WUCT121

Discrete Mathematics

Logic

Tutorial Exercises Solutions

1. Logic

2. Predicate Logic

3. Proofs

4. Set Theory

5. Relations and Functions

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 1

Section 1: Logic
Question1
(i) If x = 3 , then x < 2 .
(a) Statement
(b) False
(c) x = 3 x < 2
(ii) If x = 0 or x = 1 , then x 2 = x .
(a) Statement
(b) True
(c) ( x = 0 x = 1) x 2 = x

(iii) There exists a natural number x for which x 2 = 2 x .

(a) Statement
(b) False
(iv) If x
and x > 0 , then if x > 1 then x > 1 ..
(a) Statement
(b) True
(c) ( x
x > 0) ( x > 1 x > 1)
(v) xy = 5 implies that either x = 1 and y = 5 or x = 5 and y = 1 .
(a) Statement
(b) False. Consider x = 1 and y = 5 or x = 5 and y = 1 .
(c) xy = 5 (( x = 1 y = 5) ( x = 5 y = 1))
(vi) xy = 0 implies x = 0 or y = 0 .
(a) Statement
(b) True
(c) xy = 0 x = 0 y = 0
(vii) xy = yx .
(a) Statement
(b) True
(viii) There is a unique even prime number.
(a) Statement
(b) True, x = 2.

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 2

Question2
(a) If x is odd and y is odd then x + y is even.
p: x is odd. q: y is odd. r: x + y is even.
Form: p q r .
(b) It is not both raining and hot.
p: It is raining. q: It is hot
Form: ~ ( p q ) , alternatively ~ p ~ q
(c) It is neither raining nor hot.
p: It is raining. q: It is hot
Form: ~ p ~ q , alternatively ~ ( p q ) .
(d) It is raining but it is hot.
p: It is raining. q: It is hot.
Form: p q .
(e) 1 x 2 .
p : 1 < x , q : 1 = x , r : x < 2, s : x = 2 .
Form: ( p q ) ( r s ) .

Question3 :
(a) P Q : Mathematics is easy or I do not need to study.
(b) PQ : Mathematics is easy and I do not need to study
(c) ~Q: I need to study.
(d) ~ ~Q: I do not need to study.
(e) ~ P: Mathematics is not easy.
(f) ~ PQ: Mathematics is not easy and I do not need to study.
(g) P Q: If Mathematics is easy, then I do not need to study

Question4
(a) The truth tables for (~ p q ) q and (~ p q ) q .
p q (~p q) q (~p q) q
T T F T T F F T
T F F F F F F F
F T T T T T T T
F F T T F T F F
Step: 1 2 3* 1 2 3*
The tables are the same

(b) The truth tables for (~ p q ) p and (~ p q ) p .

p q (~p q) p (~p q) p
T T F T T F F T
T F F F F F F T
F T T T F T T T
F F T T F T F F
Step: 1 2 3* 1 2 3*
The tables are not the same. The students guess is false

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 3

Question5
(a) The truth tables for p ~ p and p ~ p .
p p ~p p ~p
T T F F T
F T T F F
2* 1 2* 1

(b) p ~ p is a tautology i.e. always true; p ~ p is a contradiction, i.e. always false

(c) Use truth tables.
p q (p ~p) q (p ~p) q
T T T F T F F F
T F T F T F F F
F T T T T F T F
F F T T T F T F
Step: 2 1 3* 2 1 3*
Notice that true anything is true and false anything is false

Conclusion: If you have a compound statement R of the form T P , where T

stands for a tautology (and P is any compound statement), then R is also a
tautology. Similarly, if you have a compound statement, S, of the form F P ,
where F stands for a contradiction, then S is also a contradiction.

Question6
(a) The truth tables for the statements ( p ~ p ) (q r ) and q r .
p q r (p ~p) (q r) q r
T T T T F T T T
T T F T F T T T
T F T T F T T T
T F F T F F F F
F T T T T T T T
F T F T T T T T
F F T T T T T T
F F F T T F F F
Step: 2 1 4* 3 1*
Notice that the two statements are logically equivalent.
In fact, the truth value of the first is dependent entirely on the second

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 4

 (b) The truth tables for the statements ( p ~ p ) (q r ) and q r .
p q r (p ~p) (q r) q r
T T T F F T T T
T T F F F F F F
T F T F F F F F
T F F F F F F F
F T T F T T T T
F T F F T F F F
F F T F T F F F
F F F F T F F F
Step: 2 1 4* 3 1*
Notice that the two statements are logically equivalent.
In fact, the truth value of the first is again dependent entirely on the second.

Conclusion: If you have a compound statement R of the form T P , where T stands

for a tautology (and P is any compound statement), then the truth-value of R depends
entirely on the truth-value of P. Similarly, if you have a compound statement, S, of
the form F P , where F stands for a contradiction, then the truth-value of S
depends entirely on the truth-value of P.

Question7
(a) ( p q ) ( p ~ q )
(p q) (p ~ q)
Step 1 4* 3 2
Place F under main connective F
must be F F F
1 , p must be T and q must be F.
st
T F T F
2nd , p must be T and ~q must be F
q must be T T
q cannot be both T and F , thus ( p q ) ( p ~ q ) can only ever be true and is a tautology

(b) ~ ( p q ) (q p )
~( p q) (q p)
Step 2 1 4* 3
Place F under main connective F
~must be F and must be F F F
1st must be T. 2nd , q must be T T T F
and p must be F
1st p can be F and q can be T, F T
no conflict
There is no contradiction, thus the statement is not a tautology

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 5

 (c) ( p q ) (~ r ( p q ))
(p q) (~r (p q)
Step 1 5* 2 4 3
Place F under main connective F
must be T and must be F T F
p must be T and q must be T T T F F
~r must be F and must be F
p must be T and q must be F T F
q cannot be both T and F , thus ( p q ) (~ r ( p q )) can only ever be true and is a
tautology

Question8
(a)
( p q ) r ~ ( p q ) r Implication Law
(~ p ~ q ) r De Morgan' s Law
~ p ~ q r Associativity
(b)
p ( p q ) ~ p ( p q ) Implication Law
~ p p q Associativity
T q Negation Law
T Dominance Law

Question9
(a)
LHS = ~ ( p q )
~ (~ p q ) Implication Law
~~ p ~ q De Morgan' s
p~q Double Negation
= RHS
(b)
LHS = ( p ~ q ) r
~ ( p ~ q ) r Implication Law
(~ p ~~ q ) r De Morgan' s
(~ p q ) r Double Negation
~ p (q r ) Associativity
p (q r ) Implication
= RHS

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 6

Question10
(a) If x is a positive integer and x 2 3 then x = 1 .
The proposition is True.
If x is a positive integer, then x 2 3 x 3 .
Now 3 1.7 and so x = 1 .
(b) (~ ( x > 1) ~ ( y 0 )) ~ (( x 1) ( y > 0 )) .
The proposition is false. (You should have tried proving it using De Morgans Laws and
failed.)
Now find values of x and y that make the statement false.
Let x = 0 and y = 1 .
~ ( x > 1) ~ ( y 0 ) is True
( x 1) ( y > 0) is also True
Thus, ~ (( x 1) ( y > 0 )) is False
and the proposition is False.

