5/11/2017 Commonfillersforresincasting|davidneat

davidneat
amaker,ateacherofmaking

Commonfillersforresincasting

Itiscommonpracticetoaddfillerstoresinforavarietyofreasons,forexample..toreducecosttoalterthestrength,weightor
appearanceofthecasttomaketheresinmoreworkableeitherbeforeorafterhardening.Onthewholealmostanythingwhichis
completelydryandinert(i.e.isnotandwillnotbecomechemicallyactive)canbeusedasafillerinbothpolyurethaneandpolyester
resins.ThePartAresincomponentofmost2partpolyurethaneresinscomeswithacertainamountoffilleralreadyincluded.Icannot
sayanythingspecificallyregardingepoxyresinssinceIdontworkwiththesemyself,butmostofthefollowingfillerswouldalsoseem
tobesuitableaccordingtoTompsandothersources.

AmongstawiderangecommonlyusedareFillite(analuminosilicateash)andotherglassmicrosphereschalk,talc,marbledustor
limestonesand(i.e.differentversionsofcalciumcarbonate)sawdust,choppedglassfibre,powderedslateandgroundolivestones.
Some,suchasFilliteandglassbubbles,willreducetheweightofcastingsconsiderablyandalsomaketheresinmorecarvable.
Otherssuchasglassfibreandmarbledustwillmaketheresinstronger.Fillersarealsoinvaluablewhenslushcastingwithresin
(buildingupahollowshell)becausetheresinwillautomaticallylaydownathickercoating.Thereareanumberofmetalpowders
normallyusedwithpolyesterresinwhichgivecastingsthelookandsomeofthepropertiesofrealmetal,includingtheweightifenough
isused.Thesearenotnormallyusedinpolyurethaneresinbecausetheopacitywilldulltheeffect.Thesameistrueforotherfillers
meanttoimpartasurfaceappearancesuchaspowderedmarbleorPortlandstone,orsawdust..withthesepolyesterresinwillusually
giveabetterresult.

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Apparentlythepresenceofafillerinresinwillsubduetheexothermicheatbuildup,consequentlyslowingthereactiondownwhich
reducestheshrinkagerate.ThismakessensebutIhaventnoticedmuchdifferencemyselfbecauseImostoftenworkwithquitesmall
amounts.Thereductioninshrinkagealsostandstoreason,butmoresobecauseinthetotalmixthereslessresintoshrink.When
workingwithpolyesterresinitisoftenrecommendedthatifasubstantialamountoffillerisusedthepercentageofcatalystadded
shouldbeincreasedfromtheusual1%toatleast2%(evenupto4%ifmixingsmallvolumes)inordertocompensateforthisand
speedupthesetting.

Asageneralrule,thefinerthefillerpowderthequickeritwillthickenthemixi.e.theresincouldlosemuchofitsfreeflowingproperty
evenatjust10%additionofthefiller.Thisisthecaseforexamplewhenusingordinarytalc.ButmanyfillerssuchasFilliteandthe
variousglassbubbletypeshavebeendevelopedwithsmoothorsphericalparticles,whichmeansthattheyaffecttheflowand
viscosityofresinmuchless.Somecanbeaddedasmuchas100%byweighttoresinwithoutmakingitanylesspourable.

Amongstsuppliersandpractitionersalike,opinionsseemtodifferastowhetherornotresinshouldbecatalysedbeforemixinginthe
filler.Whatworksbestwilloftendifferaccordingtothetypeofresin,thetypeoffillerandthewaythemixtureisused.Iwouldsayasa
generalruleagainthatifthefillerisgoingtoaltertheviscosityoftheresinsubstantiallyitshouldalwaysbecatalysedfirst,otherwise
theriskisthatthecatalystcantbeproperlydispersedthroughthemixafterwards.Thisisparticularlythecasewhenaddingafiller
whichhassomeabsorbencysuchassawdust.IfabsorbedintoPartAfirsttheriskisthatPartBmaynothaveachancetocombine
withitall.AnexceptionisCabosilwhenthisisallowedtosoakinresinovernightbeforeusing.Catalysingfirstandthenmixinginfiller
willofcourseshortentheamountoftimeonehastoworkwiththemixture.

Iveshown,forexampleinmypostFillingpolyurethaneresinwithusedteaorcoffeefromMay12013orinthearticleUsing
plasterasafillerinthissection,thatchoicesoffillerarentlimitedtothoserecommendedormarketed.Ifyouhaveanyotherideas
youlljusthavetotestfirst..andbepreparedforunusualbehaviour!..andiftheresultsareinterestingpleasetellmeaboutthem!
Rememberthoughthatasageneralruleresinwillnotlikeanythingcontainingmoistureoractivechemicals.

Manyofthefillersinthefollowinglistarealsosuitableformixingwithplaster,providedtheyarenonabsorbentanddontinterferewith
theplasterswateruptake.ForexampleIknowthatFilliteworkswellwithahardcastingplastersuchasCrystacalRandIm
assumingthesameforNobliteorglassmicrospheres.

IhaveadjustedpricestoincludeVATasIalwaysdoandthelastupdatewasMay2017.Thoseincludeddontnecessarilyrepresent
thecheapest,butaretheretoshowhowthepricevaries..greatlyinsomecases!

Doesaddingafillermakeresinstronger?

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IamdealingwiththisquestionseparatelybecauseitsoneIgetoften.Thestraightestansweris..noitdoesnt..notasarule,infact
itsusuallytheopposite.Ifyoureadtheinformationforthevariousfillersofferedonsupplierswebsitesyoullseereferencemadeto
usingfillerstocutcosts,alterappearance,alterweight,tomakethickeretc...strengtheningtheresinislowonthelistifitsthereat
all!

Ofthemostcommonlyusedfillers..ataguessFillite,glassmicrospheres,talcandmarbledust..onlythelasttwocanimprove
strength(impactresistanceorsurfacehardness)whenaddedintherightratioandthenitdependsonwhichresinisbeingused.For
exampleIdoknowthattalcwillmakepolyesterresinlessbrittle(sincepolyestersuffersfromthis)butIdoubtwhetheritwilladdmuch
extratoepoxyandImprettysurethatinthecaseofpolyurethaneresinitwillweakenit,justasotherfillersdo.Anotherofthemain
reasonsforaddingfillersistomakethecastmaterialeasiertomachineorsand,inotherwordsbasicallyweakeningit,andthisis
particularlytrueofpolyurethane.

NormallyIwouldsaythatifyoureworriedaboutstructuralstrengthyoucertainlyshouldntbeusingeitherpolyurethaneorpolyester
withanypowderfiller..youshouldeitheruseepoxyresin,orthinkintermsoffibrereinforcementsorfibrousfillers.Ifitsimpossibleto
includeamattinglayeri.e.glassfibrewithinthecast,thatswherethesefibrefillerscomeinhandy.Iveincludedsomeofthematthe
endofthefollowinglist.

Fillite

anindustrialashbyproduct,morespecificallymicrospheresofaluminosilicate.Becausetheparticlesarehollowthematerialisvery
lightandbecausetheyresphericalresinwillremainfairlypourableevenwithahighproportionofFillite.Overalllightgreyincolourbut
withaspeckledappearance.Commonlyusedintheratio1:2Fillitetoresinbyweight,inwhichtheresinremainsfreelypourablebut
almost3timesasmuchcanbeusedmakingthemixmorelikeafillerpaste.Standardprecautionsagainstairbornedustshouldbe
takentoavoideyeirritation.Althoughprolongedbreathingofairbornecrystallinesilicaisthoughttobeapossiblecauseofsilicosis,its
formasFillitemicrospheresisconsideredharmlessaccordingtotheofficialMSDS.

Filliteusedtobeveryeconomicalpricewisebutthishasrocketedinrecentyears(e.g.specialplasters.co.uknowrecommendusing
thealternativeNoblite).

Obtainabletomps.com4.78per1kg,16.50per5kgtiranti.co.uk5.82per1kg,60.22per20kg

Noblitemicrospheres

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NoblitehassimilarpropertiestoFillite,butminutebubblesofglass.Verylightweightandflowassisting.Nobliteisjustonebrand
namebuttherearemanyothers.Glassbubblesormicrospheresaresuitableforallresintypesandwillthicken,reduceweightand
makecastseasiertosand.Easycomposites.co.ukrecommendsmaximumadditionof20%byweightfortheirverylightweight
microspheres.Asyoucanseebelow,pricesvaryalotaccordingtoqualityorspecificgrade

Obtainablespecialplasters.co.uk26.40per8kgeasycomposites.co.ukglassmicrospheres4.74per100g,26.34per1kg

Calciumcarbonate

Allofthefollowingarebasicallyjustdifferentversionsofcalciumcarbonate,eithernaturallyoccuringandprocessed,ormanufactured.

Talc

ortalcumpowder,alsoknownasFrenchchalk.Therearedifferentgradesi.e.AT200talc(specialplasters.co.uk)isespeciallyfineand
servesparticularlywellasafilleriftheresinneedstobemachinedaftercasting,makingitfirmbuteasytosand.Whenaddedtoresin
finetalcwillthickenitquickly,changingtheviscositynoticeablyevenatjust10%.Talcswillalsogenerallyimprovebrittleness
(meaningthattheyllmakepolyesterresinlessbrittle,moreimpactresistant)andmakethesurfacemoredurable.Sincenormaltalc
thickensresinquicklyitisexcellentformakingafillerpaste(suchasnormallyboughtforcarbodyfilling)evenwithpolyurethaneresin,
althoughworkingtimeinthiscaseisverybrief!

