Apre TEE Memo Table of Contents About this Manual Learning Objectives What You Will Need... What to Expect... Course Conventions. Icons ‘Summary Module1 Data Loadin: Learning Objectives .. Lesson 1 How the Script Works. Exercise 1 Activating the Wbilmport Python Script during Import... Exercise2 Loading Data User Configuration of the Script Review Questions Summary Module 2 Data Processing Learning Objectives . Workflow Diagram wm Initial Cheoks.. Lesson 1 Speed Correction... Exercise 1 Speed Correcting an FMI dataset. Lesson 2 Pad Image Cres Exercise 1 Creating Pad Images Exercise 2 Displaying Pad-Based Images. Lesson 3 Image-Based Speed Correction. Exercise 1 Applying Image-Based Speed Correction ... Lesson 4 Button Harmonization. Faulty Button Detection. Repairing Noisy Buttons .....nsnnsensns Applying a Cutoff to Image Data... Exercise 1 Performing Button Harmonization...n.nsssnene Techiog Wellbore imagingLesson Pad Concatenation...... seen Exercise 1 Creating an Oriented Image Array. Lesson 6 Histogram Equalization Exercise 1 Performing Histogram Equalization... Review Questions ‘Summary... Module 3 Image Display in Logview...... Learning Objectives Lesson 1 Image Display Basics in Logview. Exercise 1 Displaying an Image in Logview Lesson 2 Palettes. Exercise 1 Adapting Palettes. Lesson 3 Image Rotation nnn Exercise 1 Rotating Images in a Logview Display. Lesson 4 Image Filtering... Exercise 1 Filtering an Image... Review Questions Summary Module 4 LWD Image Handling Learning Objective Lesson 1 LWD Array Orientation... Exercise 1 Orienting an LWO Array... Lesson 2 Oriented LWD Array Preparation .. Exercise 1 Preparing a Previously-Oriented LWD ArTaY ns. 60 Review Questions ‘Summary Module 5 Dip Picking... Learning Objectives Lesson 1 Dip Picking... 63, Exercise 1 Picking Dips..... 64 Full Sine Wave Picking... oe seen 87 Partial Sine Wave Picking... 70 “Techiog Wallbore imagingTechlor Welivore imagin Stretchy Sinusoid Picking ... Breakout Picking Induced Fracture Picking 273 Saving Picked Dips . oe seonnmsnnnnnnnnnnnnneT Special Considerations for Breakouts and Induced Fractures...u.mmnnnnnonel4 Lesson2 Dip Data Set Structure... Lesson 3. Automatic Dip Picking Exercise 1 Picking Dips Automatically .....0nnnnm 79 Lesson 4 Add the Dip Type to the Classification Automatically... Exercise 1 Automatically Adding the Dip Type... Lesson 5 _ Dip Display in Logview... Exercise 1 Displaying Dips. Review Questions ‘Summary... Module 6 Dip Interpretation Plots Learning Objectives wm. Lesson 1 Walkout and Cumulative Dip Plots... Exercise 1 Working with Walkout and Cumulative Dip Plots ..... Lesson 2 Stereonet Plots Exercise 2 Working with Stereonet POS 1... snnnennenen 8 Lesson 3 Dip Reclassification in a Plot... . onmnnennnnearnet OF Exercise 1 Reclassifying Dips...... 104 Lesson 4 Stereonet Plot Displays on a Map. ee) Exercise 1 Displaying Stereonet Plots ona MaP..nnmunnmnnmnnennne IOS Review Questions wmnuenusnn ve Summary. Module 7 — Automatic Dip Computation... Learning Objectives Lesson 1 Automatic Dip Computation with FMI Data... eens 109 Exercise 1 Using Automatic Dip Computation.. Review Questions SummaryModule 8 Structural Dip Removal Learning Objectives .... Lesson 1 Structural Dip and Dip Zones ..n.s0seen Exercise 1 Identifying Structural Dip Zones... Exercise 2. Determining Structural Dip Lesson 2 Structural Dip Removal Method Exercise 1. Using the Structural Dip Removal Method Review Questions ... Module9 — Fracture Counting.. Learning Objectives .... Lesson 1 Simple Fracture Orientation Set Definition ..... Exercise 1 Defining Simple Fracture Orientation Sets. Lesson 2 Fracture Counting.. Step Interval vs. Count Interval Fracture Density Correction in Techiog. Exercise 1 Counting Fractures... Review Questions ... Summary... Module 10 Image and Dip Display in 3D Vue.. Learning Objectives Lesson 1 Image Display in 3DVue. Exercise 1 Displaying Images in 30 Vue. Lesson 2 Borehole Shape Plots in 3D. Exercise 1 Displaying a Borehole Shape Plot in 3D... Review Questions ‘Summary Techilog Welibore imaging— frou + Poem a pay Teck lo tee? Pos r Gretel Tae ee 2 Sor ondiia! , dalp rhs Structoe mowA ple te amen alee Carver!” onl oe te cece? Tee pddt) About this Manual The Techlog Wellbore imagind we) ing presents the processing and interpretation of borehole image data. The WBI training discusses tools for the basic processing of images, clean up and enhancement of data, dip and facies picking capabilities and tools for interpretation of dip data Learning Objectives = After completing this training, you will be able to: © customize data loading of borehole image data @) process image data and use tools to clean up and enhance the data * _cor i anual) matically from image data * determine structural dip and remove from the dip data sets to study paleaotransport pick facies from images understand fracture populations visualize your data in 2D and 3D. What You Will Need re) ‘You must have the following hardware and software to perform the exercises: ‘© Operating system: Windows XP or later operating system + Minimum 1 GB of RAM available for Techlog ‘* Techlog installation file (2011.1) ‘+ Techlog license * Data folder Wbi_training. What to Expect In each module within this training material, you will encounter the following: ‘+ Overview of the module ‘+ Prerequisites to the module (if necessary) + Learning objectives * Aworkflow component (if applicable) + Lessons, explaining a subject or an activity in the workflow + Procedutes, showing the steps needed to perform a task + Exercises, which allow you to practice a task by using the steps in the procedure with a data set Techlog Wellbore maging 7Pr ‘+ Scenario-based exercises * Questions about the module * Summary of the module. You will also encounter notes, tips and best practices. Course Conventions The instructions for the procedures and exercises in this manual are written using the following conventions. Characters typed in Bold Characters inside <> triangle brackets Indicate values that the user must supply, such as Represents references to dialog box names and application areas or commands to be performed. For example, "Open the Open Asset Model dialog." Used to denote keyboard commands, For example, “Type a name and press Enter." Identifies the name of Schlumberger software applications, such as ECLIPSE, GeoFrame or Petrol and . Characters typed in italics Represent fle names or directories, such as"... edit the file sample.dat and..." Represents option areas in a window, such as Experiments area. Identifies the first uso of important terms or concepts. For example, “compositional simulation..." or “safe mode is used when. Characters typed in fixed~ width Represent code, data and other ital text the user sees or types. For example, enter 0.7323. », NOTE: Some of the conventions used in this manual indicate the information to enter, but are not ) part of the formation. For example, quotation marks and information between brackets icate the information you should enter. Do not include the quotation marks or brackets When you type your information. Instructions to make menu selections are also written using bold text and an arrow indicating the selection sequence, as shown: Select File menu > Save (the Save Asset Model File dialog opens.) OR Click Save Modet [El ‘An ‘OR’ is used to identify an alternate procedure. ‘Techiog Wellbore imagingIcons Throughout this manual, you will find icons in the margin representing various kinds of information. These icons serve as at-a-glance reminders of their associated text. See below for descriptions of what each icon means. Notes Best Practices This icon indicates that ‘Tis icon indicates the the folowing information bbost way to porform a Is particularly important given task when different ‘options are available, This icon points you toa ‘ip that wll make your Work easier. ‘Questions Lessons This icon identifies the This icon identifies a quostions at the end of lesson, which covers @ ‘each lesson, particular topic. ov Exercise ‘This loon indicates that Its your tun to practice the procedure, Warnings, “This icon indicates when you need to procood with ‘extreme caution. Review Questions This Icon identifies the review questions atthe fend of each module Procedures ‘This icon identifies the stops required to perform a given task, 4 Lee } Prerequisites Learning Objectives What you will need ‘This leon identifies any leatning objectives set ‘aut for the course, or for the current module This ican indicates any applications, hardwar data sots, or othor ‘material required forthe ‘This leon Identifies any prerequisites that are required forthe courso, (rfor individual modules. Techlog Wellbore imagingSummary In this introduction, we: * defined the tearing objectives + outlined what tools you will need for this training + discussed course conventions that you will encounter within this material. “Techiog Wellbore imagingModule 1 Data Loading Techlog uses a data model in which each data set must have a single depth (or time) ‘sampling rate. Because borehole images often have different sampling rates (for example, the image arrays, calipers and orientation curves may all be at different sampling rates), loading data sets conventionally into Techlog results in data being loaded to multiple data sets which must later be merged. To facilitate loading and processing, a python script can be activated during import to recognize a variety of tools and multiple logging passes and oreate a data set for each. This script is distributed with the Techlog installation, along with @ configuration file defining € spectied numberof ool types (based mainly on raw, not processed, data). You can modiy this script o include other tool types or to specify a different set of variables to be loaded. Learning Objectives After completing this training, you will know how to: * activate a script to recognize borehole image data sets * create a single data set ready for processing modify the configuration file so the script recognizes and loads new tool types. Lesson 1 How the Script Works ‘The TLimport_ Wilmport script works in the following manner. When active, the script runs on any data in the import buffer after the data have been copied to the import buffer. The script identifies different logging passes in two ways: © Itidentifies indi {ual logical sin @ DLIS file and groups the data accordingly. ‘+ _Itverifies that the data within each group covers the same intervals. After each pass is identified, the script identifies if there are data from one or more borehole imaging tools within each group. This is accomplished using the wbilmport_tools_mnemonics.cfg file. (Refer to the section titled, "User Configuration of the Script") When a too! is identified, the script creates a single data set that includes all of the mnemonics specified in the wbilmport_tools_mnemonics.cfg file. The new data set has a name that follows the convention TOOLNAME_Interval ‘Two important rules are imposed on the script when it creates the data set. * Array variables (borehole image arrays, for example) cannot be resampled. + Variables cannot be downsampled, which is particularly important for the Z-axis accelerometer curve and the frame time curve. If there are variables at a higher sampling rate than the image arrays, they are included in a second data set given the name TOOLNAME-INCL_Interval. A new dataset property called Techlog WellboretnagingINCLINOMETRY_SET will be added to the TOOLNAME_interval dataset specifying that the TOOLNAME-INCL_Interval dataset contains the associated high sample rate dataset To proceed with the training, ereate a now Techlog project by eolecting Techlog (MIM New. Exercise 1 Activating the Wbilmport Python Script during Import To activate a Python script to run during data import: 4. Open the Import buffer by selecting TL (HEB > import (D mewe, —cutesiaton (S Open. csshiteyo ccuesnited © Recent projects > Boot. — CueshitenE op Pract wites » Bhi, cure KK Oplonsa. chested © gutteoves cuisnitsna Or Select Home (ty, > Import cy 2. Click on the bar where the directory path is displayed to see the properties of the Import buffer. 3. Inthe Parameters tab, click on the parameter Launch a script after import. 4. Set Launch the script to yes. 5. Inthe drop-down list Script to be launched, choose TechsiaNVbilmport. Techiog WellboreInauingDeactivate the titer after impo {und a scipt before import TIP: The Script to be launched list shows all the scripts (User, Project, Company, or ‘Techsia) that begin with the name TLimport_(for example, TLimport_Wbilmport) ‘Should you wish to create your own script to run on import, add the prefix TLimport_ to the name you wish to use. Exercise 2 Loading Data In this exercise, you load an FMI data set for use in later exercises. The loading script will identify the tool and create the required data set. 41, Load the DLIS file IMAGE-WELL2_ RAW.dlis from the directory Wbi Training Datasets in ‘one of two ways: Fe Drag-and-drop the file into the Techlog workspace. OR +A meceweur » GG miuietzr.asim 2. cick to toad the FM_16_1271-1601m dataset rom the import buffer to the project browser. 3. Compare the variables in this data set wth those defined in the configuration fe of the script. Techlog Welloore imaging\v x y\ User Configuration of the Script The TLimporl_Wbilmport script allows for a great deal of user flexibility. You can define tools and how the tools are recognized, and you can specify which variables are to be loaded for each tool. This is achieved by having a configuration file which is easily user editable. The wbilmport_tools_mnemonics.cfg file is located in the Techlog installation director\B} directory. determine what a, seen. 3 \ Hits contiguration tite 1s veed by the wotinport serine te IN 4# tool is the data from, based on mnemonics names. ¥# mnemonics_minimum defines the ITSt of mnemonics that are strictly specific to ## a tool and allows to identity it. Mh footon antics SSeS SEES oe mmmonton ena it eee ee endntt atk doer tot oes ie Pale foc en CeO aateruceisttas se 2h pease ti memanie'ss"Eeo nbn the £U5E°SS mnonnton 200 Regt in as ST oe ah at 2 common Kg Hp aes SESE vente rn, raya 3 fae ee. ee as ee cm, wy, 2, Te 3 + DEV, Pl, RB, GR, CS, FTIM, ANOR, ENOR, FINC, AK, AY, AZ, FX, FY, » © > 2,'op, spay, “Fboa, nens, 28, DB ag) Say Stenr_sirm_e) pet » 4 mnenonics minimum = FCAL, FCA2—? pil aw “$8 mnemonics exclude = FCA3, FCAtw Re \ymenonics to keep = FCA, FCB, FCC, FCD, Cl, C2, BY, EV, FB, HAZ, pe DEW) Ply RB, GR, CS, FTIM, ANOR, FNOR, FING, AX, AY, Aly Pk, FY, FZ, DB, SDEV, FBGA, TENS, BS, DB The file can be edited with a basic text editor such as WordPad or NotePad. A basic list of | tools, mostly confined to raw field data, is included in the configuration file distributed with Techlog, For any tool type entry, there are two important lines: the mnemonics_minimum and the mnemonics_to_keep line. The mnemonics_minimum line defines some mnemonics, or combination of mnemonics, that ‘ ‘are unique to that tool. The mnemonics may come from raw field data or may be defined for data in a processed state coming from a particular software platform. The mnemonics_to_keep line defines the variables which must be loaded for that particular tool. A wildcard is implicit in each entry in the mnemonics_to_keep line. In other words, the entry FCA means that for an FMI, all variables starting with FCA are loaded, including FCA1, FCA2, FCA3, FCA4, FCAX, FCAY, FCAZ. For specific tools, a third line may be defined, mnemonics_exclude. This line defines a list of mnemonics which, if present, mean that the data cannot come from that particular tool even if all of the mnemonics_minimum are present. WARNING: The wbilmport_{ools_mnemonics.cfg file located in the Techiog installation directory \BHI directory is overwritten spe este is installed, Pe Techiog Wellbore imaging 3BEST PRACTICE: You should protect your edits in one of these ways: Make a backup copy of wbilmport_tools_mnemonios.cfg each time itis edited and store the backup in a separate location, OR - Edit the Python script, line 70, to point to a new location for the configuration file and copy the file to