Question11
(a)
~ ( x > 1) ~ ( y 0)
~ (~ ( x > 1)) ~ ( y 0) Implication Law
( x > 1) ~ ( y 0) Double Negation
( x > 1) ( y > 0) Negation of
(b)
( y 0) ( x > 1)
~ ( y 0 ) ( x > 1) Implication Law .
( y > 0 ) ( x > 1) Negation of

Question12
~ (~ ( p q ) ~ q )
~~ ( p q ) ~~ q De Morgan' s
( p q) q Double Negation
pqq Associativity
pq Idempotent Law

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 7

Section 2 :Predicate Logic
Question1
(a) Every real number that is not zero is either positive or negative.
The statement is true.
(b) The square root of every natural number is also a natural number.
The statement is false (consider n = 2 ).
(c) Every student in WUCT121 can correctly solve at least one assigned problem.
Lecturers are yet to work out if this is true or false!

Question2
(a) x , y , ( xy = 0 ( x = 0 y = 0 ))
The statement is false (consider x = 1 and y = 0 ).
(b) x , y , x y
The statement is true.
(c) student s in WUCT121, lecturers jokes j, s hasnt laughed at j.
True or false ??

Question3 Let H be the set of all people (human beings).

(a) P : pH, q H, p loves q .
~ P : ~ (p H , q H , p loves q )
p H , ~ (q H , p loves q )
p H , q H , p doesn' t love q
In a nice world, P is true!.
(b) P : p H , q H , p loves q .
~ P : ~ (p H , q H , p loves q )
p H , ~ (q H , p loves q )
p H , q H , p doesn' t love q
In a perfect world, P is true!
(c) P : p H , q H , p loves q .
~ P : ~ (p H , q H , p loves q )
p H , ~ (q H , p loves q )
p H , q H , p doesn' t love q
P is definitely true!
(d) P : p H , q H , p loves q .
~ P : ~ (p H , q H , p loves q )
p H , ~ (q H , p loves q )
p H , q H , p doesn' t love q
In our world, P is probably true!

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 8

 (e) P : x , x  .
~ P : ~ (x , x  )
x , x 
~ P is true.
(f)
P : ~ (n
, p
, n = 2 p )
n
, ~ (p
, n = 2 p )
n
, p
, n 2 p
~ P : ~ ~ (n
, p
, n = 2 p )
n
, p
, n = 2 p
P is true.
(g) P : n
, n is not prime .
~ P : ~ (n
, n is not prime)
n
, n is prime
P is true.
(h) P : triangle T , T is a right triangle .
~ P : ~ ( triangle T , T is a right triangle)
triangle T , T is not a right triangle
~ P is true.

Question4
(a) x , ( x > 1 x > 0 )
This statement is true. Clearly, 0 < 1 < x, so x > 0
(b) x , ( x > 1 x > 2 )
This statement is false. Let x = 1.5 . Then x > 1 but x < 2 .
(c) (
x , x > 1 x 2 > x )
This statement is true. Let x = 2 . Then x > 1 and x 2 = 4 > 2 = x .
x 1
(d) x , x > 1 <
2
x +1 3
x 3 1
This statement is true. Let x = 3 . Then x > 1 and =
< .
2
x + 1 10 3
(e) x , y , x 2 + y 2 = 9
This statement is false. Let x = 1 and y = 1 . Then x 2 + y 2 = 2 9 .
(f) x , y , x 2 < y + 1
This statement is true. For x , let y = x 2 . Then clearly x 2 < y + 1 .
(g) x , y , x 2 + y 2 0
This statement is true. Let x = 0 . For each y , y 2 0 , and we have
x2 + y2 = y2 0 .

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 9

 (h) (
x , y , x < y x 2 < y 2 )
This statement is true. Let x = 0 and y = 1 . Then x < y and x 2 = 0 < 1 = y 2 .

Question5 For each of the following statements,

(i) ~ ( > 0, x 0, x < )
> 0, ~ (x 0, x < )
> 0, x 0, x
The negation of the statement is false.

For any > 0 , we can take x = and we have x 0 but x < .
2

(ii) (
~ y , x ,, y < x 2 )
(
y , ~ x ,, y < x 2 )
y , x ,, y x 2
The negation of the statement is false.
Let y = 1 . We know x 2 0 for all x  , i.e. x 2 > y .
x+ y
(iii) ~ y , x , x < y x < < y
2
x+ y
y , ~ x , x < y x < < y
2
x+ y
y , x , ~ x < y x < < y
2
x+ y x+ y
y , x , x < y x y
2 2
y , x , ( x < y ( y x x y ))
The negation of the statement is false.
Clearly, x < y ( y x x y ) is equivalent to x < y x y , which is
impossible.

Question6
(a)
~ P : ~ (x , x 2 = 2)
x , ~ ( x 2 = 2)
x , x 2 2
(b)
~ Q : ~ (x , x 2 + 1 2 x )
x , ~ ( x 2 + 1 2 x )
x , x 2 + 1 < 2 x

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 10

Question7
(a)
P : (x , y , y < x )
~ P :~ (x , y , y < x )
(x , ~ (y , y < x ))
(x , y , ~ ( y < x ))
(x , y , y x )
The true statement is P because for a real number x, x 1 is a smaller real
number.
(b)
Q : (x , ( x < 0 x > 0 ))
~ Q :~ (x , ( x < 0 x > 0))
(x , ~ ( x < 0 x > 0))
x , ~ ( x < 0) ~ ( x > 0)
x , x 0 x 0
x , x = 0
The true statement is ~Q because x = 0 is neither positive nor negative.

Question8
(a)
~ (x , x 0 ) x , ~ ( x 0 )
x , x < 0
The negation is true.
(b)
~ (z , (z is odd z is even))
z , ~ (z is odd z is even)
z , (z is not odd z is not even ) (De Morgan' s)
The original statement is true
(c)
( (
~ n
, n is even n is prime ))
(
n
, ~ n is even n is prime )
(
n
, n is odd n is not prime) (De Morgan' s)
The original statement is true.

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 11

 (d)
y +1
~ y , y 0 < 1
y
y +1
y , ~ y 0 < 1
y
y +1
y , y 0 ~ < 1

y
y +1
y , y 0 1
y
The negation is true.
(e)
~ (x , y , xy = 1)
x , ~ (y , xy = 1)
x , y , ~ ( xy = 1)
x , y , xy 1
The negation is true.
(f)
~ (n
, p
, n = 2 p )
n
, ~ (p
, n = 2 p )
n
, p
, ~ (n = 2 p )
n
, p
, n 2 p
The negation is true.
(g)
~ ( , x , y , ( > 0 x y < ))
, ~ (x , y , ( > 0 x y < ))
, x , ~ (y , ( > 0 x y < ))
, x , y , ~ ( > 0 x y < )
, x , y , ( > 0 ~ ( x y < )) (Thm. 1.4.2 pt 6)
, x , y , ( > 0 x y )
The statement is true.

