1.On the situation 1: Why do you think did Karen prefer the 20-peso bills?

Karen prefer to receive the four 20-peso bills than one hundred peso bill because she
think that four 20-peso bills are larger than the one hundred peso bill. Karen would prefer to have
4 peso bills than the other one.

2. On situation 2: Why do you think Riel answered bears? What does this say about how she
thought to answer the question?

Riel says bear because she thought that stuffed animals are different from the bears or
bears does not belong to stuffed animals.

3.On situation 3:Why do you think baby Liza appeared to enjoy dropping the spoons?

Baby Liza enjoyed dropping the spoons because she think that whenever she drop it, her
mother would always pick it up.

From the module on Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development, I learned that there are basic
cognitive concepts, the schema, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibrium. Scheme refers to
the cognitive structures by which individuals intellectually adopt to and organize their
environment. Assimilation is the process of fitting a new experience into an existing or
previously created cognitive structure or schema. Accommodation is the process of creating a
new schema. Equilibrium is achieving proper balance between assimilation and accommodation.
The Piagets stages of cognitive development. The first stage is the sensori-motor .Sensori-motor
corresponds from birth to infancy. This is the stage when a child initially reflexive I grasping,
sucking and reaching becomes more organized in his movement and activity. Object permanence
is the ability of the child to know that an object still exists even when out of sight. The second
stage of cognitive development is the pre-operational stage. The pre-operational stage covers
from about two to seven years old, roughly corresponding to the preschool years. Intelligence at
this stage is intuitive in nature. Symbolic function is the ability to represent objects and events. A
symbol is a thing that represents something else. Egocentricism is the tendency of the child to
only see his point of view and to assume that everyone also has his same point of view. From
Piagets findings and comprehensive theory, we can derive the following principles:
 1. Children will provide different explanations of reality at different stages of cognitive
development.
2. Cognitive development is facilitated by providing activities or situations that engage
learners and require adaptation (i.e.,assimilation and accommodation).
3. Learning materials and activities should involve the appropriate level of motor mental
operations for a child of given age; avoid asking students to perform tasks that are
beyond their current cognitive capabilities.
4. Use teaching methods that actively involve students and present challenge.

Before, I didn't trust strangers I encountered especially when I am not comfortable with. I
thought that they would hurt me but it's good to know that my parents push and teach me to
trust with somebody and they keep on telling me that they were good. At that time, I learned to
trust some of the strangers around me since the only person I trusted before was my parents
and the people I know. One of the reasons why I don't trust strangers is that I am a shy type
person. When I was four years old, my parents let me involve with the other people and with
the environment. Whenever I feel that I made a mistake, I made an apologize since that's right.
And when I was five years old, I think the word initiative was not developed yet since I am not
the kind of person that wants to take a risks just to achieve something. I want to see and
balance first the the things around me. But I think at that time my initiative skill is developing.
At that time when I was sent to school, I admit that whenever somebody would look to the
things I am doing I felt embarrassed a little bit but at that time I am very much particular with
education. And as the time goes by I think I am confident enough to compete with other in a
right way. Adolescent stage, at that time I am eager to learn and explore more. I am proud of
what I am as long as there's no person I am hurting.
 From the module on Erickson's stages of psychosocial theory of development I learned that
there are 8 stages of life to someone you care about and 6 ways on how Erickson's theory can
be useful for a future teacher. Erickson's stages of psychosocial development are very relevant,
highly regarded and meaningful theory. Life is a continuous process involving learning and trials
which help us to grow. Erickson's enlightening theory guides us and helps us to tell us why.
There are 7 stages of psychosocial development. Stage 1 is trust versus mistrust, its malignant
tendency is withdrawal and its virtue is hope. Stage 2 is autonomy versus shame and doubt, its
malignant tendency is compulsiveness and its virtue is willpower or determination. Stage 3 is
initiative versus guilt, its malignancy is inhibition and the virtue is courage. Stage 4 is identity
versus inferiority, its malignancy is called inertia and the virtue is competency. Stage 5 is
intimacy versus isolation. Stage 6 is identity versus identity diffusion, malignancy is exclusion
and the virtue is love.1.If you were Nic, what would you do?