that location before editing the new file, 10)" eegpive = absaivneenieg()" 4 "VeNr\woitaport tools’ mnenonieo eta" Review Questions + Where can you set a property to activate a loading script during data import? ‘+ How can you add another tool to the list of tools recognized by the script? How can the tools define which data are to be loaded? Summary In this module, you learned about: * activating a script when importing data + loading a raw DLIS file and seeing the resulting data set created + editing the configuration file to add new tools or change the list of variables to be loaded. Techiog Wellbore imagingNotes Xa Criptp fe Coots Coliprair toot) Craig with phe Gutvakred hes / unCotrehire d tos | wel ped Qa Tl break - cay a - ual t “ (aes CoAT PE py clockon | eG Color u wer SWeghet pelted b Av Wey Techlog Wellbore TagineModule 2 Data Processing ‘The Wellbore Imaging (WBI) module in Techlog uses flexible workflows so you can modify the processing chain to best fit the data type and conditions in which you are working. Although image processing is typically performed as a single well, single data set process, the WBI module uses the application workflow interface (AW!), which allows multiple zones, multiple data sets, and multi-well processing. Learning Objectives a] ‘After completing this module, you will know how to process an FMI data set and you will ay understand: ~ + the basie processing workflow + how processing applies to other tool lypes + the options in the various steps in a data processing workflow. “Techiog Wellbore imaging nWorkflow Diagram Figure 1 illustrates the workflow for processing pad-based imaging tools in Techlog Toadod raw data Speed correction Create pad image __.. load processed data JA an ~~ Button Crespor ponse betwcen > °°] harmonization (1) | Boatba\, ys Bole tay | uttons? ‘utlons (2) \ Los 4 Cutoft (3) needed? Button harmonization (1) + Faulty button dotection (2), Poy + Cutott (3) Concatenate and Histogram equalization orient ped" ‘of individual pads Histogram equalization Cenatarato ha oaam pat {of concatenated array) soncatanate and orient p: Bispiay and interpretation +n the workllow or crectiy in Lagview Figure 1 Processing flow: pad-based imaging tools “echog Wellbore imaging ~ @4 Borehole image processing workflows are built up by combining several processing methods into a workflow. A brief description of the methods currently included in Techlog follows. Refer to the user guide for more information, Indnomaty QC. coos, Q ‘Speed conection (adie speea.. coteshits8 speed coneton.. ‘catests8, 0 adinage cation. esis, Image based sped cometon. coestin- 8,1 Button hanoniation clash, Ped concatenation and entation» Ces, Histooiam equsliationfemmetsation). Cieshis8, Lenin imaaes ‘cuesnite 6 nape cation. culesiite8 Figure 2 Processing methods and shortcuts Inclinometry QC Speed correction (cable speed) _— Speed correction Pad image creation This method can be used to QC and repair magnetometer and accelerometer channels and recompute the tool orientation channels ‘An accelerometer-based speed correction using cable speed and Z-axis accelerometer data. Although superseded by a newer method using frame time, this method is still needed for some tool types in which a frame time variable is not available, Calculate and apply a corrected depth curve to correct for irregular tool movement and stick and pull during Anew speed correction method using frame time data. Calculate ‘and apply a corrected depth curve to correct for irregular toa! Electrical imaging tools have many designs regarding button arrangement and many conventions for how the various arrays are stored. In addition, software platforms use different conventions for how the processed data are stored. ‘The Pad image creation method transforms data into a standard Techlog convention: + Allbuttons and pads are at their borehole depth. «Pads are numbered clockwise around the borehole (when looking down the borehole), ‘+ Buttons are ordered clockwise (when looking down the borehole), This standardization allows later processing steps to be generic for many tools. Emex and gain corrections for the FMI and gain corrections for the STAR tool are also applied at this stage, Techiog Wellbore Imaging BAwe - Button This method corrects for differences in response between buttons or harmonization between pads. Also included are corrections for dead buttons and a cutoff utility to limit the range of the data. Image-based speed For pad type tools, incomplete speed correction can result in depth correction offsets between the button rows, resulting in a sawtooth appearance to the pads and between pads. Image-based speed correction uses a correlation method to minimize the residual offsets. Histogram ‘This method is used to create dynamically or statically normalized images. In both cases, it increases image contrast by equalizing the color distribution by mapping the image values so that each bin of the histogram approaches an equal area. The cumulative frequency curve of the histogram of the equalized yy data tends towards linear. Pad concatenation This method orients the image data correctly around the borehole and orientation —_and saves a single oriented array for interpretation. Ultrasonic images This method orients the various measurements of ultrasonic imaging tools to create arrays ready for interpretation. It also ‘calibrates the travel time image to create a radius image, This method calibrates borehole image arrays against a calibration ‘curve, such as when computing a calibrated conductivity image from electrical imagers. Initial Checks Before beginning processing, itis a good idea to carry out some QC checks on your data using the field print, LogView, and crossplot features of TechLog. Check the response of the calipers: Do the readings make sense and do they read correctly if logged in the casing? If you have access to a field print, check the caliper calibrations. Check the inclinometry variables: Use the Inclinometry QC method to QC andlor repair the inclinometry and orientation curve, or to simply apply magnetic declination correction if it has not already been applied. Lesson 1 Speed Correction Because of their high resolution and the fact that you nead to accurately match (to 0.1-in) the “Gepth measurements taken at different depths in a toolstring that may be tens of thousands of feet deep, speed correction of borehole image data is crucial. ‘Speed correction is needed because the depth of the toolstring as recorded at the surface can differ from the actual depth of the toolstring due to tool stick and pul, irregular tool movement, changes in cable tension, and other conditions. Techiog Wellbore imaging 4‘Accelerometer-based speed correction methods use the accelerometer measurement in the direction of the toolstring (Z-axis) along with a measurement that reflects acquisition time, such as frame time (FTIM) or cable speed, to calculate the actual movement of the tool in the hole and correct the depth for that actual movement. Techlog has two available speed correction methods: speed correction using cable speed and speed correction using a frame time measurement. The frame time measurement must be in the form of the elapsed time between the recording of successive data frames and not a total elapsed time, ‘Speed correction is correcting for events that occur in the toolstring in time. Thus, each event in time affects different measurements at different depths in the recorded file, according to their position in the toolstring. The depth correction method must be applied at different depths for different measurements, according to their depth offset from the reference depth of the accoloromoter and the frame time curvas (relative offsets). The Offsets tab (Figure 3) is populated with relative offsets in the following order of preference, depending on the information available: + The relative offset is calculated from the difference between the value of the MEASURE- POINT-OFFSET property for the variable, read from the DLIS file, and that of the accelerometer and frame time curves. + The relative offset is populated with default values for that tool. + You enter manually the relative offset. This information can typically be found in the tool diagram on the field print. 2 NOTE: Poslve numbers are a measurement depth deeper than the reference depth; negative numbers are a measurement depth shallower than the reference depth, | ce | cERee Techiog Wellbore Imaging FdExercise 1 Speed Correcting an FMI dataset In this exercise, you will perform speed correction on an FMI data set. The exercise will show the data types needed and how to QC the speed correction. 1. Select Geology > Whi >Processing > Speed Correction. 2. In the Data type selection window, choose the tool type FMI_16 using the Change tool button, NOTE: F¥vi_16 and FM_8 or CMIl_16/CMIL_8 are not two separate tools. These f names are used by Techlog 10 distinguish between raw and processed _ data from some tools with two rows of buttons on a pad. The two button rows are stored as separate arrays in the raw data but, elsewhere, are stored as a single array per pad (especially after process '3._In the Data Type selection window, choose the families shown in the boxes on the “Fight-hand side in the figure. (ewe Ten The Tooiname variables box identifies variables associated with the tool and recorded or stored at the same depth as the tools. The Others variables box is for other measurements in the tootstring you may wish to speed correct. int offsets for variables in the Others al NOTE: Techlog knows no default measure | } Variables box. ‘Techlog Wellbore Imaging 64, When the Workflow window opens, drag-and-drop the FMI_16_1271-1501m data F panera |" ‘ahefoas ean as ani ‘aldered»ealeraon ge [** ‘elelered> temo rac ain | atest ascann, |" “Faia steno |F? ‘area >.estnot rpg ari" Enevotane Pag Ast eee Mek Cre set from the project browser into the Input tab of the workflow. A transposed view of ut table shows the input variables to be used. comme sais ie» avatar FH Jae. hor rox san [FEO WARNING: For Schlumberger tools there are usually two versions of the Z-axis. acceleromter variable: AZ and Fast channel acceleromter (FCAZ). Its critical that you use FCAZ. ‘One way to avoid the problem of using the wrong version is to oreate new families and assignment rules so that two versions are not in the same family WARNING: Make sure you use the correct version of the inclinometry and orientation ‘curves. Different toolstring combinations may result in multiple versions of the orientation curves, corresponding to different tools, QV In the Zonation tab, setting a restricted interval means the correction is calculated over that depth. Because output speed corrected curves cover the original input interval, a depth correction of 0 is applied to the input variables above and below the zonation interval. Techlog Wellbore imaging v75. ToQC the speed correction prior to applying it, choose thé Compute only}option in the Corrected depth parameter. ¥ (ei ses n=) a (a 6. Set Apply mode to display and click Apply. RR ayn | | | rca aA ae damn ‘ 7, Check the plot for excessive shifts (Track 3). If large, shifts display that cause you to ‘suspect the results, drag-and-drop array variables onto your plot to soe if there is ‘evidence of stick and pull, for example, that would justly a large shift. {f excessive shifts are present, the most common cause is thal an incorrect Z-axis accelerometer curve is being used. a~— 8, shits display correctly, set Corrected depth to Fompute and ‘apply the Parameters tab, 9, Set Apply mode to Save and click Apply. 10. To save the workflow, click the Save icon. 111. In the dialog that displays, Check the box Keep input table selection and click Save, This lets you rerun the workflow from scratch even i you delete some of the intermediate processed resus — Techlog Wellbore Imaging BFelaer [a Rae E | Woritiow mame [nainngweninow |»! [2 wonton prramatee —[Daninpwetin 0 || | [Poktowanetes ——[Ralinpwennton pe |=] FS wetspoametes 1 taping ston aaa (eens Cte) | WARNING: As mentioned previously, accelerometer curves cannot be downsampled during loading, as loss of high-frequency information leads to poor speed correction. The same is true for frame time curves; the recorded frame time is the elapsed time between samples of the high-frequency inclinometry curves, but its invalid if downsampled. Many borehole imaging tools (commonly dipmeter tools, ultrasonic imaging tools, and some oil-based mud imagers) routinely record etry data at 120 samples per foot and image data at 60 samples per foot or, occasionally, at 30 samples per foot. To deal with tis situation, Techlog uses data from a different data set to calculate the shift corrected depth and apply it to the data set to be corrected. To caloulate shift corrected depth: 1 Make selections in the Family selection window, as usual 2. Drag-and- Wbi >Processing > Pad Image creation. 2. Choose FMl_16 as the tool type and fil out the Data Type selection window, as shown in the figure. Techiog Weilbore imaging 0| ag sete en alg Pepa tn Sroonet Op eaten ‘The inputs are automatically populated with the most recent version of each family. In this instance, it ses the speed corrected versions of the input curves. 3. Choose the correct input variables. The following images show the inputs that are.) o needed for this method. ads iene i». ole ns [Eadnnccnnsinetenccam|rocas = nerotane "TIP: If your data set has long intervals at the top or bottom, with invalid data in casing or arms ‘closed, limit your processing to that interval using the Zonation tab. This prevents invalid =e a v td é | data from unduly skewing the color assignments when displaying your data later. YU 4. The Parameters tab displays a set of parameters in several columns. I the Source . setting is correct, the other parameters (with the exception of the gain correction parameter) should not need to be changed, but an understanding of their function helps to understand how they may be used if the default processing retums incorrect, images with certain problem data sets. Techlog Wellbore imaging a— rue og © a a ea il a 2 B ® “e Figure 4 Parameters tab 1 | Source Populated from the data set property PRODUCT. This properly specifies the software system that wrote the DLIS file from which the data set was loaded, The value of this parameter determines the values of parameters 2 to 6 WARNING: When the Source parameter is populated, parameters 2-6 are also populated. These parameters can be changed independently and are reset only when the Source value is reset. WARNING: Beware of data that has been round tripped through other software. For example, if'a raw FMI data set is loaded in GeoFrame and then rewritten as a DLIS file, the PRODUCT property will have the value but the data will stil have the ‘same format as the raw data. The source should be set to OP in the Parameters tab. If in doubt, use a source value of OP for raw data from Schlumberger, EXPRESS for raw data from Baker Allas, and Geoload for raw data from Halliburton. 2 | Interlaced Specifies if the two button rows on a pad exist as separate arrays which need to be interlaced to create a single array for the pad. Interlacing uses the first button from one row then the first button from another row, and so forth. 3 | Reverse Arrays Specifies if the button order needs to be reversed for the pad arrays. 4 | Reverse Odd Pads | For tools that use an arrangement of one pad pointing up and the next pad pointing down, this may need to be set to yes. 5 | Odd Pads Vertical | For tools like a STAR, in which alternate pads are offset Offset vertically from each other, a depth shift of alternate pads may be needed to move the arrays to their true borehole depth. This would occur as the tool records data from sensors at different depths in the borehole into the same depth frame. 6 | Odd Buttons Vertical | Depth shift to be applied for some tools where the button Offset rows must be shifted to their correct borehole depth ‘Techiog Weilbore Imaging BThis occurs if both rows were recorded into the same depth frame. 