Sometypeshoweverarespeciallycoatedtocounteracttheimmediatethickeningeffect.OmyaBLOG,forexample,willaffectresin
viscositylessandcanbeaddedupto40%beforeanymajorchange,accordingtoTomps.

Obtainablespecialplasters.co.ukAT20026.40per25kgtomps.comOmyaBLOG5.04per1kg,29.88per10kg,Frenchchalk
5.06per1kg

Limestonesand

Thisdiffersfromregularsandinthatitspurelimestone(calciumcarbonate)withnosilicawhichmeansthatcastscanbemoreeasily
tooledafterwards.TrucalNo.4hasaparticlesizeliketablesaltandalsoservesasplaysandinchildrenssandpits.TrucalNo.6hasa
largerparticlesize12mmandgivesnoticeableflecksinthecastingi.e.effectivewhenimitatingstone.

Obtainablespecialplasters.co.ukTrucalNo.65.76per25kg

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Marbledust

Willnotonlyaddstrengthandweighttoresinbutalsoastonelikecoolnesswhentheproportionishigh.Marbleiscommonlyavailable
invariousparticlesizesandthecoarserversionscanalsoreproducesomeofthesurfacesparkleofcarvedmarble.

Obtainabletomps.commarbleflour5.05per1kg,21.41per10kgtiranti.co.ukmarblepowder4.51per2.5kg,18.85per25kg
tiranti.co.ukmarblefillercoarse4.56per2.5kg,19.52per25kg.

Whiting

alsocalciumcarbonatebutfinerthantheabove.Istilldontunderstandwherethedifferenceisbetweenthisandtalcthoughitis
probablycoarser

Obtainablespecialplasters.co.uk9.73per25kg

Slatepowder

Finelypowderedslate,givesadarkgreyslatefinishtocastingsandisalsofairlycheapforgeneralpurposefilling.

Obtainabletiranti.co.uk4.90per2.5kg,21.35per25kg

Cabosil

isfumedsilicaandoneofthemoreexpensivefillers.Inasenseitismoreathickeningadditivethanafiller,sinceonlyverysmall
amountsareneededtoturnpolyesterresinnonslumporgellike.TheTompswebsiterecommendssoakingtheCabosilinresin
overnight(beforebeingcatalyzedofcourse)becauseitcanbedifficulttodisperseandthelimitshouldbe15%byweight(sincefumed
silicaweighsverylittlethisrepresentsalot).Beingsilicabaseditwillalsofillandbondwithsiliconerubbers.

easycomposites.co.ukselltheirownfumedsilicaandrecommendaddingjust0.71%byweighttomakeanonslumpliquid,23%to
makegellikeorslightlymorethan3%tomakeafillerpaste.

Obtainabletomps.comCabosil6.73per250g,28.08per1.25kgeasycomposites.co.ukfumedsilica4.74per45g,16.74per450g

Aluminiumtrihydroxide

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canbeaddedtoallresinstoa200%byweightmaximum(accordingtoeasycomposites.co.uk)althoughatthisratiotheresinwillbe
hardertopour.Itwilladdratherthanreduceweightbut,morespecially,willreduceshrinkageandalsoaddfireretardancy.Tiranti
marketsitassyntheticonyxsayingthatitgivesexcellenttranslucentqualitiessimilartoonyxandsomemarbleswhenusedwith
polyesterresin.

Obtainableeasycomposites.co.uk4.74per1kg,29.94per10kgtiranti.co.uk9.95per2.5kg,53.65per22kg

Metalpowder

Thisisrealmetal,butveryfinelygroundintoapowder.Brass,copper,aluminium,ironandbronzearecommonlyavailablebutnickel
canalsobefound.Brasspowderparticlescanbesphericalifproducedbysintering.Normallymetalpowdersareonlyusedwithclear
ortransparentresins.Ironpowdermayjustservetoincreasetheweightofcasts(ratherthananylookitimparts)andcanalsobe
addedtoplastertogiveaspecialeffectasitrusts.Ifallthatsneededisametaleffectonthesurfaceitscommonpracticetofilla
smallamountofcatalysedresinrichlywiththemetalpowder(Tirantirecommendsthesamevolumeplusalittlemore)andapplyathin
coattothemouldsurfacefirstbeforefillingtherestwithunfilledorpigmentedresin.Oncecuredproperlythesurfaceofthecasting
needstobecutbacki.e.polishedwithsteelwooltoexposethemetalparticlesandachieveametallicshine.Fillingalargecast
completelywithmetalfilledresinwouldbeveryexpensive!

Obtainablespecialplasters.co.ukbronze22.20per1kg,iron13.14per1kgtomps.commostmetals19.79per500g,inc.iron
tiranti.co.ukper500ggenerally1213

Fibrefillers

Fibreorfibrousfillersareprincipallyforaddingstrength,asisparticularlythecasewithglassfibrestrands,butthefineronescanalso
serveasthickenerswhenmixing.

Milledglassfibres

Suitableforaddingtoanyresintoimprovemechanicalpropertieswhichmeansmakingstronger,insomecasesmoreweather
resistantandcanalsoactasathickener.Millingproducesveryshortglassfilaments,ratherlikeflock.Ifusedasastrengtheneronlya
smallamountmaybeneededaslongasthisisdistributedproperly.

Obtainableecfibreglasssupplies.co.uk7.14per500g,47.40per5kg

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Choppedglassstrands

Thelargerscaleversionoftheabove,asitwere..theindividualstrandsofglassfibremattingcutveryshort.Theoptionshere..
dependentonthelengthofthestrandsorthetypeofmould..areeithertomixdirectlyintothecatalysedresinthenpour,ortoapplya
coatofresinthensprinkleontop.

Obtainabletiranti.co.uk3.66per500g

Milledcarbonfibre

Veryshortfibrelength..appearancealmostlikeapowder..butwillstrengthenresinsmuchmoreeffectivelythananygranularfiller.
ExcerptfromproductentryonEasyCompositeswebsite:

..addingaround10%byweightmilledcarbonfibrestoatraditionalFastCastPolyurethaneCastingResinwilltransformanoftentoo
brittleplasticintoafarstrongermaterialwithincreasedtensilestrength(snap/breakingstrength)anddurability.Addingthemilledfibres
toepoxycastingresincanimproveanalreadyhighperformancecastplasticintoanincrediblystrongcompositewithmechanical
propertiestorivalthetoughestthermoplasticsforstrengthanddurability.

Obtainableeasycomposites.co.uk14.70per400g,54.60per2kg

SH A R ETH IS:

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128THOUGHTSONCOMMONFILLERSFORRESINCASTING

Matthew
onMay30,2016at3:54amsaid:

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Iwasplanningonmakingresinmasksandgotsomethingcalledperlitefillerwouldthisbegoodstufftouseitseemswrongas
itislikelittlebeadsandnotpowderandtherearenoinstructionsonhowtouseitwiththeresin

davidneat
onMay30,2016at10:00amsaid:

Ihaventheardofthis,butbeadsisnotwrong..manyfillersaremicrobeadsbecausethisstillallowsliquidtoflow.
Redirections..youlljusthavetoputinalittlebitoftimesearchingonlinefortheproduct..theremustbesomething!

Vor'ak
onMay3,2016at10:41pmsaid:

Canyouaddcementasafiller?Iamhopingtomakedurableterrainforminiaturewargaming.Resingivesmetheabilityto
replicatemydesignsquicklybuttheresinonitsownistoobrittle.Weightisntreallyafactorastheterrainpiecesarenthuge
themselves.
Cheers
Michael

davidneat
onMay4,2016at5:51amsaid:

HelloMichael,

ThisisaquestionIvehadbeforeand,thoughImnotenoughofanexperttobereallysure,forthemomentIhaveno
sayNo,thisisntgoingtohelpatall!.Forexample..cementisverystrongwhenmixedandcuredasitssupposedto
butwhenaddedtoresinitjustbecomeslikeanyotherpowder.Icantevenvouchthatitcanbeusedasafillerwithout
affectingthepropercuringoftheresinitself.Afterall,fillersforresinreallyshouldbeinert,andcementisdefinitelynot!
Theonlyadditionstoresinwhichwillstrengthenthecastinthewaythatyouwantarethematrixkindi.e.asin
fibreglassing,includingalayerortwoofbindingmesh(glassfibrematting,jutescrimorsimilar)whencasting.Atleast,
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thatswhatIvealwaysassumeduptonow.Ineedtolookintothisthoughanddealwithitabitbetterinthisarticle.
Youhaventsaidwhichresinyoureusing..polyurethane,polyesterorepoxy?

Vor'ak
onMay8,2016at2:46amsaid:

Imusingpolyurethaneresin,Igavethecementatrybutitdidntworkthatwell.WishIwaitedforyoure
commentbeforetrying.

Ialsogaveveryfinesandatry,itmadethetestpiecestrongandlessbrittlebuttheweightofthesandpulled
downsothesandwasvisiblydenseratthebottomofthemould.

Ivefoundafibreglassfibrefillersupplier,doesthissoundlikethestuffIneedtofulfilmyintendedneeds?

davidneat
onMay10,2016at11:14amsaid:

Yes,soundslikeit.Iveupdatedthearticleincaseyouhaventnoticed.

davidneat
onMay6,2016at5:58amsaid:

HavealookatnewinfoIveputinthearticle,particularlyreMilledcarbonfibreattheendofthelist.

