BAUET 1101 CH6 Networking Basics

Networking Basics
Dept. of ICE
Contents:
Computer Networks: LAN, MAN,
WAN, HAN
Network topologies
Client-server network
Network Protocols
Lecture-1
This Lesson Covers:

What is computer networks?
Evolution of computer networks
Overview of networks:
LAN/MAN/WAN/Internet
Network: A connected system of
objects or people
Computer network: A collection of
computers and other hardware
devices connected together so users
can share hardware, software, and
data, and electronically communicate
to each other.
Computer networks converging with
telephone and other communications
networks
Networks range from small private
networks to the Internet (largest
network in the world)
Computer Network:
The purpose of the network is to
serve users, which can be humans or
processes.
Network links can be point-to-point
or multipoint and implemented with
several transmission media.
Information exchanged can be
represented in multiple media (audio,
text, video, images, etc.),Services
provided to users can vary widely.
Computer networks started
as a mean for:

Distributed processing
Communicating among people
(electronic mail, conferencing)
Increasing system
reliability
History of Computer Networks
1950s - 1960s: Terminal-Oriented

Computer Networks
1960s 1970s: Computer-to-
Computer Networks: the ARPANET
first Wide Area Network (WAN)
1980s: Local Area Networks (LANs)
1980s: The Internet(most superior
telecommunication network)
Types of Networks
Three types of networks:
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
Covers a small region of space,

typically a single building.
LAN is the smallest network
compared to other networks.
The simplest form of LAN is to
connect two computers together
LAN is operated within a limited
physical area such as at home,
school, a single building or several
buildings.
A network which consists of less than
500 interconnected devices across
several buildings, is still recognized
as a LAN.
LAN is very high speed network
(from previously 10Mbps) to
100Mbps,which is faster than MAN
and WAN.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Is collection of LANs with the same
geographical area, for instance a city.
MAN is a network of computers
located at different sites within a
large physical area, such as a city.
MAN often acts as a high speed
network(although not as fast as LAN)
to allow sharing of regional
resources.
MAN can defined as a group of
computers and network devices
connected together within a large
physical area.
For example: Companies that have
several branches within the Dhaka
city such as banks, might find a MAN
useful to them.
MAN
Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN is the largest network of all

network types.
The internet is the largest WAN in
the world.
WAN generally covers large distances
such as states, countries or
continents.
WAN is group of MANs or LANs or
the mixture of both network.
An example in the society using WAN
is the banking organization.
WAN
LAN/MAN/WAN Comparison
Home Area Network (HAN)
A home network or home area
network (HAN) is a type of local area
network with the purpose to
facilitate communication among
digital devices present inside or
within the close vicinity of a home.
Devices capable of participating in
this network, for example, smart
devices such as network printers and
handheld mobile computers, often
gain enhanced emergent capabilities
through their ability to interact.
These additional capabilities can be
used to increase the quality of
life inside the home in a variety of
ways, such as automation of
repetitious tasks, increased personal
productivity, enhanced home
security, and easier access to
entertainment.
HAN
Thank You
Lecture-2
This Lesson Covers:

Network Topologies
What is Topology
Different Topologies
Advantages and Disadvantages of different
Topologies
What is Topology?
The pattern of interconnection of nodes in a
network is called the Topology.
The factors while selecting a Topology
Cost
Flexibility
Reliability
Different Topologies
There are five common types of
network Topologies.
1.The Star Topology
2.The Bus Topology
3.The Ring Topology
4.The Tree Topology
5.Mesh Topology
Another type is Graph Topology
The Star Topology
All nodes are connected to a central node
by a single path
This is used for data processing and voice
communication networks
Advantages
Ease of service
One device per connection
Centralized control/Problem diagnosis
Simple access protocols
Disadvantages
Long cable length
Difficult to expand
Central node dependency
The Bus Topology
Popular topology for data network
Single transmission medium onto
which various nodes are attached
Normally coaxial cable is used
Terminators at both end of BUS
absorb signal, removing it from
BUS
Advantages
Short cable length and simple wiring
layout
Resilient Architecture
Easy to extend
Disadvantages
Fault diagnosis is difficult
Fault isolation is difficult
Repeater configuration
Nodes must be intelligent
The Ring Topology
Each node is connected to two and
only two neighboring nodes
Data is accepted from one
neighboring node transmitted to
other
Data travels in one direction
After passing through each node,
it returns to sending node, which
removes it
Advantages
Short cable length
No wiring closest space required
Suitable for optical fibers
Disadvantages
Node failure causes network failure
Difficult to diagnose faults
Network reconfiguration is difficult
The Tree Topology
Variation of BUS topology
Tree structure with central root
branching and
sub branching to the
extremities of network
Transmission is same as BUS
Also known as Hybrid Topology
Advantages of Tree Topology
It is an extension of Star and bus
Topologies, so in networks where these
topologies can't be implemented
individually for reasons related to
scalability, tree topology is the best
alternative.
Expansion of Network is possible and easy.
Here, we divide the whole network into
segments (star networks), which can be
easily managed and maintained.
Error detection and correction is easy.
Each segment is provided with dedicated
point-to-point wiring to the central hub.
If one segment is damaged, other segments
are not affected.
Disadvantages of Tree Topology
Because of its basic structure, tree
topology, relies heavily on the main bus
cable, if it breaks whole network is crippled.
As more and more nodes and segments are
added, the maintenance becomes difficult.
Scalability of the network depends on the
type of cable used.
Mesh Topology
Each node is connected to more
than one node
This provide an alternate route
mechanism
Excellent for long distance
networking
Supports back-up and rerouting
Used in large internetworking
environments with stars, rings and
buses as nodes
Advantages
The arrangement of the network
nodes is such that it is possible to
transmit data from one node to many
other nodes at the same time.
The failure of a single node does not
cause the entire network to fail as
there are alternate paths for data
transmission.
It can handle heavy traffic, as there
are dedicated paths between any two
network nodes.
Point-to-point contact between every
pair of nodes, makes it easy to
identify faults.
Disadvantages
The arrangement wherein every
network node is connected to every
other node of the network, many
connections serve no major purpose.
This leads to redundancy of many
network connections.
A lot of cabling is required. Thus, the
costs incurred in setup and
maintenance are high.
Owing to its complexity, the
administration of a mesh network is
difficult.
Lecture-3
This Lesson Covers:
What is Client-server network
What is computer server ?
Components of Client Server Network
Introduction to Network Protocols
The Need for a Protocol Architecture
key features of a protocol
Definition of Client-Server Network
The term Client-Server refers to
the Network Architecture ,where one
or more computers are connected to
a server . That one or more computer
(the Client) sends a service request to
another computer (the Server).
A client-server network is essentially
a connected set of computers like a
peer-to-peer network but it has a
master computer called the
server, which uses software called a
network operating system to
control what happens on the
network. The computers that you use
on the network are called clients
because they are served by the
server, for example, the client may
ask to load a piece of software.
What is computer server?
A computer server is the powerful
computer, or the set of computers
connected to each other, which
provide services to other systems.
They usually have database
integrated in them, and are very
powerful machines with very
advanced configuration. They
process the requests of client
machines. Their role is to make
management of network easy and
uniform.
Features of Servers
1) They have large storage capacity.
2) They are able to provide
information to many computers
simultaneously, therefore have large
RAM.
3) Its processor speed is high, as it
may have to execute multi-tasking too.
Components of Client Server
Network
1)Clients or Workstations.
2) Servers.
3) Network Devices :- They connect
the clients and servers, and at the same
time ensure proper collision free
routing of information.
4) Other components like scanner,
printer, etc. can also be connected to
network architecture.
Definition of network protocol
A network protocol defines rules and
conventions for communication
between network devices. Protocols
for computer networking all
generally use packet
switching techniques to send and
receive messages in the form
of packets.
Network protocols include
mechanisms for devices to identify
and make connections with each
other, as well as formatting rules that
specify how data is packaged into
messages sent and received.
Some protocols also support
message acknowledgement and data
compression designed for reliable
and/or high-performance network
communication. Hundreds of
different computer network
protocols have been developed each
designed for specific purposes and
environments.
Internet Protocols
The Internet Protocol family contains

a set of related and the most widely
used network protocols.
Beside Internet Protocol (IP) itself,
higher-level protocols
like TCP, UDP, HTTP, and FTP all
integrate with IP to provide
additional capabilities.
Thank You

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Networking Basics

This Lesson Covers:

1950s - 1960s: Terminal-Oriented

Covers a small region of space,

WAN is the largest network of all

This Lesson Covers:

The Internet Protocol family contains

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