7 | Gain correction For an FMI if an Emex voltage and Electronic gain variable are input, the option for gain correction is available (default = yes). For a STAR, the option is available if Pad gain and Bucker gain variables are available. & 5. Set Apply mode to Save or Save and Display and click Apply. ‘0 enable rapid scrolling and zooming on huge array data sets in Logview, Techilog uses a display optimization that reduces the number of pixels rendered depending on the zoom level used. This can reduce the display Quality of borehole image data, To view the best possible images in Logview, select the image arrays and, in the Properties window (F4), set the Optimised display > Horizontal > Activate property to No. (Be aware that with very large data sets de-activating this property will slow down zooming and scrolling. 6. Save the workflow (overwriting already saved workflow). WARNING: By running Pad Image creation, the two individual button rows of an FMI have been amalgamated into a single array. That means that, for the FMI, you now have 8 arrays instead of 16 as you had in the raw fle. For any further processing ‘steps, choose FMI_8 as the tool, not FMI_16. q This also applies for CMI_16/8 and FMS_8/4. The FMI image is processed after running Speed correction and Pads image creation and the image is ready to be displayed in Logview. However, to be able to pick dips on an image you must associate a caliper NOTE: Further processing comprises data repair and enhancement. Techiog Wellbore imaging alExercise 2 Displaying Pad-Based Images In this exercise, you will learn how to display pad-based borehole images in a Loaview layout by concatenating them into an oriented image array. To display a pad-based image: 1. Opena Logview layout in any of these ways: Selo Platform > Techplot> Logview Lil OR Press Ctrl + Shift + P,L. 2. Insert a Pad concatenation track by selecting Insert > Borehole imaging > Pad concatenation in the menu of the LogView window. The Pad concatenation ‘window opens. sah), cmon sae (03 3, Choose the FMl_16_1271-1501m data set in the left-hand window. Choose FMI_8 as the tool type. 5. Fill out the Data type selection, as shown in he figure in step 2. 6. Set Horizontal interpolation to yes. For an explanation of the options at the bottom of the window, select Whi > Pad concatenation and orientation in the Techlog help. 7. Click Create and the variable selection dialog opens. 8. Verify that the correct version of each variable is being used. Techlog Wellbore ImagingTIP: By default, the last version of each variable is used. = “ns ia nt eae SR LAL a anism PLS F aa suiny HRS ‘) coe as al eteasinay (i a] [tees ma : Iewrasonnt 0. a moist (03 oi at Anat (OA pk iont ROR eet gc a IS | nomi ans Fa 9. Click OK and a borehole image track displays in the layout. Raa 1:50 [0 90 180 270 360 lll 10, Select the image in the layout and click the Pad concatenation tab in the Properties window. ‘The options for display (orientation type, excluding pads, etc.) are shown and can be modified if needed (for example deviated borehole, bad pad or flap response). ‘Techiog Wellbore imaging se11. Borehole image display in Logview is discussed in more detail in the next module, For now, keep this layout open or save it. Lesson 3 Image-Based Speed Correction Speed correction may not always manage to completely correct for irregular tool movement, For pad-based imaging tools, this can result in depth offsets between the button rows in the tool resulting in a sawtooth effect. It can also produce offsets between pads (flaps) with an alternating up and down between successive pads around the borehole. Image-based speed correction uses a correlation alg im to minimize these offsets. Exercise 1 Applying Image-Based Speed Correction In this exercise, you will apply image-based speed correction to the FMI dataset. Very litle user input is needed apart from verifying the input data. Continue with the workflow you used in the precious exercise. To use image-based speed correction: 1. Select Geology > Whi >Processing > Image Based Speed Correction, 2. Leave the tool type sot as FMI_8. 3. Populate the Data Type selection window, as shown in the figure. Techlog wellbore Imaging 7Clg iccnnnns 4. |i tenon tape at 4 [Missocnrwasom | | aenay 4, Check the input variables. These should be the same as the output of the Pad image creation step in Lesson 2, Exercise 1 : Creating pad Images. WARNING: Ilis important fo remember that the input variable table gets refreshed / ‘every time the user does family/alias selection and hits the Create button. In many AWI methods the first variable alphabetically for each family is chosen, but for Wbi the last created variable is chosen, This can lead to problems if you return to an earlier method in your workflow and refresh the family selection, as the inputs for a method ‘could get populated with the outputs of a method that comes later in the workflow. ‘There are normally no parameters to change for the Image-based speed correction method. Some advanced parameters relating to the correlation parameters and allowable shifts are hidden. They can be shown by setting the Hide advanced parameters property in the Properties window for the method to no. 5. Set Apply mode to Save and display and click Apply. "Techiog Wellbore imaging apr, 6. Save the workflow; it will overwrite the saved workflow. Lesson 4 Button Harmonization Button harmonization is designed to correct for the effects of different responses between buttons. These responses can be caused by tool problems but they can also result from borehole conditions, such as poor pad contact or mudcake smeared on the pads, Button harmonization works by attempting to correct the response of each button so it matches a global response of all buttons taken together. Because the algorithm applies a shift and a gain to the data and there is no interpolation or filtering, there is little or no loss of resolution or data fidelity. It is best to perform button harmonization by default. BEST PRACTICE: Where image-based speed correction is performed, itis recommended that button harmonization is performad after image based speed correction. Ifthe buttons and pads show very different responses, it may be useful to perform button harmonization before image-based speed correction as well {as after to improve the correlation success for depth matching the pads and buttons. Included with the button harmonization method are two other algorithms: faulty bution detection and cutoff, both of which are turned off by default. ‘Techiog Wellbore imagingFaulty Button Detection Faulty button repair (Figure §) tries to find dead buttons by looking for intervals where the button activity remains below a user set threshold over a defined interval. Where such values are found, they are replaced with null values. If you choose to repair them, the null values are replaced by interpolation with their neighbors. ioe SEPP naan nace ahi tone Figure § Parameters tab for faulty button detection Repairing Noisy Buttons [ _) a Faulty button detection will dete ittons where there is no activity, but it will not be a successful at identifying very He uuttons. eee To repair noisy buttons: 1. Find out which array (pad or flap) is affected by faulty buttons. Open Data Editor, Drag the array of the affected pad into the data editor. Use column selection to show all ofthe buttons in the array. Replace values in the bad buttons with null values and save the array. Set Repair faulty button detected set to yes. Run Faulty button repair. The null values are replaced by interpolation NOog@aoen Applying a Cutoff to Image Data ‘The Cutoff option (Figure 5) allows you to apply a cutoff to the data. Values outside of the cutoff range are replaced either with nulls, interpolation with their neighbors, or boundary values. LAS aac aa i st Figure 6 Parameters tab for the cutoff option Techiog Wallbore Imaging 3Exercise 1 Performing Button Harmonization In this exercise, you will apply button harmonization to the FMI data set to even out the button harmonization. No faulty button detection or cutoff is needed. Continue with the open workflow from the previous exercise. 1. Select Geology > Whi >Processing > Button Harmonisation. 2. Leave the tool type set as FMI_8. 3. Populate the Data Type selection window, as shown in the figure. 4. Verify that the inputs are the same as the outputs from Image-based speed correction 5, Inthe Parameters tab, set the parameters as shown in the figure. aaa awa 4 usc, ‘Techiog Wallbore imaging 7%6. Set the window size for harmonization. WARNING: It is important to carefully consider the consequences of setting a window for button harmonization. For this reason, the default setting is to NOT use a window. Button harmonization reduces the differences between button responses. By setting a window, you can make the correction work better by responding to ‘changes in the differences between button response over the logged interval. However, the difference in button response around the borehole is what allows you to see the formation properties that you wish to examine, When choosing to use a window, the window length should be much longer than the amplitude of the sine waves of the geological surfaces you wish to view. This prevents the algorithm from reducing the difference in button response due to formation properties, as opposed to logging conditions. 7. There are three options for harmonization under the Harmonisation process type parameter: global, by array, and both. ‘* Global means that each button will be harm: of the buttons, + By array means that each button will be harmonized with the response of all of the buttons and columns in that pad/array. ‘+ Both will do By array followed by Global. Excluding an array excludes it from the calculation of the global response, but does not exclude it from the harmonization process. Use this option when you wish to stop a bad pad from affecting the other pads. 8. Set Apply mode to Save and display and click Apply. The Speed Corrected non-harmonized image (_ISC) is shown on the left in the figure, while the harmonized image is shown on the right, 1d with the response of all 9. Save the workflow. ‘The results layout you have been using can now be closed. 10. Return to the layout you created in Lesson 2, Exercise 2 and repeat the process. This time, you should see that the names of the pad and flap arrays you are asked to include should be PAD_1_ISC_H, etc. Techiog Wellbore imaging a —_11. Compare your processed images to view the effect of image-based speed correction and button harmonization. For this data set, the differences are subtle. y Lesson 5 Pad Concatenation You have seen how pad-based images can be displayed directly in Logview from pad arrays. The advantage of this method is that you can switch between North and Top of hole orientations and you can switch off pads that have bad intervals. The alternative approach is to create an oriented array in which each pad is in its correct position around the borehole and gaps between the pads reflect the borehole size. The advantage of creating a single array is that plots open more quickly. In addition, a single oriented array becomes a tool independent way of presenting the image data. Oriented arrays are more easily shared between software platforms and they are more accessible to all Techlog users, even without a WBI license. Single oriented arrays are required for some further processing in Techlog, such as image flattening or parameter extraction, and they make it much easier to build algorithms in Python. y Exercise 1 Creating an Oriented Image Array The Pad concatenation and orientation method in Techlog is used to create oriented arrays. Using tool orientation and caliper data, the pads are oriented in their correction position around the borehole, relative to an orientation reference. To create an oriented age array: 1, Open the workflow from the previous exercise, 2, Select Geology > Whi >Processing > Pad concatenation and orientation. 3. Leave tool type as FMI_8. 4, Populate the Data Type selection window, as shown in the figure. sal (nd. NOTE: The ‘Use output from Pad image creation’ checkbox indicates that data have been through the Pad image creation method and is in the standard Techlog format for Techiog Weilbore Imaging zpad-based images. (Refer to Lesson 2 in this module). If this box is not checked, the Pad concatenation method can make the same corrections to the data as the Pad image creation method, This overlap is done for backward compatiblity reasons, but you should always run Pad image creation for pad type tools.) NOTE: If you do not add a caliper input to the Associated Caliper box, the method will calculate an average caliper called ASSOC_CAL. This is calculated from the caliper variable used in the concatenation and is associated with the output image for dip picking. 5. Verify that you have the input variables shown in the figure. = as oui aes) ie = | HN) Ba festrehoma>teoeren pa a Aiencel a aos fei aemasraien Oot > febstvmninn 22 > Se semninacan M7 feebnesemimmn m2" Seat up 5st pai |" BBs seine top| ota |uotten joven Exe mL isniats 300 tone 7. Set Apply mode to Save and display and click Apply. Techiog Wellbore imaging 3hain As Image Orlentation® 137 Be TL ORM OW 8. Save the workflow. yg Lesson 6 Histogram Equalization Normalizing borehole images consists of mapping each measurement value to a position on a normalized scale; normalization can be Static or Dynamic. Static normalization means that each value is mapped on a scale normalized for the entire interval. In stati¢ normalization, the same input measurement always maps to the same position on the normalized scale. Dynamic normalization maps each value to a scale defined by the data range in a sli window. Le is but the same input measurement can, at different depths, map to different values on the normalized scale because the scale continually ‘changes over the length of the log. ing NOTE: In Techlog, color palettes are not based on a fixed data range bul are adapted to the data range of the image data. This means that, in most cases, static normalization is not needed, In some cases, it may be beneficial (such as in the case of the OBMI), where the static. normalization allows a much better distribution of the extreme values along the normalized scale. Static normalization can be done on a display basis only, in Logview, allowing the original values to be retained in the saved image, In Techlog. image normalization is done using an algorithm called Histogram Equ: (Go to hitp:/ien.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistogram equalization for an explanation of the algorithm). ‘The advantage of this algorithm is that it improves the contrast of the data, in particular when much of the data are grouped in a restricted part of the measurement scale. Techiog Wellbore imaging ETExercise 1 Performing Histogram Equalization | In the case of pad-based images, you have two options: perform equalization on a previously concatenated image or equalize the individual pad arrays and create a new concatenated image from the equalized pad arrays. The second option allows more flexibility in how the images are equalized NOTE: The histogram equalization method is not too! specific and can be applied to any r combination of arrays or single sampled variables. ] To use histogram equalization: HE 41. Continue using the workflow from the previous exercise, 2. Select Geology > Whi >Processing > Histogram equalisation. 