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Catherine
onApril18,2016at2:16pmsaid:

Hello,Iamwonderingifyoucouldgivemesomeadvice.IamcastingaproductwhichisquiteanintricatedesignIhavebeen
usingpolyurethaneresin,Ihavebeenaddingfillitebecauseofthethicknessofthepiece.Ihaveuseditat200gpolyurethaneto
100gfillite.butIhavebeengettingbubblesintheproduct.Ihavereducedtheratioto220gpolyurethaneto40gfillitebutIam
stillgettingbubbleseventhoughIamusingavibratingmachine.Iwaswonderingifyouthinkitmightbepossibletouse100%
ofpolyurethaneupto5mminthemouldandletthatsetandthenfiletherestwithapolyurethaneandfillitemix.
Mymainworryisthatthetwowontbondtogetherandmayseparateovertime.
Iwouldbegratefulforyouradviseonthissubjectormaybeyouhaveabettersolutiontomyproblem.ThanksCatherine

davidneat
onApril21,2016at5:10pmsaid:

HelloCatherine,

Notheredefinitelywont..certainlyshouldnt!..beanyreasonwhythestraightresindoesntbondwiththeresin/Fillite
mixsoyes,thatsoundslikeagoodsolution!ThebubblesmaybecomingbecauseyourFillitehasabsorbedsome
atmosphericmoisture(containerleftopen,notstoredtightlyenough..?)andtheresinisreactingabit,producingcarbon
dioxide.

[email protected]
onFebruary15,2016at11:17pmsaid:

HiDavid,

Amazinginformationoncastingforthenewcomerslikeme.
Iwantsomeadvicefromyouoncastingmultiplecavitiesinpolyesterresinmixedwithsilicapowderandratiois3:1where3
partsofsilicapowdermixedwith1partofpolyesterresin.

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Itriedbuttheliquidislikepasteformaftermixingthesilicaanditsdifficulttopourthematerialineachcavity.Thecavitiesare
ofcylindershapeandheightisabout10mmandweightisabout8gramseach.

Canyousuggestmetheprocessthathowtoproperlymixandpourandcastthismaterial?Iamalsolookingforsomesemi
automaticmachineryforproductionrun.Canyousuggestmesomeideaandguideme.

BestRegards,
BhavinDoshi

davidneat
onFebruary16,2016at3:19pmsaid:

HelloBhavin,

Iwouldnormallysaythattheonlysolutionwouldbetouselesssilicapowder,surely?Ihaventusedthismyself.Im
publishingyourqueryincaseanyoneelsemightbeabletoadvise..forexampleWillHuntley,whooccasionallyreplies
tocommentshere,wouldprobablyknowmore.

Will
onFebruary17,2016at4:09amsaid:

GoodAfternoonBhavinandDavid,
Yes,Iwoulduselesssilicapowderand/orreplaceitwithanotherproductsuchasCabosil,Cenospheres,
Qcels,orTalc.Eachwillgiveadifferentresultasfarassanding,strength,flowability,andweight.Attheendof
thedayitalldependsonwhatyouwanttoobjecttodo,feellike,weighand/orcost.Cabosil,isgoodformaking
gelcoats,Cenos(akaPozospheres)andQcelshelpwithflow,Talcisagoodcheapfiller.Qcelsalsosand
easier.Hopethishelps

BhavinDoshi
onMarch1,2016at7:48pmsaid:

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Thanksalotforallyoursuggestionandhelp.

Michael
onFebruary11,2016at5:08pmsaid:

HiFabulousDavid,

iamusingPolyesterresintomakecartooncharacters.

usuallytheyareattractivewithmanycolours.iwanttoavoidpaintingafterthecastingrathertocastallthesmallpartsi.e
eyes,teeth,magicwands,blushingcheeksetcwithpigmentedpolyesterresinsandattachingwithaglue(whichtype)

whatwouldyoudo?

davidneat
onFebruary11,2016at9:45pmsaid:

Goodidea!Therearepolyestergluesforgluingfibreglasstogether..thatswhatyouneed.

Will
onFebruary13,2016at8:27amsaid:

Re:FabulousDavidPolyesterAdhesives.Ihaveusedmanydifferentthistogluefibreglasstogether.Araldite
20141,Araldite2015,polyesterandvinylester(akaDerakane)andstandardlaminatingepoxy.WithPolyester
andvinylesterIwouldalwaysbrushalightcoatofacetoneoverthecuredfibreglasstoactivateorprimeit.
Whentheacetonedriesitshouldbetackyandtheyoumayapplymorepolyesterorvinylester.Itshouldbond
finebutifyouputontoomuchordonotdotheprimingyoumaygetseparation.AstrongerbondwouldbeIf

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youareusinganepoxysimplyroughtheexistingsurfaceoffibreglassandthenapplytheepoxy..
Hopethishelps

davidneat
onFebruary15,2016at6:17pmsaid:

ThanksWill!

GORDIE
onDecember1,2015at9:48amsaid:

HelloDavid,
Thankyouforagreatlistyouprovideduswith.Myquestioniswhatsortoftextureandcoloureffect(whendyesareaadded)
resultwhenfillersareadded.Iamlookingtoobtainamatteandopaquequalitytotheresin.Dothefillerscreatethateffector
istheresomethingelsethatisrequiredinprocess?

davidneat
onDecember2,2015at4:55pmsaid:

Yes,probablyanyfillerwithmaketheresinopaque..butfinelygroundonesinparticular.ButasfarasIknowafiller
wontmaketheresinsurfacematte..thesurfaceexposedtotheairwillstillbeshiny,atleastIknowitalwaysiswhen
usingpolyurethaneresin.Polyesterresin,ontheotherhandisgenerallynotasshiny.Butalso,asfarassurfacequality
goes,thisismoredependantonthemouldsurfaceitscastintoisntit?Forexample,ifyoumakeasiliconemould
aroundalightbulb,thesiliconewillreproducethepolishedsurfaceoftheglassandtransferthisinturntothecast,
whereasaprototypewitharoughersurfacewillresultinamattelookonthecastsurface.Eitherthis,oryouhaveto
abradethecastsurfaceafterwardstomatteit.
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KentMartin
onJanuary5,2016at10:54amsaid:

HiDavid,

Ifoundyoursitebycoincidence,interestingreading.DoyouhaveanyexperiencewithAcrylicsystems?My
companymakesPMMA(Acrylic)systemsactuallyasspecialfastactingtemperaturetolerantbindingsystems
forhighways,butthesamepolymersystemisusedforwaterclearresincastingwithcomplimentaryPMMA
microspheres.Wouldyoubeinterestedtotrysome?Wealsohavearangeofglasspowdersthatalsomightbe
suitableasafunctionalfillerforyourresinssystems

davidneat
onJanuary5,2016at7:13pmsaid:

ManythanksKent.Yes,Iwouldbeveryinterestedtotrysome..Illemailyou.

JoshuaPorter
onAugust29,2015at2:41pmsaid:

David,

Youmayhaveansweredthisquestionalreadyinacommentabove,butIwanttoclarifybecauseIwasalittleconfusedbythe
wordchoiceofyourreadersinquiry.

MyissueisthatIamtryingtopouracrystalclearresinoverroughbarnwoodtobeusedasacountertop.Thewoodhassome
holes,gaps,dips,splintersinthewood,etc.Iwanttoseealloftheroughwoodunderneath,buthopetohaveathicklayerof
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clearresinsoastohaveaflat,foodgradesurfacethatwillnotgivemyguestsormyselfsplinters.Ihaveneverusedepoxy
resinbefore.Thebarwoodisgluedandnailedtothecountertops,soitisnotperfectlylevelandIhavenowayoflevelingit(if
IsanditdownitwillruinthelookIwant).IfiguredifIcouldfindawaytothickentheresin,itwouldmoveslowenoughthatit
wouldstaymostlyonthesurfaceandremainthickerindepth.

Isitpossibletothickenaclearresin?Sayfromanormalviscositytoamoresyrupyviscosity?

Ifnot,isitpossibletoletalayercure,andaddanotherlayerofclearepoxytobuildupthesurfacetoadesireddepthwhile
maintainingacrystalclearviewofthebarnwoodbelow(notseeinglayersofepoxybutlookinglikeonedeep,clearcoat)?

Pleasehelp.

Joshua

davidneat
onSeptember5,2015at11:16amsaid:

HelloJoshua,

Thereareselflevellingcrystalclearepoxyresinsforthisverypurpose..butatthemomentIcantrememberwhereon
thenetIveseenthem.Maybeyoullfindthemifyougoogleepoxyresinforencapsulationorsomethingsimilar.

Anonymous
onSeptember5,2015at3:57pmsaid:

Thankyouforthereply.Ipurchased4gallons(tocoverroughly30squarefeet)offofthissitebecauseitboasts
a1/8inthickselflevelingfloodcoat,whereaseverythingatHomeDepotorotherhardwarestoreslisted1/16in
thickcoat,or50layersofvarnish:http://www.bestbartopepoxy.com/
anditseemstoindicatethatIcancompletelayersifIpour,wait4hours,thenpouragain,butIdontknowif
thiswilldryclear.Iconsidereddoingatestpour,butthemixingstepsareveryspecific,andIdontwantto
wastetheresinbecauseitisquiteexpensive.Doyouhaveanyexperiencewiththisproduct,orsomethinglike
it?

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davidneat
onSeptember7,2015at7:05amsaid:

No,Ihaventworkedverymuchwithepoxyresin.AllthatIknowforsureaboutepoxyisinmypageonEpoxy
ResinintheMaterialssection.