Question9
(a) ( (
~ y , y > 1 y 2 > 1 ))
(
y , ~ y > 1 y 2 > 1 )
y , (y > 1 ~ (y 2 > 1))
y , (y > 1 y 2 1)
The original statement is false. Take y = 0, then y = 0 > 1 y 2 = 0 < 1)

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 12

 (b)
(
~ x , x 2 + 1 = 0 )
(
x , ~ x 2 + 1 = 0 )
x , x 2 + 1 0
The original statement is false. For any real number, x, x 2 0 , so x 2 + 1 1 .
Thus, x 2 + 1 0 .
(c)
~ (x, y , z , x ( y z ) ( x y ) z )
x, y , z , ~ ( x ( y z ) ( x y ) z )
x, y , z , x ( y z ) = ( x y ) z
The original statement is false. Let x = y = 1 and z = 0 .
Then 1 (1 0 ) = 1 1 = 0 and (1 1) 0 = 0 0 = 0 .
(d)
~ (x , y , x + y = 0 )
x , ~ (y , x + y = 0 )
x , y , ~ ( x + y = 0 )
x , y , x + y 0
The negation is false. For any real number x, x x = 0 , so let y = x .

Question10 Write the following statements using quantifiers. Find their negations and
determine in each case whether the statement or its negation is false, giving brief
reason where possible.
(a) P : n
, m
, n > m
~ P : ~ (n
, m
, n > m)
n
, ~ (m
, n > m )
n
, m
, ~ (n > m )
n
, m
, n m
The statement P is false. Let n = 1 . All natural numbers m are greater than n.
(b) P : x , x 2 0
(
~ P : ~ x , x 2 0 )
(
x , ~ x 2 0 )
x , x 2 < 0
The statement ~P is false. For any real number x, x 2 is not less than 0.
(c) Let D be the set of all dogs.
P :d D , d is vegetarian. .
~ P :~ (d D , d is vegetarian )
d D , ~ (d is vegetarian )
d D , d is not vegetarian
The statement ~P is probably false.

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 13

 (d) P : x , x is rational .
~ P :~ (x , x is rational)
x , ~ ( x is rational)
x , x is not rational
The statement ~P is false. The number 2 is real and rational.
(e) Let S be the set of all students and let M be the set of all mathematics subjects.
P : s S , m M , s likes m .
~ P : ~ (s S , m M , s likes m )
s S , ~ (m M , s likes m )
s S , m M , ~ (s likes m)
s S , m M , s dislikes m
Unfortunately, P is more likely to be false.

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 14

Section 3: Proofs
Question1
(a) The statement is of the form: ( P( x ) Q ( x )) P ( a ) , thus the conclusion is
Q(a ) . So, applying the universal rule of Modus Ponens, we conclude that Peter
phones John.
(b) The statement is of the form: ( P( x ) Q ( x )) (Q ( x ) R ( x )) , thus the
conclusion is P( x ) R ( x ) So, applying the Law of syllogism, we know the final
conclusion is as follows: Therefore, if x 2 3 x + 2 = 0 , then x = 2 or x = 1 .
(c) The statement is of the form: ( P( x ) Q ( x )) ~ Q ( a ) , thus the conclusion is
~ P( a ) . So, applying the universal rule of Modus Tollens, we conclude that
y = 1 is not real.

Question2 Prove or disprove the following statements

(a) Statement is of the form x D , P ( x ) , so must prove with general proof, or
disprove with counterexample.
Disprove: Let n = 29 . Then
n 2 + n + 29 = 292 + 29 + 29
= 29( 29 + 1 + 1)
= 29 31
In this case, n 2 + n + 29 is not prime, and thus we have a counterexample.
Therefore, it is false to say n
, n 2 + n + 29 is prime.
(b) Statement is of the form x D , y D , P ( x, y ) . So, to prove, must find one
x D that for all y D , P ( x, y ) is true.
Prove: Let x = 0 , and let y  . Then xy = 0 1 .
Thus, the statement is true.
(c) Statement is of the form x D , y D , P ( x, y ) , so must prove with general
proof, or disprove with counterexample.
Disprove: Let a = b = 1 . Then,
(a + b )2 = (1 + 1)2 = 2 2 = 4 and a 2 + b 2 = 12 + 12 = 2 ( a + b )2 .
Thus we have a counterexample.
Therefore, it is false to say that a , b , (a + b )2 = a 2 + b 2

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 15

 (d) Statement is of the form x D , y D , P ( x, y ) , so must prove with general
proof, or disprove with counterexample.
Disprove: Let n = 1 and m = 3 , both of which are odd. Then the average is
n + m 1+ 3
= = 2 , which is not odd.
2 2
Thus we have a counterexample.
Therefore, it is false to say that the average of any two odd integers is odd.

Question3 Find the mistakes in the following proofs.

(a) Statement is of the form x D , P ( x ) , that is a universal statement, so requires
proof with general proof, or disprove with counterexample.
(b) The mistake is in the use of the definitions of odd and even numbers.
When using an existential statement on two separate occasions, you should not
use the same variable; that is, if we use k for defining n as an odd integer
( n = 2k + 1 for some k  ), then we must use a different letter for defining m as
an even integer (e.g. m = 2q for some q  ).

Question4

(a) Statement is of the form x D , Q ( x ) , where Q (x ) is x 2 + 1 2 x .

Thus we must find a P (x ) to give the form x D , P( x ) Q ( x )
We know that for all x , x 2 0 , so let P (x ) be x 2 0 .
x 2 0 ( x 1) 2 0
x2 2x + 1 0
x2 + 1 2x
Therefore for x , x 2 + 1 2 x .
(b) Statement is of the form n D , P ( n ) Q ( n ) , where P (n ) is n is odd and
Q (n ) is n 2 is odd
n is odd n = 2 p + 1 p
,
n 2 = 4 p 2 + 4 p +1
(
n2 = 2 2 p 2 + 2 p +1 )
n 2 = 2q + 1 where q = 2 p 2 + 2 p

n 2 is odd
Therefore, For n
, if n is odd, n 2 is odd.

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 16

 (c) Statement is of the form x D , y D , P( x, y ) Q ( x, y ) , where P( x, y ) is
any two odd integers and Q ( x, y ) is sum is even.
Let x, y be any two odd integers.
x is odd x = 2 p + 1 p 
y is odd y = 2q + 1 q 
x + y = ( 2 p + 1) + ( 2q + 1)
= 2 p + 2q + 2
= 2( p + q + 1)
= 2r r = p + q +1 
Therefore, the sum of any two odd integers is even.
(d) Statement is of the form x D , P( x ) Q ( x ) .
Let ABC be a triangle, with angles A, B and C.
We are given that the sum of two angles is equal to the third angle, i.e.
A + B = C K (1) .
We know that A + B + C = 180 , since the angle sum of a triangle is 180 .
A + B + C = 180 C + C = 180 by (1)
2C = 180
C = 90
ABC is a right angled triangle
Therefore f the sum of two angles of a triangle is equal to the third angle, then the
triangle is a right angled triangle

Question5 Statement is of the form x D , P( x ) Q ( x ) , where P( x ) is x is

negative real number, and Q (x ) is ( x 2) 2 > 4 .
We know that for all x , x < 0
x <0 x4< 0
x( x 4) > 0
x2 4 x > 0
x2 4 x + 4 > 4
( x 2)2 > 4
Therefore if x is a negative real number, then ( x 2) 2 > 4 ..