3. lection window, choose the families shown in the figure. cnt ce ‘As before, the input variables are the last created version of the pad arrays. Prantl at Vansant aca | (Ba | esto rap nt arse [wnt ape Ira 2 a ao nc a PUP. ve 4, Set parameters, as shown in the figure. mara eee et os es ras i abi iain ai rar ara Pai ev om wos ne — ee s 2 “e Tectiog Wellbore maging 35. For dynamic equalization, set the window size according to how quickly the geology ‘changes along the well. f the geology changes slowly, a window that is too short enhances whatis changing quickly ocally - namely noise. Itthe geology changes quickly, a window that is too long may mean that the data range within the window is too wide for equalization to be able to highlight subtle contrasts, 6. Set the Process type. You have three options: ‘+ Global calculates the data range from all available data in the window and applies the same scale to each button and column of the input arrays, In Global mode, the Exclude parameter works in the same way as in Button harmonization. (Refer to Lesson 4 for details.) * By array individually caloulates the data range from each array and apy the same scale to each button and column in that array. * By button normalizes each button and column against a scale defined from that button and column. (The user guide provides examples of the results you can generate with each option.) TIP: Techlog uses a default 0-255 scale for the output. However, this scale is editable so you can specify an output scale that is compatible with other applications. In the properties, you can also reverse the scale so that high input measurement values ‘correspond with low output scale values and vice versa. This is useful because some software stores electrical mages with a convention that high value=resistive; Techlog stores most conductvity-based tools with their original values, so that high value=conductive, 7. Set Apply mode to Save and click Apply. 8, Select Geology > Whi >Processing > Pad concatenation and orientation. 9. Choose the same families as in step 4 of Lesson 5, Exercise 1: Creating an Oriented Image Array. , 1.10: Verty that your inputs match hoge nthe four, iy ven tar “tess <1 sro ee a Lon Ge . i B stare 4 ad oly nana! Lm. ip tri TEETHING 7 fo? Pia Jtfab % Toke Small ane fin. Ys b EB wth ht st byl: Clo12. Save and close the workflow. “echiog Wellbore imaginga Review Questions + How does Techlog handle the geometries of pad-based imaging tools? What convention does Techlog use for the order of buttons in each pad array and the order of the pads around the borehole? + Whats the purpose of button harmonization? What is the problem with setting too short ‘a window for button harmonization? + Isitalways necessary to perform static normalization of images in Techlog? When is it particularly useful? Summary In this module, you learned about: ‘+ speed correcting borehole image data ‘+ creating a single array from each pad, with data in a consistent format regardless of the nature of the input tool geometry or how the raw data are stored + displaying oriented images in Logview ‘+ Improving image quality using image-based speed correction and button harmonization creating an oriented image array dynamically normalizing image data using histogram equalization, Techiog Wellbore imaging %Notes : oad daha wit Ubi tener Cuibl Lmport) 2- [nthno metry Qe 3. Sped CrrecAmn CCabi pan Spud) ye Pad image Creation 6 _ Button harm on! 2ation 6. Image bendspad Cornetio ~ "Techlog Wellbore ImagingACeabe Teen Amplibede fowl hive ‘gooel Com fruit Sot Pg ge ‘ Lud AK Tne Une Spat Corveatin BO The [mage Loe, pwok=on the 19 8° Calupe jn Lwd yp 2956 weCan We Bib Side ay Capre Por Copiper Param S ofgck tle fet for CBE P| Ready — Mud ype A Mud wey lt Chow much Sod? = Tha eel Cake - regosit] The hole “k Para mot fekorn on ConSidovah'on bibre [nBwiagy bt. en Stuclor y Sh Loyke gt | emit Ascent , Vihe'gtgr (d,w | | Pledin cho bine _ mud type © Cotut — Caliper Si% ( wethout) af Boned eg (ly way ( Stqtond fav Op Picking Techiog Wallbare Imaging — (ook gt te AP cate i HatsModule 3 Image Display in Logview This module discusses the options for displaying images in Logview and how you can manipulate the palettes used to display images. Learning Objectives After completing this module, you will know how to: ‘+ display images in Logview + improve the quality of the image display + rotate an image to look at features displaying at the sides of the image ‘+ adjust palettes to the data ‘+ change palettes. Lesson 1 Image Display Basics in Logview y The image header in Logview (Figure 7) includes several fields: palette scale, palette name, array name, array minimum and maximum values, and the image orientation, Image Orientation® [oso 780370360] oo ure7 _Logview header 1 | Palette scale: Values corresponding to upper and lower boundary colors 2 | Palette name 3 | Array name 4 | Array minimum and maximum values 5 | Image orientation quadrants. These are displayed as URDLU if the image is oriented to the top of the hole 6 | Image orientation (degrees) "Techiog Wellbare imaging aWhen displaying images in Logview, the orientation of the image is defined by the orientation type property of the image array. This defines if the left-hand side of the track represents North or Top of Hole. The orientation property can define an additional offset, which defines if the first sample of the array is located at that orientation reference or at some angular offset from that reference. Exercise 1 Displaying an Image in Logview In this exercise, you will earn how to optimize the display of an image array in Logview. 1, Open a Logview layout in any of these ways: Select Platfom > Techplot > Logview El oR Press Ctrl + Shift + P,L. 2. Drag-and-drop the ARRAY_WBI H array variable from the FM_16_1271-1501m data set. 3. Deactivate the optimized display. This is activated by default for quick scrolling and zooming but should be deactivated during image interpretation, ‘* Choose the image and click the Display options tab. * Select Optimized display > Horizontal > Activate property and set, property tono. TIP: In oriented arrays, gaps between the pads are filed with missing values and they are displayed with the track background color. If you wish to display two images in the ey ‘same track, you can make the gaps between the pads transparent by selting the Display the missing values property to no. oe Techiog Walloore Imaging a4, Setting a background color can help improve the visual contrast of the images. This is done by setting the track color. ‘a. Select the track by clicking the mouse at right edge of track. b. Change the track background color in the Appearance tab of the Properties window. amy 4:10 5. Image smoothing can improve the appearance of noisy or blocky images (for ‘example, LWD). To turn smoothing on or off: a. Select the image. . From the Edit menu, select smooth OR right mouse click on the image and select the smooth icon { OR In the Display options tab of the Properties window select yes or no for the Matrix display > Smooth property. ‘eto ke i cities the missing vatwes yes Techlog Wallbore imaging 8s Lesson 2 Palettes In the family database, each borehole image family has an assigned color palette. These color palettes can be seen in the Palette Manager where palettes used for borehole images usually have a range from 0 to 255. Image data we wish to display does not usually have a 0-255 data range unless it has been processed with histogram equalization, When the image is dropped into a layout, the palette is adjusted to the data range of the image. However, as the image data may contain outliers which can skew the palette distribution towards the high or low end, the palette is adjusted to the 5" and 95" quantiles of Ids better color resolution in the data range where the bulk of the data lies. In the layout, when the image is the selected object, palettes can be edited using the Edit > Palette/color assignment menu (Figure 8). Detete G&_Retood atthe generic varables FS Here - 13 L A Reta pea F HH weinow cans sate vaanies cst r HN ates cust (Sf mertnencernes iieateR L ase vet | sal teh aun | 1345 ee ‘spt to me loot quotes Lecthistogam equatialin..chisateH Global htop equation. chlsshitoH nn eolesiatespace WAGE LL Reteence 13807200 Figure8 —_Palette/colour assignment menu Techog Wallbore Tagine aMost of the functions on the Palette color assignment option are also available in the contextual menu (right mouse click) when the image is the selected object. The Palette color assignment menu option offers these actions: Reinit Restore the palette to the default palette, as if he image had just been dropped into the layout. Invert Invert the color range of the palette. Adapt to the local ‘Adapt the palette minimum and maximum color values to the limits minimum and maximum values of the image data in the depth range visible in the layout window. This modified palette is applied to the image over the entire interval Adaptto the global Adapt the palette minimum and maximum color values to the limits minimum and maximum values of the image data over the entire depth range ‘Adapt to the local Adapt the palette minimum and maximum color values to the 5" quantiles: and 95" quantiles of the image data in the depth range visible in the layout window. This modified palette is applied to the image over the entire interval Adaptto the global Adapt the palette minimum and maximum color values to the 5" quantiles. and 95" quantiles of the image data over the entire depth range. Local histogram Perform histogram equalization using the histogram of image equalization values calculated over the visible depth interval in the layout window. This equalization will be applied to the image over the entire interval. NOTE: Local histogram equalization should not be confused with dynamic histogram equalization, The equalized scale is not changing dynamically with depth. Global histogram Perform histogram equalization using the histogram of image equalization values calculated over the entire depth range. This is equivalent to static histogram equalization. TIP: Global histogram equalization is recommended when displaying OBMI images. The data are often distributed over a very large range, with most data clustered within a small interval of that range. u Techlog Wellbore Imaging niThe limits of the palette can also be set in the Properties window on the Limits tab. You can choose to apply the palette with either a linear or logarithmic scale (Figure 9). genet neti os eal pa anes | (m) Figure Changing the end points of the palette color sca Palettes can also be modified in the Palette dock window. (Refer to Techlog > Introduction > Description of the main window > Palettes window in the help files). Exercise 1 Adapting Palettes Explore the functionality for adapting palettes. In Logview, images are displayed with their left-hand edge defined as the orientation reference, for example, North or Top of hole. However, you may wish to rotate the images to view features which are aligned close to the North or top of the hole, y Lesson 3 Image Rotation A Exercise 1 Rotating Images in a Logview Display ~~" This short exercise shows you how to rotate images in a Logview display so the images display with the left edge of the track representing an orientation other than the orientation reference of the image, To rotate images in a Logview display: 4. Select the image in the Logview track. 2. On the Limits tab in the Properties window, select Orientation > Default value property. 3. Seta value for the default property and the image is rotated by this amount. Techiog Wellbore imaging 6Positive values rotate the image counter-clockwise, while negative values rotate the image clockwise. In the figure, the entered value is tho orientation of the left-hand edge of the track. 4, Animate the image by clicking [Prorotete tho image. 5, Pause the animation by clicking Pausing the animation does not reset the rotation value to 0. 3 NOTE: If additional variables with orientation are displayed in the track (for example, P1AZIRB or dip sine waves), they rotate with the selected image when the image is animated. 6. Select Orientation > Default value property. 7. Reset the default value of the orientation to 0. This retums the image to its default orientation. rs A Tectiog wellbore imaging agy Lesson 4 Image Filtering In Logview, you can do some simple filtering of the images. Filter sizes are in image pixels. as opposed to screen pixels; array. izes are set as a number of individual values of the image Preserve the null values means if the input image has a null value at a specific position, the output image will have a null value at that position. If unchecked, the filtering can overwrite these null values, depending on the filter length. Exercise 1 Filtering an Image This exercise shows you how to apply some filters to an image and how to set the filter size. To filter an image: 1. Choose the image in the Logview track. 2, Inthe Processing menu, select the fiter type. 3. The Average smooth dialog opens in which you set the filer size, Parameters Xwindow ze [5 ‘vin seo [s (| Preserve the mull values a el Techiog Wellbore maging eFilter results are displayed in the Logview layout and automatically saved to the data sa cena ‘The orientation and other properties are copiad from the input to the output arrays. Review Questions ‘+ By default, what orientation does the left sxlaeof of the track represent when displaying images in Logview? + Why do the limits shown in the palette header not correspond to the limits of data? * Can you think of the consequences of changing the filter sizes in the X and Y directions? 4 GB Featcszmasom | wer anor caper st ? Techiog Wilbore ImagingSummary In this module, you learned about: displaying image arrays in Logview changing display properties to improve display quality modifying image palettes, rotating images in a track fitering images in Logview. "clog Wallbore WagingNotes Techlog wallbore Waging aTechlog Wallbore raging wModule 4 — LWD Image Handling Logging while driling (LWD) image data require special processing to convert image data from time to depth and to correctly position the measurements. The process must also take into account the rotation of the tool. Techlog does not perform this processing; the data are normally delivered with these corrections applied, except in the case of streaming real time data. When loaded to Techlog, little processing is needed. The image may need to be oriented or it may be necessary to set parameters to define the orientation. When oriented, LWD images can be enhanced and interpreted using the same procedures as for wireline images. Learning Objective ness) After completing this training, you will know how use Techlog to prepare LWD data in =| various formats for interpretation. Lesson 1 LWD Array Orientation @ ‘Some LWD tools deliver images as unoriented arrays and these must be oriented prior to interpretation. Unfortunately, itis not always clear from the array name if tis oriented If the images are not oriented, an orientation curve representing the position of the first ‘sample relative to North or to Top of hole is needed. Exercise 1 Orienting an LWD Array (F 1, Load the IMAGE-WELL5-LWDIMG dis file into Techlog. 2. In the MaxWell_~1Dlis_3B data set, set the family for all of the RES_BD_IMG arrays to be Borehole Image Array Resistive. Techiog Wellbore imaging 3Pee OviRiCaaUp ecg epeTWETMARIA + Datte A ceweuz A muceneus (Mone aon28 Heanes +B awe aonz0 Nese ror ei ye come ania ohm B weunc Unis hmm 4 GY ater tom 38 Masses "or eau | wc ey 8.20.06 Berehole ohman ESBMLING ojhotn ohm esse Bowtholn hmm Ress Bowthots ohmm Masi 108.508 Hens, Fane viable Woe cae a Compatbiest role lmage A Apis ay mage Ace Tine Bay nage ray Image Atay Conde nage Ary ncucive 3. From the MaxWell_-1Dlis_12B data set, drag-and-drop the DEVI, HAZI, P1AZ, PINO, and RB variables into the MaxWell_-1Dlis_3B data set. 4, Inthe Resampling tool dialog, accept the proposed settings and click Apply. oe 16,128 vie a [eon = nef ara ¢ ao ra 5. Starting with a new workflow, select Geology > Wbi> Processing > Pad ‘concatenation and orientation from the menu, 6. Choose LWD-Rotary imagers as the tool type. 7. Fillin the Data Type selection window, as shown in the figure. ‘Tectiog Wellbore imaging8. Drag-and-drop the file MaxWell_1DLIS-3B into the empty workflow window. 9. Verify that the inputs and parameters are set according to the configuration in the figures. 10, The LWD-Rotary imagers option is used for many measurement types, so itis best to spacify the family of the output array on the Output Variables tab of the Properties window. Set the family to Borehole Image Array Resistive. “Techlog Wellbare imaging s11, Set Apply mode to Save and click Apply. Because no caliper has been defined to associate with the image, the following dialog displays. 