Will
onFebruary5,2016at10:32amsaid:

GDayJoshua,
IhaveconsiderableexperiencewithaproductfromtheUScalledKraftKote.Itisatwopartepoxythatihavehad
manyclientsuseforthisspecificprocess.Butpleasenoteacoupleofthings.1.Thisisaselflevelingepoxysoifthe
topisnotlevel..youwillhaveaniceglossypuddleonthefloor.2.Ihavepouredthisproducttoathicknessofabout
1/8thto1/2aninch.Butifyouwantthicker,youcanmaypouritinlayersbylettingeachdryandthenpouringanother
thefollowingday.3.FOODGRADEwithregardstoplastics,usuallymeansthattheycanhandlesomeheatwithout
failing,melting,burning,cracking,etc.KraftKoteisNOTfoodgrade.Norarealotofthingsyouuseinthekitchen.But,
itwillmakeyourbenchgorgeousjustusetrivetsanddontputahotpandirectlyonit.
Allthebest,WillHuntley

shamichniew
onAugust26,2015at3:17amsaid:

HiGuys,
Imverynewtothis,andImsorryformynewbiness

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Iwanttomakeatwotilesformybathroom,andIdontknowaboutwhichtypeofcastingmatrialshouldIuse?Iwantithard
andclearnotbrittlealmostlikeahardglasstile..andIdontknowwhichonetouseepoxy,polyester,orpolyurethane?please
help

davidneat
onAugust29,2015at4:34pmsaid:

Idrecommendyouuseclearepoxy.Thisistougherthanpolyester,notasbrittle..andIdontconsiderclear
polyurethaneanoptionforhomeusebecauseofthehealthissues.

shamichniew
onAugust30,2015at2:58pmsaid:

thankYouDavidforReply,
Iwilltryepoxy,butIepoxyisyellowishafterthecure?iwantittobenocoloredclear,canitbedonewith
epoxy?.

davidneat
onAugust30,2015at6:20pmsaid:

Yes,Imsurethereareclearones..youllhavetoshoparound.

Marcello
onAugust10,2015at2:01amsaid:

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HelloDavid!
Congratulationsonyourwebsite,itwasamazingtofindalltheinformationyouhavesharedwiththepublic.

IamwritingfromBrasiltokindlyaskforhelp:Iamtryingtomakeamarbledustsurfacefinishingtocoverthesurfaceofan
openairartsculpturemadeofconcreteplates.Theideaistoapplyathicklayerofmarbledustpremixedwithepoxiresin,
spreadingitovertheconcreteplatessurface,andoncetheresiniscuredanddry,togrinditandpolish.Thetrickythingisthat
whenImixthemarbledustwithresin,themarbledustturnsgrey!Ihavebeenusingtitaniumdioxidepowder(whitepigment)to
makeitwhiteagain,butifeelitcomesoutlessnaturalthenifiwasabletopreservethemarbledustnaturalcolor.Iammaking
severalteststryingtomakethepowderimpermeablebeforemixingitwithresin.Myimpressionisthatthereasonthemarble
dustturnsoutdarker(moregreythanwhite)itsbecauseitgetswetlike,soakedinresin,justlikebeachsandturnsdarker
whenwet.Pleasehelpmefigurethisout,howcanipreservethewhitetoneoftheoriginalmarbledustwhenmixingitwith
resin(withoutusingtitaniumdioxideoranyotherpigment)?
Sorryforthelongexplanationandthankyoutonsinadvancefortheattention.
Best,Marcello

davidneat
onAugust10,2015at4:25pmsaid:

HelloMarcello,
Ihaventusedmarbledustasafillerthatmuchmyselfbutthissoundslikeitcouldbeacommonproblem.Myinstinct
isthatitmayunfortunatelybeduetothequalityofthemarbledustyouvebeensoldi.e.cutwithotherthingsornot
derivedfrommarbleatall.Itmaybethatusingaslightlycoarsergroundversionmighthelpbecausethisislikelytobe
moreopaque.Imsurethataddingacarefulamountofpigmentisacommonsolution..butperhapsyoushouldtrya
moretranslucentalternativetotitaniumwhiteinstead?..i.e.whatwecallherelithoponeorevenjustwhiting..Iknow
thattitaniumwhitetendstoblankettoomuch.Maybeasillyquestionbut..itsnottheepoxyitselfthatsdullingthe
effect?..haveyouseenitscuredcolouronitsown?
best,David

TerryBlack
onAugust8,2015at11:45amsaid:

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HelloDavid,

Mygoodnesswhatanexcellentandinformativediscussiononthepropertiesoffillers.IhaveaquestionwhichIhopeyoucan
answer.Iamcastingasmallelectricitygeneratingturbineinpolyesterresin,whichwillbeexposedtotheelements.Therewill
bevoltage,magneticfieldsandheattotakeintoconsideration.Iwouldliketoaddafillerthatwillallowanhourorsoof
working,haveapourableviscosity,maximiseheatdispersionandnotaffectthemagneticandelectricalpropertiesofthe
generator.Iguess,unlessyouknowdifferent,anonferrousmetalfillerlikecopperfilingswouldberequiredbutwhatwouldbe
theeffectontheothercharacteristicsIrequireandhowmuchfillerwouldIbeabletoaddperlitreofresin?

davidneat
onAugust9,2015at1:55pmsaid:

Copper..orbrass..powderIwouldthink.ButtheresnopolyesterresingivinganhoursworkingtimeasfarasIknow
..doyouknowofone?Ifso..what,where?Itsusuallymax1518mins.Neithercoppernorbrasspowderwillaffect
standardworkingtimetoomuch.Metalpowdersinpolyesterresinwillbeaffectedbytheelements..bothwillturn
verdigris.Isthistheintention?

TerryBlack
onAugust10,2015at12:15amsaid:

ThanksforyourreplyDavid.Iwillhavetomodifymyworkingmethod/plantotakeintoconsiderationtheshort
potlife.Imnottoobotheredaboutdiscolourationcausedbyoxidisationofthecopperorbrassfillerhoweverthe
factthatitdoesoxidisewhenencasedinpolyesterresingivesmesomeconcernthatthecastingmaynotbe
impervioustoair.SonowtheproblemseemstobethatIcanreducetheheatbuildupwhenthegeneratoris
runningwithametallicfillerbutacoatortwoofpaintforsealingwillreducetheheatdissipation.

davidneat
onAugust10,2015at4:32pmsaid:

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5/11/2017 Commonfillersforresincasting|davidneat

No,actuallythismaynotbeaproblembecauseinordertogivetheoxidisedeffectwhenusedinsculpturethe
surfacemustbeabradedtoexposethemetalparticles.Imassumingthatifnotabradedthesurfacewouldbe
secure,butIcantvouchtotally.

James
onJuly11,2015at2:08amsaid:

David,goodsitewithlotsofusefulinfo
Doyouknowofafillerthatwouldthickeneitherpolyesterresinorepoxy,yetbeclear?Iamalsowantingtoincreasethe
density.EventhoughmicrosphereglasswilllessenthedensityItrieditjusttoseeifitwouldbecomeclearintheresin,nope,
itmakestheresinwhite/opaque.Itriedgroundglassandgotthesameeffect.Iamthinkingoftrying1/2chopfiberglass,but,i
knowthatwontkeepitcrystalclear,justnotsurehowtranslucentitwillget?Iamthinkingoftryingbrokenglass,but,ihave
seenbrokenglasscasteinclearepoxyanditlookslikebrokenglass.Iassumeitisthedifferenceinrefractionoftheglass
surfacewiththeepoxy,theglassdoesntdisappear.Iwillmaymixsomebrokenglassinforaneffect,but,iwouldliketo
makeaclearepoxypasteorputty.Anyideas?IhaveseenintheUSonecompanyadvertisesaclearepoxyputty.Havent
orderedityet,but,itissoldina40zpackageandiswaytooexpensiveformyneeds.Ineedtomakeakgatatimeandkeep
thecostdown.
Thanks

davidneat
onJuly11,2015at4:41amsaid:

YesJames,consideringtheeffortsyouvegonetoalreadyImsurprisedyouhaventheardofthis..thixotropicadditive!
Itsnotuncommonwhenworkingwithpolyester,andalthoughIdidntcomeacrossanywhenresearchingepoxyresin
Imsuretheremustbeone.TheoneIusefromTirantilooksopaquebutthisdispersesthroughtheresinkeepingit
relativelyclear.Itwillnotincreasethedensitythough..Idontthinktheresanythingthatwillwhilekeepingit
transparent!HeresthebriefentryinmyPolyesterarticleinmaterials:
Thixotropicpaste(Tiranti)notaseparatechemicalagentbutagelledformofpolyesterresinwhichis100%thixotropic

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andwhichcanbeaddedtootherpolyesterresinstothickenthem.Canbeusedasaresinbyitselfifcatalysed.11.92
per1kginc.VAT2015.

LilianvanDaal
onJune24,2015at7:02pmsaid:

HiDavid,

Iwanttocreateabioplasticwhichisflexible.
ImexperimentingwithRosin.Itsresinfromthepinetree.WhenIcastititsverybrittle.Ivealreadytriedtoaddbeeswax,oil
andcharcoaltomakeitlessbrittleandmoreflexiblelikeplastic.

Doyoumaybehaveanytips?

Thankyouverymuch.

LilianvanDaal

davidneat
onJune26,2015at7:09amsaid:

ImafraidIdontatthemoment.HaveyoulookedforinforeBioResin?..itssimilartowhatyouretrying.

