Teaching Computer Science with Python

Workshop #4 SIGCSE 2003

John M. Zelle
Wartburg College
Outline
Why Python? Educational Apps
Functional Programming
Basic Structures GUIs
I/O Graphics
Assignment Internet Programming
Numbers Databases
Strings Op Systems
Functions Others
Decisions
Loops Python Resources
Collections

Software Engineering
Modules/Packages
Classes
Exceptions
Library
What is Python?

Python: A free, portable, dynamically-typed,

object-oriented scripting language.

Combines software engineering features of traditional

systems languages with power and flexibility of scripting
languages.

Note: Named after Monty Pythons Flying Circus

Why Python?

Traditional languages (C++, Java) evolved for large-scale

programming
Emphasis on structure and discipline
Simple problems != simple programs

Scripting languages (Perl, Python, TCL) designed for

simplicity and flexibility.
Simple problems = simple, elegant solutions
More amenable to experimentation and incremental development

Python: Ideal first language, useful throughout curriculum

First Program (Java Version)

Assignment: Print "Hello SIGCSE" on screen

public class Hello{

public static void main(String args){
System.out.println("Hello SIGCSE");
}
}

Note: Must be in "Hello.java"

First Program (Python Version)

Assignment: Print "Hello SIGCSE" on screen

print "Hello SIGCSE"

Or...

def main():
print "Hello SIGCSE"

main()
Running Python Programs

Hybrid compiled/interpreted architecture

Options:
Start Interpreter from command line (>>> )
Type program statements
Import script file

Start interpreter with file as command line arg

Configure filetype to launch interpreter on file

Unix pound-bang trick

Directly from IDE (IDLE)

"Real" Program: Chaos.py

#File: chaos.py
# A simple program illustrating chaotic behavior.

def main():
print "This program illustrates a chaotic function"
x = input("Enter a number between 0 and 1: ")
for i in range(10):
x = 3.9 * x * (1 - x)
print x

main()
Python Features

Comment convention "#" to end of line

Nesting indicated by indentation

Statements terminated by end of line

Explicit continuation with backslash
Implicit continuation to match parens

No variable declarations

For loop iterates through a sequence

Example Output

$ python chaos.py
This program illustrates a chaotic function
Enter a number between 0 and 1: .5
0.975
0.0950625
0.335499922266
0.869464925259
0.442633109113
0.962165255337
0.141972779362
0.4750843862
0.972578927537
0.104009713267
$
Basic Output Statement

print <expr1>, <expr2>, ..., <exprn>

Notes:

Prints expressions on one line

Successive values separated by a space

Advances to next line (unless comma follows)

All Python built-in types have printable reps

Assignment Statements

Simple Assignment
<var> = <expr>
myVar = oldValue * foo + skip

Simultaneous Assignment
<var1>, <var2>, ... = <expr1>, <expr2>, ...
a,b = b,a

Assigning Input
input(<prompt>)
myVar = input("Enter a number: ")
x,y = input("Enter the coordinates (x,y): ")
Example Program: Fibonacci

# fibonacci.py
# This program computes the nth Fibonacci number

n = input("Enter value of n ")

cur,prev = 1,1
for i in range(n-2):
cur,prev = prev+cur,cur

print "The nth Fibonacci number is", cur

Teaching Tip: Variable Declarations

Pluses
less code
less upfront explanation
eliminates "redeclaration" errors

Minuses
typo on LHS of = creates new variable
allows variables to change type

Bottom-line: I prefer dynamic types

Teaching Tip: Indentation as Syntax

Pluses
less code clutter (; and {})
eliminates most common syntax errors
promotes and teaches proper code layout

Minuses
occasional subtle error from inconsistent spacing
will want an indentation-aware editor

Bottom-line: Good Python editors abound.

This is my favorite feature.
Numeric Types

int: Standard 32 bit integer

32 -3432 0

long int: Indefinitely long integers

32L 9999999999999999

floating-point: Standard double-precision float

3.14 2.57e-10 5E210 -3.64e+210

complex: Double precision real and imaginary components

2+3j 4.7J -3.5 + 4.3e-4j

User-defined types (operator overloading)

Numeric Operations

Builtins
+, -, *, /, %, **, abs(), round()

Math Library
pi, e, sin(), cos(), tan(), log(),
log10(), ceil(), ...
Example Numeric Program: quadratic.py

