Unit 4: Cellular Respiration &

Photosynthesis
All organisms need:
food for energy
water
organic and inorganic building materials
Autotrophs Heterotroph
producers consumers
Use sunlight and must obtain food by
inorganic molecules eating other
to produce organic organisms
molecules
photosynthesis!
AEROBIC Cellular Respiration
chemical process
uses O2 to convert chemical energy stored in organic
molecules (glucose) into ATP
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
ATP is made of an adenosine (nucleotide) + ribose
(sugar) + 3 phosphates
When one phosphate
is removed from ATP,
energy is released,
and a molecule of
ADP (diphosphate) is
made
The energy released from ATP is used for

Chemical work: build large

molecules

Mechanical work: moving a

muscle protein

Transport work: pumping

solutes across a membrane
ATP is made during cellular respiration

Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the

mitochondria of cells
Enclosed by 2 Creates 2 compartments:
membranes: 1. outer compartment
1. outer membrane 2. matrix
2. inner cristae
membrane

The many folds of

the cristae
increase the
surface area for
reactions to take
place.
 Location: outside the mitochondria in the
cytoplasm
2 ATP molecules are used as an investment to
break glucose in half
4 ATP produced
(NET GAIN= 2 ATP)
2 molecules of pyruvic acid are produced
2 molecules of NAD converted to NADH
(these will be important during stage 3!)
 Location: mitochondrial matrix
Each pyruvic acid combines with coenzyme A
to produce acetyl-CoA
Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces 1 ATP, 3
NADH, and 1 FADH2
REMEMBER! Glycolysis produces 2 pyruvic acids,
so the Krebs cycle must turn TWICE for each
molecule of glucose.
CO2 is a waste and is exhaled
Coenzymes that shuttle protons and electrons from
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the next step of respiration
( the electron transport chain).
OIL RIG
OXIDATION IS LOSS
OF ELECTRONS

REDUCTION IS GAIN
OF ELECTRONS
 Location: inner membranes of the mitochondria
A gradient builds across the inner membrane
(cristae)
The gradient makes ATP in a process called
chemiosmosis.
 Part 1: Proton Gradient
NADH and FADH2 carry high energy e- to the
ETC
When the e- are pulled through the ETC
energy is released and used to pump protons
(from low to high concentration) across the
membrane.
 Part 2: Chemiosmosis
Uses energy of the proton gradient to convert
ADP into ATP.
ATP Synthase is a proton channel in the
cristae membrane
When protons go through the channel, it
attaches phosphates to ADP molecules to
make ATP.
 Oxygen is very electronegative. It has a strong
attraction for electrons and protons.
Oxygen pulls electrons through the ETC.
Its the final electron acceptor in the ETC.
When oxygen combines with protons and
electrons at the end of the ETC, water is made.
Water is a waste produce of respiration. It is
exhaled as water vapor.
 Each NADH makes 3 ATP
Each FADH2 makes 2 ATP
6

TOTAL ATP PER GLUCOSE:

2 from glycolysis
2 from Krebs cycle
34 from ETC (NADH & FADH2

38
 Stage Location Products
Glycolysis Cytoplasm 4 ATP (2 Net),
2 NADH,
2 pyruvate
Acetyl CoA Mitochondrial 2 NADH,
Formation Matrix 2 CO2
Krebs Cycle Mitochondrial 2 ATP,
Matrix 6 NADH,
2 FADH2, 4CO2
ETC Inner 34 ATP, H2O
Membrane
 If you exercise for a certain amount of time, ATP
must be regenerated!
BUT, oxygen cant be supplied fast enough.
FERMENTATION makes ATP without using oxygen
Fermentation is also called anaerobic
respiration
 Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus either
alcohol fermentation OR lactic acid
fermentation.
Alcohol fermentation alcohol + CO2
Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvic acid

Lactic acid fermentation lactic acid

 Pyruvic acid is converted into ethyl alcohol and
CO2 in the absence of oxygen
Yeast Fermentation:
CO2 bubbles help bread to rise
Alcohol used in beer and wine production

Alcohol fermentation alcohol + CO2

Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvic acid

Lactic acid fermentation lactic acid

 Occurs during strenuous exercise when you
have increased the demand for O2
Pyruvic acid converts into lactic acid in muscles
Lactic acid causes fatigue and burning

Alcohol fermentation alcohol + CO2

Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvic acid

Lactic acid fermentation lactic acid

 Process in which light energy is used to make
glucose.
Solar energy is converted into chemical energy
which is stored in chemical bonds.
Performed by all organisms in the plant kingdom
and algae (protista kingdom)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION

RESPIRATION EQUATION
 Palisade layer consists of tightly packed cells
containing chloroplasts. Majority of photosynthesis takes
place here
Spongy mesophyll also contain some chloroplasts.
Have air spaces which allow for the exchange of O2,
CO2, and water vapor.
Epidermis protects the cells underneath it and allows
light to pass into the leaf.
Above the epidermis is cutin which waterproofs the leaf
and minimizes water loss.
 Guard cells control
the opening and
closing of stomates
Stomates allow for the
exchange of gases
The goal of the guard
cells and stomata is to
reduce water loss!
 Organelle where
photosynthesis occurs
Contain the pigment
chlorophyll which give
these organelles a green
color.
Enclosed by a double
membrane
Grana = stacks of
thylakoids
 Inside of the
thylakoid is the
lumen site of light
dependent reactions
Outside of the
thylakoid is the
stroma site of light
independent
reactions (Calvin
Cycle)
 When light hits an object it
can be:
Reflected
Transmitted
Absorbed

When something appears red,

it reflects red light and
absorbs all other colors.
Why do plants appear green?
Absorb light in the visible
spectrum

Different pigments
absorb light of different
wavelengths.
Only absorbed light can be used to power photosynthesis!
 chlorophyll b green
Other accessory pigments carotenoids orange
capture different wavelengths and red
of light and pass energy to phycobilins red
chlorophyll. (found in algae)
Paper chromatography allows you to observe the
different pigments in a leaf
Procedure:
1. Press a leaf onto filter paper.
2. Place the paper in sealed container containing a
solvent.
3. The solvent will move up the paper.
4. Pigments dissolved in the solvent get carried up the
strip.
Depending on how
well they dissolve in
the solvent,
pigments travel up
the paper at
different rates.
 Two main processes of photosynthesis

Light Dependent Light Independent

reactions reactions
ATP ATP
Light + + Sugar
+ NADPH NADPH
H2O + +
O2 CO2
 Location: within the thylakoid
membrane
Light absorbing complexes
called photosystems are
found in the membrane
Photosystems contain
chlorophyll a and accessory
pigments (chlorophyll b &
carotenoids.
1. Light strikes photosystem II (P680)
2. Excited electrons are transferred through the ETC
releasing energy
3. The energy that is released pumps protons (H+)
across the membrane into the thylakoid creating a
proton gradient
 Once the electrons are
transferred through the
ETC, they need to be
replaced.
A water molecule (H2O)
is split in a process known
+protons used to -electrons used to as photolysis
build gradient replace e- in PSII
H2O supplies electrons,
Some O2 used in protons, and oxygen
respiration, most
released from leaf atoms.
4. Electrons arrive at photosystem I (P700) with less
energy.
5. Light hits photosystem I to re-energize the electrons
6. The function of photosystem I is to produce NADPH
from NADP+ by transferring excited electrons and
hydrogen ions.
7. the H+ built up in the lumen are allowed to diffuse
through ATP synthase
8. flow of H+ attaches a P to ADP ATP
(CHEMIOSMOSIS)
9. NADPH and ATP now move to light independent
reaction (Calvin Cycle) to make glucose
 light

absorbed by chlorophyll
energizes electrons
e- fall through ETC
builds proton gradient

H+ pass through ATP synthase

ATP
 Location: Stroma
Function: to produce sugar or PGAL (3 carbon
compound)
CO2 combines with protons/electrons carried by
NADPH from light reacts to produce sugar
CO2 + H+ (protons) + electrons PGAL
PGAL is used to build glucose!
Stage 1: Carbon Fixation
Carbon from CO2 is fixed to
RuBP
requires enzyme RuBisCo
produces 3-PGA
Stage 2: Reduction
NADPH gives up e- to
produce G3P
requires ATP and NADPH
(from light reactions!)
Stage 3: Regeneration
For every 6 GP3:
1 leaves as PGAL to make glucose
5 are recycled into RuBP to start the
cycle again
CELLULAR RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Occurs all the time Occurs only in the light
Oxidation reactions Reduction reactions
Occurs in the mitochondria Occurs in chloroplasts
Requires O2 and produces Requires CO2 and
CO2 produces O2
NAD is the proton carrier NADP is the proton carrier
ATP is produced by ATP ATP is produced by ATP
synthase synthase