The document discusses oxidation numbers and redox reactions. Some key points:
1) Oxidation numbers indicate the charge an atom would have if all bonds were broken. Free elements have an oxidation number of 0, while ions take on the charge. In compounds, the sum of oxidation numbers is 0.
2) Redox reactions involve a change in oxidation numbers as electrons are transferred. They can be understood in terms of oxidation states or half-reactions.
3) Common oxidizing agents that convert Fe2+ to Fe3+ include bromine, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, and acidified permanganate or dichromate. Common reducing agents that convert Fe3+ to Fe2+
The document discusses oxidation numbers and redox reactions. Some key points:
1) Oxidation numbers indicate the charge an atom would have if all bonds were broken. Free elements have an oxidation number of 0, while ions take on the charge. In compounds, the sum of oxidation numbers is 0.
2) Redox reactions involve a change in oxidation numbers as electrons are transferred. They can be understood in terms of oxidation states or half-reactions.
3) Common oxidizing agents that convert Fe2+ to Fe3+ include bromine, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, and acidified permanganate or dichromate. Common reducing agents that convert Fe3+ to Fe2+
The document discusses oxidation numbers and redox reactions. Some key points:
1) Oxidation numbers indicate the charge an atom would have if all bonds were broken. Free elements have an oxidation number of 0, while ions take on the charge. In compounds, the sum of oxidation numbers is 0.
2) Redox reactions involve a change in oxidation numbers as electrons are transferred. They can be understood in terms of oxidation states or half-reactions.
3) Common oxidizing agents that convert Fe2+ to Fe3+ include bromine, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, and acidified permanganate or dichromate. Common reducing agents that convert Fe3+ to Fe2+
The document discusses oxidation numbers and redox reactions. Some key points:
1) Oxidation numbers indicate the charge an atom would have if all bonds were broken. Free elements have an oxidation number of 0, while ions take on the charge. In compounds, the sum of oxidation numbers is 0.
2) Redox reactions involve a change in oxidation numbers as electrons are transferred. They can be understood in terms of oxidation states or half-reactions.
3) Common oxidizing agents that convert Fe2+ to Fe3+ include bromine, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, and acidified permanganate or dichromate. Common reducing agents that convert Fe3+ to Fe2+
Cl2O 2(+1) + (-2) =0 Sum of oxidation number is 0.
(Chlorine, bromine and iodine usually have the oxidation number of -1 except when combine with a more electronegative element.)
HClO (+1) + (+1) + (-2) =0 Sum of oxidation number is 0. (Chlorine, bromine and iodine usually have the oxidation number of -1 except when combine with a more electronegative element.)
(iv) Polyatomic ion, the sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms equals the charge on the ion.
SO4 2- (+6) + 4 (-2) = +6 + (-8) = -2 Sum of oxidation number is -2
Cr2O72- 2(+6) + 7(-2) = -2 Sum of oxidation number is -2
(v) Calculating the oxidation numbers of elements in compounds or ions.
K2Cr2O7 2 (+1) + 2x + 7 (-2) = 0 x = +6 Oxidation number of chromium in K2Cr2O7 is +6
NO3- x + 3(-2) = -1 x = +5 Oxidation number of nitrogen in NO3- is +5
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
2(+1) + 2x = 0 x = -1 Oxidation number of oxygen in H2O2 is -1 (and not -2) (Usually oxidation number for combined oxygen usually is -2 except in peroxides)
F2O 2(-1) + x = 0 x = +2 Oxidation number of oxygen in F2O is +2 (and not -2) (Usually oxidation number for combined oxygen usually is -2 except in fluorine compounds)
NaH (+1) + x = 0 x = -1 Oxidation number of hydrogen in NaH is -1 (and not +1) (Usually oxidation number for combined hydrogen usually is +1 except in metal hydrides)
AlH3 (+3) + 3x = 0 x = -1 Oxidation number of hydrogen in AlH3 is -1 (and not +1) (Usually oxidation number for combined hydrogen usually is +1 except in metal hydrides)
MgH2 (+2) + 2x = 0 x = -1 Oxidation number of hydrogen in MgH2 is -1 (and not +1) (Usually oxidation number for combined hydrogen usually is +1 except in metal hydrides)
(vi) Some metals show different oxidation numbers.
Compound Oxidation number of manganese
MnSO4 +2 MnO2 +4 K2MnO4 +6 KMnO4 +7 Compound Oxidation number of chromium K2CrO4 +6 K2Cr2O7 +6
(vii) Usually non-metals have negative oxidation numbers but Cl, Br & I can have positive or negative oxidation number.
Compound Oxidation number of chlorine
HCl -1 ClO2 +4 HClO4 +7
Oxidation and Reduction in Terms of Electron Transfer
2I- (aq) > I2 (aq) + 2e
Oxidation: Iodide ion, I- is a reducing agent because it donates/loses electrons to become I2.