# quadratic.py
# Program to calculate real roots
# of a quadratic equation

import math

a, b, c = input("Enter the coefficients (a, b, c): ")

discRoot = math.sqrt(b * b - 4 * a * c)
root1 = (-b + discRoot) / (2 * a)
root2 = (-b - discRoot) / (2 * a)

print "\nThe solutions are:", root1, root2

Alternative Imports

import math as m
discRt = m.sqrt(b * b - 4 * a * c)

from math import sqrt

discRt = sqrt(b * b - 4 * a * c)

from math import *

y = sqrt(sin(x))

from math import sqrt as squareRoot

y = squareRoot(x)
Teaching Tip: Integer Division

Python follows tradition of C, C++, Java: / is overloaded

Problem with Dynamic typing

average = sum / n

Solution 1: Explicit type conversion

average = float(sum) / n

Solution 2: Time Travel

>>> from __future__ import division
>>> 5 / 2
2.5
>>> 5 // 2
2
Teaching Tip: Compound Operations

Traditionally, Python did not support ++, --, +=, etc.

As of Python 2.2 these are included

factorial = 1
for factor in range(2,n+1):
factorial *= factor

Personally prefer to avoid these shortcuts in CS1

String Datatype

String is an immutable sequence of characters

Literal delimited by or " or """

s1 = This is a string
s2 = "This is another"
s3 = "thats one alright"
s4 = """This is a long string that
goes across multiple lines.
It will have embedded end of lines"""

Strings are indexed

From the left starting at 0 or...
From the right using negative indexes

A character is just a string of length 1

String Operations

>>>"Hello, " + " world!"

Hello, world!

>>> "Hello" * 3
HelloHelloHello

>>> greet = "Hello John"

>>> print greet[0], greet[2], greet[4]
H l o

>>> greet[4:9]
o Joh
>>> greet[:5]
Hello
>>> greet[6:]
John

>>> len(greet)
10
Example Program: Month Abbreviation

# month.py
# prints the abbreviation for a month

months = "JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec"

n = input("Enter a month number (1-12): ")

pos = (n-1)*3
monthAbbrev = months[pos:pos+3]

print "The month abbreviation is", monthAbbrev+"."

More String Operations

Interactive input
s = raw_input("Enter your name: ")

Looping through a string

for ch in name:
print ch

Type conversion
to string
>>> str(10)
10
from string
>>> eval(10)
10
>>> eval(3 + 4 * 7)
31
Standard String Library (string)
capitalize(s) -- upper case first letter
capwords(s) -- upper case each word
upper(s) -- upper case every letter
lower(s) -- lower case every letter

ljust(s, width) -- left justify in width

center(s, width) -- center in width
rjust(s, width) -- right justify in width

count(substring, s) -- count occurrences

find(s, substring) -- find first occurrence
rfind(s, substring) -- find from right end
replace(s, old, new) -- replace first occurrence

strip(s) -- remove whitespace on both ends

rstrip(s) -- remove whitespace from end
lstrip(s) -- remove whitespace from front

split(s, char) -- split into list of substrings

join(stringList) -- concatenate list into string
Example Programs: Text/ASCII Conversions
# Converting from text to ASCII codes
message = raw_input("Enter message to encode: ")

print "ASCII Codes:"

for ch in message:
print ord(ch),

# Converting from ASCII codes to text

import string

inString = raw_input("Enter ASCII codes: ")

message = ""
for numStr in string.split(inString):
message += chr(eval(numStr))

print "Decoded message:", message

String Formatting

% operator inserts values into a template string (ala C

printf)
<template-string> % (<values>)

"Slots" specify width, precision, and type of value

%<width>.<precision><type-character>

Examples
>>> "Hello %s %s, you owe %d" % ("Mr.", "X", 10000)
Hello Mr. X, you owe 10000

>>> "ans = %8.3f" % (3.14159265)

ans = 3.142
File Processing

Opening a file
syntax: <filevar> = open(<name>, <mode>)
example: infile = open("numbers.dat", "r")

Reading from file

syntax: <filevar>.read()
<filevar>.readline()
<filevar>.readlines()
example: data = infile.read()

Writing to file
syntax: <filevar>.write(<string>)
example: outfile.write(data)
Example Program: Username Creation

Usernames are first initial and 7 chars of lastname (e.g.

jzelle).

inf = open("names.dat", "r")

outf = open("logins.txt", "w")

for line in inf.readlines():

first, last = line.split()
uname = (first[0]+last[:7]).lower()
outf.write(uname+\n)

inf.close()
outf.close()

Note use of string methods (Python 2.0 and newer)

Functions

Example:
def distance(x1, y1, x2, y2):
# Returns dist from pt (x1,y1) to pt (x2, y2)
dx = x2 - x1
dy = y2 - y1
return math.sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy)