12, Later in the training, you will associate a caliper. For now, cick Cancel. 8100 8110 Sick wsk onsen RMGEWRUSHUALION Techiog Wellbare imaging %13. are available Use as a caliper for dip pick the data set, so you will create a bit size variable to Click Platform > Techdata > Data editor 14. In the Data editor dialog, drag-and-drop the TDEP variable from the MaxWell_- ‘1Dlis_38 data set to create a bit size variable, 15. Type the equation, as shown, place the cursor inside the right box of the equation and press Enter to propagate the value in all the rows. 16. Save the variable. 17. In the Properties window, set the units to in, 40 msceweur I » OY runiesan asain Mean. Techiog Wellbore maging 5= igteprir pre Pleteag ~naa Dey “hale Kote - Cobo 18-Topc és, oshle mage onaysGaDhave a associ il davai le ind (Caliper! In addition, they must have the properties of orientation type and depth of investigation (DO). Choose the ARRAY_WBI_IMG array and set the properties in the Properties window, as shown in the figure. Reference hole azimuth name Palete ‘The orientation value of -3.21° reflects the fact that the first of the 66 sectors of the GVRis centred on the reference direction, and the edge of that frst sector (ie. the first sample in the array) must therefore be half a sector anticlockwise from the reference direction WARNING: DOI, focus depth, or electrical penetration is important for dip picking, as it must be added (x2) to the calipers to calculate dip because, for ‘most tools excluding ultrasonic imagers, the measurement comes from behind the borehole wall. For LWD tools, this DOL is often very significant. If you do not know what DOI to use, contact the logging ‘company. 19. (Optional) Repeat the process with the high resolution images in the MaxWell_- 1Diis_2B data set using the UHRI_CORR array. ‘Techiog Wellbore imaging %Lesson 2 Oriented LWD Array Preparation y In most cases, LWD data are delivered as an array that has been oriented, either by means of post processing or by reference during acquisition. NOTE: If data are referenced during acquisition, the results can be presented either as an array P ’} or as individual single sampled variables. If referenced during acquisition, the reference is to either Top of the hole or to North. Reference can be to North if the deviation is less that a specified value, usually 3 to 5 degrees based on the logging contractor and tool. If the reference is set to Magnetic North, orientation property must be set to correct the orientation by the magnetic declination amount. In these cases, little processing is required but some parameters must be set for you to interpret the image. Techiog Wellbore Imaging 38Fy Exercise 1 Preparing a Previously-Oriented LWD Array This exercise shows you what steps need to be taken to prepare an LWD image when the image data are already oriented to a reference. To prepare a previously-oriented LWD Array: 1. Inthe MaxWell_-1Diis_608 data set, set the family for the GR_IMAGE array to be Borehole Image Gamma Array. 2. From the MaxWell_-1Dlis_38 data set, drag-and-drop the DEVI, HAZI, and BS variables into the MaxWeil_-1Dlis_60B data set. 7 3, Inthe Resampling tool dialog, accept the proposed settings and click Apply. NOTE: The DEVI variable is already present in the MaxWell_-1Dlis_60B data set, but you will overwrite this variable with the higher sample rate variable. ‘The vatlable IMAGE-WE ‘Save as new version (Y) Overwrte the existing variable 1 Apptyto ait (eo) (eccaneet) aeady ests, What do you want to do? 4. Choose the GR_IMAGE array and, in the Properties window, set the following parameters, as shown in the figure: ‘+ Orientation type + Orientation * Dol '* Associated caliper, hole deviation, and hole azimuth. (Saree | cue voi mace ts ho enc eps ane 8 2 Techlog Wellbore Imaging o‘The Orientation parameter for an image array defines an angular offset for the start of the first sample of the array from the orientation reference. This is very important for [WD images in which image sectors can be referenced so that they either start at the orientation reference or are centered on the orientation reference, such as the Top of hole or North. = WARNING: Contact your logging company to understand the reference for the sectors on j your image log. If the first sector is centred on Top of hole/North, then the Jt Orientation parameter must be set to ~((360/no. of sectors)/2),ie., to minus 5 half of one sector. For example, for an 8 sector image the value should be sot 10-225, TIP: LWD image data sometimes come in the form of single sampled variables for each ( sector. In this case, they easily can be converted into image arrays using the Data editor to merge the variables into an array with appropriate parameters set in tho B Properties window. The order in which the individual variables are merged into an array is very important. Review Questions What ar array? ‘+ Ifyou have @ 16-sector image in which the first sector is centered to the Top of Hole, what values must you set for the Orientation type and Orientation properties? the Important properties to be set in the Properties window for an LWD image 9 Summary In this module, we you learned about: ‘+ orienting LWD borehole image data ‘+ setting parameters in the Properties jow for oriented LWD image data. "Techiog Wellbore Imaging aNotes Techlog Wellboreinading @a Module 5 Dip Picking Techlog functionality provides a means to pick dips, change dip display properties, and prepare imported dips for display in Techlog, Learning Objectives ‘After completing this module, you will know how to: + create dip classifications + pick dips in Techlog + visualize dips while picking + edit picked dips. Lesson 1 Dip Picking Techlog can be used to pick dips simultaneously from mutiple image logs. You can oreate a dip classification scheme specific to one project or a scheme that is easily shared between projects ‘and among users. You can add dips lo previously picked dips, edit dips, and modify dip display properties. ‘There are five dip picking modes: Full sine wave picking _| Pick full sine waves on features using point to point picking. Partial sine wave picking | Pick partial sine waves on features which do no! [extend the entire way around the borehole, Stretchy sinusoid picking | Fit sine waves to features by using your cursor as an editable sinusoid, Induced fracture picking | Pick induced fractures in the borehole wall by defining the start and end points of linear features. Breakout picking Pick borehole breakouts by fitting a parallelogram over the breakout feature, ress the Shift + S shortcut to cycle between the dip picking modes, object selection, and interactive selection mode. Before you can pick dips on a borehole image array, the array must have the following properties defined (Figure 10). These properties are normally set automatically during processing, * orientation type + depth of investigation + associated caliper variable Tecivog Wellbore imaging J a‘= associated hole deviation variable * associated hole azimuth variable. ‘ienaten on at Feteece eps str ae Figure 10 Parameters of the image array needed for dip picking Exercise 1 Picking Dips Dip picking is done in a normal LogView layout. To pick dips: 1. Open a Logview layout in one of these ways: + Seloc Platform > Techplot> Logview Ht © Press Ctrl + Shift + PL. 2. Drag-and-drop the GR, ARRAY_WBI_H and ARRAY_WBI_Dynamic variables from the IMAGE_WELL2 FMI_16_1271-1501m data set. 3. Deactivate the optimized display. TIP: This is activated by default for quick scroling and zooming but it should be deactivated during image interpretation. ‘a, Choose the image and, on the Display options tab, select Optimized display > Horizontal > Activate. b. Set the property to no. 4. (Optional) Add any other variables to the layout. Set the display settings you wish to use. 6. Seta suitable scale. This is usually 1:20 or a more expanded scale for vertical wells; picking with a scale that is too compressed can introduce serious errors. 7. Select both ofthe image arrays inthe layout and dick Right Mouse button > |‘) Techlog Wellbore ImagingOR Select Processing > Create a dip variable from the menu of the layout, This adds a dip creation track to your layout. TIP: Dip creation tracks are recognizable by their beige background. \ rok ne ka nmi tek ans @ yu WEG RS RR RE SS at i ry ae Hy 1301 } itl itil + 1301. 300. 1302 i nn TS Ifa dip creation track does not cisplay, check the output window for waming messages. These are the most common reasons why. problem might occur: * the required information (Figure 10) is missing from the image array properties + caliper has no unit or the unit is incorrect * hole deviation has no unit or the unit is incorrect, * hole azimuth has no unit or the unit is incorrect. 8. Ifyou already have a dip creation track and you wish to activate dip picking for another image array in your layout, choose the array and click Right Mouse button > Enable the ap picking [le sec Processing > Enable the dip picking. 9. When a layout contains a dip creation track, the properties of the layout contain an xtra tab, the Dip creation tab. Techiog Welbore imaging S2 Siri sing tion ei Fate 4A sing ‘rekon cup NOTE: Each option in this Properties window is explained in the help files. To fl ‘access the help for dip picking, set the focus on the layout and press F1, The iew main plays with a link to detailed help. 10. Open the Dip classification window before you begin dip picking. You can open the: ‘window in any ofthe following ways: * Select Geology > Whi >Processing > Dip classification from the Techlog menu. * Select Advanced > Dip classification from the Layout menu. «Glick Right Mouse button > (in the layout (yout must be the active object), «Press shortcut C when the focus is on the layout ‘The Dip classification window is a standard Techlog window and behaves the ‘same way as other windows such as layouts or crossplots When dip picking is activated and the layout is the active object, the icons for the five dip picking modes display on the mouse mode toolbar. ‘Techlog Welbore imaging eFull Sine Wave Picking To pick dips using full sine wave mode: 1. Click full sine wave mode| on the images. 2. Inthe Dip classification window, choose a dip type. ‘on the mouse mode toolbar to pick full sine waves vn tx oss bessing © osena sutoce ¢ EL ovtomesves Y [NSD ow quay < NSO High guy < conic tacre 3 Ci} rsivercare x i) rout x UA) inves cre 8 Gt sreatout é Mean fe « wal 11) mt some 3. To start picking dips, let-click on the image to add points, 4, After you have added three points, a sine wave is drawn but you can keep adding points until you are happy with the fit of the sine wave to the surface. The figure shows an example near 1307.5 meters. TIP: Automatically drawing a sine wave after adding three points Is default behavior, ( ut you can tum ths off in the Properties window. Vv Techlog WellboreTmaging a )~ L? jana 5. Points can be. ected aE add them. When you position the cursor over a point, the cursor changes to this shape 6. Place the cursor over a point, then press and hold the left button to move the point, 7. Press the Delete key to delete the point. 8. When you are happy with the fit of the sine wave, right-click or press Enter to validate it. NOTE: The dip tadpole displayed in the dip track represents True Dip. Feehiog Welibore Tain ‘9. Practice adding dips and changing the dip classification. 10. To edit a validated dip: a. Place the cursor over the sine wave on the image. The cursor changes to look like this: b. Press Shift and left-click to make the sine wave editable. (eal aI || [Ere eres Aves besa c. Move, add, or delete points. 4d. Right-click to validate, 11. To delete a dip, place the cursor over the sine wave in the image track or over the tadpole in the dip track. When the cursor changes to & WARNING: Be careful when deleting dips. If another object (for example, atrack or variable) is selected in the layout, the action will delete these other f objec if the cursor isnot displayed as “it you see this dialog when trying to delete a dip, click No to prevent additional objects from deletion. ress Delete. ‘Do you want to remove the selected ‘objects rom the yout? erties) (costtional NOTE: To delete a breakout or induced fracture pick from the image mode must be Breakout or Induced Fracture, respectively ] 12. To change the classification of a picked dip: ae a. Choose a dip type in the Dip classification window 6 b,- Select ine interactive estection model Ml . Brush over the dips. WARNING: When you change a dip classification, it cannot be undone. If you only wish to select dips in a dip creation track, deselect any dip type selected in the Dip classification window by clicking Unselect“. 19, Manually picked dips are automatically given a quality value of 1 (scale 0-1). To change the quality value: a. Place the cursor over the dip and right-click. b. Right mouse click > assign a quality value or use the shortcut @ —_ |e assign a quatityvalue Q Techiog Wellbore imaging 8[al Partial Sine Wave Picking Features may be discontinuous around the borehole, such as when there is truncated cross bedding or bedding cut by a fault. To pick these types of features, use the partial sine wave picking mode. To pick dips using partial sine wave mode: 4. Click partial sine wave picking mode (44) on the mouse mode toolbar. 2. Atthe counter-clockwise end of the feature, left-click to add a point (for example, 1,348.1). ‘The position of the first point is critical, as the partial sine wave is drawn ‘clockwise from this starting point. You can add more points in any order. ] NOTE: Partial sine waves are edited in the same way as full sine waves, but you ‘must be in the partial sine wave mode to do this. Techiog Wellbore ImagingStretchy Sinusoid Picking To pick dips using stretchy sinusold mode: 1. Click stretchy sinusoid rmosdte ll onthe mouse made tolber: When this modes activated, the cursor becomes a sinus 2. Toedit the sinusoid: a. Move the mouse forward and backward to change the depth on the plot. b. Move the mouse left or right to change the azimuth of the dip (position of the trough or sinusoid) ¢. To edit the amplitude of the sinusoid, click and hold the left mouse button and move the mouse forward and backward. 3. To validate the dip, right-click Breakout Picking [a] Borehole breakout is picked by drawing a parallelogram over the borehole breakout. To pick dips using breakout mode: 4. Click breakout pleking mode lll onthe mouse mode toolbar. 2. Left-lick on one of the upper comers of the breakout to add a point with a dotted line attached to it. 3, Move the cursor to extend the line horizontally left or right from the picked point (for ‘example, 1,351.5m). 4. Left-lick on the other upper comer of the breakout to add a second point and create ‘a parallelogram attached to the cursor. Techlog WallboreTnoging 75. Move the cursor so that the parallelogram covers the borehole breakout and left- click to fix it in place. 6. Adjust the parallelogram by moving the comer points. 7. When you are happy with the fit to the breakout, right-click to validate. Breakouts are represented in the dip track with the symbol [21 The long axis represents the azimuth of the breakout with respect to North, while the lateral position of the symbol fepresents the dip magnitude of an imaginary plane passing through the breakout and the ‘center of the well If the well Is vertical and the breakout Is vertical in the borehole wall, this value is 90°. rr) NOTE: Techlog allows you to independently pick each side of the breakout in the woll, for two reason Breakout are nt always symmetca round Ine boraboa wal ing both sides of a breakout separately allows for better statistical information on the breakout properties. 8. To delete a breakout pick from the image, set the mode to breakout and press Delete. Techiog Wellbore Imaging 7Induced Fracture Pickin, [a] il juced fracture mode: To pick dips using t 1. Click induced fracture picking roc on no mouse mode toolbar. 2. Left-click on one end of the induced fracture to add a point connected to the cursor bya dashed line (for example, at 1,302m).. 