ENT 162 Analog Electronics School of Mechatronic Engineering, UniMAP

Solution Tutorial 1

Diode Basics, Application and Special Diodes

1. What is the maximum number of electrons that can exist in the 3rd shell of an atom?

2. A certain atom has four valence electrons. What type of atom is it?

3. In a silicon crystal, how many covalent bonds does a single atom form?

4. What happens if heat is added to silicon?

5. Name the two energy levels at which current is produced in silicon?

6. Describe the process of doping and explain how it alters the atomic structure of silicon.

7. What is antimony? What is boron?

8. How is the electric field across the pn junction?

9. Because of its barrier potential, can a diode be used as a voltage source? Explain.

10. To forward-bias a diode, to which region must the positive terminal of a voltage source be
connected?

11. Explain why a series resistor is necessary when a diode is forward-biased.

12. Explain how to generate the forward-bias portion of the characteristic curve.

Prepared by:Aisyah Hartini Jahidin Sem 2, 2009/2010

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics School of Mechatronic Engineering, UniMAP

13. Determine whether each diode in Figure 1 is forward-biased or reverse-biased.

Figure 1

14. Determine the voltage across each diode in Figure 1, assuming the practical model.

15. Draw the output voltage waveform for the circuit in Figure 2 and include the voltage values.
Calculate the peak forward current through the diode.

Figure 2

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics School of Mechatronic Engineering, UniMAP

16. Determine the peak and average power delivered to RL in Figure 3.

Figure 3

17. Consider the circuit in Figure 4.

Figure 4

(a) What type if circuit is this?

(b) What is the total peak secondary voltage?
(c) Find the peak voltage across each half of the secondary.

(d) Sketch the voltage waveform across RL.

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics School of Mechatronic Engineering, UniMAP

(e) What is the peak current through each diode?

(f) What is the PIV for each diode?

18. What PIV rating is required for the diodes in a bridge rectifier that produces an average output
voltage of 50V?

19. Sketch the output voltage of the bridge rectifier in Figure 5.

Figure 5

20. A full-wave rectifier produces an 80 V peak rectified voltage from a 60 Hz ac source. If a 10 F

filter capacitor is used, determine the ripple factor for a load resistance of 100 k.

0
100

79.67 V
100
0
8.41x10-3
79.67 V

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics School of Mechatronic Engineering, UniMAP

21. Determine the output voltage waveform for each circuit in Figure 6.

Figure 6

22. Sketch the output voltage waveform for the circuit in Figure 7.

Figure 7

23. Describe the output waveform of each circuit in Figure 8, Assume the RC time constant is much
greater than the period of the input.

Prepared by:Aisyah Hartini Jahidin Sem 2, 2009/2010

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics School of Mechatronic Engineering, UniMAP

Figure 8

24. A certain voltage doubler has 20 V rms on its input. What is the output voltage? Sketch the
circuit, indicating the output terminals and PIV rating for the diode.

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics School of Mechatronic Engineering, UniMAP

25. Repeat problem above for a voltage quadrater.

26. Based on the value given, would you expect the circuit in Figure 9 to fail? If so, why?

Figure 9

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics School of Mechatronic Engineering, UniMAP

27. A loaded zener regulator is shown in Figure 10. VZ=5.1 V at IZT=49mA, IZK=1 mA, ZZ=7 and
IZM=70mA. Determine the minimum and maximum permissible load currents.

Figure 10

28. Find the load regulation expressed as a percentage in Problem 27.

29. Analyze the circuit in Figure 10 for percent line regulation using an input voltage from 6V to
12V with no load.

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics School of Mechatronic Engineering, UniMAP

30. The no-load output voltage of a certain zener regulator is 8.23V and the full-load ouput is
7.98V. Calculate the load regulation expressed as a percentage.

31. What capacitance value is required for each of the varactors in Figure 11 to produce a
resonant frequency of 1 MHz.

Figure 11

32. The LED in Figure 12 has a light-producing characteristic as shown in Figure (b). Neglecting
the forward voltage drop of the LED, determine the amount of radiant (light) power produced
in mW.

Figure 12

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ENT 162 Analog Electronics School of Mechatronic Engineering, UniMAP

33. Determine how to connect the seven-segment display in Figure 13 to display 5. The
maximum comtinous forward current for each LED is 30mA and a +5V dc source is to be
used.

Figure 13

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