Notes:
Parameters are passed by value
Can return multiple values
Function with no return statement returns None
Allows Default values
Allows Keyword arguments
Allows variable number of arguments
Teaching Tip: Uniform Memory Model

Python has a single data model

All values are objects (even primitive numbers)
Heap allocation with garbage collection
Assignment always stores a reference
None is a special object (not same as null)

Pluses
All assignments are exactly the same
Parameter passing is just assignment

Minuses
Need to be aware of aliasing when objects are mutable
Variable Scope

Classic Python has only two scope levels: local and global
(module level)

Variable is created in a scope by assigning it a value

Global declaration is necessary to indicate value assigned

in function is actually a global
callCount = 0

def myFunc():
global callCount
...
callCount = callCount + 1
Decisions
if temp > 90:
print "Its hot!"

if x <= 0:
print "negative"
else:
print "nonnegative"

if x > 8:
print "Excellent"
elif x >= 6:
print "Good"
elif x >= 4:
print "Fair"
elif x >= 2:
print "OK"
else:
print "Poor"
Booleans in Python

No Boolean type

Conditions return 0 or 1 (for false or true, respectively)

In Python 2.2.1 and later, True and False are defined as 1

0

All Python built-in types can be used in Boolean exprs

numbers: 0 is false anything else is true
string: empty string is false, any other is true
None: false

Boolean operators: and, or, not (short circuit, operational)

Loops

For loop iterates over a sequence

for <variable> in <sequence>:
<body>

sequences can be strings, lists, tuples, files, also user-defined classes

range function produces a numeric list
xrange function produces a lazy sequence

Indefinite loops use while

while <condition>:
<body>

Both loops support break and continue

Loops with Else

Python loops can have an else attached

Semantics: else fires if loop runs to completion (i.e. does not break)
Somewhat esoteric, but often quite useful

Example:
for n in names:
if n == target: break
else:
print "Error:", target, "is not in list"

I consider this an "advanced" feature

Lists: Dynamic Arrays

Python lists are similar to vectors in Java

dynamically sized
heterogeneous
indexed (0..n-1) sequences

Literals indicated with []

Rich set of builtin operations and methods

Sequence Operations on Lists
>>> x = [1, "Spam", 4, "U"]
>>> len(x)
4

>>> x[3]
U

>>> x[1:3]
[Spam, 4]

>>> x + x
[1, Spam, 4, U, 1, Spam, 4, U]

>>> x * 2
[1, Spam, 4, U, 1, Spam, 4, U]

>>> for i in x: print i,

1 Spam 4 U
List are Mutable
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> x[1] = 5
>>> x
[1, 5, 3, 4]

>>> x[1:3] = [6,7,8]

>>> x
[1, 6, 7, 8, 4]

>>> del x[2:4]

>>> x
[1, 6, 4]
List Methods
myList.append(x) -- Add x to end of myList
myList.sort() -- Sort myList in ascending order
myList.reverse() -- Reverse myList
myList.index(s) -- Returns position of first x
myList.insert(i,x) -- Insert x at position i
myList.count(x) -- Returns count of x
myList.remove(x) -- Deletes first occurrence of x
myList.pop(i) -- Deletes and return ith element

x in myList -- Membership check (sequences)

Example Program: Averaging a List

def getNums():
nums = []
while 1:
xStr = raw_input("Enter a number: ")
if not xStr:
break
nums.append(eval(xStr))
return nums

def average(lst):
sum = 0.0
for num in lst:
sum += num
return sum / len(lst)

data = getNums()
print "Average =", average(data)
Tuples: Immutable Sequences

Python provides an immutable sequence called tuple

Similar to list but:

literals listed in () Aside: singleton (3,)
only sequence operations apply (+, *, len, in, iteration)
more efficient in some cases

Tuples (and lists) are transparently "unpacked"

>>> p1 = (3,4)
>>> x1, y1 = p1
>>> x1
3
>>> y1
4
Dictionaries: General Mapping

Dictionaries are a built-in type for key-value pairs (aka

hashtable)

Syntax similar to list indexing

Rich set of builtin operations

Very efficient implementation

Basic Dictionary Operations
>>> dict = { Python: Van Rossum, C++:Stroustrup,
Java:Gosling}

>>> dict[Python]
Van Rossum

>>> dict[Pascal] = Wirth

>>> dict.keys()
[Python, Pascal, Java, C++]

>>> dict.values()
[Van Rossum, Wirth, Gosling, Stroustrup]

