C H A P T E R 1.

Principles of Statics
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Fundamental Concepts and Definitions
Scalar and Vector Quantities
Force Systems

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ENSC 11 Statics of Rigid Bodies |
 INTRODUCTION

Chapter Objectives
At the end of the chapter, the
student should be able to:
Define mechanics and statics;
Identify and explain each fundamental
concepts and principles used in
mechanics;
Calculate force vectors using
parallelogram law and triangle law;
Convert vectors into rectangular
components; and
Calculate force vectors by summing up
rectangular components

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INTRODUCTION

Mechanics
Branch of physical science concerned with the state of rest or motion of
bodies that are subjected to the action of forces.
Explains the relationship among forces and their effects on bodies.

Effects of Forces on Bodies

Development of forces at points or surfaces of contact
Development of forces within the body
Deformation of the body
Change in state of motion

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INTRODUCTION

Three branches:
Rigid-Body Mechanics ENSC 11a
Deformable-body Mechanics ENSC 13
Fluid Mechanics ENSC 16

Two areas:
Statics ENSC 11
Dynamics ENSC 12

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INTRODUCTION
Fundamental Concepts and Definitions
Basic Quantities
1. Length
locates the position of a point in space
describes the size of the physical system
2. Time
succession of events
3. Mass
a property of matter by which we can compare the action of one
body with that of another
4. Force
push or pull
exerted by one body on another whether in actual contact or at a
distance (gravitational, electrical/magnetic forces)
Characterized by:
Magnitude
Direction and Sense
Point of Application
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INTRODUCTION
Idealizations / Models
1. Particle
has a mass but a size that is negligible
2. Rigid Body
combination of a large number of
particles occupying fixed positions with
respect to each other both before and
after applying a load (no deformation)
3. Concentrated Force
represents the effect of a loading which
is assumed to act at a point on a body
the area of application of the load is
very small compared to the overall size
of the body
example: contact force between a
wheel and the ground

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INTRODUCTION
Fundamental Principles

Parallelogram Law for Addition of Forces

Two forces acting on a particle may be replaced by a single force, called
the RESULTANT, obtained by drawing a diagonal of the parallelogram which
has sides equal to the given forces.

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INTRODUCTION
Principle of Transmissibility
The condition of equilibrium or motion of a rigid body will remain
unchanged if a force acting on a given point of a given body is replaced by a
force of the same magnitude and same direction, but acting at a different point,
provided that the two forces have the same line of action.

A
F

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INTRODUCTION
Newtons Fundamental Laws
FIRST LAW: Law of Inertia
A particle originally at rest, or moving in a straight line with constant
velocity will remain in this state provided the particle is not subjected to an
unbalanced force.

Note: balanced force - the resultant force acting on the particle is zero

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INTRODUCTION
Newtons Fundamental Laws
SECOND LAW:
A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F, experiences an
acceleration a that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude
directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to its mass.

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INTRODUCTION
Newtons Fundamental Laws
THIRD LAW: Law of Action and Reaction
The forces of action and reaction between bodies in contact have the
same magnitude, same line of action, and opposite in direction.

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INTRODUCTION
Newtons Fundamental Laws
Newtons Law of Gravitation
The gravitational attraction between two objects is directly proportional
to the product of the masses of the two objects and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them.
Two particles of mass m1 and m2 are mutually attracted with equal and opposite
forces of magnitude F.
G m1 m2
F=
where: r2
F = force of gravitation
G = Universal constant of gravitation
= 66.73 x 10-12 m3 / kg-s2
m1 & m2 = mass of particles 1 and 2, respectively
r = distance between the two particles

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INTRODUCTION
System of Units

LENGTH TIME MASS FORCE

Internation Meter Second Kilogram Newton

al System (m) (s) (kg) (N)
of Units (kg m /
(SI) s2)
U.S. Foot Second Slug Pound
Customary (ft) (s) (lb - s2 / (lb)
(FPS) ft)
derived unit

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INTRODUCTION

Prefixes (SI)

Exponential Prefix SI Symbol

Form
109 Giga G
106 Mega M
103 kilo k
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro
10-9 nano n

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INTRODUCTION
Scalar and Vector Quantities
Scalar Quantities - physical quantities which have magnitude but no direction
- represented by plain numbers
- either positive or negative
Vector Quantities - mathematical expressions possessing magnitude, direction
and sense
- quantities which add according to parallelogram law

Magnitude length of arrow

angle between
the reference
Direction axis and the
arrows line of
action
Sense arrowhead

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INTRODUCTION
Types of Vectors
Fixed or bound vectors
- has well defined point of application
- example: force acting on a particle
Free vectors
- may be freely moved in space
- example: couples
Sliding vectors
- can be moved or slid along their lines of action
- example: forces acting on rigid bodies
Equal vectors
- vectors with the same magnitude and direction
Negative of a vector
- vectors having the same magnitude but opposite sense