3. Lefi-click on other end of the induced fracture; the line is now positioned on the induced fracture. 4, Edithe pick by moving the end points. 5. Right-click to validate. Induced fractures are represented in the dip track with the symbol [&], the fine through the circle represents the azimuth of the induced fracture with respect to North, while the lateral position of the symbol represents the dip magnitude of an imaginary plane following the fracture and passing through the center of the well. If the well is vertical and the induced fracture is vertical in the borehole wall, this value is 90°. 6. To delete an induced fracture pick from the image, set the mode to induced fracture and press Delete, TIP: To display breakout and induced fracture data in a rose diagram, you can choose the azimuth miror option ([@2I icon) on your rose diagram. Tectiog Wellbare imaging 3Saving Picked To save picked dips: 1. Save your dip data by selecting the dip variable in the header of the dip creation track and choosing Save > The variable from the layout menu (OR Right mouse click > Save variable # ), You will be prompted to enter a data set name and a name for the Dip variable (choose defaulis in this case) WARNING: When saving a dip data set an entirely new data set is created. Therefore, if you choose to overwrite a dip data set that contains other variables from those already created (For instance, rotated dips after structural dip removal), these will be lost. ‘When you save dips from a dip creation track, a data setis created but this data set is not linked to the the creation track. New picking will not update the saved ata set, The dips in the creation track are always unsaved so care must be taken before deleting. Itis recommended that the automatic save reminder is used (Dip creation tab in properties of the layout). 2. Save and close the layout; you will use it again. Special Considerations for Breakouts and Induced Fractures In some software packages, breakouts and induced fractures are picked by filting a sine wave as an imaginary plane which passes through the feature on both sides of the borehole. This can be done in Techlog but itis not the recommended procedure. features are picked using a sine wave, the dip azimuth of the feature is at 90° to the azimuth of the breakout or induced fracture. As such, they are represented using the strike, I the features are picked using a sine wave, you cannot use the breakout and induced fracture symbols to display the orientation in the dip track because the azimuth will not be the azimuth of the breakout or the induced fracture. BEST PRACTICE: It is recommended that you always pick breakouts and induced fractures using the breakout and induced fracture picking modes. This allows the breakout and induced fracture dip symbols to be used correctly, but it also ensures that you gather a richer set of results data, Techiog Wallbore Imaging 7Lesson 2 Dip Data Set Structure y When you save your dip picks, the saved data are displayed in the Project browser with the structure shown in Figure 11. 415 Taning First Dios easued Depth m 4 wo Measured Depth ms > © Apparent ips AT zaimuths Tue Dip Azimuth dega breakouts B cour Dip Gsiieation ipRU True ip naination dega 4, na Holeasimuth deg 4, Hoev Hole Deviation deg O Induced Fractures, 2S intonrray Be auatiy Dip Quality Dip Cassitation ip Cusstaton Figure 11 Dip data set structure Dips are saved as point data sets. The three most important variables are Dip_TRU, Azimuth, and Type. — Dip_TRU\s the True dip inclination variable (Figure 12). Before Techlog can display picks directly as tadpoles or plot correctly in stereonets and other interpretation plots, dips must be associated with an azimuth and type variable. This is done automatically for dips picked in Techlog, but the variables must be set for imported dips. i aut sh Figure 12 Properties of the True dip magnitude variable Azimuth is the true dip azimuth variable. It is associated with the true dip variable but does not itself have specific properties. ‘Techiog Wellbare imaging %Type is the dip type variable (Figure 12). Itis associated with the dip variable. A Colour and ‘8 Shape variable are associated to it that allow Techlog to determine the display properties for each dip type. ‘aie Varbie BIAGEWEL2 ning tinaonoR iaaianiaasnd Fai uit Devaton IP tocied ana centes (coiut Figure 13 Properties of the dip type variable Dip, azimuth, and type are the three principal variables that are needed from a dip interpretation log and the most common data types shared between platforms. With the exception of the data stored for the breakouts and induced fractures, most of the other data saved is related to displaying and menipulating the data in the software. Colour —_Stores the display color for each dip. When a dip variable is dragged to a layout or other interpretation plot, Techlog uses the association of the type variable to determine the type of each dip, Techlog uses the association of the colour variable to the type variable to determine the display color. Shape —_ Stores the display symbol for each dip. Techlog uses the association of the shape variable to the type variable to determine the display symbol. Hazi The hi atthe depth of the di is useful for borehole = correction in fracture counting a Werting from true to apparent dips. HDev —_Theholedeviation at the depth of the dip. This is useful for borehole bias correction in fracturé counting and for converting from true to apparent dips. InfoArray An array of data needed by Techlog to enable redrawing partial sine waves, breakouts, and induced fractures on the images. aa FL | Cor oan mux vatonutae onset puesto {| Sacto eights ftom ae ag Figure 14 Apparent dips Techiog Wellbore Imaging 76Apparent A set of apparent dips (Figure 12) is stored for each image used during dip, dips picking. The apparent dip can be different for each image because of: ‘+ differing orientation references (North or Top of hole) ‘+ different depths of investigation, The variables for each picked image are given a prefix of the image array name. ‘The apparent dip is saved relative to the orientation reference of the image from which the features are picked, WARNING: In this context, the term teara eae to mean the dip of the surface Le, yplotiat ho bots. [hese s Repent this dipanerthe orientation of —/ W ie Borehole. The term should not be confused with the apparent dip of a surface in ( alline of section. “Image Array The apparent dip inclination of the feature in the borehole (Figure 15). Name”_Dip_APP This is associated with the apparent dip azimuth, dip height, and dip type variables, The orientation type is defined as a property. ‘unkxoun, dose ‘Azpaert ip ncinaton cc Hy en Figure 15 Apparent dip inclination proportios Techiog Wellbare imaging 7“Image Array The apparent dip azimuth of the feature in the borehole relative to the Name” Azimuth — borehole image orientation reference. Image Array The height along the hole of the Name_DipHeight wave in the borehole wall. Information about the picked borehole breakouts (Figure 16) is stored in a group of variables called Breakouts. The suffix (N or TOH) means North or Top Of Hole. Project DaNotBackedUp\échiog PojecAWEIManual [Fai (ui Measured Depth —m Measured Depth + Bl rainng mstaips Messured Depth oe? Measured Depen © Apparent ips $C pcimutn ‘ue Dip Azimuth ceo #0 brestouts Af estou azimut. cage AE evestoun, ne ® earout.omegs angle, 198 E evessoutywnat.w ego Figure 16 Breakout variables. Breakout_Azimuth_(N or TOH) The azimuth of the borehole breakout relative to the orientation reference used in the image on which it was picked. Breakout_Height_(NorTOH) The height (along the hole) of the breakout feature in the borehole wall. Breakout Omega_Angle_(Nor The angle the feature makes with a line parallel to the TOH) axis of the borehole, This is measured counter-clockwise. Breakout_Width_(NorTOH) The angular width of the breakout. ‘See Figure 17 for an explanation of Omega angle and Azimuth, Information about the picked Induced fractures (Figure 17) is stored in a group of variables called Induced fractures. The suffix (N or TOH) means North or Top Of Hole. ie 68 LB | Lc ccUp\echog Pecive Maran [Fenty Ton Woe asimuth deg Hole Deaton deg, 40 nce Fractures | © newest j toon | & mec reacngop i 1 a dege Figure 17 Induced fracture variables “Techiog Wellbore imeging 7%Induced_Fracure_Azimuth_(NorTOH) The azimuth of the induced fracture relative to the orientation reference used in the image on which it was picked. Induced_Fracure_Height-(N or TOH) The height (along the hole) of the induced fracture in the borehole wall. Induced_Fracure_Omega_Angle_(Nor The angle the feature makes with a line TOH) parallel with the axis of the borehole. This is measured counter-clockwise. ‘Omega angle and the breakout and Induced fracture azimuth are illustrated in Figure 18. Azimuth | Omega Angl LA AL SI Modoc North or Top of hole Figure 18 Omega angle and breakout/induced fracture azimuth Techlog includes automatic dip picking capability. The key feature of this capability is that it is completely integrated with manual dip picking. You can mix manual and automatic picking and, when picked, automatic dips can be reclassified and edited in the same way as manually picked dips. Lesson 3 Automatic Dip Picking yg Exercise 1 Picking Dips Automatically Ea 1, Open the Logview layout you saved in the previous lesson. Lad Open the Dip classification window. 3. To-continue picking in a layout you saved with an active dip creation track, click one of the icons to choose a dip pick mode. leet “Tecog Wellbore loging 3D TIP: You can continue picking where you left off in the previous lesson. wu 4, Todo automatic dip picking you must click ful sinusoid, point to point picking mode @ 5. Toactvate automatic picking: Hy the layout as the active object, right mouse click > automatic dip picking (4) OR In the layout menu select Advanced > Automatic dip pi oR In the properties of the layout: a. Click the Dip creation tab. b. Select Automatic dip > Activate. ©. Set Activate to yes. 1 ara = Sete pnd 6. Start picking single dips. To do this: a. Set the Pick mode to Local. b. Select a dip type in the Dip classification window, 7. Click on a feature in the static image (for example, 1,318m). Techog Wellbore Imagingw do not retum as good a result due to enhanced local variations. | ] 8. Pick several dips in local mode with different values of the parameters. 9. In the Dip Creation tab of the Properties window, set the pick mode to Windowed. 10. Click anywhere on the static image and the algorithm wil try to find all the dips that fit the defined criteria. Remember that picked dips can be edited or deleted just like ‘with manually picked dips. Wonk So tiny ie td HOARE I Aetgrance nm foe w Dip_TRU* ino [0 owt iso [0 90 1802 3] 0 dogs 90]! 1470 1472. icv te 11. Try processing using the Global pick mode, 12. When finished automatic dip picking, make sure to deactivate automatic picking before resuming manual picking or the automatic picking will restart when you left- click on images to pick dips. "Techlog Wellbore imaging aLesson 4 Add the Dip Type to the Classification Automatically If the dip types are not in the classification when dip data are imported into Techplot, the types can be added automatically with an action available in the Project browser. Exercise 1 Automatically Adding the Dip Type In this exercise, you will import some classification, To automatically add the dip type: 1, Load the XML fle IMAGE-WELL2_DIPS-FINAL.xmI from the directory Wi Training Data seis. You can do ths either by dragging and dropping the fie into the Techlc workspace or by opening the import buffer and browsing to the fle location using. 2. When dips are loaded to Techiog, itis important that you set the required associations, as discussed in the previous lesson. Set the associations, as shown in ito Techlog and add their types to your dip | tanoraieooe |] one Compa it Long ist Famiy unit || oerenpton ‘Vale ype Asinuth atzodated variable Clssifation assodated varie 3. Choose the Dip_TRU variable in the Project browser. 4, Click the right mouse button and select Generate Colour and Shape variables, ‘Techiog Wallbore imaging a«(3 os mn Meee 0 Mesedoenh om | © seperti: sf sinh Tip Ant deg » © brates Y B csi ip csstaton le Dip.TRU “Global management ws ‘Oreo » oer > > O indceetie & Rerthepreabromer FS cer @ em R =) C sie G Datt out Bice ate etnies. shinvoet © pacesveue » (Bl taninara-an ©) OvPete © A ucenais (0) Copystleion cmc ayes [Paste selection jevampling) che Treks temple peers erable maogement oars Aston oraniy > ‘Addo snes ten > Defi teres cones Nein. Gop management © Goip. Daatteng ana comparon ceenea er canes © crete contions| econ cus G Coooins ws itis lk cnn “able sedtea forthe q @ Swreonet et mae Kee Wattotiot 4 ntmosiction: LZ Cumulative dip plot Onte = =e © Interactive help fFlashHTML) A This action is designed to look at the Type variable and add a colour and shape value for each dip, according to the settings in the dip classification. Techiog Wellbore imagingHowever, ifthe dip types present inthe data set are not already in the dip classification system, this Dip classification dialog displays. Goh | 5. Forthis exercise, select Project. The dip types that were in your data sets are added to the dip classification, 6. Open the dip classification window by selecting Geology >Wbi >Dips handling > Dip Classification. Fold Type i Carbonate bedding HShale bedding 1 Uthotegical pounary 1H Sandstone beading HSandstone lamination "5 Erosonal boundary Heterolhic beaing Detachment Beading ‘ross bedding rotlona surface Deformed bed ‘MSD Low qualty [MSD High quality ‘Conductive racure Resistive fracture Fault Induces trace RRODOLLZNAANASA AAS ASAT [ad Viet 1Y) Project 1 G3 Company. (2) Ed Tech Because the dips did not exist in the dip classification before, they were added with the default colors. 