>>> dict.items()
[(Python, Van Rossum), (Pascal, Wirth), (Java,
Gosling), (C++, Stroustrup)]
More Dictionary Operations

del dict[k] -- removes entry for k

dict.clear() -- removes all entries

dict.update(dict2) -- merges dict2 into dict

dict.has_key(k) -- membership check for k

k in dict -- Ditto

dict.get(k,d) -- dict[k] returns d on failure

dict.setDefault(k,d) -- Ditto, also sets dict[k] to d

Example Program: Most Frequent Words
import string, sys

text = open(sys.argv[1],r).read()
text = text.lower()
for ch in string.punctuation:
text = text.replace(ch, )

counts = {}
for w in text.split():
counts[w] = counts.get(w,0) + 1

items = []
for w,c in counts.items():
items.append((c,w))
items.sort()
items.reverse()

for i in range(10):
c,w = items[i]
print w, c
Python Modules

A module can be:

any valid source (.py) file
a compiled C or C++ file

Modules are dynamically loaded by importing

On first import of a given module, Python:

Creates a new namespace for the module
Executes the code in the module file within the new namespace
Creates a name in the importer that refers to the module namespace

from ... import ... is similar, except:

No name is created in the importer for the module namespace
Names for the specifically imported objects are created in the importer
Finding Modules

Python looks for modules on a module search path

Default path includes Python library location and current

directory

Path can be modified:

When Python is started (command line arg, env var)
Dynamically by the script itself (sys.path)

Related modules can be grouped into directory structured

packages
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GLUT import *
Useful Module Tricks

Dual function module--import or stand-alone program

if __name__ == __main__:
runTests()

Modules can be reloaded "on-the-fly"

reload(myModule)

Module namespace is inspectable

>>> import string
>>> dir(string)

[_StringType, __builtins__, __doc__,

.
.
uppercase, whitespace, zfill]
Teaching Tip: Information Hiding

In Python, Information hiding is by convention

All objects declared in a module can be accessed by importers
Names beginning with _ are not copied over in a from...import *

Pluses
Makes independent testing of modules easier
Eliminates visibility constraints (public, private, static, etc.)

Minuses
Language does not enforce the discipline

Bottom-line: Teaching the conventions is easier

The concept is introduced when students are ready for it
Simply saying "dont do that" is sufficient (when grades are involved).
Python Classes: Quick Overview

Objects in Python are class based (ala SmallTalk, C++,

Java)

Class definition similar to Java

class <name>:
<method and class variable definitions>

Class defines a namespace, but not a classic variable

scope
Instance variables qualified by an object reference
Class variables qualified by a class or object reference

Multiple Inheritance Allowed

Example: a generic multi-sided die

from random import randrange

class MSDie:

instances = 0 # Example of a class variable

def __init__(self, sides):

self.sides = sides
self.value = 1
MSDie.instances += 1

def roll(self):
self.value = randrange(1, self.sides+1)

def getValue(self):
return self.value
Using a Class

>>> from msdie import *

>>> d1 = MSDie(6)
>>> d1.roll()
>>> d1.getValue()
6
>>> d1.roll()
>>> d1.getValue()
5
>>> d1.instances
1
>>> MSDie.instances
1
>>> d2 = MSDie(13)
>>> d2.roll()
>>> d2.value
7
>>> MSDie.instances
2
Example with Inheritance

class SettableDie(MSDie):

def setValue(self, value):

self.value = value
----------------------------------------------
>>> import sdie
>>> s = sdie.SettableDie(6)
>>> s.value
1
>>> s.setValue(4)
>>> s.value
4
>>> s.instances
3
Notes on Classes

Data hiding is by convention

Namespaces are inspectable

>>> dir(sdie.SettableDie)
[__doc__, __init__, __module__, getValue,
instances, roll, setValue]
>>> dir(s)
[__doc__, __init__, __module__, getValue,
instances, roll, setValue, sides, value]

Attributes starting with __ are "mangled"

Attributes starting and ending with __ are special hooks

Documentation Strings (Docstrings)
Special attribute __doc__ in modules, classes and
functions

Python libraries are well documented

>>> from random import randrange
>>> print randrange.__doc__
Choose a random item from range(start, stop[, step]).

This fixes the problem with randint() which includes the

endpoint; in Python this is usually not what you want.
Do not supply the int and default arguments.