If I were Nic, I will tell my parents the truth about what Ryan had planned because we
should follow the rules of our parents and I dont want Ryan to be trouble.
2. Why would you choose to do that? What were the things you consider in deciding what to do?
I choose that decision because thats what I think good for Ryan and for my family. The
things I have considered in deciding what to do are the safeness of Ryan and fairness for my
parents.
In what level of moral development did your response to the dilemma fall? Reflect about
what this indicates about your moral reasoning in this moral dilemma.
The level of moral development I had responded was the post-conventional level. Post-
conventional level because the moral reasoning is based on enduring or consistent principles.
It not just recognizing the law but the principles behind the law. The conscience was
there because I know that I had big responsibility for my brother thats why I choose to tell my
parents the truth. A set of standards that drives one to possess a moral responsibility to make
societal change regardless of the consequences to oneself.
1. Stage 3-conventional 9.Stage 6-post-conventional
2. Stage 1-preconventional 10.Stage 3-conventional
3. Stage 5-post-conventional
4. Stage 2-preconventional
5. Stage 3-conventional
6. Stage 6-post-conventional
7. Stage 4-conventional
8. Stage 1-preconventional
From the module of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, I learned about the different stages
of moral development and its level and description. There are 3 levels in Kohlberg's theory of
development. The preconventional level, conventional and post-conventional level. When we say
preconventional level, the moral reasoning is based on the consequence/result of the act itself is
good or bad. Conventional, the moral reasoning is based on the conventions or "norms" of
society. Includes approval of others, law and order. I also learned that in post-conventional, the
moral reasoning is based on enduring or consistent principles. It is not just recognizing the law
but the principles behind the law. I learned the descriptions of each stage and its content on how
a child responds in the different situations and different environment.

1. The skill that I wanted to learn when I was once a child was to ride a bike.
2. I got interested in riding a bike because I saw my father and my brother riding a bike and it
seems that they enjoyed it that's why I got interested with it.
3. My father and my brother.
4. At first, they taught me how to balance and then how to manage a bike. They trained me by
holding the bike first while I am trying to handle it until I learned how to ride a bike.

2.What factors in the environment influenced you to learn the skill?

The factors that influenced me to how to bike are the yards or surroundings where I can
bike anywhere and also the other children who already knows how to ride a bike and I was
encourage to learn this new skill or hobby.

3.Did the person who taught or asisted you make use of scaffolding? If yes, How?

Yes, first he introduced the parts of the bike and taught me how to use it then how to use
the pedal of the bike. He taught me also that balance is very important in riding a bike. At first,
he hold the bike while I am riding so that I will not fall until I learn how to ride a bike in my
own.
1. I am good in reading.
2. I can teach reading into a 5 years old student.
3. Steps:
Step 1: Introduced first the letters.
Step 2: Teach him/her the sound of every alphabet letters.
Step 3: Slowly, I'll teach him/her to pronounce and read letters.
Step 4: Teach him/her to read by words, by sentences and by paragraphs in slow manner.
Step 5: Teach him/her to enunciate words properly and make sure that he/she understands every
words and sentences he read.
Step 6: Assist him/her whenever he is practicing until he knows how to read.
Step 7: Appreciate the things he/she done.
6. The learning activity was good.

From the module on Vygotsky's Socio-cultural theory, I learned that the key term of
Vygotsky's theory is that social interaction plays a very important role in cognitive development.
An individual development can be understood without looking into the social and cultural
context within which development happens. As a child grows, he or she should be involve in the
society. A child must socialize with others that's part of their learning process. I also learned
about scaffolding. Scaffolding is Vygotsky's term for appropriate assistance given by the teacher
to assist learner accomplish a task. A child should have a good assistance his or her teacher,
mother and other elder person that will teach him or her. A child must participate in any social
activities. The parents, teachers and other adults in the learner's environment all contribute to the
process. They are the one who assists and the model that would be followed by the child. So as a
child to grow healthy, he should be involve in social activities. It would be a great help for them
to be more sociable and because of that they had the courage and might not feel being shy with
other people around them. Being sociable is a good thing
Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Concept Procedss/Related Characteristic/Description

Ideas
Cephalocaudal Cephalocaudal Postnatal growth from conception to 5 months when
And the head grows more than the body.
Proximodistal
Proximodistal Pre-natal growth from 5 months to birth when the
fetus grows from the inside of the body outwards.
Height Nature of changes Infants length increases by 30 percent in the first 5
And months and its weight triples during the first year
weight but slows down in the second year of life.
The Brain Dendrites and The most dramatic changes in the brain in the first
myelination two years of life are the spreading of connections of
dendrites to each other.
Myelination is a process by which axons are covered
insulated by layers of fat cells.
A babys brain produces trillions more connections
between neurons that can possibly use.
Motor Reflexes Sucking Reflex
Development Rooting Reflex
Gripping Reflex
Curling Reflex
Startle/moro Reflex
Galant Reflex
Tonic neck Reflex
Gross motor skills Unable to even lift their heads to being abke to grab
things off the cabinet,to chase a ball and to walk
away from parent.