Br2 + 2e > 2Br- (aq)
Reduction: Bromine water, Br2 is an oxidising agent because it receives/accepts electrons from I- to form bromide ions, Br-.
Oxidation: Iron(II) ion, Fe2+ is a reducing agent because it donates/loses one electron to become Fe3+.
Br2 (aq) + 2e > 2Br- (aq)
Reduction: Bromine water, Br2 is an oxidising agent because it receives/accepts electrons from Fe2+ to form bromide ions, Br-.
> Observation: iron(II) sulphate solution changes colour from pale green to yellowish- brown. > Overall reaction: 2Fe2+ (aq) + Br2 (aq) > 2Fe3+ (aq) +2Br- (aq)
B) Common reducing agent (change Fe3+ ions to Fe2+ions):
zinc powder, Zn
aluminium, Al
Magnesium, Mg
Calcium, Ca
Sulphur dioxide, SO2
Hydrogen sulphide, H2S
Sodium sulphide solution, Na2SO3
Tin(II) chloride solution, SnCl2
Zn (s) > Zn2+ (aq) + 2e
Oxidation: Zinc powder, Zn is a reducing agent because it donates/loses two electrons to form zinc ions, Zn2+.
Fe3+ (aq) + e > Fe2+ (aq)
Reduction: Iron(III) ion, Fe3+ is an oxidising agent because it receives/accepts one electron to become Fe2+. > Observation: iron(III) sulphate solution changes colour from yellowish-brown to pale green. > Overall reaction: 2Fe3+ (aq) + Zn (aq) > 2Fe2+ (aq) + Zn2+ (aq)
C) Investigate the presence of iron(II) and iron(III) ions
Reagent Ions Observations
NaOH solution / NH3 Fe2+ Green precipitate,insoluble solution in excess alkali NaOH solution / NH3 Fe3+ Brown precipitate,insoluble solution in excess alkali Potassium Fe2+ Light blue precipitate hexacyanoferrate(II) solution Potassium Fe3+ Dark blue precipitate hexacyanoferrate(II) solution Potassium Fe2+ Dark blue precipitate hexacyanoferrate(III) solution Potassium Fe3+ Greenish-brown solution hexacyanoferrate(III) solution Potasium / Ammonium Fe2+ Pale red colouration thiocyanate solution Potasium / Ammonium Fe3+ Blood-red colouration thiocyanate solution
Oxidation and Reduction in Terms of Changes in Oxidation Numbers
Redox reactions oxidation number of all elements change.
Rusting of iron, combustion, displacement of metal from its salt solution, displacement of halogen from its halide solution and electrolysis are redox reaction.
-10 . -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +10
<- Reduction || Oxidation ->
H2 (g) + CuO (s) > H2O (l) + Cu (s)
Hydrogen: 0 > +1 (Oxidised to water & Hydrogen is a reducing agent) Copper oxide: +2 > 0 (Reduced to copper & Copper oxide is a oxidising agent)
2Zn (s) + O2 (g) > 2ZnO (s)
Zinc: 0 > +2 (Oxidised to zinc ion & Zinc is a reducing agent) Oxygen: 0 > -2 (Reduced to oxide ion & Oxygen is an oxidising agent) 2Mg (s) + CO2 (g) > 2MgO (s) + C (s) Magnesium: 0 > +2 (Oxidised to magnesium ion & Magnesium is a reducing agent) Carbon dioxide: +4 > 0 (Reduced to carbon & Carbon dioxide is an oxidising agent)
Br2 (l) + 2HI (aq) > 2HBr (aq) + I2 (s)
Hydroiodic acid / Hydrogen iodide: -1 > 0 (Oxidised to iodine & Hydroiodic acid is a reducing agent) Bromine: 0 > -1 (Reduced to hydrobromic acid & Bromine is a oxidising agent)
Non-redox reactions oxidation number of all elements remain unchanged.
Precipitation, decomposition and neutralisation are not redox reaction (non-redox reaction)
Precipitation:
AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) > AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)
+1 +5 3(-2) +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +5 3(-2)
No change in the oxidation numbers.
Decomposition:
ZnCO3 (s) > ZnO (s) + CO2 (g)
+2 +4 3(-2) +2 -2 +4 2(-2)
No change in the oxidation numbers.
Neutralisation:
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) > NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
+1 -2 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 2(+1) -2
No change in the oxidation numbers.
Revision time:
Questions to ask yourself at this point:
1. Do you understand what is a redox reaction?
2. Can you write the two half reactions out of a redox reaction?
3. Do you understand the concept of oxidation number?
4. Give three examples of an oxidising agent and the example of the reaction involved.
5. Give three examples of a reducing agent and the example of the reaction involved.
6. Can you differentiate a redox reaction with a non-redox reaction?
7. What is the characteristics of a non-redox reaction?
If you can answer all these questions, it shows that you understand the basics of oxidation and reduction.