Used by interactive help utility

>>> help(randrange)
$ pydoc random.randrange

Docstrings are easily embedded into new code

can provide testing framework
Another Class: Just for Fun
#file: stack.py

"""Implementation of a classic
stack data structure: class Stack"""

class Stack:

"Stack implements a classic stack with lists"

def __init__(self): self.data = []

def push(self, x): self.data.append(x)

def top(self): return self.data[-1]

def pop(self): return self.data.pop()

Exceptions

Python Exception mechanism similar to Java and C++

try:
foo(x,y)
z = spam / x
except ZeroDivisionError:
print "Cant Divide by Zero"
except FooError, data:
print "Foo raised an error", data
except:
print "Something went wrong"
else:
print "It worked!"

User code can raise an error

raise FooError, "First argument must be >= 0"
Python Library Overview
Standard Library is Huge
Example Standard Modules (besides math, string, pydoc)
sys: interpreter variables and interaction
pickle, cPickle: Object serialization
shelve: persistent objects
copy: deep copy support
re: regular expressions (ala Perl)
unittest: unit testing framework
cmath: complex math
random: various random distributions
os: access to OS services
os.path: platform independent file/directory names
time: time conversion, timing, sleeping
thread, threading: thread APIs
socket: low-level networking
select: asynchronous file and network I/O
Tkinter: interface to TK GUI library
Python Library Overview (contd)

Standard Modules for Internet Clients/Servers

webbrowser: platform independent browser remote control
cgi: CGI client library
urllib, urllib2: generic utilities for fetching URLs
client libraries for: HTTP, FTP, POP2, IMAP, NNTP, SMTP, Telnet
urlparse: parsing URLs
server libraries for: Generic Network Server, HTTP, XMLRPC
Cookie: cookie parsing and manipulation
mimetools, MimeWriter, mimify, multifile: MIME processing tools
email, rfc822: email handling
base64, binascii, binhex, quopri, xdrlib: encoding and decoding
HTMLParser: parsing HTML
sgmllib: parsing SGML
xml: parser(xpat), DOM, SAX
Functional Programming Features

Peter Norvig: ...a dialect of LISP with "traditional" syntax.

FP features
First class functions
Recursion
Reliance on lists
Closures

Python Functional Built-ins

lambda <args>: <expr> --> <fn-object>
map(<function>, <list>) --> <list>
filter(<function>, <list>) --> <list>
reduce(<function>, <list>) --> value
[<expr> for <vars> in <sequence> if <test>]
FP Example: List Processing

false, true = 0,1

head = lambda x: x[0]

tail = lambda x: x[1:]

def member(x, lst):

if lst==[]:
return false
elif head(lst) == x:
return true
else:
return member(x, tail(lst))

def reverse(lst):
if lst==[]:
return []
else:
return reverse(tail(lst)) + [head(lst)]
FP Example: QuickSort

List Comprehension Combines Mapping and Filtering

[<expr> for <var> in <sequence> if <condition>]
[lt for lt in someList if lt < pivot]

Using Comprehensions for Quicksort

def qsort(L):
if len(L) <= 1: return L
return ( qsort([lt for lt in L[1:] if lt < L[0]]) +
L[0] +
qsort([gt for gt in L[1:] if gt >= L[0]])
)
FP Example: Closures

Closure is a function that captures "surrounding" state

Classic Python does not have nested scopes

Can use default parameters to pass state into closure

>>> def addN(n):
... return lambda x, a=n: x+a
...
>>> inc = addN(1)
>>> inc(3)
4
>>> addFive = addN(5)
>>> addFive(3)
8
Python GUI Options

Lots of GUI Toolkits fitted for Python

Tkinter
wxPython
PythonWin
PyQt
pyFLTK
pyKDE
VTK
Java Swing (Jython)
Lots of others...

Best Cross-Platform Options: TKinter, wxPython

Defacto GUI: Tkinter

About Tkinter

Allows Python to Use TK Toolkit from TCL/TK

Pluses
Cross-platform
Very easy to learn and use
Comes with Python
Event loop integrated into interpreter
Excellent text and canvas widgets

Minuses
Small widget set
Relies on TCL layer
can be sluggish
more layers to understand
Example Program: Hello World, GUI-style
from Tkinter import *

root = Tk()
root.title("Hello GUI")
Label(root, text=Hello SIGCSE,
font=times 32 bold).pack()
root.mainloop()
Example Program: Quitter

from Tkinter import *

from tkMessageBox import askokcancel
import sys

def quit():
ans = askokcancel(Verify exit, "Really quit?")
if ans:
sys.exit()

root = Tk()
root.title("Quitter")
b = Button(root, text="Dont do it",
font="times 24 normal",
command = quit)
b.pack()
root.mainloop()
Example Program: Quitter (Screenshots)
Example Program: OO Quitter

class Quitter:

def __init__(self, master):

self.qb = Button(master,
text = "Dont do it!",
command = self.quit)
self.qb.pack()

def quit(self):
ans = askokcancel("Verify exit",
"Really quit?")
if ans: sys.exit()

root = Tk()
root.title("Quitter 2")
Quitter(root).mainloop()
Example Program: Simple Editor
class Editor(Frame):

def __init__(self, root):

self.root = root
Frame.__init__(self, root)
self.pack()
self.text = ScrolledText(self,
font="times 24 normal")
self.text.pack()
self.filename = None
self.buildMenus()

def buildMenus(self):..