Question6 Statement is of the form x D , P ( x ) , so to prove, must show one x D ,

which makes P( x ) true.
Let n = 7. 27 1 = 128 1 = 127 , which is prime.
Therefore, there is an integer n > 5 such that 2 n 1 is prime

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 17

Question7 Statement is of the form x D , P ( x ) , where D is finite. So to prove,
must show for all x D , P( x ) is true.
Using the method of exhaustion:
n = 1 : n 2 n + 41 = 1 1 + 41 = 41 is prime
n = 2 : n 2 n + 41 = 4 2 + 41 = 43 is prime
n = 3 : n 2 n + 41 = 9 3 + 41 = 47 is prime
n = 4 : n 2 n + 41 = 16 4 + 41 = 53 is prime
n = 5 : n 2 n + 41 = 25 5 + 41 = 61 is prime
n = 6 : n 2 n + 41 = 36 6 + 41 = 71 is prime
n = 7 : n 2 n + 41 = 49 7 + 41 = 83 is prime
n = 8 : n 2 n + 41 = 64 8 + 41 = 97 is prime
n = 9 : n 2 n + 41 = 81 9 + 41 = 113 is prime
n = 10 : n 2 n + 41 = 100 10 + 41 = 131 is prime

Therefore, for each integer n such that 1 n 10, n 2 n + 41 is a prime number.

Question8 Statement is of the form n D , P ( n ) Q ( n ) , where P(n ) is n is an

odd number, and Q (n ) is ( 1) n = 1 .
n , n is odd n = 2 p + 1 p
( 1) n = ( 1) 2 p +1
= ( 1) 2 p ( 1)
= (1) p ( 1)
= 1 ( 1)
= 1
Therefore, if n is an odd integer, then ( 1) n = 1.

Question9 Statement is of the form: n D , P ( n ) Q ( n ) , where P(n ) is n 2 is

even, and Q (n ) is n is even.
To prove by contraposition we must show n D , ~ Q ( n ) ~ P( n ) . ~ Q ( n ) is n is
not even, i.e. n is odd, and ~ P ( n ) is n 2 is not even, i.e. n 2 is odd.

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 18

 n is odd n = 2 p + 1 p ,
n2 = 4 p 2 + 4 p +1
(
n2 = 2 2 p 2 + 2 p +1 )
n 2 = 2q + 1 where q = 2 p 2 + 2 p 
n 2 is odd
Therefore, if n is odd, n 2 is odd, and so by proof by contraposition, if n 2 is even,
then n is even

Question10 Statement is of the form: m D , P( m) Q ( m) , where P(m) is m is

an integer, and Q (m) is m 2 + m + 1 is always odd. Now if m is an integer, then m
is even or m is odd, thus P( m) R ( m) S ( m) , where R (m) is m is even, and
S (m) is m is odd.
Hence P( m) Q ( m) ( R ( m) S ( m)) Q ( m)
( R( m) Q ( m)) ( S ( m) Q ( m))
Case 1: Prove: R ( m) Q ( m) , i.e. If m is even, then m 2 + m + 1 is always odd
n is even n = 2 p p ,
m2 + m +1 = 4 p 2 + 2 p +1
(
m2 + m +1 = 2 2 p 2 + p +1 )
m 2 + m + 1 = 2q + 1 where q = 2 p 2 + p 
m 2 + m + 1 is odd
Therefore if m is even, then m 2 + m + 1 is always odd
Case 2: Prove: S ( m) Q ( m) , i.e. If m is odd, then m 2 + m + 1 is always odd
m is odd m = 2k + 1 k ,
m 2 + m + 1 = 4k 2 + 4k + 1 + 2k + 1 + 1
(
m 2 + m + 1 = 2 2k 2 + 3k + 1 + 1 )
m 2 + m + 1 = 2l + 1 where l = 2k 2 + 3k + 1 
m 2 + m + 1 is odd
Therefore if m is odd, then m 2 + m + 1 is always odd.
Thus if m is even or m is odd, then m 2 + m + 1 is always odd, and so if m is an
integer, then m 2 + m + 1 is always odd.

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 19

 1 1 1
Question11 Disprove the statement: a , b , a 0, b 0, = + . Are there
a +b a b
any values for a, b that make the statement true? Explain.
Statement is of the form x D , P ( x ) , that is a universal statement, so requires
disproof with counterexample
Let a = 1 and b = 2 .
1 1 1
Then = = .
a + b 1+ 2 3
1 1 1 1 3 1
But, + = + = .
a b 1 2 2 a +b
1 1 1
Thus by counterexample the statement a , b , a 0, b 0, = + is false
a +b a b
There are no real values that make the statement true.
If you try to solve for a and b, you come across a quadratic with only complex
solutions

Question12 Prove or disprove this statement: For all integers, a, b if a < b , then
a2 < b2 .
Statement is of the form x D , y D , P( x, y ) Q ( x, y ) , so requires general
proof or disproof with a counterexample.
Counterexample: Let a = 5 and let b = 2 .
a < b but a 2 = 25 > 4 = b 2
Thus by counterexample the statement x D , y D , P( x, y ) Q ( x, y ) is false.

Question13 Prove if n 2 is odd, then n is odd.

Statement is of the form: n D , P ( n ) Q ( n ) , where P(n ) is n 2 is odd, and
Q (n ) is n is odd. Direct proof is not possible, thus use proof by contraposition.
To prove by contraposition we must show n D , ~ Q ( n ) ~ P( n ) . ~ Q ( n ) is n is
not odd, i.e. n is even, and ~ P ( n ) is n 2 is not odd, i.e. n 2 is even.
n is even n = 2 p p ,
n2 = 4 p2
n2 = 22 p2
n 2 = 2q where q = 2 p 2 
n 2 is even
Therefore, if n is even, n 2 is even, and so by proof by contraposition, if n 2 is odd,
then n is odd

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 20

Question14 Prove there is no smallest positive real number.
Statement is of the form x D , P ( x ) . Where P( x ) is there is no smallest positive
real number So to prove, must show for all x D , P( x ) is true. Prove by
contradiction.
Assume ~ P ( x ) , that is assume there is a smallest positive real number, n  . Then
n 1 , n 1 < n . This contradicts our assumption, thus ~ P ( x ) is false and the
original statement there is no smallest positive real number is true.

