Chapter 1 Introduction

Recent advancement in the field of computer and wireless network communication Mobile
Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is the interest of wide range of researchers, who wants to carry
out the research in the field of MANET networks and find out the efficiency of MANETS
network by varying network topologies using different protocol. MANET [11] is an
autonomous system of mobile nodes. In MANET network nodes are equipped with wireless
transmitter and receiver; MANET networks are wireless network and consist of mobile nodes
which can move freely in an arbitrary environment. Nodes are mobile therefore there is no
centralized router OR switch which can control the routing decision in between the moving
nodes. In MANET networks Mobile nodes are itself router and capable of making routing
decision, link breakage, topological change and find out multiple routes. Due to limited
processing power and memory buffer nodes behave differently with work load, speed,
network size by using different protocols. The MANET networks can be characterized [4] as
infrastructure less, mobile autonomous, multi hoped, self organized and self administrated
having dynamic topology and unpredictable traffic pattern etc.
There are number of protocol exist in the network environment which can use to find out how
the mobile nodes behave differently in MANET network. Some of the well known MANET
protocols [11] are Ad hoc On Demand Vector (AODV), Temporally Order Routing
Algorithm (TORA), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Dynamic State Routing (DSR)
and Topology Broadcast Based on Reverse Path Forwarding (TBRPF).
The project is focus on the performance of three routing protocol due to limited time. The
protocol which will implement during this project are two reactive protocols i.e. AODV, DSR
and one proactive protocol i.e. OLSR protocol.
MANET protocol can be categorized [9] as pro-active or on-demand (reactive) protocol and
Hybrid protocols. Proactive protocol updates its routing information in a proactive manner by
exchanging route information at periodic manner by exchanging route information at periodic
intervals. The table route information is evenly distributed across the whole wireless network
which is then use to discover routes prior to being needed, providing wireless network that is
low latency, at the expense of increased overhead.
Reactive protocol on the other hand different from proactive protocol because they don’t
distribute all routes information across the entire network. On demand MANET protocol
perform route maintenance only when it’s required. The main difference in reactive protocol
is that the routing overhead too low as compared to proactive protocol because exchange of
route information is localized rather than evenly distributed. The result is a network with less
overhead, at the expense of increased latency due to the route discovery process.
Performance metrics [11] are used to find out the efficiency of the routing protocols. These
metrics are characterized into two terms qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative properties of
MANETS are Distributed Operation, Loop Freedom, Demand Based Operation, Proactive
Operation, Security, “Sleep” period operation and unidirectional link support. Some of the
Quantitative metrics are End to End data throughput and delay, Rate Acquisition Time,
Percentage Out Of Order Delivery, Efficiency.

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Network “context” is used to measure the performance of protocol’s parameter that should be
varied which includes Network Size, Network Connecting, Topological Rate Of Change,
Link Capacity, Fraction Of Unidirectional Link, Traffic Pattern, Mobility and Fraction and
Frequency of Sleeping Mode.

1.2 Project Motivation:

1.2.1 Routing Protocol Efficiency:
There are plenty of different routing protocols exist in the MANET network but we don’t
know how good they are, this project is a motivation because by doing this project will learn
how mobile nodes behave differently while using different protocol in MANET network
environment.

1.2.2 Challenging Opportunity:

Project motivates because it is taken as a challenge to explore some new results in field of
networking. This project can help to develop the networking skills and also learn something
new in the field of networking. Project will give me more confidence in the field of
networking and give more skills to learn about Network Simulator 2 (NS2). NS2 is the
“network simulator” which will use to conduct statistical and graphical comparison during
the project. I will implement different strategy of mobile nodes in MANET network using
NS2 simulator and then analyze the results and will identify the advantages and
disadvantages of each protocol by using different performance metrics.

1.2.3 Previous Work:

I have already done some short courses in networks like CCNA and I found my large interest
in networking field therefore proceed to do the final project in networks .The reason why
choose this project because I feel comfortable to work in the field of networking and can
carry on research in the field of network. By doing this project I can add up my research and
experience to the new researcher and help them who want to do some research in the field of
networking and hopefully do some contribution in the field of networking.

1.2.4 Exciting New Opportunity:

The statistical and graphical analysis can also help the new researcher to do some more work
related to the field of MANET networks and design the device which is capable of MANET
support networks and can itself do all the routing and in case any route is not available then
make the multiple routes available. MANET networks also a motivation because the idea is
really fantastic because the node itself does all the routing decision so there is no controlling
device will do the routing, if the device is itself capable of doing routing decision and find out
link breakage and return error than this can easily be deploy in the field of wireless with the
technologies capable of the MANET networks capabilities just we have to decide which
protocol we should select in order to maximize the efficiency of MANET networks. Every
routing protocol has some advantages and disadvantages but which protocol has low
disadvantages and have high advantages that what will analyse during the project.

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1.3 Aims and Objectives:
1.3.1 Aims:
There is plenty of work already done in the field of MANET networks by using different
routing protocol but they have used different simulation software to measure the performance
like some of them have done in OPNET and QUALNET. I will use NS2 simulator as the
simulation software to check the efficiency of the routing protocol i.e. AODV, DSR and
OLSR by varying different network “context” and will found out the performance of protocol
in terms of performance metrics and will try to compare the result what they have found out
and what I will find in my project and whether the results are same by using NS2 or different.
The result will also tell how effective the routing protocol is in different MANET network
environment.