def onSave(self):...

def onExit(self):...
Example Program: Simple Editor(contd)

def buildMenus(self):
menubar = Menu(self.root)
self.root.config(menu=menubar)
filemenu = Menu(menubar,tearoff=0)
filemenu.add_command(label="New...", command=None)
filemenu.add_command(label="Open...", command=None)
filemenu.add_separator()
filemenu.add_command(label = "Save",
command=self.onSave)
filemenu.add_command(label="Save as...",
command=None)
filemenu.add_separator()
filemenu.add_command(label="Exit",
command=self.onExit)
menubar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=filemenu)
Example Program: Simple Editor (contd)

def onSave(self):
if not self.filename:
filename = asksaveasfilename()
if not filename:
return
self.filename=filename
file = open(filename, w)
file.write(self.text.get("1.0",END))
file.close()

def onExit(self):
ans = askokcancel(Verify exit,
Really quit?)
if ans: sys.exit()

root = Tk()
root.title("Simple Editor")
Editor(root).mainloop()
Example Program: Simple Editor (screen)
Real Tkinter Application: PySol
Computer Graphics

"Baby" Graphics Package in CS1

"Hides" the event loop
Provides OO 2D primitives for drawing
Input via mouse click and entry box
Students implement own GUI widgets

Upper-Level Courses Use Python Add-Ins

VPython simple 3D visualization package
PyOpenGL -- wrapper over OpenGL API
Baby Graphics: triangle.py
from graphics import * # our custom graphics

win = GraphWin("Draw a Triangle")

win.setCoords(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 10.0)
message = Text(Point(5, 0.5), "Click on three points")
message.draw(win)
p1 = win.getMouse()
p1.draw(win)
p2 = win.getMouse()
p2.draw(win)
p3 = win.getMouse()
p3.draw(win)
triangle = Polygon(p1,p2,p3)
triangle.setFill("peachpuff")
triangle.setOutline("cyan")
triangle.draw(win)
message.setText("Click anywhere to quit.")
win.getMouse()
Baby Graphics: Triangle Screenshot
Baby Graphics: Example Face
Baby Graphics: Blackjack Project
VPython Example: Bounce
from visual import *

floor = box(length=4, height=0.5,

width=4, color=color.blue)

ball = sphere(pos=(0,4,0), color=color.red)

ball.velocity = vector(0,-1,0)

scene.autoscale=0
dt = 0.01
while 1:
rate(100)
ball.pos = ball.pos + ball.velocity*dt
if ball.y < 1:
ball.velocity.y = -ball.velocity.y
else:
ball.velocity.y = ball.velocity.y - 9.8*dt
VPython Example: Screenshot
PyOpenGL Example: GLUT Cone
def init():
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0])
...
glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, 50.0)
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, [0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0])
...
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0]);
glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, [0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0])
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING); glEnable(GL_LIGHT0)
glDepthFunc(GL_LESS)
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)

def redraw(o):
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
glPushMatrix()
glTranslatef(0, -1, 0)
glRotatef(250, 1, 0, 0)
glutSolidCone(1, 2, 50, 10)
glPopMatrix()

def main():
o = Opengl(width = 400, height = 400, double = 1, depth = 1)
o.redraw = redraw
o.pack(side = TOP, expand = YES, fill = BOTH)
init()
o.mainloop()

main()
PyOpenGL Example: GLUT Cone (Screen)
Internet Programming

Use socket library to teach protocol fundamentals

Server Side Technologies

Build HTTP server using library
CGI programs
Custom Application Framework (with XML?)
Database manipulation

Client Side Technologies

Build standard client (e.g. email, web browser,etc)
Novel html application (e.g. spider, site grabber, etc.)
Novel web application (with XML?)