KetanSengupta
onNovember18,2015at9:42pmsaid:

HelloDavid,
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Iwasconsideringmakinganalternativetoplasticsthathavesimilarpropertiesbutwouldpossesstheaddedadvantage
ofbiodegradability.Iwasconsideringusingrosinandbeeswax,anditseemsthatsomepeoplewhoareworkingwith
rosinaddcharcoaltothismixture.Ivealsoseenbioplasticsbasedoncornstarch,glycerin,vinegar,andwater.Iwas
wonderingifyoucouldgiveanyinsightastohowtogoaboutmakingthismaterial(i.emolds,components,etc.)
Additionally,Iwaswondering(sinceyoudontmakeemailaddressespublic)couldyouforwardthisquerytoMr.Van
Daal?

Thanks,
Ketan.

davidneat
onNovember19,2015at11:22pmsaid:

Sorry,noinsight,Iknownothingaboutthis..althoughapotentiallyinterestingsubject!Mostofmyexperiences
withcommerciallyavailableBioresinhavebeenbadthough..i.e.failingtocure,remainingsoft,weepingin
places,smellingmoredisagreeablethanthelessfriendlykind!

JoTaylor
onMay19,2015at11:53amsaid:

HiDavid,Iwashopingyoucouldhelp.Imtryingtocastsomeminiaturestonewallsmadeofclaytoreplicatestoneand
wonderediftherewasareadymadeproductthatwoulddoit.Ivetriedaddingallmannerofthingstoresin(sandetc)but
therestoomuchfrothingevenwhenIvedrieditfor24hoursinanoven!IdeallyIwanttheendproducttobefairlyrobust.
Thoughts?

davidneat
onMay21,2015at5:43amsaid:

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Thisshouldntbehappeningifyouretakingthosesteps!Couldyoutellmeexactlywhichresinyoureusing,what
youreusingforthemould,wherethesandcomesfrometc?

marc
onMay18,2015at12:31amsaid:

hellothereDoyouknowofatypeofadditivethatisreflective..orcanenhancelight?toaddtocastsiliconoruretheneobjects,
I.e.Iamusingledlightingandwantingtospreadthelightintomycastings??
.

davidneat
onMay18,2015at9:35amsaid:

Interesting!Theremaybesomeeffectifyouaddmicaparticles(thisisthereflectiveingredientinmetallicpaints)and
Imprettysurethisisobtainable.OtherwiseorinadditionanywayitsworthlookingatMindsetsOnline(justgooglethe
name)becausewhatyoureseekingsoundsalittlelikethekindofsmartmaterialthattheyspecialisein.Bytheway,
youmayachieveitwithpolyesterresin,especiallytheclearcasting,butnottheregularpolyurethanesincethisis
opaque..andIdbeverycautious,forhealthreasons,aboutusingtransparentpolyurethane!

Anonymous
onMay18,2015at2:12pmsaid:

ThanksIamonthemicatrail!
yrveryhelpfull!

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Ralph
onMay1,2015at3:30pmsaid:

HiDavid,

ItriedplasterofParisasafilleranditmakesthepolyurethaneresinheavierandgivesaneffectthatlookslikewaterfountain
statues.NobubbleseitherforIletitsitanhourintheApart.Semiglossytoo.However,whenthismixisrotocasted,the
resultscanbefragileandifaccidentallydropped,itwillshatterlikeglass.

Iamexperimentingwithhydrauliccementintotheresinnow.Itsinksdown.Butitmakestheresintough.Almostlikehard
vinyl.Irotocastedafewfiguresandthefeelislikevinyl.Thefigurescanbesqeezedmoderatelyandthereisflexibility.Still
experimentingwiththis.Keepyouposted.

davidneat
onMay1,2015at4:36pmsaid:

ManythanksforthisRalph!Imsurprised..Imean,inapositiveway!..therespotentialhereperhaps!Iveoften
thoughtoftryingthesamewiththevariousplastersandcementsIvegot,buthaventgotaroundtoit.Iforgottosayin
thelastreplybutIthoughtafterwardstheremayalsobeaproblemrethePUfoamingbecauseofslightwatercontent
intheplaster..itbeinghygroscopic?Thebabypowderpresumablytalc,ismorestandardandwouldIthinkassistthe
rotocastingmethodmore..but,yes,babypowderisaratherexpensiveversionofsomethingthatshouldbearound1
perkilo.

Thisisaweirdresultwiththecementthough..itdoessoundasiftheresinisntcuringfullyi.e.stuckinthegreen
stagebecauseofsomethinginthecement?Ithinkyoullknowforsureifthecastsstartsweatingorbleedingliquid.
Whileyoureatit..haveyoutriedflour..oricingsugar?

best,

David

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Mike
onApril27,2015at1:46pmsaid:

HelloDavid
Thankyouforaninterestingtopic,Iambuildinga42ftwoodepoxysailingcatamaran,Ihaveaccesstowaste(offcuts),
extrudedpolystyrenewhichIthoughtmightmakeagoodlightweightfillerwhichcouldbemixedwithepoxyinarelativelyhigh
ratio/volumetomakeverylightweighteasilysandablefiller.Iwouldneedtoreduceittodustsomehow.
Whatdoyouthink?
Mike

davidneat
onApril28,2015at7:54pmsaid:

No,Imguessingthiswouldnotwork..thatis,Iknowitwouldntworkwithpolyesterresinbecausethepowdered
Styrofoamwoulddissolveinitandnodoubtaffectthesettingoftheresinintheprocess.Itcouldbethesamewith
epoxyresin..butdoatest..letmeknowtheresult!

Ralph
onApril27,2015at11:31amsaid:

HiDavid,

Iamcastingafewcopiesofmysculptoutofpolyurethaneresinandrotocastingthepieces.WouldPlasterofParismakea
finefillerforsandingandstrength?Iwouldusemarbledustbutitsimpossibletofindonthissmallislandandnohobbystoreon
mainlandwillshipithere.Babypowderismyonlyalternativefornow.Pleasehelp.

Thankyouforyourtime,

Ralph
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davidneat
onApril28,2015at7:58pmsaid:

IvebeenaskedthisafewtimesandIthinkthat..no,plasterwouldnotmakeagoodfillerbecauseitisnotinert.Ithink
itcouldaffecttheresin..butdoatestandletmeknow!

EmilyVenture
onMarch24,2015at11:05amsaid:

HiDavid!
Imworkingonaresearchprojectforschool,andamtryingtocreateanalternativefillerforthepolyesterresin.Ihavetheidea
ofusingcollagenfromfishscales/bonesisthispossible?Pleaseletmeknowassoonaspossible.Thankyou!

davidneat
onMarch26,2015at9:08pmsaid:

HelloEmily,

Iscollagensimpleandcheaptoproduce?..orisitacommonbyproduct?..otherwiseitmaynotbeviableasafiller.
Also,fillersneedtobechemicallyinert,notaffectingthechemicalreactionsinthecuringresin,andImnotsurethat
collagenwouldbe.Idbeinterestedtoknowwhyyouvechosenthis?

ChristieFogg
onMarch6,2015at1:35pmsaid:

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David,
Thankyouforthisfantasticsourceofinformation!
Imakefauxboisfurnitureandlightingfromconcrete/ferrocement.Iminterestedinproducingthelighting,andperhapsother
items,usingthecastingmethodratherthanhandsculpting.Theresultingcastingswouldhavetoholdupoutdoors/UVstable,
andbeverystrongastheywillberepresentingmycraftsmanshipasretailmerchandise.And,theywillhavetomimicthelook
andfeelofconcrete,althoughforthelightingImnotopposedtoareductioninweight.
Whattypeand%offillercouldapproximateanice,dull,grayfinishwithacooltouch?Whattypeofresintouse?Wouldyou
includefiber,andifso,whichtype?Whichtypeofmoldrubbertouse?Willresinholduptotheweatherandsun?Iveseen
furnitureandotherobjectsmadefromresinandImimpressedwiththeresults.Thankyouforyourhelp!

Mike

davidneat
onMarch8,2015at11:55amsaid:

HelloMike,
Justaquestion,ortwo,first..whyareyouconsideringfakingconcreteorcementlookforproducingarticlesmeantto
surviveoutside?Whynotkeepwiththecementbasedmedia,sincetheseisdesignedforsurvivaloutdoors?Doyou
useanacrylicpolymeradmixturewithyourcement?Itgreatlyincreasesthestrengthandweatherresistanceand,if
mixedinacertainproportionwithcement,resultsinasculptingmassverylikenaturalclay..thoughonehastomodel
comparativelyquicklywithit?Thepolymerwillalsohelpittosticktosteelreinforcementstructures.

Howard
onMarch20,2015at4:34pmsaid:

AtDrydenAquaweprocess40,000tonnesofglassperintofinehighgradepowdersfrom10micronsupto1000
microns.Forfillerinresinswenormallyrecommend,1to50micronourour10to250micronproduct.

Costis0.5/kgsuppliedin25kgsacks,minimum1000kg.Weusuallysupplyat24tonnelorryloadsat0.25/kg.

Wecanmakeanyparticlesizetosuitanapplicationaslongasitisinsufficientquantity.
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davidneat
onMarch20,2015at5:42pmsaid:

Idontusuallyendorsespamorselfadvertisement..butthoughtthismayjustaboutfallintotheusefulinfo
category,eventhoughIsincerelydoubtthatanyonereadingthisherewouldneedathousandkilos!