Question15 Prove each of the following using proof by cases

(a) If x = 4, 5, or 6, then x 2 3 x + 21 x.
Statement is of the form [ R( x ) S ( x ) T ( x )] Q ( x ) , where R (x ) is x = 4 ,
S (x ) is x = 5 , T ( x ) is x = 6 and Q (x ) is x 2 3 x + 21 x.
Case 1: Prove: R( x ) Q ( x ) , i.e. If x = 4 , then x 2 3 x + 21 x.
4 2 3 4 + 21
= 25
4
Therefore If x = 4 , then x 2 3 x + 21 x.
Case 2: Prove: S ( x ) Q ( x ) , i.e. If x = 5 , then x 2 3 x + 21 x.
5 2 3 5 + 21
= 31
5
Therefore If x = 5 , then x 2 3 x + 21 x. .
Case 3: Prove: T ( x ) Q ( x ) , i.e. If x = 6 , then x 2 3 x + 21 x.
6 2 3 6 + 21
= 39
6
Therefore If x = 6 , then x 2 3 x + 21 x. .
Thus If x = 4, 5, or 6, then x 2 3 x + 21 x.
(b) x , x 0 2 x + 3 4

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 21

Question16 Prove there is a perfect square that can be written as the sum of two other
perfect squares. (Note an integer n is a perfect square if and only if k , n = k 2 )
Statement is of the form n D, P (n) , so we must show one example.
n  , (n is a perfect square k , l ,, n = k 2 + l 2 ) .
Let n = 25 = 5 2 . n is a perfect square and n = 4 2 + 3 2 .
Therefore, there is a perfect square that can be written as a sum of two other perfect
squares.

Question17 Prove that the product of two odd integers is also an odd integer.
Statement is of the form x D , y D , P( x, y ) Q ( x, y ) , where D is the integers,
P ( x, y ) can be written as x is odd and y is odd, Q ( x, y ) can be written as x y is
odd.
x is odd x = 2k + 1 k ,
y is odd y = 2l + 1 l ,
x y = (2k + 1)(2l + 1)
= 4kl + 2k + 2l + 1
= 2(2kl + k + l ) + 1
= 2n + 1 where n = 2kl + k + l 
x y is odd
Therefore the product of two odd integers is also an odd integer

Question18 Prove or disprove the following statements:

(a) The difference between any two odd integers is also an odd integer.
Statement is of the form x D , y D , P( x, y ) Q ( x, y ) , where D is the
integers, P ( x, y ) can be written as x is odd and y is odd, Q ( x, y ) can be written
as x y is odd. Disprove with counterexample or prove with general proof.
Counterexample: Let x = 5 , y = 3 , x y = 5 3 = 2 , which is even. Hence by
counterexample the statement The difference between any two odd integers is
also an odd integer is false.

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 22

 (b) For any integer n, 3 | n(6n + 3) .
Statement is of the form n D, P (n) , where D is the integers, P (n) can be
written as n(6n + 3) = 3k , k  . Disprove with counterexample or prove with
general proof.
n(6n + 3) = 3n(2n + 1)
= 3(2n 2 + n)
= 3k , k = 2n 2 + n 
3 | n(6n + 3)
Therefore for any integer n, 3 | n(6n + 3) .

(c) The cube of any odd integer is an odd integer.

Statement is of the form x D, P ( x) Q ( x) , where D is the integers, P (x) can

be written as x is odd, Q (x) can be written as x3 is odd.

x is odd x = 2k + 1 k ,
x3 = (2k + 1)3
= 8k 3 + 12k 2 + 6k + 1
= 2(4k 3 + 6k 2 + 3k ) + 1
= 2l + 1 where l = 4k 3 + 6k 2 + 3k 
x3 is odd
Therefore the cube of any odd integer is an odd integer
(d) For any integers a, b, c, if a | c , then ab | c .
Disprove by counterexample: Let a = 2, b = 3, c = 4 .
c = 4 = 2 2 = 2a a | c However ab = 6 /| 4, ab /| c
Thus by counterexample For any integers a, b, c, if a | c , then ab | c is false.

(e) There is no largest even integer.

Proof by contradiction.
Assume that there is a largest even integer, n, say.
Then, k , n = 2k .
Consider the number m = n + 2 = 2k + 2 = 2(k + 1) .
Let l = k + 1  . Then m = 2l .
Therefore, by definition, m is an even integer. Also, we have m > n .
However, we said that n was the largest even integer. Thus we have a
contradiction.
Therefore, our assumption must be wrong.
Therefore, there must be no largest even integer

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 23

 (f) For all integers a, b, c, if a /| bc , then a /| b .
Statement form is P (a, b, c) Q (a, b, c) , where P (a, b, c) : a /| bc and
Q (a, b, c) : a /| b
Proof by contraposition, i.e. prove ~ Q (a, b, c) ~ P (a, b, c) . Where
~ P (a, b, c) : a | bc , and ~ Q (a, b, c) : a | b
a | b b = ak k 
bc = akc
bc = al l = kc 
a | bc
Therefore For all integers a, b, c, if a | b , then a | bc , and so by contraposition for
all integers a, b, c, if a /| bc , then a /| b .

(g) For all integers n, 4( n 2 + n + 1) 3n 2 is a perfect square.

4(n 2 + n + 1) 3n 2 = 4n 2 + 4n + 4 3n 2
= n 2 + 4n + 4
= ( n + 2) 2
= k2 k = n + 2
Therefore for all integers n, 4( n 2 + n + 1) 3n 2 is a perfect square.

(h) For any integers a, b, if a | b then a 2 | b 2 .

a | b b = ak k 
b 2 = (ak )2
bc = a 2l l = k2 
a2 | b2
Therefore for any integers a, b, if a | b then a 2 | b 2 .
(i) For all integers n, n 2 n + 41 is prime.
Disprove by counterexample. Let n = 41 .
Then n 2 n + 41 = (41)2 41 + 41 = (41)2 , which is clearly not prime.

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 24

 (j) For all integers, n and m, if n m is even, then n 3 m 3 is even.
Statement is of the form n D , m D , P( n, m) Q ( n, m) , where D is the
integers, P( n, m) is n m is even, Q ( n, m) is n 3 m 3 is even.
n m is even n m = 2 k k ,
n 3 m 3 = ( n m)( n 2 + nm + m 2 )
= 2 k ( n 2 + nm + m 2 )
= 2( kn 2 + knm + km 2 )
= 2l where l = kn 2 + knm + km 2 
n 3 m 3 is even
Therefore for all integers, n and m, if n m is even, then n 3 m 3 is even

Question19 Prove that the product of any four consecutive numbers, increased by one,
is a perfect square?
n D , P( n ) , where D is the integers, P (n ) is product of any four consecutive
numbers, increased by one, is a perfect square.
Let n, n + 1, n + 2, n + 3 be four consecutive integers.
n( n + 1)( n + 2)( n + 3) + 1 = n 4 + 6n 3 + 11n 2 + 6n + 1
= ( n 2 + 3n + 1)2
= k2 k = ( n 2 + 3n + 1) Z
Hence n( n + 1)( n + 2)( n + 3) + 1 is a perfect square
Thus the product of any four consecutive numbers, increased by one, is a perfect
square.

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 25

Section 4: Set Theory
Question1

A B = (0, 1] (f) A = {x  : x 1}
(a)
= {x  : 0 < x 1}
C = ( , 0 ) (1, )
(b) A B =  (g)
= {x  : x < 0 x > 1}

(c) B C = B
(h) C A = [0, 1) = {x  : 0 x < 1}
(d) A C = C
(i) C B = {0, 1}
(e) A C = A
(j) A C = 
The sets A and B are disjoint.