Client-Server GUI
Example Project: Chat Server

Three modules
chat server
talk client
listen client

Problem is to devise a protocol to allow

Any number of (anonymous) listeners
Any number of talkers identified by nickname
Clean method of shutting down listeners
Chat Server Shell
import socket, sys

def server(port=2001):
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.bind(("", port))
s.listen(10)
listeners = [] # list of listener sockets
print "SCServer started on port", port
while 1:
conn, address = s.accept()
message = ""
while "\n" not in message:
message = message + conn.recv(1)
if message[0] in "lL":
listeners.append(conn)
elif message[0] in "tT":
for lsock in listeners:
lsock.send(message[1:])

if __name__ == "__main__": server(eval(sys.argv[1]))

Chat Clients
def talk(machine, port):
while 1:
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
data = raw_input(">>> ")
s.connect((machine, port))
s.send("t"+data+"\n")
s.close()

if __name__ == "__main__": talk(sys.argv[1], eval(sys.argv[2]))

---------------------------------------------------------------
def listen(machine, port):
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.connect((machine, port))
s.send("listen\n")
try:
while 1:
mess = ""
while not "\n" in mess:
mess = mess + s.recv(1)
print mess[:-1]
finally:
s.close()

if __name__ == "__main__": listen(sys.argv[1], eval(sys.argv[2]))

Example Project: Web Site from Scratch

Goal: Create a complete functioning website using only

A text editor
An image editor
A Python interpreter

Must Create Both Content and Server

Python Provides TCP Server Framework

BTW: Python Also Has HTTP Server!

TCP Server Example: httpPeek
RESPONSE = """HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Connection: Close
Content_type: text/html

<HTML>
<PRE>
%s
</PRE>
</HTML>"""

class EchoHandler(StreamRequestHandler):

def handle(self):
lines = []
while 1:
line = self.rfile.readline()
if line == "\r\n": break #empty line at end of header
lines.append(line)
self.wfile.write(RESPONSE % "".join(lines))

def start(port):
server = TCPServer(("",port), EchoHandler)
server.serve_forever()

if __name__ == "__main__": start(int(sys.argv[1]))

Example Assignment: CGI Scripting

CGI -- Common Gateway Interface

HTTP Server Options

Configure global server (e.g. Apache)
Use Python CGIHTTPServer

Scripts are Just Programs

Input from env variables and stdin
Output to stdout

Python Provides
Standard module (cgi) to parse form input
Add-ons to produce nice HTML
Simple CGI Script
import cgi

RESPONSE="""Content-type: text/html

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>%s</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<PRE>
<BODY>
%s
</PRE>
</BODY>"""

form = cgi.FieldStorage()
content = []
for name in form.keys():
content.append("Name: %s value: %s" % (name, form[name].value))
content.append("Done")

print RESPONSE %("Form Echo", "\n".join(content))

Databases

Modules Available for Every Major DB

ODBC drivers
MySQL
PostgreSQL
Commercial DBs (Oracle and friends)

Pure Python DB: Gadfly

Uses
Backend for web applications
Interactive query engine
DB Application Development
Datbase Example: PostgreSQL
import pg # PostgreSQL database module
from pprint import pprint # pretty printing

QUERY="""SELECT customer_name, balance

FROM account, depositor
WHERE account.balance > 500
and account.account_number=depositer.account_number"""

db = pg.connect(dbname=bank, host=localhost, user=zelle)

res = db.query(QUERY)
print res.ntuples()
pprint(res.getresult())
pprint(res.dictresult())
pprint(res.listfields())

----------------------------------------------------------------

4
[(Johnson, 900.0), (Jones, 750.0), (Lindsay, 700.0)]
[{customer_name: Johnson, balance: 900.0},
{customer_name: Jones, balance: 750.0},
{customer_name: Lindsay, balance: 700.0}]
(customer_name, balance)
Operating Systems

OS Course is Perfect for Systems Language...

IF youre implementing an OS

Python Excels for

Experimenting with system calls
Concurrent programming (processes and threads)
Simulations (queuing, paging, etc.)
Algorithm animations

Appropriateness Depends on Type of Course

POSIX Process Calls
# fork -- create a (duplicate) process
if os.fork() == 0:
print "in child"
else:
print "in parent"

# exec -- overlay the process with another executable

os.execl("/bin/more", "more", "foo.txt") # note: no 0 terminator
os.execvp(sys.argv[0], sys.argv)

# sleep -- put process to sleep for specified time

time.sleep(n)

# exit -- terminate process

sys.exit(0)

# wait -- wait for termination of child

pid, status = wait() # no arguments, returns a pair of values
print "Returned status:", status/256

# getpid -- return process id

myId = os.getpid()
POSIX Signals
# signal -- installs a signal handler
signal.signal(number, handlerFn)

# pause -- put process to sleep until signal is received

signal.pause()