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INTRODUCTION
Vector Operations
Multiplication and Division of a Vector by a Scalar
(A)(a)
Magnitude = |aA|
Sense = Same as A if a is (+)
Opposite of A if a is (-)

(A)/(a)
Magnitude = |(1/a)(A)|, a0
Sense = Same as A if a is (+)
Opposite of A if a is (-)

a= ___ ___ ___ ___

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INTRODUCTION
Vector Addition
Vectors are added according to the Parallelogram Law

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INTRODUCTION

Resultant of a Force System, R

- the simplest force system that is equivalent to a given force system

How to Solve for the Resultant, R

- by triangle construction / triangle rule / triangle law /
tip-to-tail method
- analyze half of the parallelogram

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INTRODUCTION

Law of Sines

A B C

sin sin sin

Law of Cosines

C A2 B 2 2 AB cos

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INTRODUCTION
Vector Addition of more than Two Forces
Successive application of parallelogram law

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INTRODUCTION
Vector Addition of more than Two Forces
Polygon method/Polygon Rule

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INTRODUCTION
Special Case:
If two vectors A and B are collinear, the parallelogram law reduces to an
algebraic or scalar addition R = A + B

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INTRODUCTION
Vector Subtraction
Special case of vector addition wherein a negative vector is added.

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INTRODUCTION
Resolution of a Vector
A vector may be resolved into components having known lines of action by using
the Parallelogram Law.

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INTRODUCTION

Rectangular Components

y - Fx = - F cos F = - Fx i + Fy j
Fy = F sin = - (F cos)i + (F sin)j

Fy F

x
Fx F Fy
x
Fx = F cos F = Fx i + Fy j - Fx
Fy = F sin = (F cos)i + (F sin)j

2 2 1
Fy
F Fx Fy tan
Fx
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INTRODUCTION
Coplanar Force Systems
Addition of forces by summing the x- and y- components

F1 y
F1 = - F1x i + F1y j
F2 = F2x i + F2y j
F1y F2 F3 = F3x i F3y j
F2y
- F1x F2x
FR = - F1x i + F1y j + F2x i + F2y j + F3x i - F3y j
F3x x
= (- F1x + F2x + F3x) i + (F1y + F2y - F3y) j
- F3y = (FRX) i + (FRY) j

F3

2 2 1
FRy
FR FRx FRy tan
FRx
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ENSC 11 Statics of Rigid Bodies |
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

The screw eye is subjected to two forces, F1 and F2. Determine

the magnitude and direction of the resultant force.

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Resolve the horizontal 600-lb force into components acting along

the u and v axes and determine the magnitudes of these
components.

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ENSC 11 Statics of Rigid Bodies |
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
The resultant of the five forces shown has a magnitude of 3.4 kips. Find the
magnitude (in lb) of force F and the angle of the resultant force (with respect to
the x-axis). Furthermore, determine the components (in lb) of the resultant force
along the u- and v-axes. The u-axis is directed 22 N of E while the v-axis is
directed 42 W of N.

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 Thank you very much!
Next Chapter:
Equilibrium of Particles
Conditions for Equilibrium
Coplanar Force Systems

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C H A P T E R 1.2

Equilibrium of
Particles

CHAPTER OUTLINE
Conditions for Equilibrium
Coplanar Force Systems
 Equilibrium of Particles

Chapter Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the student
should be able to:
define particle equilibrium;
define free-body diagram (FBD);
draw FBD of a particle acted upon by
forces;
express equilibrium condition
graphically and mathematically; and
solve problems involving the
equilibrium of a particle.
 Equilibrium of Particles

Static Equilibrium- the particle

considered should be at rest
Newtons First Law of Motion When
the resultant of all the forces acting on the
particle is zero, the particle is in
equilibrium.
 Equilibrium of Particles

Free-Body Diagram (FBD)

sketch showing the particle free from its surroundings
with all the forces acting on it

Procedure for Drawing the Free-Body Diagram:

Step 1. Draw the outlined shape of the particle,
isolated from its surroundings.
Step 2. Indicate all forces acting on the particle.
External loads / Active forces- tend
to set the particle in motion
Reactive forces- caused by supports
that prevent motion
Weight
Step 3. Identify each force
Known forces- label with proper
magnitude and direction
Unknown forces- represent by letters
 Equilibrium of Particles

Type of Supports often encountered in PEP

Springs
- linear elastic springs

Where:
k= spring constant
s = l - lo
= measured from unloaded position
l = final length
lo = un-deformed length
 Equilibrium of Particles