Question2

(a) A B =
(f) A = B

(b) A B =  P = {x
: x is not prime}

(g)
= {x
: x is composite x = 1}
(c) B P = {2}

(h) P A = {2}
A P = A {2}
(d)
= {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, K}
(i) B P = B {2}

A P = P {2}
(e) (j) A B = A
= {3, 5, 7, 11, 13, K}

A and B are disjoint as A B =  .

P is not a subset of A, since 2 P but 2 A .

Question3 Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4}.

P ( X ) = { , {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {1, 4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4},
(a)
{3, 4}, {1, 2, 3}, {1, 2, 4}, {1, 3, 4}, {2, 3, 4}, {1, 2, 3, 4} }

(b) P ( X ) has 2 4 = 16 elements.

(c) Yes,  P ( X ) is true.

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 26

 (d) Yes, {} P ( X ) is true.

Question4 P ( ) = {} . P ( ) has 2 0 = 1 element.

Question5 P ( X ) has 2 n elements.

Question6

(a) False.
Let B = {2} P ( X ) and. C = {1} P ( X ) . Then

2 B, 2 C BC also 1 C , 1 B C B

(b) True. Let B =  ..

(c) True. Let B = X .

(d) True. All subsets but X are proper subsets

Question7 Since P ( X ) has four elements, P (P ( X )) will have 2 4 = 16 elements.

P (P ( X )) = P ({, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}})
= { ,, {}, {{1}}, {{2}}, {{1, 2}}, {, {1}}, {, {2}},
{, {1, 2}}, {{1}, {2}}, {{1}, {1, 2}}, {{2}, {1, 2}},
{, {1}, {2}}, {, {1}, {1, 2}}, {{1}, {2}, {1, 2}},
{, {2}, {1, 2}}, {, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}} }
3
Since Y has three elements, P (P (Y )) will have 2 2 = 256 elements.
, {{1}} and {{2}} belong to P (P (Y )) .

Question8 , [ 1, 1], {1}, (0, 1) , etc.

The elements of P ( ) cannot be listed. (There are too many of them!)
The set P ( ) has an infinite number of elements.
[ 1, 1] = {x | x  1 x 1} P () is true.

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 27

Question9

{1, 2, 3}

(1, 2} {1, 3}
{2, 3}

{1} {2} {3}

Question10 Omitted

Question11 Let Claim(n) be If X = {1, 2, K , n}, then P ( X ) has 2 n elements.

Step 1: Claim(1) is If X = {1}, then P ( X ) has 21 = 2 elements.

P ( X ) = (, {1}} . P ( X ) has 2 elements, so, Claim(1) is true.
Step 2: Assume that Claim(k) is true for some k
; that is, If X = {1, 2, K , k },

then P ( X ) has 2 k elements. (1)

Prove Claim( k + 1 ) is true; that is, prove that If X = {1, 2, K , k , k + 1}, then P ( X )

has 2 k +1 elements.

We know that the set {1, 2, K , k } has 2 k subsets which contain the elements 1, 2, 3,
, k.
These subsets will also be subsets of X = {1, 2, K , k , k + 1}.

So, we already have 2 k subsets of X.

How do we take into account the element k + 1 ? Each of these original 2 k subsets
will determine a new subset when the element k + 1 is included in the original
subset and all subsets containing k + 1 will be so determined.
Thus, we have the subsets of {1, 2, 3, K , k } and the new subsets.

( )
So the total number of subsets of X = {1, 2, 3, K , k , k + 1} is 2 k + 2 k = 2 2 k = 2 k +1 .
So Claim( k + 1 ) is true.
Thus, by Mathematical Induction, Claim(n) is true for all n
.

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 28

Question12

(a) Let X = {1} and Y = {2} .

Then P ( X ) = {, {1}}, P (Y ) = {, {2}} and X Y = {1, 2} .

P ( X ) P (Y ) = {, {1}, {2}}, P ( X Y ) = {, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}
Clearly, P ( X ) P (Y ) P ( X Y ) but P ( X ) P (Y ) P ( X Y ) .

(b) Let X = {1, 2} and Y = {2, 3} .

Then P ( X ) = {, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}} , P (Y ) = {, {2}, {3}, {2, 3}} and X Y = {2}.
P ( X ) P (Y ) = {, {2}}, P ( X Y ) = {, {2}}
Clearly, P ( X ) P (Y ) = P ( X Y ) .

Question13

(a) Prove A B A C B C
KNOW: A B , that is, x A x B K (1)
PROVE: A C B C , that is, x A C x B C .
PROOF: Let x A C .
x A C x A x C
x B x C by (1)
xBC
Therefore, A C B C .

(b) To prove ( A B ) B = B , we must prove two things:

1. ( A B ) B B , that is, x ( A B ) B x B

2. B ( A B ) B , that is, x B x ( A B ) B

Proof of 1:
x (A B) B x (A B) x B
xB
(A B) B B

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 29

 Proof of 2:
xB xB xB
( x B x A) x B ( -introduction )
x (B A ) x B
x (A B) B
B (A B) B

Thus, ( A B ) B = B

Question14 Let U be the universal set and let A, B and C be subsets of U.

Using properties of union, intersection and complement and known set laws, simplify
the following:

(a) (c)

( )
(A B) A = A B A (A  ) U =  U
= (A A) (B A) =
=  ( B A)
(d)
= (B A)
(A U ) A = A A
(b) =U

(C B ) C = C B C
= C C B
=U B
=U

Question15
1 + ( 1)k
Let A = {0, 1}, B = n  : k , n =

2

Step 1: Prove A B .
Let x A . Then x = 0 or x = 1 . Proof by cases.

1 1 1 + ( 1)1
Case 1: x = 0 x = = .
2 2

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 30


1 + ( 1)k
.
Therefore, k , x =
2

1 + 1 1 + ( 1)2
Case 2: x = 1 x = = .
2 2
1 + ( 1)k
Therefore, k , x = .
2

Therefore, A B .
Step 2: Prove B A .

1 + ( 1)k
Let y B . Then k , y = .
2

k can be an odd integer or an even integer.
Let k be an odd integer.

1 + ( 1)k 1 + ( 1) 0
Then y = = = = 0.
2 2 2
Let k be an even integer.

1 + ( 1)k 1 + 1 2
Then y = = = = 1.
2 2 2
Therefore, y = 0 or y = 1 .
Thus, y A .
Therefore, B A .
Therefore, by Step 1 and Step 2, A = B .

Question16 A = {1, 3, 5, 9, K} B = {2, 5, 8, 11, K}.

t A B t A t B
k  (t = 2k 1) w  (t = 3w + 2 )
2k 1 = 3w + 2
2k = 3w + 3 = 3(w + 1). But 2k is even so w + 1
must be even.
w is an odd number
Therefore, there is an odd integer w  such that t = 3w + 2 .
Thus, t A B w  (w is odd t = 3w + 2 ) .
Now, let t be an integer such that w  (w is odd t = 3w + 2 ) .
t B by the definition of B. We must show that t A .