1.3.2 Objectives:
The objective of the project is as following:
 To Conduct The Background Research:

People have done lots of different research in the field of MANET networks and evaluate
the performance of different routing protocol; I will do literature review that what other
people have done in the field of MANET network which will help me to understand the
field of MANET network.
 Simulator Training:

NS2 is the simulator will use during my project. I have learn already something about the
NS2 simulator during my 1st semester but not develop my understanding that how the
different Network nodes strategy work in NS2 specially in MANET network that how we
make the network strategy in MANET network. First will get the training that how
different strategy can make in simulator than apply different strategy in MANET network
and then conclude and compare my results.
 Documentation:

After the simulator training will start my project documentation and write the
documentation as I do literature review in the field of MANET network.
 Start Implementing My Network Strategy Design:

After finishing my simulator training will start implementing my Network Design

Strategy in NS2 simulator, documentation will learn parallel to the Design Strategy.

 Performance Parameters Check:

Performance parameters will check in NS2 simulator i.e. Throughput, Good put and End
to end delay. The network context which I will varied in order to compare the three
routing protocol performances i.e. AODV, DSR and OLSR are Workload, Effect of
Network Size and Effect of Mobility.

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  Evaluating The Performance Parameters Result:

Performance parameter evaluated after the performance parameter check that how good
the routing protocol in different network MANET nodes.
 Finalizing The Documentation:

1.4 Research Method Techniques:

1.4.1 Method:
Prototype is the model implement in the project and will use the simulation method to
compare the statistical and graphical performance of the routing protocols i.e. AODV, DSR
and OLSR used in MANET network by varying network context by identifying performance
metrics.

1.4.2 Prototype Model:

Functional prototype model will be implemented in the project because this type of prototype
model is working model used to test the different network strategy and then implement it. By
using this design model, design can be checked for flaws and improvement can be made if
needed in the proposed network design.

1.4.3 Technology:
There are plenty of simulators in the market but I will use Network Simulator version 2. The
reason why I am using NS2 simulator because of my previous knowledge to this simulator
but still have to learn about how to develop different network strategy in order to find out
different result in MANET network and then compare these result to find out that they same
as the previous people work with using other simulation software or the result are different.

1.4.4 Network Simulator:

Network Simulator allows testing different scenario that is difficult to emulate using real
hardware. Network simulator allow to test networking protocol in a controlled and
reproducible environment .Network simulator help to simulate different network strategy and
then analyze the effect of various parameters on the network performance.

1.4.5 Script Language:

The language used in the network simulator is script language I will learn how to develop
different strategy can develop by using script language using tutorials related to network
simulator and the script language.

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Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Introduction to MANET Network:
A MANET [11] is a network in which the mobile wireless nodes can communicate with each
other without need of any centralized routing device. The nodes itself behave as a routing
device. A typical MANET network consists of Router with multiple hosts and wireless
communication device .Simply referred to as mobile “nodes”. A MANET is an autonomous
system of mobile nodes. The system may be operating in isolation. Mobile node equipped
with wireless transmitter and receiver to communicate with each other by mean of using
routing protocols. Since the mobile nodes are wireless the movement of mobile nodes
referred to dynamic change of network topology. Figure 4 shows how the communication
occur in the mobile nodes in a MANET network, if the node are within the radio range of
each other they can communicate directly otherwise they communicate by using intermediate
nodes and deliver the source node generated packet to the sender node.
Due to wireless nature of nodes, topology of network changes very quickly and the routing
protocol has much more impact in the performance of MANET networks. MANET routing
protocol help the cause very much by providing the self configure, self heel and self optimize
and also provide low cost and easy installation because the node are mobile and there is no
need of wire or wire infrastructure to communicate the mobile nodes devices with each other
which make MANET network more cost effective. Some of the MANET applications are
Intelligent Transportation System, Home Automation, Wireless Internet Access and
Community Network.
Routing protocol is classified into three categories. Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid protocols.
The Reactive Protocols are on- demand routing protocol e.g. Ad hoc Distance Vector
(AODV) and DSR (Dynamic State Routing) etc. in which routes are only generated when it is
needed which will not generate lots of traffic overhead but delay is huge due to route finding
when required by nodes. Proactive protocols such as Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
make the routes available as before its being needed, it makes the routes available on advance
which will increase lots of traffic overhead but delay will be minimum. Hybrid protocols are
the combination of Reactive and Proactive protocols. The proactive scheme is used for intra-
zone communication and reactive scheme is used for inter-zone. The hybrid routing protocol
has got both the advantages and disadvantages of reactive and proactive protocol.

Figure 1: Inter node communication in mobile ad hoc network [5]

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Conclusion:

 AODV and DSR both behave differently in different network conditions in delay and
throughput. DSR outperform AODV in less stressful condition where there are
smaller number of node and lower load and mobility. AODV on the other hand
outperform DSR in more stressful condition where high number of nodes generate
high load and greater mobility exists. DSR generates consistently low routing load
than AODV.

 If both protocol can use the congested – related metrics to evaluate route instead of
emphasizing the hop – wise shortest route and remove “aged” packets from the
network then both protocol can perform well in more stressful network condition.