing OUT instruction, the date is transferred to the
Port.

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 Hashemite University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Computer Engineering Department
Experiment 8
I/O Applications: Stop Watch & Dynamic Display

1.1 Objectives:
1. Implement wider applications on the I/O ports of the Microprocessor.
2. Understand how to deal with a 7-segment display using PPI 8255.
3. Understand the display principle of dot matrix LEDs module of EDS-8809.
4. Understand the principle of data's shift.

1.2 Pre-lab Preparation:

Read the experiment thoroughly and make a real effort to answer the
questions.

1.3 Equipments:
Personal computer with MASM software installed on it.
MTS-8088 kit.
EDS-8809.
50 pins IDC flat cable
RS232 serial cable.

1.4 Theoretical background:

First: 7-segment display:

The 7-segment LED display can be found in many applications that range
from the simple toaster ovens to more sophisticated industrial control rooms. It is
composed of 7 LEDs that are fabricated in one case to make it more convenient for
displaying numbers and some letters, figure 1 shows the connection way of six 7-
segments at port A, port B, and port C.

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 Figure 1: "Connection of 7-segments display"
To avoid displaying the consecutive hexadecimal digits too quickly, an appropriate
delay period needs to be inserted before sending the subsequent digit to the 7-segment
display. This can be accomplished by writing a time delay loop as follows:
MOV CX, 0A000H
LOOP $

Second: Dynamic display

We see the advertisement signs in streets, which display moving photos and
text messages with animation. In this experiment we will implement a similar idea in
which we will display a string of characters on the EDS-8809 dot matrix LEDs. This
practical application will make use of I/O ports of the microprocessor.
We have the architecture of the dot matrix display is shown below in Figure1

Figure1: The architecture of the dot matrix display

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7.4 How to output the data?
First we have to change the dip switch to be enabled to output data to
the dot matrix display, as shown in Figure2.

Figure2: The dip switch

The following example shows how to set the control register to make the ports
behave as output ports:
Example 1:
Write instructions to set port-A and port-B as output ports.

MOV DX,FF13 ;select control port

MOV AL,80 ; control word = 80
OUT DX,AL
Example 2:
Write instructions to enable the first row with 8 LEDSON port A
MOV DX, FF12 ; select port C
MOV AL, 10 ; select row1 (second row)
OUT DX, AL

MOV DX, FF10 ; select port A

MOV AL, FF ; write value FF to port A
OUT DX, AL

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 Hashemite University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Computer Engineering Department
Experiment 9
LCD & Keypad Interrupts

1.1 Objectives:
To study and practice the use of various types of software interrupts.
To use interrupts to write a simple and real application.

1.2 Equipments and Materials:

MTS-8088 Kit.

1.3 Overview
MTS-8088 provides several I/O drivers to handle I/O devices; these programs can
be called by application programs to perform I/O. The I/O drivers provides by the
EGC-8088 are accessed through interrupt requests.

The routines we need to use in our lab are:

INT81H The keyboard driver.

INT84H The LCD driver.
INT85H Return to the system monitor.

Each of these software interrupt instructions require certain parameters to function

properly.

The functions provided by each I/O driver and their parameters are described in detail
in the following sections.

1.3.1 The Keyboard Driver: INT81H

This software provides the following functions:

AH=0: Read a character from the key board.

AH=1: Read a command line from the keyboard

AH=2: Read the keyboard status.

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AH=0: Read a character from the key board.
The driver only returns the scan code of the keystroke and its ASCII code to the
calling program when a key is pressed.

AL: The ASCII code of the keystroke.

AH: The scan code of the keystroke.

AH=1: Read a command line from the keyboard.

When AH=1, the CPU reads the keystrokes until <CR> is pressed. If the backspace
key is pressed, the last input character will be erased from the input data buffer. If a
control character is typed, it is ignored. The maximum number of keystrokes is 40
characters.

ES:DI points to the starting address of the data input buffer.

AH=2: Read the keyboard status.

When AH=2, the CPU reads the keyboard status. this means that the driver only
indicates whether there is a keystroke; it doesnt read the key. The value of AL holds
the keyboard status:

AL=0: key is pressed

AL=FF: No key is pressed.

1.3.2: The LCD driver: INT84H.

The LCD is the main display device for the MTS=8088. The LCD driver writes a
character to the current cursor position and advances the cursor forward one column.

AL: character ASCII code to be displayed.

1.3.3: Return to the system BIOS: INT85H

This driver is used to return the program to the system BIOS. The user can use by
executing INT85H.

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Appendix A
MASM 6.11 Installation Notes

The Microsoft Assembler package, MASM, is a programming environment

that contains two major tools: the assembler/linker and the CodeView debugger. The
assembler/linker translates x86 instructions to machine code and produces an ".exe"
file that can be executed under DOS. The CodeView tool is an enhanced version of
DEBUG with a graphical interface that also handles 32 bit instructions. Here in this
lab you will use the assembler/linker tool to write and run your assembly program.