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 31

 t  such that w  (w is odd t = 3w + 2 )
p  (w = 2 p + 1 t = 3(2 p + 1) + 2 )
p  (w = 2 p + 1 t = (6 p + 3) + 2 = 2(3 p + 3) 1)
tA
Therefore, t A B .
Thus, w  (w is odd t = 3w + 2 ) t A B

Question17

(a) We must prove two things:

1. ( A B ) A B , that is, x ( A B ) x A B

2. A B ( A B ) , that is, x A B x ( A B )
Proof of 1.:
x (A B ) ~ (x A B )
~ (x A x B)
~ ( x A) ~ ( x B )
x A xB
x A B
(A B) A B

Proof of 2: Reverse the steps for proof of 1. A B ( A B )

Therefore, ( A B ) = A B

(b) We must prove two things:

1. A (B C ) ( A B ) C , that is x A (B C ) x ( A B ) C
2. ( A B ) C A (B C ) , that is x ( A B ) C x A (B C )
Proof of 1:
x A (B C ) x A x B C
x A (x B x C )
(x A x B ) x C
x A B x C
x (A B) C
A (B C ) ( A B ) C
Proof of 2: Reverse the steps for proof of 1. ( A B ) C A (B C )

Therefore, A (B C ) = ( A B ) C .

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 32

Question18 Let U be the universal set and let A, B and C be subsets of U.
Using properties of union, intersection and complement and known set laws, simplify
the following:

(C U ) C = (C C ) (U C ) (C  ) C = (C  ) C
(a) = U U (c) = C C
=U =

( A U ) A = (A  ) A (A B) A = A B A
(b) = A A
(d) ( )
= A A B
=A = B
=

Question19

(a) Let n T . Then n 2 is an odd integer.

Lets assume that n is an even integer.
Then, k  (n = 2k )

( )
n 2 = (2k )2 = 4k 2 = 2 2k 2 .

Therefore, n 2 is an even integer.

This leads us to a contradiction, as n 2 is an odd integer.

So our assumption must be wrong.
Therefore, n must be an odd integer n O .
Thus, T O .

(b) Let m O .
Then m is an odd integer k  (m = 2k + 1)

m 2 = (2k + 1)2
= 4k 2 + 4k + 1
( )
= 2 2k 2 + 2k + 1,
(2k 2 + 2k ) 
Therefore, m 2 is an odd integer, so m T .
Thus, O T .

(c) From Part (a) T O and from part (b) O T . Therefore T = O .

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 33

Question20 Let x = 1 and y = 4 . x 2 + y 2 = 1 + 16 = 17 and 17 E .
Thus, T is not a subset of E.

Question21

(a) Prove A B = A A B .
KNOW: A B = A ., that is x A x A B and x A B x A K (1)
PROVE: A B , that is, x A x B .
x A x A B (by 1)
x A xB
xB
Thus, A B .

(b) Disprove the statement.

Let A = {1, 2} , B = {2, 3} and C = {2} .
Then A B = A C = {1}, but B C .

Question22 Determine if the following statements are true or false:

(a) True
Prove A B =  A B .
KNOW: A B =  .

PROVE: A B , that is, x A x B .

Let x A . Suppose x B .
Then x A B , but A B =  .
Therefore, we have a contradiction and x B , that is, x B .

(b) True
( )
Prove A B A B B =  .

KNOW: A B and A B .
PROVE: B =  .
Let B  , that is, there exists x such that x B .
Now, we have two cases.
Either x A or x A .
x A x B , which is a contradiction.

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 34

 x A x B , which is also a contradiction.
Therefore, x does not exist, so B =  .

(c) True
Prove A and B A are disjoint, that is A (B A) =  .
Suppose A (B A)  , that is, there exists x such that x A (B A)
x A x (B A)
x A ( x B x A)
xA xA xB
This statement is false.
Therefore, A (B A) =  .

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 35

Section 5: Relations and Functions
Question1
(a)
(i) A B = {(1, 0), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 0), ( 2, 2), (2, 3)}
y

x
0 1 2

(ii) A A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}

4
y

x
0 1 2

-1
(iii) B A = {(0, 1), (0, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2 ), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
y

x
0 1 2 3

(b) Is A B B B No
(c) A B = {0, 1, 2, 3} ( A B ) C
( A B ) C = {( 0, a ), (0, b ), (1, a ), (1, b ), (2, a ), (2, b ), (3, a ), (3, b )}
( A C ) = {(1, a ), (1, b ), (2, a ), (2, b )} .

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 36

 ( B C ) = {(0, a ), (0, b ), ( 2, a ), (2, b ), (3, a ), (3, b )
( A C ) ( B C ) = {(0, a ), (0, b ), (1, a ), (1, b ), (2, a ), ( 2, b ), (3, a ), (3, b )
What do you notice? ( A B ) C = ( A C ) ( B C )}
(d)
( A B ) C = {(1, 0, a ), (1, 0, b ), (1, 2, a ), (1, 2, b ), (1, 3, a ), (1, 3, b ),
(2, 0, a ), ( 2, 0, b ), , ( 2, 2, a ), ( 2, 2, b )(2, 3, a ), (2, 3, b )}
C ( A A) = {( a , 1, 1), ( a , 1, 2), ( a , 2, 1), ( a , 2, 2),
.
(b, 1, 1), (b, 1, 2 ), (b, 2, 1), (b, 2, 2)}
Question2 D A = {( a , 1), (b, 1), ( a , 2, ), (b, 2)} .
A D = {(1, a ), (1, b ), (2, a ), (2, b )} , they are not equal
Question3 Let A = { x  : 0 < x < 1} , B = { x  : 1 < x < 3} and
C = { x  : 0 x 1} .
(a) Sketch the graph of A B in  2 . The unshaded area:
y

x
-1 0 1 2

-1

(b) Sketch the graph of C C in  2 . Note: C C is called the until square in  2 .

The area inside the square:
y

x
-1 0 1

-1

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 37

 (c) Sketch the graph of C  in  2 . The unshaded area:
y

x
-1 0 1

-1

Question4 Let A = {a1 , a 2 , K a n } and B = {b1, b2 , K bm } .

(a) There will be mn elements in A B .
(b)
A B = {( a1, b1 ), ( a1, b2 ),K( a1, bm ),
( a2 , b1 ), ( a2 , b2 ),K( a2 , bm ),K .
( an , b1 ), ( an , b2 ),K( an , bm )}
Question5
( a, b) ( A B ) C
a ( A B) b C
(a A a B) b C
(a A b C ) (a B) b C )
( a, b ) A C ( a , b ) B C
( a, b ) ( A C ) ( B C )
( A B) C = ( A C ) ( B C )
Question6 Sketch the graphs of the following relations in  2 .
(a) R1 = {( x, y ) : x = y x = y} .
y

x
-1 0 1

-1

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 38

 (b) R 2 = {( x, y ) : x 2 y = 0} .
y

x
-2 -1 0 1 2

-1

(c) R3 = {( x, y ) : y 2 = 2 + x} .
y

x
-2 -1 0 1 2

-1

(d) R 4 = {( x, y ) : ( x 2 y )( x y ) = 0} .
y

x
-2 -1 0 1 2

-1

Question7 Sketch the graphs of the following relations in  2 .