Fine motor skills Refined use of the small muscles controlling the
hand,fingers, and thumb. Exhibit activities that
involve precise eye-hand coordination.
Sensory and Vision About 10 to 30 times lower than the normal adult,
perceptual the vision of the newborn babies.Infant look at
development different things for different length of time.
Hearing Sense of hearing develops much before the birth of
the baby.
Touch and pain They do feel pain.
Taste Sensitivity to taste might be present before birth.

Smell Can recognize their mothers breast pad odor.

Intermodal Gets sharpened considerably through experience.
perception
 1. What you should do more often for infants and toddlers?

As a future parents or caregivers, I will take good care of the baby. Ill be more observant and
careful to the things related to the health and growth development of the baby. Ill consult the
baby to a doctor or pediatrician. Check his or her weight and I dont want to stres s the baby. Ill
talk to him or her and love with care and with the heart.

What you should refrain from doing to facilitate their growth and development?

I will not going to let him or her to feel pain and stress. Ill avoid to let him or her cry every hour
and I dont him to expose in a crowd of people because it is too noisy.

2.Reflect on the quotation below the the title of this module.

A baby is Gods opinion that life should go on. This quotation emphasize that the baby is a
blessings from God and it should not be abort or force to take from the mothers womb. Its a
life, so abortion is a crime and it is not good. When the baby is growing, its life goes on.
Physically, mentally and emotionally development is present. Thats why the life of a baby
should not be stop because they are in a process and soon they became a better man.

Substages of Piagets Characteristic

Sensorimotor Stage
1.Simple Reflex Coordination of sensation and action through reflexive
behaviors
(Birth-6 weeks)
2.First habits and primary Coordination of sensation and two types of schemes:
circular reactions phase habits(reflex) and primary circular reactions.
(6 weeks- 4 months)
3.Secondary circular Development of habits.
reactions phase (4-8 months)
4.Coordination of reaction Coordination of vision and touch -hand-eye coordination; of
stage secondary circular schemes and intentionality.
(8-12 months)
5.Tertiary circular reactions, Infants become intrigued by many properties of objects and by
novelty, and curiosity many things they can make happen to objects; they experiment
with new bahavior.
(12-18 months)
6.Internalization of schemes Infants develop[ the ability to use primitive symbols and form
enduring mental representation.
(18-24 months)
7.Object permanence The understanding that objects continue to exist even when
they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
From the module on the Physical Development of Preschoolers, I learned that the children at his
stage have a more slender appearance and the trunks, arms and legs becomes longer. Those
physical changes are part of their development. Preschoolers needs to get sufficient amount of
rest and sleep. Preschoolers sleep each day for about 10-12 hours. They also need nutrients for
their body to be strong and healthy or the proper nutrition. At this stage, they can hop, jump,
stand with one leg and many more because their gross motor skills are developing at this stage.
They can draw lines, copy simple pattern of basic shapes, draw human figure but it needs to be
develop. At this stage also, I learned that the preschoolers really needs an assistance or proper
guidance of their parents, guardians and teachers. Physical development is largely influenced by
the supportive caregivers who provide a stimulating environment and appropriate activities for
children.

`From the module on the Cognitive Development of Preschooler, I learned that the preschoolers
show progress in cognitive abilities by being able to draw objects that are not present. They have
their own and different imagination. Preschoolers use primitive reasoning and ask litany of
questions. The childs billion cells have the ability to make almost countless connections that
prepare the child for intricate pathways to learn language, acquire-mathematical skills, interact
with people, grow in his feelings ang emotions, and even express himself in art. I learned that
even though it is not easy to communicate with preschoolers who have many questions, we had
the responsibility to understand because thats the part of their development.

From the module on the Socio-Emotional Development of Preschooler. I learned that the
development of the children is crucial. They show so much energy in doing imaginative play
activities. Every place becomes a playground to explore, every single thing an interesting piece
to tinker with. A healthy self-concept is needed for preschoolers to interact with others. They
need to reflect about their selves and they also need a lot of patient and encouragement fro
adults. Preschooler become interested in having friends. Social skills are important to develop at
this stage because they need to socialize and mingle with other children. They are also playful
but there are different stages of play. Some of the child appears not to be playing and some also
are active in playing. I also learned that the care-giving styles of parents and teachers effect
socio-emotional development.