7. Double-click on the name of the dip to change its colour and shape properties in the Type edit window. Techlog Wallbore imaging uese! user Fae woe [shale beaaing tangle diamond ¥ sa [ee emoty cle S emptyret © empty tangle of empty diamond empty star x 8. After you set the colour and shape for each dip, repeat step 4 to create the colour and shape variables from your new dip classification, Lesson 5 Dip Display in Logview y This lesson shows some of the functionality available for displaying dip data in Logvlew. Exercise 1 Displa' g Dips 1. Open a Legview layout in one of these ways: * Select Platform > Techplot > LogView ER © Press Ctrl + Shift + P.L, 2. Drag-and- Reload the original classification Processing > Reload the original classification. ondudive facie PYshe sam um a“ Jor by selecting 6. Display the dips as apparent dip sticks in a defined line of a section: a. Choose the dip variable in the plot. b. Click the Display options tab in the Properties window. ¢. Set the Display type property to Sticks. Polen oentation® 8 Techiog Wellbore Imaging a7. The dips are displayed as apparent dip sticks in a line of section defined by the Projection orientation property. This value defines the left edge of section. Inthe figure, you are viewing the dips in a N-S section viewed from the West, looking towards the East. Wt fe oak ase Dip_TRU ea ‘Projection ortentation * ge 1:10 9. When you select the dip variable in the layout, the icons on the contextual menu which you see when you do right mouse click change to show actions specific to dip variables, such as launching dip interpretation plots (stereonets, walkout plo!s and cumulative dip plots). These plots will be discussed in a later module. Techlog Wellbore imagingwor Q Review Questions 8 + For breakouts and induced fractures, what do the dip and azimuth variables represent? ‘+ When saved dips are added into a Logview track, how are the colour and shape defined? + Ifyou are provided with data comprising only dip, azimuth and type, what do you have to do to display it correctly in Techlog, with colors and symbols? Summary In this module, you learned about: + picking dips manually using the various dip picking modes + editing your picked dips + picking dips semi-automatically + updating the dip classification after importing new dip types changing dip display properties. qo Igo 2f0 36 i 1} © ! ml Ah inducted Pathe ¥ breact ou ~ pe Fractured. ( fautt )) Stantanr. Sruthare \ » let Vea he AT te wl jvAtel the Anporut abi Tue by? bat the will 13 lovtated the dps appora® oP and “Th Keframe Calatile Ska apparent dip Techiog Wellbore imagingNotes Techlog Wellbore imagingModule 6 Dip Interpretation Plots Techlog provides dip vector walkout plots and cumulative dip plots to interpret changes in dip azimuth and dip magnitude, respectively. Stereonet plots have a full range of functionality for visualizing dip data distribution, of for determining mean dip or a rotation axis {or selected dips. Multiwell stereonet plots are particularly useful for fracture characterization in multiple wells. Learning Objectives | ‘After completing this module, you will know how to: * create walkout and cumulative dip plots + manipulate stereonet plots + gatdip statistics * post stereonets on a map. Before proceeding with this module, load the files IMAGE-WELL2_Index.xml, IMAGE- WELL3_DIPS-FINAL.xml, and IMAGE-WELL3_index.xm! to your project by dragging and dropping them in the Techlog workspace. Walkout plots, also known as azimuth vector walkout plots or dip vector plots, are very useful for visualizing trends in dip azimuth and finding changes in those trends. They consist of a plot of unit vectors for each selected dip, plotted end to end from the deepest to the shallowest dip point. Zones of consistent dip azimuth plot as straight lines and changes in the orientation of the walkout plot indicate changes in dip azimuth. Cumulative dip plots have a similar function, but they highlight changes in dip magnitude. They consist of a crossplot of sample number on the X-axis versus the cumulated value of the dip magnitude on the Y-axis. Changes in the slope of the plotted line indicate changes in dip magnitude. ‘Walkout and cumulative dip plots can be used in combination by launching a daughter cumulative dip plot from a parent walkout plot, or vice versa. If a daughter plot is used, changes to the filter or the zones selection in the parent plot are also applied to the daughter plot so the two plots show the same dip data, Lesson 1 Walkout and Cumulative Dip Plots y Techlog Wellbore Imaging oiA Exercise 1 Working with Walkout and Cumulative Dip Plots In this exercise you will learn how to create walkout and cumulative dip plots and how they can be linked, as well as some of their display properties and functionality. ‘To work with Walkout and Cumulative Dip plots: 1. Open a walkout plotin any of these ways: From the menu, select Geology > Whi > Plots > Walkout plot. OR a. Select the dip variable in the Project browser. b, Right-click and select (variable plot creation) Walkout plot. OR a. Select a dip variable displayed in a layout. This includes dip variables used during dip picking. b, Select Open > Walkout plot from the Layout menu, OR When the focus is onthe dip variable, right mouse click > lM) NOTE: The same options are available to open cumulative dip plots. 2. Ifyou opened an empty walkout plot from the Geology > Whi > Plots menu, drag- ‘and-drop the Dip_TRU variable from the IMAGE_WELL2 DIPS-FINAL data set into the dip variable drop area in the walkout plot window. ‘The Azimuth variable, Color mode and Variable filter panels are automatically Populated with the associated azimuth, color, and type variables, respectively. Techiog Wellbore imaging3, Open a linked cumulative dip plot by selecting Open > Cumulative dip plot in the walkout plot menu or with right mouse click > [t=], Soma rene! Thenly Show ‘ame tack dele || nef thdepth but the Chong. in dif direction Rar 4, ‘The cumulative dip plot opens without a variable side box panel, as itis controlled by the parent walkout plot, 5, In the walkout plo, the dip types displayed can be chosen in the Filter variable panel. n this case, choose the low energy bedding types. Press Ctrl + Left-click to ‘select several types. The cumulative dip plot updates to show the same dip type selection. ‘Techiog Wellbore Imaging 36. Make a selection using either the interactive selection or polygon selection tool, Polygon selection is best for a walkout plot. Interactive selection is slower because plotted points are not actual data; instead, they are calculated points. ‘The statistics box displays the number of selected data points, the number of data points plotted, and the total number of data points in the variable over the plot range, {rom top to bottom, respectively, 7. Display the vector mean of all displayed data or of displayed and selected data by choosing options in the Display menu, as shown in the figure. ‘ak EZ Fatndow assay F TE Hee ane den By Waetnemenvter cea ES Danuysteion ony cutsone © some © seinen, Sipe iter: Bono | "ype: etal besig teal Bound Shale balng Vector mean lal (n= 8): $/041 Selecon2(4 = 298) 5/018 ‘Techiog Wellbore imaging a8. Fractures are typically displayed using a strike walkout plot in which the vector ‘drawn is in the strike orientation. Because strike is a trend and not a direction, you must choose whether to plot the East or West strike direction. On the Filter tab: ‘a. Change your dip type selection to Conductive fracture. b. Select Display > (Walkout type) Strike. ©. Choose East or West. Strike Walkout plot HAGE-WELL2.OIPS-FIWAL elerence m: (1271.49- 199.821 be Sindee Shoe econo TRU (dee) emt (aes) a ra z scaatal Lesson 2 Stereonet Plots Stereonet plots in Techlog provide a comprehensive range of dip visualization and statistics y functions, Projections available are simple azimuth and strike histograms (rose diagrams), polar plots, Schmidt plots and Wulff plots. Data can be visualized as lines (dip and azimuth), planes or poles to planes, in either upper or lower hemisphere projections (Schmidt and Wulff plots). Stereonet plots can be used in many ways: + standalone plot © ina track of a layout: + single plot which can be scrolled along the well + plot per fixed interval + plot per zone, ‘Techiog Wellbore Imaging %wate walkp gh Jus) seis i ae - aes (eee TI'S g with Stereonet Plots | Exercise 2 Worl In this exercise, you will add stereanet plots to a track in a layout and explore the functionality of stereonets. To work with stereonet plots: 1. Open a Logview layout in one of these ways: + Select Platform > Techplot > LogVi © Press Ctrl + Shift + PL. 2. Drag-and-drop the Dip_TRU variable from the IMAGE_WELL2 DIPS-FINAL data set Into the layout, ee 3. Click Quick zone creation [#4 inthe mouse mode toolbar and create an arbitrary set of zones in the dip track. You will use these zones to ilustrate how to control plols using a zonation, 4, Save your zones by selecting the dip variable and selecting right mouse button > ‘Save the zones. Mareranca/ et = sa Q m) 1:3000 wets nasi 5. Select the dip variable and add a stereonet track, per zones: Select Insert > plot > Stereonet plot per zones in the Layout menu. oR Click right mouse button > A Storeonet plots dialog asks which zonation you wish to use. Please select one dataset, ‘My training zones | insert into the vaiabe track Coke) [cones] 6. Choose the group of plots by clicking the text ‘Group stereonet plot’ in the header of the track, ‘Techlog Wellbore Imaaing7. Choose the dip types to be displayed on the Filter tab of the Properties window. SLE ropetes 7 23) PPT aes Q.@ onset: ios stesne pa ctencramecien) Iams | 4) 8, Change the plot type on the Display options tab of the Properties window for the {group or click one of the icons on right mouse button menu: ® Simple polar plot 2 _ Schmidt (equal area) plot ® Rose diagram 3 Waiff (equal angle) plot WARNING: Take care to select the correct projection hemisphere for Schmidt or Wulff plots. This is done on the Display options tab of the Properties ‘window, for the group, by setting the Projection hemisphere property to upper ( * or lower. 9. Change the track to plot on regular intervals: a, Select the group. b. Click right mouse button > | from the contextual menu, OR Select Edit > (Generate) per depth int 10. Change the display properties of individual plots in the group: a. Select the group. . Unlock the group by clicking right mouse button > lock/untock. BBs @@jo eB) es — [sore ayant Pe fanaa | X dae ow ‘Techlog Wellbore imaging ac. Choose an individual plot. d. Change the properties of the plot in the Properties window. 11, Launch a standalone stereonet plot, in one of three ways: a. Select the variable, . Click right mouse button > ® or select Open > Stereonet plot in the menu of the layout OR ‘On the Techlog menu, select Geology > Whi > Plots > Stereonet plot. OR a. Select the dip variable in the Project browser. b. Right-click and select Variable plot creation >Stereonet plot. 12, When plots are launched from a Logview layout, the variables to be used are already defined and the variable side box is hidden by default. Unhide the variable side panel by clicking on the [icon on the right hand side of the plot. HR roo | \ aon |enge ais =e, 13, Choose a plot type by clicking the appropriate icon in the right mouse button menu or in the Display > Display type menu. In this instance, choose Schmidt plot ©, 14, Switch between lower Q. and upper ™® hemisphere projections using the Edit > projection hemisphere menu or the right mouse button menu. 15. Select your dip types to display using the Filter tab of the variable side panel 16. Turn on/off or select the Rose diagram type using the Display > Rose diagram ‘menu or by choosing the rose diagram type on the right mouse button menu. @ paint Q Azimuth miror © sine WARNING: The azimuth mirror rose diagram type is intended only for the display of induced fracture and breakout azimuths, when you wish to display a symmetrical rose diagram. if 17. Data points can be displayed in any of four ways: “Fechog Welbore aging FE _(2 lines (default for polar plots) Q greatcircles representing planes 2) poles to planes (default for © __ poles and planes. ‘Schmidt and Wulf plots) WARNING: Be careful when using the Lines display mode to avoid confusion with poles. The Lines mode displays the dip and azimuth as direction and / plunge projected as a line in the stereonet, so low angle dips will be plotted at the edge a Schmidt or Wulf ne 18, Change the dip value represented by the rim of the stereonet on the Limits tab of the Properties window of the plot Id conmaibe crip ae bon ens we ue Une a Graton: : Pry i 19. Turn on and off data density display from the Display menu or by clicking right mouse button > iil. 20. ‘tap ‘on contours display from the Display menu or by clicking right mouse button > 21. Color the contours according to count value: ‘a, Click the Data density tab of the Properties window. b. Select Contour > color mode > by palette, Techiog Wellbore imaging2. Display Vector means of the displayed dips or the selected dips: Select Display > global vector mean. OR Select Display > Vector mean by selection. 23, Display a best fit reat circle to a selection of poles by selecting Display > Great circles by selection from the menu. ‘The orientation of the great circle displays in the legend below the plot (Figure ), showing the orientation of a plane in which the selected poles lie. ‘The square point displayed represents the pole to this plane. Ifthe selected points are related by cylindrical folding, this point would represent the projection of the axis ofthe fold, w9g Dénud Ont for payts-4 ated feo Idliy 9 Techlog Wellbore Imaging 706Figure 19 ip TRU (dege) / Azimuth (dege) ‘Simple fitter: “ype: Heterlthic bedding; Lithological boundary; Shale bedding Great circles: Selection 2 (n= 539): 86/213 Dip interpretation plots can be used to filter and reclassify dips. The following exercise gives Lesson 3 Dip Reclassification in a Plot gy a simple example. Exercise 1 Reclassifying Dips (| This exercise shows how you can use filters to select dips with particular properties and reclassify them to a new dip type. To reclassity a 46 2 a 4, Make a copy of the IMAGE_WELL2 DIPS-FINAL data set. Drag-and-drop the GR curve from IMAGE_WELL2 FMI_16_1271-1501m data set into your new data set. This causes a resampling window to open. Click Apply without changing the parameters. Choose the Dip_TRU variable from your new dip data set. (Open a stereonet plot by right-clicking and selecting Variable plot creation > Stereonet plot ‘Techlog Welbore imaging 1016. On the Filter tab of the variable side box, choose only bedding surfaces and lamination surfaces. 7. Switch to Schmidt plot S). 8, Select Edit > Advanced filter > Define to define a fter using the GR variable. This is a simple filter using the GR to define low energy bedding. 8. Click polygon setction too! “) on the mouse mode toolbar to choose all of the displayed dips with the fiter applied. 10. Close the polygon by clicking the middle mouse button, 11, Select the data points by pressing Enter. 12. On the Filter tab of the variable side box, click the Add new element icon. fet iN Al | nadneweleent This allows you to add a new dip type tothe fier li 13. ‘OK and the fiter ist is refreshed with the new value. This means the plot will no longer be fitered by type. 14. On the Filter tab of the variable side box, click the Re-assign the selection icon. Ae-assign the selection 15. Reclassify the selected dips to your new classification. 416. Save the new classcaton by clicking Save LESH on te Filter tab ofthe variabla side panel. Techiog Wellbore Imaging 12Filename [ype = } (1 As a newversion 17. By default, the dip is saved as a new version. If you are sure you wish to change the classification, uncheck the As a new version box and click OK, In this instance, you created a new data set for the exercises so changing the classification is acceptable. 18. If you saved the dip as a new version or with a new name, you must associate the new dip type variable to your dip variable in the Properties window (see Module 5, Lesson 15). Lesson 4 Stereonet Plot Displays on a Map ‘Stereonet plots can be displayed for multiple wells in a map. This is useful for looking at changes in structural dip, fracture orientation, in-situ stress directions, or palaeotransport directions on a field scale, Exercise 1 Displaying Stereonet Plots on a Map ‘| In this exercise, you will create and save a stereonet and view it for two wells on a map. To display stereonet plots on a map: 4, Open a stereonet plot using the IMAGE_WELL3 DIPS-FINAL data set. 2. Onthe Filter tab of the variable side panel, filter the dips so that only the Conductive fracture, Resistive fracture, and Mixed fracture types are displayed. Click Rose diagram © as the plot type. Click Strike histogram {as the histogram type. Save the stereonet by selecting Save > stereonet from the menu bar. Close the window. From the main Geology menu, select FieldMap > Basemap, ‘Choose IMAGE-WELL2 and IMAGE-WELL3 wells. Drag-and-drop the wells into the Wells drop area on the map. eenoane Techlog Wellbore imaging 1s3 10. In the Project browser, choose the plot you saved in step 5 and drag-and-drop iton the Plots drop area on the map. 0 660 Tt oo ¥ poate in} Tectiog Welibore imagingDisplay of stereonet plots on a map is controlled by data set name. The map Ato do onoaen i Automatic dip computation —_ Introduction ‘he tome dp conpuaion ted congas do. ‘To use automatic dip computation: 1. Select Geology > Whi >Dips handling > Automatic dip computation. 2. Inthe Data type selection window, set the tool type as FMI_8, 3. Choose the families shown in the figure. (gj) ecw F ewnoe ates ] an i eetemaoni il I i Li wel Bei 4. Click Create, 5. When the window opens, drag-and-drop the IMAGE-WELL2 FMI_16_1271-1501m data set from the Project browser into the workflow. 