Azif
onMarch6,2015at9:38amsaid:

Canyoupleasesuggestthebestchemicaladditivesforpolyesterresinbodyfillerndtheirconcentrations

davidneat
onMarch6,2015at11:38pmsaid:

IlookedintothisawhileagoandgotquiteagoodresultusingacombinationofGP(generalpurpose)polyesterresin,
thixotropicpolyesterpasteandeithertalcorchalkdust...andofcourseMEKPcatalyst.Theconcentrationsofthe
mainthreereallydependontheconsistencyyouwant..youcanjugglethem,youlljusthavetoexperiment.

julle
onFebruary19,2015at11:12pmsaid:

Isthereawaytoadatexturedfeeltothecastresin?ordoesthistexturehavetobeincorporatedinthemoldalready.Ineed
tomakeagripforsomethingbutithinkthatwheniwillbemoldingandcastingitinaregularfashionitwillcomeoutveryshiny
andslipperyinthehand.
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davidneat
onFebruary22,2015at2:04pmsaid:

Youreright..thetexturewouldhavetobeinthemould.Theonlyotheroptionwouldbetocastwitharegularand
smoothsurfaceandthenmakeacoatingmixturewiththesameresinandcoarsesandorgritandapplythistothecast
surface,butthisisalotofextraworkanditwouldbeverydifficulttoapplythisuniformly!

ShovonAhmed
onFebruary9,2015at3:44amsaid:

HiDavid,

CanyoupleasetellmetheprocedureofaddingTalctomanufacturepolypropylene?Whatshouldbethepercentage?DoIhave
touseanyadditiveswiththat?

davidneat
onFebruary9,2015at8:50amsaid:

Ilikethewildquestions!..theyforcemetocheckupincaseIvemissedsomething!Icantgiveyouananswer
becausepolypropyleneisanindustrialplastic,athermoplasticwhichneedsindustrialscaleheatandpressuretowork
withit.Itsonlyavailabletoindividualslikemyselfinreadymadesheetform.Actuallyworkingwithitinmeltedformis
beyondmymeans.

MANOJKUMAR
onJanuary14,2015at12:23pmsaid:

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Hello
DevidSirand&Dr.PreetiGupta
IamworkingonUnsaturatedpolyesterresinbasedcapsulesforundergroundconstruction(Mines&Tunnels).Thereisno
probleminsettingtimeandmechanicalpropertiesoftheresincapsule.IworkingonDoublechamberbasecapsuleandglass
tubebasedresincapsule.ItistemperaturesensitiveproductbutweAdjustthesettingtimewithacceleratornotbycatalyst.
myspecialproductsCS(MPa)is100withinanhourandsettingtime30secto300seconds.Iamusingbarytespowderand
[email protected]
+919917052888
Dr.Pleasegiveyourcontactdetails,Iwilltrytoshortoutyourproblems

ManojKumar

MANOJKUMAR
onJanuary14,2015at12:24pmsaid:

[email protected]

AshokP.Chandaria
onJanuary12,2015at12:36pmsaid:

HelloDavid,
Canyoupleasetellwhattypeoffillerscaniusetomakecastinggradepolyesterresincheaper.Alsoitshouldnotaffectthe
pearleffectintheproduct.

davidneat
onJanuary13,2015at11:57amsaid:

HelloAshok,

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YoullneedtoexplainabitmoreImafraid.Bycastinggradedoyoumeanclearcastingpolyester?Thereareonly
basicallytwopourabletypesofpolyesterresin..thisone,andthelessclear,slightlybeigecolouredgeneralpurpose
(sometimescalledmultipurpose)commonlyusedinfibreglassingwork.Youprobablymeantheclearcasting,but
theresnopearleffectwiththisasarule..itsasclearandcolourlessaswater.Ifyoumeanafillerthatdoesntaffect
theclarityoftheresin..Idontthinkthereisone!Evenglassmicrosphereswillchangetheappearance.

Dan
onNovember25,2014at8:42pmsaid:

HiDavid.IamthinkingofmakingsomechildrensclimbingholdsusingafoamandRTVsiliconemethodasdescribedon
http://www.instructables.com/id/Makingyourownclimbingholds/?ALLSTEPS.ThecontributoruseslentilsasfillerbutImnot
sureIdwanttousetheseaswhensandingthebackoftheholdtoaflatsurfacethelentilswouldprobablybecomeexposed
andsubsequentlyabsorbmoisture(Iwillbefittingoutdoors).Iwasthinkingglassbeadsmightbebestbutdoyouhaveany
ideasonwhatmightbeacheaperalternative?TheholdwillbecastusingpolyesterresinandIwouldbehopingtoobtaina
fairlyvibrantfinishusingsuitablepigments.Anyadvicewouldbegreatlyappreciated.

davidneat
onNovember26,2014at5:20pmsaid:

HelloDan,

Thanksfortheentertainment!Ithought..nowthatsinteresting,fillingresinwithlentils..andnotbeyond
comprehension,afterallIveshownthatusedtea/coffeeworkverywell!Butyoumusthavebeeninahurrywhen
readingthelentilspartbecauseyourcontributorjustusesthemtoestimatevolumes,notactuallyasfiller!Thatsortof
solvesthequery,doesntit?Youintendtousepolyesterresin,inplaceofpolyurethane.IagreewiththeInstructables
writerthatpolyesterresincanbemorebrittle..butIdontseewhyitshouldntbefineifyourecarefulwhenboltingthe
formsinplace.Theformscanbemadealmostshatterproofifyougivethemaninnerfillingofresinmixedwith
choppedglassfibrestrands.Isayinnerthoughbecauseyoudontwantglassstrandsembeddedtooclosetotheouter
surface!IthinkthewriterhasnowlearntthatyoucantmixanythingwaterbasedintoPUresin..andmoresopolyester
resin!Youwillneedtouseeitherdedicatedpolyesterpigments,drypowderpigmentoroilcolours.
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Dr.PreetiGupta
onNovember23,2014at1:04pmsaid:

IwouldliketoknowwhatcouldbethebestfillerforpolyesterresinrequiredformakingResinCapsules.Weareusingbaryte
butitiscausingproblems

davidneat
onNovember24,2014at6:28amsaid:

ImnotfamiliarwiththeResinCapsulesyouspeakof?Itsoundslikeitsoutofmyarea.Iknowthatcapsulesfilled
withresinareusedinsomeformsofconstructionasfixings..butsurelythiswouldnotbepolyesterresin?Couldyou
explainabitmore?..andwhatproblems?

Dr.PreetiGupta
onNovember24,2014at12:56pmsaid:

FirstofallmanymanyThanksforapromptresponse!
Resincapsules/cartridgesareusedinrockboltingduringtunnelingandmines.
Basicallypolyesterresinismixedwithaccelerator(DimethylAniline)andsuitablefiller.Thismixtureisenclosed
inaseparatechamber.Insecondchamberhardner(Benzoylperoxidepaste)isused.Atthetimeofapplication
botharemixedandboltsareinserted.Whentheresincures,itholdsthebolt.
Currently,weareusingBarytepowder(200300mesh)asfiller.Recentlywefacedastrangeandregular
problem.
Assoonasthehardnertouchedthemixture,theresingotcured(andnotatdesiredsettingtime).Wehave
checkedtheresinandfoundittobealright.Theproblemiswithfillerandwearenotabletomakeout,what
couldbepresentinthefillerthatcouldcauseimmediatecuringandhowitcouldbetested.
Isitthespecificgravityofbarytepowderorsomecontamination?Baritepowderissuppliedinbagslikecement
anditisverydifficulttocheckeachandeverybag.

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Ishallbethankfulifyoucanthrowsomelightandguidemeregardingthesame,
ThankYouverymuchonceagain,
Dr.PreetiGupta

davidneat
onNovember25,2014at6:31pmsaid:

HelloPreeti,

Ihavesentyouanemail.

regards,

David

[email protected]
onNovember26,2014at5:43amsaid:

HelloDavid,

Anyupdatesafterallowingittodryfurther.

Havemybestregards,

EMEKANJOKU(B.Eng.,M.Eng.)ManagingDirector

FRIGATEUPSTREAM&ENERGYSERVICESLIMITEDPHONE:+2348033099504

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davidneat
onNovember26,2014at5:33pmsaid:

HelloEmeka,

No.Unfortunatelytherearedefiniteproblemswiththis.Thebleedinghascontinuedallthistime.Itsnot
working.Theressomethingwithintheblacktalccompositionthatisinhibitingthepropercuringoftheresin.Its
notmoisture..theeffectswouldhavestoppedsooner.Notbeingageologistorachemist,Icanttellyouwhat
itisorhowtorefineit.However,Istillwanttodoatestusingpolyesterresin(thepreviouswaspolyurethane)
butIhavetodothisinmyoutsidespaceanditstoodarncoldnsoggyatthemomentinLondon.Illletyou
know.

best,

David

Dr.PreetiGupta
onJanuary16,2015at1:27pmsaid:

HiDavid,
Canyoupleasethrowsomelightonwhatwouldbetheeffectofspecificgravityoffillerongeltimeof
polyesterresinwithMEKP?
Ithinkhighdensityfillerswouldincreasethespecificgravityofresinmatrixtoo.Buthowwoulditaffectthegel
time?Also,canfurtherincreaseinspecificgravityoffillermayresultinsettlingoffilleratthebottom.?Ihope
youcanclearsomeofmyqueries,
HeartiestThanks,

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davidneat
onJanuary17,2015at4:58pmsaid:

HelloDrGupta,

LuckilyManojKumarhasrepliedtoyourpreviousenquiryhere.HehaslefthisaddressandIsuggestyougetin
touchwithhimbecausehisknowledgeismorespecialisedtowardsyourarea.