1.The general physical characteristics of children in their primary school years are not develop
totally but it starts to develop. Some of the children have slimmer appearance compared to their
preschool years because of the shifts in accumulation and location of their body fats. Their legs
are longer and more proportioned to the body. Their bones start to develop stronger.
2. The skills that will help them to be physically ready for primary schooling are coordination,
balance, speed, agility and power where they can use in the different activities.

Physical Development

genes,food, climate coordination

balance
exercise, medical conditions,
diseases/illnesses

speed

agility

power
Page 245
From the module on the Physical Development of Primary School Children, I learned that they
undergo different changes as they go through this stage of development like height and weight.
They gain 6.5 pounds a year in weight and two inches a year for both boys and girls. The genes,
food, climate, exercise, medical conditions, diseases/illnesses are the factors that indicate how a
child grows. I also learned that childhood years are the peak bone-producing years. Calcium
intake will help them in strengthening bones and their muscles. Children at this stage love to
move a lot. They pretend and fantasize less often because they are more attuned with everything
that is happening around them.

Page 253
From the Module on the Cognitive Development of Primary School Children, I learned that in
this developmental stage, children have better understanding of their thinking skills. Children
begin to think logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding on abstract or
hypothetical concepts. One of the most important development of this stage is an understanding
of reversibility or the awareness that actions can be reversed. Specifically, young primary
school-aged children can tell left from right. They are able to speak and express themselves
develop rapidly. They enjoy rhymes, riddles and jokes.

Page 259-260
As a teacher, it is my responsibility to give attention with the socioemotional difficulties of my
students. So if the child undergoes loneliness and she has no friends to play with, the first thing I
need to do is to encourage her to be with her classmates. I will let her interact and communicate
with the other children. I'll explain to her that school is fun. Then I'll expose her to kid-rich
environment like the playground of the school and to try to convince her to get along and build
friendship relationship. I can create a play group in my class and let my students mingle with
their classmates. I can also create or introduce some group activities that would help my students
build a good relationship. Then I'll coordinate with the parents and the other teachers so that the
children will have greater opportunity to interact with other children.

As a teacher, I can help this little boy who is bossy by giving an advice. I'll talk to him in a
manner where he is comfortable. I'll convince him to avoid always making orders with the
people around him. I'll explain to him everything about the feelings of other people. I will create
an activity where his attitude of being bossy will be minimize or lessen. I'll teach him the good
moral values in which he would enjoy. Maybe I can read a story where there are lots of values
we can learn.

Page 262
From the module on Socioemotional Development of Primary School Children, I learned that
children will most likely begun going to school. School experience s is their priority. Children
are so busy doing their school work. The encouragement of parents and caring educators help
build a child's sense of self-esteem, strengthening their confidence and ability to interact
positively in this world. Primary school children's self-concept is influenced not only by their
parents but with other people. They begin interact with their teachers and classmates. They cope
well with social interactions, they are not focused on themselves anymore but also aware of
needs and desires of others. During this stage, they must likely belong to peer groups. Some
adult perceive antisocial. When children poke, pull, hit or kick other children when they are first
introduced, it is fairly normal. This situation can be prevented by exposing them to kid-rich
environment, create a play group and many more.

Page 270
From the module on the Physical Development of Intermediate School Children, I learned that
there are lot of changes in their physical appearance. In this stage, children always seem to be in
a hurry. They are so busy with their school works, interacting with friends and exploring possible
activities. I learned that girls are two years ahead of boys in terms of maturity. Puberty may
begin early. Children gain 7 pounds in weight and average of 2 1/2 inches in height. Children at
this stage had growth spurts or sudden boost in height and weight. I also learned that girls appear
to be chubby while boys tend to have more lean body mass per inch of height than girls. Children
at this stage are very concerns with their physical appearance.

Page 278
From the module on the Cognitive Development School Children,I learned that at this stage are
in concrete operational stage in their cognitive development. They can organize thoughts
effectively even though they can only logically perceive the intermediate situation. They can
apply what they have learned to situations and events they can manipulate. Their reasoning and
logical thinking are still limited but with proper guidance and nurturance from parents, teachers
and the rest of the community, these children can easily succeed in their intellectual endeavors. I
also learned that during this stage, they have a wide vocabularies. The span of attention is
dependent on how is required by the given tasks. Their creativity is innate and needs a little
guidance and improvement. Also, the media has an impact to the children, it helps children
communicate effectively, work collaboratively, use technological tools and many more.