To install MASM611 on our machine you have to follow the following steps:
o Choose MASM 6.1 folder.
o Go to setup directory and then run Setup.exe. Now the MASM 6.11
installation begins. And a screen like the one in Figure A.1 will appears.

Figure A.1: MASM6.11 setup.exe screen.

o Follow the steps below and in each choose the following.

1. Select Install the Microsoft Macro Assembler

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 Figure A.2: MASM6.11 setup.exe screen.

2. Select MS-DOS/Microsoft Windows

3. Install files for Microsoft Windows? NO
4. Install PWB? YES
5. Install brief compatibility? NO
6. Copy the Microsoft Mouse driver? NO
7. Install the MASM.EXE utility? YES
8. Copy the help file? YES
9. Copy the sample programs? YES
10. Select the destination drive: assuming you want to install MASM to C: drive
so select C

11-15. Setup proposed the following directories:

c:\masm611\bin
c:\masm611\include
c:\masm611\init
c:\masm611\help
c:\masm611\samples

NOTE: Do not change these default directories.

16. Select NO CHANGES.

Figure A.3: MASM6.11 setup.exe screen.

17. Now files have been copying

18. Files' copy finished, press enter to continue
19. press enter to continue
20. press enter to continue
21. Select Exit SETUP

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Appendix B
Communicating with MTS-8088 KIT

Objective
This Appendix will help you to know how to communicate with the 8088
MTS kit, how to download assembly programs from PC to KIT and how to upload it.

Introduction
Although the BGC-8088 MICROENGINEER is small and simple device, it
contains all the hardware elements of a computer. In particular, it provides RS-232
interface hardware circuit and software driver for communication with the outside
world. Here we present 2 built-in commands for communication with the BGC-8088.

Procedure
Step 1: Prepare the assembly code
a) Write the assembly code in a text document then save it as .ASM file.
b) Assemble the source code using MASM/L command as follow:
i) Suppose we have Try.asm file saved in the following directory:
(D:\interface lab).
ii) Open DOS from Run cmd, and then go to the path D:\interface lab.
(See figure 1).
iii) Use MASM/L instruction to assemble the source file Try.ASM into a
machine language object file Try.OBJ

Figure 1: change directory & assemble a source file

Note: MASM checks the source file for syntax errors. If it finds any, a short
description of the errors will be displayed with the line number of each.
Now the files Try.OBJ and Try.LST will be created.
Before feeding the ".OBJ" file into LINK, all syntax errors produced by the
assembler must be corrected.
The ".lst" file which is optional is very useful to the programmer because it lists all
the opcodes and offset addresses as well as errors that MASM detected.

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 c) LINK program with MASM version 6.11 take one or more object files and
combine them into a single executable file (.EXE file). (See figure 2)

Figure 2: Link .OBJ file

Now the files Try.EXE and Try.MAP will be created.
The ".MAP" file which is optional gives the name of each segment, where it starts,
where it stops, and its size in bytes.

d) Now convert the Execution file Try.EXE into binary file Try.BIN.
(See figure 3)

Figure 3: EXE2BIN command

Step 2: Establish the connections

a) You need to connect a serial wire with COM1 or COM2 ports of the PC and
the other end with the MTS-8088 KIT.
b) Now power ON the KIT.
c) Now open the data transfer program. (See figure 4).

Figure 4
d) The welcome Screen will
appear for a small period.

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 e) Then the settings screen will appear, you have to choose the type of the kit and
the COM port you are connected with. (See figure 5)

Figure 5: Settings

f) Now the following screen will appear to choose the .BIN file which you want
to download it. (see figure 6)

Figure 6

g) Now in the kit use the keyboard to enter the L command.

If you want to store data at a memory location other than 0100:0000, the
starting address must be indicated, <enter> must be pressed to get the BGC-
8088 ready for receiving data.
When it is ready for receiving data the following information is displayed.

DOWNLOAD....

h) Now press the Download button in the other side (PC), the transmition is
started, after completion the total number of bytes transferred is displayed on
the LCD of the KIT and on the PC. (see figure 7)

Microprocessor Lab
Prepared by: Eng. Ezya Khader 62
 Figure 7

If these massages displayed, then the download was successful.

i) After downloading a program the user may use the G or T command to
execute the program.
If the program results are not as expected, the program can be modified easily
on the PC and downloaded a gain.

This interface allows the user to program in assembly on the PC, and to test
that program easily on the BGC-8088 MICROENGINEER, this is much easier
than using the A command to write programs for the BGC-8088 Kit.

Microprocessor Lab
Prepared by: Eng. Ezya Khader 63