best,
David

Candace
onNovember16,2014at4:05pmsaid:

IwascuriousifIcancolormyalumilitewhitepolyurethaneresineasilywithstuffIhaveinmyartsuppliesalready?Idont
wanttoinvestinalotofcolorants.ButIhaveaplethoraofcraftpaints,acrylics,andmicapowders.Iwasgoingtotrysome
samplebatchessoontoseeifIcouldgettheresintocolorbutwascuriousifyoumightknowtosavemethetroubleof
wastingproduct.Ihavenoproblemcoloringmyeasycastclearepoxyresinwiththesemethods.ButIknowtheresinsare
differentand,asthealumiliteisamilkywhiteincoloraftercuring,Iwasntsureifitcouldbejustaseasilycolored

davidneat
onNovember16,2014at6:01pmsaid:

IhaventcomeacrossresinsfromAlumilitehereintheUK..IthinktheyrejustUS.Yes,youshouldtest,butitssafe
togoahead.However!..nothingwhichcontainswater!Sowaterbasedacrylicisout..unlessyourecurioustoseethe
resinfoamingupandcuringlikeSwisscheese!Drypowderpigment,ormicapowderasyousay,oroilpaintshouldbe
fine!Ifyourresinismarketedaswhiteitsprobablyprefilledwithanamountofwhitepigment,soyoumaynotget
strongcolours.
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BurakKocak
onOctober28,2014at7:20pmsaid:

HiDavid,
Isawsomeproductswhichmadebyusingresinandpowderstone,lookslikeconcretecasting,
butofcoursetheresultisbetterthanconcretecasting.IneedtocreateaproductandIlikethetextureofconcrete,Idliketo
useresinbecauseofhavingthepossibilitycreatingmoredetailswithoutflaws.
CanIjustuseconcretepowderasfiller?Whatwouldbetheratio?
Thanks.

davidneat
onOctober28,2014at8:45pmsaid:

Idontknowwhetheryoucanusecementasafiller.Ithaschemicalsinitwhichmightaffecttheresin.Youshouldtry
..seewhathappens.Asforratio,anymixwhichisstillsmoothenoughtopourorspreadshouldbeok.Normallyfora
concretelookonewouldusei.e.Filliteandsand,Iwouldguess,oranavailablestonepowderfilleri.e.Portlandstone.

[email protected]
onOctober29,2014at6:56amsaid:

CanIuseamixtureofdriedclayandbentonite/baritefinesasaresinfiller.Thisisawasteproductfrommythermal
bento
dryingprocessfordrillingmud.

Havemybestregards,

EMEKANJOKU

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ManagingDirector

FRIGATEUPSTREAM&ENERGYSERVICESLIMITED

MOBILEPHONE:+2348033099504

davidneat
onOctober29,2014at9:02amsaid:

HelloEmeka,

IrememberyoupostedthesamequestionlastSeptember.Iwasinterestedintheblacktalcasyoucalledit
then.YouagreedtosendmeasmallsampleandIsentyoumypostaladdressbyemail.UnfortunatelyInever
receivedany..stillwaitingforthattotest!

regards,

David

[email protected]
onOctober29,2014at11:16amsaid:

Canyoupleasesendmeyourshippingaddress.WhatquantitydoIsend,10kg,20kg?

Havemybestregards,

EMEKANJOKU

ManagingDirector

FRIGATEUPSTREAM&ENERGYSERVICESLIMITED
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MOBILEPHONE:+2348033099504

davidneat
onOctober29,2014at3:08pmsaid:

Emeka,

Ivesentyouanemail(totheaddressyouveincludedhere)withmydeliveryaddress.Letmeknowhereif
theresaproblemreceivingit?

regards,

David

[email protected]
onOctober29,2014at5:20pmsaid:

Ivereceivedtheemail,thoughreplyingtoitisntworking,butIwilldispatchthesampleonFriday.

Havemybestregards,

EMEKANJOKU

ManagingDirector

FRIGATEUPSTREAM&ENERGYSERVICESLIMITED

MOBILEPHONE:+2348033099504

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davidneat
onNovember3,2014at7:50pmsaid:

Thanks!Thesamplehasarrived..thoroughlyinvestigatedbyHomeOfficeBorderForcebythelooksofit,but
packagingjustaboutholdingtogether.Illtestitsoon!

allbest,
David

[email protected]
onNovember3,2014at9:10pmsaid:

Okaythanks.

Havemybestregards,

EMEKANJOKU

ManagingDirector

FRIGATEUPSTREAM&ENERGYSERVICESLIMITED

MOBILEPHONE:+2348033099504

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kishoresharma
onOctober24,2014at9:08amsaid:

hi
kindlyletmeknowtheprocessofpolyurethanerubbermoldinginbigmodellikemanheight..
firstcolorlayerispolyurethanebutupperwhitematerials..???

davidneat
onOctober25,2014at5:46amsaid:

IcantaddanythingtowhatIvealreadywritteninMakingasupportedsiliconemouldforalifesizehead..under
MouldmakingandcastingintheMethodssection.Havealookatthisfirst.

kishoresharma
onOctober22,2014at11:51amsaid:

thanxforurreply.canusuggestmewhattypeofpolyurethaneiwillselectforslowsetcuring?caniget10to15mnts
pottime?.sothaticanfinishthecasting.

davidneat
onOctober22,2014at7:44pmsaid:

Idontthinkyoucangetasmuchas15minsworkingtimewithanypolyurethaneresin.TheslowestoneIknowabout
isPolycraftFC6910whichhasanextralongpotlifeof811minutes.Youwillfindithere
http://www.mbfg.co.uk/polyurethanecastingresin/fc6910.htmlAnotheroneIdrecommendisTompsFastCast(slow
setversion)withpotlifeof78minutes.Ithinkgenerallyifyouwantc.15minsworkingtimetheusualoptionis
polyesterresinasopposedtopolyurethane.Longpotlifepolyurethaneresinsalwayshavemuchlongerdemouldtimes
i.e.settingtakes24hours..!..withthePolycraftone.

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kishoresharma
onOctober21,2014at1:00pmsaid:

hiMohamed,
Howtouseoffillersinpolyurethaneresincasting?mixingprocess?becozPolyurethaneresinfastcuring.sotimefactoris
arisesproblemincastingtime.

davidneat
onOctober21,2014at2:46pmsaid:

Theansweristomixthefillerwithonepartoftheresinbeforeaddingtheotherpart.SeemyarticleMakinghollow
castsinopenorclosedmouldswhichyouwillfindunderMouldmakingandcastingintheMethodssection.It
explainswhatyouhavetodo.

kishoresharma
onSeptember28,2014at12:02pmsaid:

Iwanttouseofflyashgradecasafillerinpolyurethaneresincastingmaterial.whatistheratioofflyashandpolyurethane
resinincludinghardner?

davidneat
onSeptember28,2014at11:32pmsaid:

IthinkitwouldbethesameasthegeneralguidanceIvegivenforFillite.

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SheilaMathews
onJuly27,2014at1:41amsaid:

HiDavid

Veryinterestingarticle.Youexplainwell.

Iamnochemistrystudent,butIhavedevelopedaninterestinmakingfigurinesasahobbyandalsoabusiness.

Ihaveobtainedvariousmoldsmadefromrubberandwouldliketoworkwithresinmixedwithplasterofparistogetthefinished
product.Iwouldliketogetthegunmetalfinishlookforsomeofthem.

Whatisyourrecommendation?AlsoifIneedtopainttheseobjects,whatisthebestapproachtodoingso?

Canelectroplating

davidneat
onJuly27,2014at10:57amsaid:

HelloShiela,

Firstofall..wheredidyouhearaboutmixingplasterintoresin?Imnotawareofthismethod,andamdoubtfulwhether
itwillwork.Certainlyifyouwantadarkmetalliclookacommonmethodistomixafairlyhighproportionofrealmetal
powderwiththeresinandapplythisasthefirstthincoatinginthemould.Mixingplasterwiththis(ifitsadvisableatall)
wouldonlydiminishthemetalliceffect.HavealookinmyLexiconaboveundercoldmetalcastingforanoutlineof
themethod.

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Jane
onJuly9,2014at9:12amsaid:

HiDavid
Iamlookingforafillertousewithpolyesterresinmetal,specificallytothickenittoapastewithoutaffectingthelook.Ive
usedalovelyfiller,garamite(amixedmineralthixotrope)inthepastbutitonlycomesinlargeexpensivequantitiessoIm
thinkingoftryingFordacal100(anultrafinecalciumcarbonate).Anyexperienceofthis,andcoulditbeagoodsubstitute?
Thanks

davidneat
onJuly9,2014at3:56pmsaid:

ThisIdontreallyknow..nothavingusedeitherofthefillersyoumention.WheneverIwanttothickenpolyester
withoutaffectingthelookIuseaspecialthixotropicpastefromTiranti
http://www.tiranti.co.uk/EdgeImpactShop/subcatdivision.php?Division=525&Content=Thixotropic+Paste+whichcanbe
finelycontrolledtoachieveanyconsistencyofresin.Itsreallygood!Imalsowonderingwhethermicapowder(orvery
smallflakes)wouldbeanidea,becausethismaythickentheresinandpossiblyenhancethemetalliceffectatthe
sametime.Micaisusedforthispurposeinmanymetallicpaints.

Nick
onJuly6,2014at3:17pmsaid:

HiDavid

IwanttoaskasIwasstillunclearwhenwouldyourecommendtouseFillitevsahollowglassmicrospheres?Iamnotreally
clearonthedifference.