Type of Supports often encountered in PEP

Cables and Pulleys

assumed to have negligible
weight and cannot be stretched
cables can support only a
tension or pulling force
The tension force in a
continuous cable which passes
over a frictionless pulley has a
constant magnitude.
For any angle , the cable is
subjected to a constant tension
T throughout its length
 Equilibrium of Particles

Sample Problems
1. Determine the maximum weight of the bucket that the wire
system can support so that no single wire develops a tension
exceeding 200 lb.
 Equilibrium of Particles

Sample Problems

2. The spring assembly

shown is used to
support a 10-lb block
and block A. If the
tension in cable is
is 5 lb, determine (a)
the tension (in lb) of
cable .
Also, calculate b) the change in length (in inches) of the
spring, (c) the tension (in lb) of cable , and (d) the weight
(in lb) of block A. The spring stiffness is 30 lb/ft.
 Equilibrium of Particles

Sample Problems
3. A pulley-and-cable assembly
as shown on the annexed
figure supports block W and
for equilibrium, it requires
two blocks one weighing 3
slugs and the other 5 slugs.
Calculate the minimum mass
of block W, in slug. Also,
compute the deformation of
the spring CE, in ft.
C H A P T E R 1.3

Resultant of Force-
Couple System
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Moment of a Force
Moment of a Force about a
specified point
Moment of a Couple
Equivalent System
Resultant of a Force-Couple
System
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Chapter Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the student
should be able to:
define moment of a force about a point
(MOFP) and illustrate its representation;
Explain the Varignons Theorem and its
application in obtaining the resultant of
several concurrent forces;
Determine the resultant moment due to
couples acting on a rigid body;
Explains equivalence of force systems by
external effect; and
Define and illustrate equivalent force
system.
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Resultant of Force Systems

Moment of a Force, M
a measure of the tendency of
the force to cause an object to
rotate about a point or an axis
turning effect of a force
also called torque or simply,
moment
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Resultant of Force Systems

Magnitude:

where:
M Fd
M = moment of a force (N-m or lb-ft)
F = Force
d = perpendicular distance
between the force and the point or
the axis; also called lever arm
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Resultant of Force Systems

Direction:
Right-hand Rule
The fingers of the right hand
are curled such that they follow
the sense of rotation while the
thumb points along the axis of
rotation.
either clockwise or
counter-clockwise
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Resultant of Force Systems

Resultant Moment of a System of Coplanar Forces

In two - dimensional problems like in
the figure, the resultant moment (MR)O
about point O (z-axis) can be
determined by finding the algebraic
sum of the moments caused by all
forces in the system.

M R Fd
As a convention:
Positive moment counterclockwise
Negative moment clockwise
M R o F1d1 F2d 2 F3d 3
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Sample Problem 1

What is the moment of the 60-N force about

point A?
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Principle of Moments
Principle of Moments (or Varignons Theorem)
The moment of a force about a point is equal to the sum of
the moments of the forces components about the point.
In two - dimensional problems
like in the figure, we can use the
principle of moments by resolving
force into its rectangular
components and determine the
moment.
= = + ( )
This method is generally easier
than using Mo = Fd
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Moment of a Couple
Couple
two parallel forces that have the same magnitude, opposite
directions, and are separated by a perpendicular distance, d

Moment of a Couple (or Couple moment)

equivalent to the sum of the moments of both couple forces,
computed about any arbitrary point
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Moment of a Couple

M =M
= F x + F d + x
= F x + F d + F x
= F(d)
M =F d
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Moment of a Couple
Equivalent Couples
couples that produce the same moment (same magnitude and
direction)
forces of equal couples lie either in the same plane or in
parallel planes

Resultant Couple Moment

M C R Fd
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Equivalent Systems of Forces

Two systems of forces are equivalent if we can transform

one of them into the other.
Equivalent systems of forces produce the same external
effects of translation and rotation of the body.

Moving a Force to a Point along its Line of Action

F F F
A A A
= =
O O F O F

-F
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Equivalent Systems of Forces

Moving a Force to a Point not along its Line of
Action

F F

A F A F A

= =
O O O
M

-F
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Resultant of a Force-Couple System

F4
M1 F1

x4

x1 =
O x3
x2
F3
MR M C M
F2
M2
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Resultant of a Force-Couple System

Concurrent Force System

=
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Resultant of a Force-Couple System

Coplanar Force System

= = ( )
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Sample Problem 2

What should be the

distance d, so that
the force-couple
system shown on
the right is
equivalent to a
system consisting of
single force R, acting
at point C? Also,
calculate R?
 Resultant of Force-Couple
System

Sample Problem 3
For the force-couple
system as shown,
determine the following:
Magnitude of the
couple moment Mc so
that the equivalent
system is a single force
acting at point P
Point of application of
the single equivalent
force along line AB if
MC is equal to 180 lb-ft
counterclockwise.