--------------------------------------------------------------
import signal

def handler(n, traceback):

print "Caught signal:", n

for i in range(1,31):
if i != 9 and i != 19:
signal.signal(i, handler)

print "Im a tough process, you cant kill me!"

for i in range(1,6):
signal.pause()
print "Hit number", i
print "You sunk my battleship"
Example Assignment: Process Sieve

Implement Sieve of Eratosthenes using pipeline of

processes

Each process filters out numbers divisible by its prime

Process pipeline grows as each prime is found

Process Sieve Code
def main(n):
pipe = spawnNode()
for i in range(2,n):
os.write(pipe, str(i)+\n)
os.write(pipe, "-1\n")
os.wait()

def spawnNode():
readEnd, writeEnd = os.pipe()
if os.fork() == 0: # Code for newly created node
os.close(writeEnd); sieveNode(readEnd); sys.exit(0)
return writeEnd

def sieveNode(pipeIn):
myIn = os.fdopen(pipeIn) # Turn pipe into regular file
myNum = eval(myIn.readline())
print "[%d]: %d" % (os.getpid(),myNum)
myOut = None
while 1:
candidate = eval(myIn.readline())
if candidate == -1: break
if candidate % myNum != 0: # not divisible, send down pipe
if not myOut: myOut = spawnNode()
os.write(myOut, str(candidate)+\n)
if myOut:
os.write(myOut,-1\n)
os.wait()
Threads

Python Provides Two Libraries

thread -- basic thread functionality
threading -- Object-based threading model

Basic Thread Facilities

Create new thread to run a function
Create simple locks (binary semaphore)

Assignments:
Create more sophisticated structures
Concurrency/Synchronization problems
Example Assignment: Counting
Semaphores
class Semaphore:
def __init__(self, value = 0):
self.count = value
self.queue = []
self.mutex = thread.allocate_lock()

def wait(self):
self.mutex.acquire()
self.count = self.count - 1
if self.count < 0:
wlock = thread.allocate_lock()
wlock.acquire()
self.queue.append(wlock)
self.mutex.release()
wlock.acquire() # suspend on new lock
else:
self.mutex.release()

def signal(self):
self.mutex.acquire()
self.count = self.count + 1
if self.count <= 0:
wlock = self.queue[0]
del self.queue[0]
wlock.release() # let the waiting thread go
self.mutex.release()
Example Program: Dining Philosophers
NUM_PHILOSOPHERS = 5; THINKMAX = 6; EATMAX = 2

def philosopher(n, forks, display):

f1, f2 = n, (n+1)% NUM_PHILOSOPHERS
display.setPhil(n, "thinking")
while 1: #infinite loop
time.sleep(randint(0,THINKMAX))
display.setPhil(n, "hungry")
forks[f1].wait()
display.setFork(f1,"inuse")
time.sleep(1)
forks[f2].wait()
display.setFork(f2, "inuse"); display.setPhil(n, "eating")
time.sleep(randint(1,EATMAX))
display.setPhil(n, "thinking"); display.setFork(f2,"free")
forks[f2].signal()
display.setFork(f1,"free")
forks[f1].signal()

d = DPDisplay(NUM_PHILOSOPHERS)
forks = []
for i in range(NUM_PHILOSOPHERS):
forks.append(Semaphore(1)); d.setFork(i,"free")
for i in range(NUM_PHILOSOPHERS):
thread.start_new_thread(philosopher, (i,forks, d))
d.pause()
Dining Philosophers (Screenshot)
Student Project: Hungry Monkeys
Python in Other Classes

Virtually any class with a programming component can

benefit from Pythons power and simplicity

Even in less obvious cases

Numerical Analysis: NumPy
Parallel Processing: pyPVM
3D Games: Crystal Space

Options for specialized libraries

Check to see if someone has "ported" them (or do it yourself)
C, C++ libraries: Wrap with SWIG
Java libraries: Use as-is with Jython
Use Inter-Process Communication
Python Resources
Textbooks (CS1, CS2)
"Python: How to Program," Deitel, Deitel, Liperi, Weidermann, andLiperi
(Prentice Hall)

"How to Think Like a Computer Scientist: Learning with Python,"

Downey, Elkner, and Meyers (Green Tea Press)

"Python Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science," Zelle

http://mcsp.wartburg.edu/zelle/PythonCS1_Draft.pdf

Technical Python Books

Too many to list, see Python web site and Amazon

Python Web Sites

www.python.org -- The site for everything Pythonic
www.vex.net/parnassus/ -- Searchable database of Python add-ons
Conclusions

Python Rocks!

Youll Never Go Back