Thankyou

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Nick

davidneat
onJuly6,2014at5:34pmsaid:

Imnotsurethatthereisthatmuchofadifference,consideringthemgenerally..butIsupposethemaindifferenceis
thatthereareanumberofbrands/typesofglassmicrospheres(withdifferentsizeandstrength)andonlyoneFillite.So
somemayimpartmorestrengthtoacasting,somemaysandtoasmootherfinish,somemayevenbelighter.I
suspectthatglass(orplastic)microspheresmaybemoreavailableandpossiblycheaperthanFillite,nowthatthis
materialseemstobebecomingevermoreexpensive.

Martin
onJune11,2014at9:46amsaid:

HithereDavid

CouldIuseTalcasafiller/thickenerwithPolyurethaneResin?Iamcoldcastingbronzestatuesofabout12highandcouldI
addittothegelcoatorslushcastaswell?howmuchwillitaffectpotlife?Asyouknowslushcastingorgelcoatingtakesa
while,soIneedtobesureifTalcwilldothejob.AlsoIreadelsewherethatsomepeopleusePlasterofParispowderwithPU
resinforaddingweightaswell?howwillthataffectpotlife/cast?

Thanks!

davidneat
onJune12,2014at7:24amsaid:

HiMartin,

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IonlyhavetimeforaverybriefanswerImafraid!..no,notagoodideatoaddtalctocoldcastinggelcoatlayer
becauseImprettysurethiswoulddulldownthemetaleffectachievable?

Martin
onJune13,2014at2:23pmsaid:

HiDavidthanksforyouranswer!soIshouldjustuseitasabackfillrather?Alsowhataboutmyquestion
regardingaddingplasterofparispowdertopolyresinforweight,wouldthatdothejob?

Manythanks

davidneat
onJune14,2014at5:31amsaid:

Yes,Ithinkso.Ivebeenaskedthisbefore..aboutusingdryplasterasafillerforresin.Isimplydontknowfor
surebecauseIvenevertrieditmyself.Myinstinctisthatitshouldworkbecauseitshouldstaychemicallyinert
(thereforenotaffectingthesettingoftheresin)unlesscombinedwithwater.Butyouwillhavetodoatest.But
intermsofaddingweight,itmaybethecheapestbutIwouldhavethoughtthereareheavieroptions,suchas
marbledust.

Pingback:Top5TipsonHowtoAchieveMaximumShelfLifeandBubbleFreeCastswithUrethaneCasting
Resin!|RawMaterialSuppliers

Pingback:ReisnFillers|brynarichards

dev
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onMarch23,2014at12:00amsaid:

Haveyoueverusedcheapcastingwhiteplasterorevenmultifinishasafillerwithpolyesterresins?Ifsowhatwereyour
perceivedresults/findings?

Also,Iaminterestedingainingasolidwhitemarblelookfromasiliconemouldthathasacoupleofundercutsbutmostlyhasa
veryeasydraw.Itisawallplaqueabout2ftx1.5ftandmyinitialthoughtsaretouseclearcastresinmixedwithmarbledust
(coarseandfine)foragelcoatwithalittlewhitepigmentandmaybesomeochretovaryitinplacesandslushmouldit.
PresentlyitisopenbackedbutIwillputabackonittogetthesectiondownaroundthemainfeatureoftheplaquewhichisa
horse.Thesectionisabout10mmallroundapartfromthehorse.
Thanks

greatblogbtw.

davidneat
onMarch31,2014at5:46pmsaid:

NoIhaventtriedcastingplasterasafiller,partlybecauseIwouldassumetheremaybeproblemsbecauseplasterisnt
chemicallyinert.Itcouldworkthough.Whatdoyoumeanbymultifinish?Ifyoumeanatypeofpolyfillathen,nothis
wouldntbesuitablebecauseitiswaterbased.Yourintentionsremarblesimulationsoundright!

JeffBailey
onMarch14,2014at2:45pmsaid:

Wouldbecurioustoknowifyoucouldofferadviseonaddingfillertofoodcontactproducts.TheresincurrentlyusedisPPand
ofcourseithastomeetFDAguidelines.AretheiranyfillersthatwouldstrengthentheppandmeetFDArequirements?These
areproducedusinginjectionmolding.Thanks

davidneat

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onMarch14,2014at7:10pmsaid:

ImafraidJeffthatyoureaskingthewrongperson.IassumebyPPyoumeanpolypropylene?Doyouclassthisasa
resin?Itsnotaplasticthatcanbeusedinahomeorsmallstudiosituation..asfarasIknow,onlyindustrially..
thereforeIcantofferanythingfromexperience.

Greg
onJanuary25,2014at7:01pmsaid:

Anysuggestiononthetypeandpercentoffilltoresinwhencastingaproduct3thick/12diameter?percentofcatalystdueto
heatbuildup?

davidneat
onJanuary25,2014at7:26pmsaid:

Ipersonallywouldprobablyuse50%Fillitebyvolumeand1%catalyst.

JordanEgan
onNovember13,2013at1:34pmsaid:

HiDavid,

Iamcurrentlycarryingoutaprojectinvestigatinghowthefillermaterialinpolyurethanecastablerubberaffectsitsmechanical
properties.PredominantlyIamlookingtofindfillermaterialsthatwillenhancethemechanicalpropertiesofasnakedrill
concept.Iwillbeconductingcertainmaterialtestsupondifferingpercentagesofthechosenfillerstofindthemostoptimum
percentageoffiller.Thecompositestructurehastobeofacertainhardnessastobehardenoughsothatitcanwithstand
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appliedloadsyetalsoexhibitsignificantflexuralproperties,notbeingtoorigidandofacertainflexibility,soastodrillin
curvilineardirections.

Ifyouknowofanyfillermaterialswhichyouwouldrecommendthatwouldspecificallyfittheserequirements,Iwouldvery
muchappreciateyourinput.

Kindregards,
Jordan

davidneat
onNovember13,2013at4:53pmsaid:

ImafraidIdonthavethespecialistknowledgetohelpyouwiththat.

JordanEgan
onNovember13,2013at9:42pmsaid:

Howaboutjustanyfillermaterials,thatdontnecessarilymeetthosespecificspecifications,thatyouhave
maybeworkedwithandyouthinkareworthlookinginto?

davidneat
onNovember15,2013at8:03amsaid:

HelloJordan,

MyproblemhereisthatIdontnormallyworkwithpolyurethanerubbersoIdontknowenoughabouthowit
behavesandwhatisnormallycombinedwithit.ForexampleIknowthatFillitewouldbewellworth
experimentingwithifyouwereusingsiliconebecausethesilicainitseemstobondstronglywiththerubberso
thatonecanincreasethehardnessinincrementswithoutfearoftherubberfracturing.Seemypostonrecycling
orextendingsilicone.IwouldrecommendyoutryFilliteanyway,andseewhathappens..thatsallIcansay.

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Anonymous
onOctober13,2013at12:17amsaid:

Iwouldbemostinterestedinyourtestresultswiththeblacktalc.Wouldbegreatifyouwouldpostwhatyouhavefound.
Informativesite,thanks.

davidneat
onOctober13,2013at6:00pmsaid:

Ihaventreceivedityet,butwhenIdoandiftherearepositiveresultsIllpostthemhere.

Emeka
onSeptember18,2013at6:04pmsaid:

IfyoucangivemeanaddressIcansendtheblacktalcto,Illbemorethanhappytosendit.

davidneat
onSeptember19,2013at12:48pmsaid:

Yes,Iwasbusywithwritingandjustabouttoreply.Ivesentyouanemailwithmyaddress

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Emeka
onSeptember18,2013at8:15amsaid:

IprocesswastedrillingmudinNigeria,thisisacombinationofmaterialslikebarite,bentonite,calciumcarbonate,baseoiletc
bento
thisisallmixedupwiththedrilledoutsoil,mainlyclaysandsomesand.
Themixtureissenttousafterdrillingandweprocessitbyrunningitthroughathermaldesorberatapproximately650degF.
Thepurposeofthisistoextractalltheliquids(oilandwater)theresidualashismyreasonforthismail.
Theashisintheformofablacktalctobedisposed.Iamsearchingforalowcostresintoconsolidatethisash.Anyideas???

davidneat
onSeptember18,2013at10:42amsaid:

HelloEmeka,

Ionlyhaveexperiencemyselfwithtwotypesofresin..polyurethaneandpolyester..althoughIknowthatthereare
variousothersusedindustrially.Fromwhatyouvelisted,andifoilandwaterareeliminated,theashshouldntinhibit
thesettingofeitherresin.IwouldrecommendtryingGP(generalpurpose)polyesterresinbecausethisisbyfarthe
cheapest.Iminterestedinthepossibilitiesofablacktalcthough!..soifyourehappytosendmesome(i.eakiloor
so)IcanatleastdosomesmalltestswiththeresinsIhave?

mohamed
onFebruary24,2014at8:42amsaid:

DearDavid
IwanttoknowotherfillercanbeusedwithpolyesterResinforpolyesterputty

davidneat
onFebruary24,2014at11:06pmsaid:

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HelloMohamed,

Iimaginethateithertalc,marbledust,chalketc.couldbeusedtomakeapolyesterpaste,possiblyalsokaolin
andevenfinesawdust..thoughIhaventmadetheseupmyself.Ithinkthepolyesterwouldneedtobe
catalysedfirstasnormalbeforethepowderismixedin,addinginstagesuntilthedesiredconsistencyis
reached.

Commentsareclosed.

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