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 39

 (a) R1 = {( x, y ) :| x |=| y |}
y

x
-2 -1 0 1 2

-1

(b) R 2 = {( x, y ) : ( x 2 y )(4 x 2 + 9 y 2 36) = 0}

y

x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

-3

Question8
(a) R = {(2, 6 ), (2, 8), (2, 10 ), (3, 6 ), (4, 8)}
(b) Graph A B and circle the elements of R.
y
10

1
x
0 1 2 3 4

(c) True or false?

(i) 4R6 False, 4 is not a factor of 6
(ii) 4R8 True, 8 = 4 2
(iii) (3, 8) R False, 3 is not a factor of 8
(iv) (2, 10) R True, 10 = 2 5
(v) (4, 12) R False, 12 B

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 40

Question9
(a) R S = R (b) R S = S

Question10 Write down the domain and range of the relation R on the given set A.
A = {h : h is a human being} , R = {( h1 , h2 ) : h1 is the sister of h2 }
Dom R = { f A : f is female f has a sibling},
Range R = {p A : p has a sister}
Question11 R = {(3, 4 ), (3, 5), (3, 6 ), (4, 5), (4, 6 ), (5, 6 )} .
1
R = {(4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3), (5, 4 ), (6, 4 ), (6, 5)}
y2 x2
Question12 T 1 = {( x, y ) : + = 1} .
4 9
Sketch of T:
y

x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

-3

Sketch of T 1 :
y

x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-1

-2

-3

Question13 Determine whether or not the given relation is reflexive, symmetric or

transitive. Give a counterexample in each case in which the relation does not satisfy
the property.
(a) R1 on the set A = {h : h is a human being} given by
R1 = {( h1 , h2 ) : h1 is the sister of h2 }
R1 is not reflexive, symmetric or transitive. Consider a family with three siblings,
Jane, Mary and John.
R1 is not reflexive as Jane is not her own sister

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 41

 R1 is not symmetric as Jane is Johns sister, however John is not Janes sister
R1 is not transitive as Jane is Marys sister and Mary is Janes sister, however,
Jane is not her own sister.
(b) R2 on the set A = {a , b, c, d } given by
R 2 = {( a , a ), ( a , b ), (b, a ), (b, b ), (b, c ), ( c, b ), (c, c ), ( d , d )}
R2 is reflexive on A = {a , b, c, d } :
(a , a ) R 2 , (b, b ) R 2 , (c, c ) R 2 and (d , d ) R 2 .
R2 is symmetric:
(a , b ) R 2 and (b, a ) R 2 ; (b, c ) R 2 and (c, b ) R 2 .
All other elements in R2 are of the form ( x, x ) so satisfy the symmetry property.
R2 is not transitive:
(a , b ) R 2 and (b, c ) R 2 . However, (a , c ) R 2 .
So transitivity fails.
Question14 Determine whether or not the following relation is an equivalence relation.
R on A = {0, 1, 2, 3} given by R = A A .
R = A A = {( x, y ) : x, y A} . That is, x, y A, ( x, y ) R .
R is Reflexive: x A, ( x, x ) A A ( x, x ) R .
R is Symmetric:
x, y A, ( x, y ) A A
y, x A
( y, x ) A A
Thus, x, y A, ( x, y ) R ( y , x ) R
R is Transitive:
x, y , z A, ( x, y ) A A, ( y , z ) A A, and ( x, z ) A A.
Thus, x, y, z A, ( x, y ) R ( y , z ) R ( x, z ) R.
Therefore, the relation R is an equivalence relation on A
Question15 Show that the relation R on the set A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} given by
R = {(0, 0), (0, 4), (1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 3), (4, 0), (4, 4)} is an equivalence relation.
Find all the classes of R.
R is Reflexive on A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} :
(0, 0 ) R, (1, 1) R, (2, 2) R, (3, 3) R and (4, 4) R.
Thus, a A, (a , a ) R .
R is Symmetric:
(0, 4) R and (4, 0) R; (1, 3) R and (3, 1) R .
All other elements in R are of the form ( x, x ) , so satisfy the symmetry property.
Thus, a , b A, (a , b ) R (b, a ) R .
R is Transitive:
(0, 0 ), (0, 4) R and (0, 4 ) R;
(0, 4), (4, 0) R and (0, 0 ) R;
(0, 4), (4, 4 ) R and (0, 4) R;
(1, 1), (1, 3) R and (1, 3) R;
(1, 3), (3, 1) R and (1, 1) R;

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 42

 (1, 3), (3, 3) R and (1, 3) R;
(3, 1), (1, 1) R and (3, 1) R;
(3, 1), (1, 3) R and (3, 3) R;
(3, 3), (3, 1) R and (3, 1) R;
(4, 0), (0, 0) R and (4, 0 ) R;
(4, 0), (0, 4) R and (4, 4) R;
(4, 4), (4, 0 ) R and (4, 0) R .
Elements of the form ( x, x ) also satisfy the transitive property.
Thus, a , b, c A, (a , b ), (b, c ) R (a , c ) R .
Therefore, R is an equivalence relation.
class(0) = {0, 4}; class(1) = {1, 3}; class(2) = {2}; class(3) = {1, 3} = class(1) ;
class(4) = {0, 4} = class(0) .
Question16 Is the following relation a function? Give brief reason.
R on [ 2, 2] = {x  : 2 x 2} , where
R = {( x, y ) : y = 1 ( x 1) 2 y = 1 1 ( x + 1) 2 } .
y

x
-2 -1 0 1 2

Dom R = [ 2, 2] = {x  : 2 x 2}.
However, the relation doesnt satisfy the vertical line test as both (0, 0 ) and (0, 1) are
elements of the relation
Question17
(i) Let A = {1, 5, 9} and B = {3, 4, 7} . F1 A B and F1 = {(1, 7 ), (5, 3), ( 9, 4 )}
(a) F1 is one-to-one as each element in the range appears only once.
(b) F1 is onto as range F1 = B

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 43

 (ii) F2 on  and F2 = {( x, y ) : y = 2 x}
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

(a) The function satisfies the horizontal line test, thus F2 is one-to-one
(b) Range F2 = {2n : n }  , thus, F2 is not onto
Question18 Let A = {4, 5, 6} and B = {5, 6, 7} and define the relations S and T from A
to B as follows: S = {( x, y ) : x y is even} and T = {( 4, 6), (6, 5), (6, 7)} .
(a) S 1 from B to A, S 1 = {(5, 5), (6, 4), (6, 6), (7, 5)} .
and T 1 from B to A, T 1 = {(6, 4), (5, 6), (7, 6)}
(b) S = {( 4, 6), (5, 5), (5, 7), (6, 6)} , (5, 5) S and (5, 7 ) S thus S is not a function,
Dom T = {4,6} A and (6, 5) T and , (6, 7) T , thus T is not a function,
(6, 4) S 1 and (6, 6 ) S 1 , thus S 1 is not a function
Dom T 1 = {5, 6, 7} = B each element in the domain appears only once, thus T 1
is a function.
Question19 Simplify the following:
(a) (1 3 4)(3 2 4) = (1 2 4)
(b) (1 3 4) 1 = (4 3 1)
(c) (2 5 4 1) 1 = (1 4 5 2)
(d) (3 2)(3 2 4)(3 1)(4 2) = (3 2 1 4)

WUCT121 Logic Tutorial Exercises Solutions 44