6. Configure the inputs shown in the figure. Techiog Wellbore Imaging 7707. When the window opens, the _dynamic version of the pad arrays are selected by default as these are the last created variables. ‘To quickly choose the _H version, right-click on variable name in one of the cells in the Input tab and select Quick selection. mace 14501n Me mio ano | PORCINE 6 rien wy | posscne | een avb5| POAC HE | ASME Ss permana lea neti eae as ‘entrees goremmeetnes es = Shas BE Reon ie cnet coean taays XX emovethe selected colons nus se BAS Be Rewer at “ 8 Pannen coy Select the vibes conning the pattems 4 ] 8. Onthe Correlation parameters tab, set the correlation parameters shown in the figure. Techiog Wellbore imaging TtTIP: Settings different from the default are highlighted. Ge ase ae awe” Ine 03% oie WARNING: The depth of investigation is populated according to the tool Parameters. For simple dipmeter tools, which are treated in a generic fashion, the depth of investigation must be set manually. 9. Leave the input data parameters set to their defaults. ‘The search plane parameters are greyed out because, for this first pass, you are searching relative to the borehole. 10. Set Apply mode to display and click Apply. eta ok a i ca HED ty ast000 [5a a i sso i -— a h, et 1400 11. This frst pass dip picking can now be refined by using these dips to define the search plane, Make the changes to the Correlation parameters tab shown in the figure. TIP: Settings different from the default are highlighted, = m2 “Techiog Wellbore Imagingpa) s) 12, Because you specified that you wished to use a plane to define your search plane parameters, the Search plane parameters tab is now active. Set the parameters as shown in the figure, (i) cs fi ae . % \ i") a \ Suerte iS y Age ee Plays, rsnnatonaps 13, Set Apply mode to save and display and click Apply. Techlog Wellbore Inaging Ts1350] cee sont 14, To verify your dip computation results are reasonable: a. Drag-and-drop the ARRAY_WEBI_dynamic variable from the IMAGE-WELL2 FMI_16_1271-1501m data set into the layout. b. Activate the dip creation (see Module 5). . Drag-and-drop the trueDipAutodip variable from the FMI_16_1271- 1501m_Autodip data sot into the dip creation track, ‘The automatic dips are displayed as sinusoids over the image. 15. Save your workflow with an appropriate name. Review Questions ‘+ How would you exclude data from a faully pad from the computation? + How do you refine your search parameters to facus the search on a particular orientation? Summary In this module, you learned about: + calculating dips automatically from processed image pad arrays. «using a first pass to further refine the dip computation by defining the search plane, Techiog Wellbore imaging iaNotes is ‘Tethlog Wolbore inasing"Techiog Wellbore maging odModule 8 Structural Dip Removal To study palaeotransport.directions or local palaeoslope indicators, structural dip must be removed from the dip data, i.e. surfaces that were deposited horizontally must be restored to horizontal so that the original attitude of palaeotransport indicators (for example, cross bedding or slumps etc.) can be studied. ‘Structural dip removal is also required for reasons such as determining the original altitude of a set of fractures that may be been subject to a later regional folding event, or removing the structural dip above an unconformity to determine the palaeocip at the time of resumption of deposition. on‘ agring Objectives w® we” AF srecoon completing this module, you wil know how to: L an . ds (sh, Ls, a.) + eatcitale structural dip .—> Ferre Be 7 a) ‘* remove structural dip from a dip data set. —> Lesson 1 Structural Dip and Dip Zones Structural dip is defined as the dip of surfaces that were originally horizontal. Bear in mind that local effects, such as fault drag or growth faulting for example, can mean that local structural dip is different from the regional dip. Structural dip may not be constant over a borehole interval. You must determine zones of consistent structural dip, otherwise a mean structural dip will not represent the true structural dip in any part of the well Structural zone boundaries must be chosen with care. You should have a geological reason for the change in dip evident in the data. These reasons might include, for example, a fault, fold, unconformity, or subsidence. The exercises in this module use data which may not show a strong justification for defining structural zone boundaries. Nonetheloss, you will define different structural dip zones to show the functionality and see how a different structural dip can be removed from each zone. Exercise 1 Identifying Structural Dip Zones (y In this exercise, you will recognize structural zones in an interpreted dip data set. To identify structural dip zone: 1. Create a Logview layout for IMAGE-WELL2 with: © Calipers: - GR ‘© Static and dynamic FMI images ‘+ Dip_TRU variable from the DIPS-FINAL data set. Techlog WallboreTnaging Ty2. Create a walkout plot from the dip variable and fier for low energy bedding surfaces ‘and bed boundaries only. ‘Azimuth Walkout plot: IMAGE-WELL2.DIPS-FINAL Reference (m) (1271.49 - 1499.62) mms wos ©ip_TRU (dep) Aim (deg) ‘simple fiter: “ype: Carbonate bedi; Heterlthic bedding; Uithologic! boundary; Shale caused by differential compaction or drape above and below the main sand | - } NOTE: There are no obvious changes in dip azimuth. The kink in the plot may be bodies. 3. Right mouse click > LZ to open a daughter cumulative dip plot. On the cumulative dlp plot, notice a subtle change in dip magnitude that is now apparent. Techiog Wellbore Imaging ns‘img er ‘preety bln Ubsealbnne ln 4, Use the Interactive selection tool in the cumulative dip plot to choose roughly the two different intervals. 5. Select Display > Vector mean by selection in the walkout plot to show the mean dip of each selection. The difference between both is evident. 6. tis notclear in the Logvlew layout what might be the geological justification for ‘change in structural dip. "Techiog Wallbore imaging 97. For the purposes of this exercise, assume itis related to a depositional change at the base of the sand (1,485m). i fs 2480 1485 | Exercise 2 Determining Structural Dip In this exercise you will create a zonation to reflect the structural dip zones and use the stereonet plot to calculate the dip for each zone, To determine structural dip: 1. With the focus on the Logview layout, click on the Quick zones creation (8) icon in the mouse modes toolbar and create two structural zones in the dip track: Top to 1,485m and 1,485m to bottom. 2. Select the dip variable. }. Right mouse click > Save the zones Bil io save the zones as Structural_dip_zones. | BCrek Staub 2on him ick lin tho mouse mods toolbar to tum off the zone creation mouse modo, Press the space bar to clear the interactive selection, Delete the zone description track added when you saved the zones. Close the cumulative dip plot and walkout plot. You have defined a simple structural zonation. To determine the structural dip of each zone, you will use a stereonet plot because it allows you to easily identify outliers. 8. In the Logview layout, select the dip variable and right mouse click > @ to open a standalone stereonet plot. 9. Change to a Schmidt plot 10, Set the limits of the stereonet to 30 degrees on the Limits tab of the Properties window. Noose 20114. Choose the low energy bedding (as in step 2 ofthe previous exercise). 12, In the Zonation dock window, choose your Structural_dip_zones zonation and Zone_1. ‘sn aa singe er: Senko tld: ain badd Ulead Sabie ents re a: toast 14. You can see the mean structural dip by looking at the vector mean. Techiog Wellbore imaging Ta{tis best to view the vector mean after making a selection with the Interactive or Polygon selection tool to prevent outiers from being included in the computation, “Gesav eam) ‘siete ter ‘yw Cannan tn bes se bard shebang Techiog Welibore imaging ma16. Leave the stereonet plot open. It will be useful when populating the structural dip to the structural dip removal method, Lesson 2 Structural Dip Removal Method y The Structural Dip Removal method allows you to define the dip types from which you will remove structure and specify the structural dip to be removed over each zone. Exercise 1 Using the Structural Dip Removal Method In this exercise, you will use the Structural Dip Removal method to create a rotated dip data set. For each structural zone, the structural dip you determined in the previous exercise will be removed to restore the data to their orientation at the time of deposition, To use the Structural Dip Removal method: 4, Open the Structural Dip removal method by selecting Geology > Wbi> Dips handling > Structural dip remove 2. Choose the families shown in the Data type selection window. ‘aa pe atgnmant : Dppuent Do renation oa A) ensue fh soxenoiervon sc Serene apse 3. Click Create. 4, Drag-and-irop the IMAGE_WELL2 DIPS-FINAL data set into the workflow. 5, Verily that the inputs are set as shown in the figure. ts etings (PILE Sct cp renorl lave at -) Use| Group] < aa z He 6. Press F1 to see an explanation in the user gi ‘options are used in this exercise. of all of the options; not all of the ‘Techlog Wellbore imaging ms7. Inthe Zonation dock window, choose your Structural_dip_zones zonation. i ‘Checneone, 4 eneZone. 2 [Gestapo El 9. Onthe Zonation tab in the workflow, populate the table with the structural zones: Click Insert zones from the zonation dock window OR Press shortcut Ctrl + G, 10. On the Parameters tab, choose the dip types from which structural dip must be removed. ‘and select fll down to extend this to all zones. ST ay oy 7 es a — 1 Pema np 12, Use the stereonet to obtain the values of mean dip to remove for each zone. 2h mene meri =} Weve Ib HO a Pliigee ees Lf fim) tenes tae Sms vinmnae oe : ‘WARNING: You must take special care when using a variable to define structural dip instead of a mean dip or a value of structural dip at the top and bottom Techiog WellboreIvagingof the zone. ‘The data set must contain a dip type that is representative of the local structural dip at each interval where its present and which does not have outiers. An example of a suitable dip type might be a mean dip of low energy bedding created by dip downsampling that has been rgd back into the data set. 13, Set Apply mode to save and display and click Apply. Figure 19 Plots of input dips and dips with structural dip removed Like other dip data, the rotated dips can be used in layouts as well as stereonet, walkout, and cumulative dip plots. Walkout plots are particularly powerful for looking at palaeotransport data. TIP: Structural dip removal is especially suited to saving parameters to the zonation data set (Figure 20). You can then restore the parameters in a new workflow from the zonation data set. "Techiog wellbore imaging msened sees 6 (EL Sastre =) 0m om | tee | Btn newbie ber! Use hen ie tooo Men Aon emo Jems atin soon anes Meee © 2 orsru zone? Susans Hola Sandie Thane ” Se aa = ve Figure 20 Saving the parameters to the zonation data sot TIP: When you save parameters to the zonation (Figure 21), they become variables in the zonation. 4 strtua.ip.2ones a B biptype to remove = {Mean Azmto Remove (dege) {Mean dip ta Remave (eg) B metnoa = | Wp dip to Remove Bux 18 zone ane =) oneDescpion Ee Figure 21 Parameters saved in the zonation (TIP: When you create anew data set or reclassify dips, you can restore the parameters to a v ‘workflow (Figure 22) and reuse or modify them es required. Techlog Wellbore imaging 6fo Bh en perborate a tebe a anne | i aa Figure 22 Restoring parameters Review Ques ns + How can the Walkout and Cumulative dip plots help you determine structural zones? 8 ‘* Why must you be careful if you use the option to remove structural dip using a variable? Summary In this module, you learned about: ‘+ using the tools in Logview and dip interpretation plots to find structural zones «removing structural dip zone by zone to create a new rotated dip variable, Techog Wellbare imaging weNotes Techlog Wellbore tneging - - asModule 9 __‘ Fracture Counting Understanding fracture density along a wellbore is a key part of the fracture characterisation workflow. Because fracture density seen in the wellbore is biased by the borehole orientation, observed fracture densities must be corrected for borehole bias. It is also important to understand fracture distribution in terms of distribution by type and distribution by fracture set. Sets may be defined on different criteria, such as fracturing mode or orientation. The Dip feature counting method in Techlog allows fractures or dip types to be counted by type and fracture set or other flags. It also computes fracture density and corrected fracture. density variables. Learning Objectives & After completing this training, you will know how to: ay ‘+ create fracture count and density logs ‘+ correct fracture density for borehole bias ‘+ count fractures by fracture set. Although overall fracture density is important information, it is more important to be able to understand the distribution of individual fracture sets. Fracture sets may be defined on the basis of fracture characteristics, such as fracture fil, timing, or fracture style. Lesson 1 Simple Fracture Orientation Set Definition y Itis also important to define fracture sets by orientation, for several reasor * to Understand optimum driling directions * directions of waterflood movement + the relationship between orientation and fracture network permeability + timing and cause of fracturing, and others. In Techlog, the multi-well stereonet plot can help to define field wide fracture orientation sets, “Techiog Welibore imaging 1ig Simple Fracture Orientation Sets Fy Exercise 1 De’ In this exercise, you will usa the mult-wall stereonat plot to identify fracture sets in two wells and create a flag curve that will allow these fracture sets to be counted individually. To define simple fracture orientation sets: 1. Open a multi-well stereonet from the by selecting Geology > Wbi > Plots > Stereonet plot (multi-well). peace (| oe emens [tteems [licen } A mencevs |i openers 1 | 4 Beam | Item ee | Bec . ’ (i 3. Click Create. 4. Inthe Project browser, filter on the data set DIPS_FINAL in IMAGE-WELL2 or IMAGE-WELL3. 5. Drag-and-drop both wells into the wells drop area of the mult-well stereonet plot. 6. Fitter on faults and fractures only; do not include induced fractures, 7. Change the plot type to Schmidt plot with your preferred hemisphere projection and showa strike histogram, 8. Tumonthe contours. Techlog Wellbore lasing BO9. Set Color mode to by palette on the Data density tab of the Properties window for the plot. i by Paiewale IMiver 10, Right-click and select Remove the current filter to remove the filter on the Project browser. ‘Two fracture sets are visible on the plot, although the boundaries between the two sets are not completely clear. WARNIN reality, the number of fractures in IMAGE-WELL2 is too low to say that they are distributed with the same orientations as those in IMAGE-_/ WELLS. This example is used merely toilustrate how this workflow . can be applied to multiple wells. 11. Use the Interactive selection tool or the Polygon selection tool to flag the fractures in the NNW-SSE striking set. 12, Click the middle mouse button to close a polygon. 13. Press Enter to select the fractures inside the polygon. Techlog wellbore imaging i14. If ou used the Polygon selection tool, select Edit > Polygon > Delete the polygons in the menu to clear your polygons. Note that the fractures remain selected. 15. Long left mouse-click the Interactive selection tool icon, 16. To change the selection to 2, hover over 2 and click on Select. ere Reveses 17. Repeat step 11 through step 13 for the ENE-WSW striking sot. Techiog Welbore Imaging i18, Select Edit > Polygon > Delete the polygons in the menu to clear your polygons. | ‘Once again, the fractures remain selected. 19. Long left mouse-click the Interactive selection tool icon. 20. Select Create a labeling variable from selection. m1 21, In each data set in the plot, a new variable is created that flags each selected fracture with a value of either 1 or 2, depending on the selections you used. Ba arg actrees 4h maceweis 2 (3 orsena Bh Totang actrees Layouts Tacks template Messured De. m Generel Flog unless Measured Dean GenerelFisg _unitess "Techiog Wellbore Imaging crty Lesson 2 Fracture Counting ‘The Dip Feature counting mothod allows counting of any type of features in dip data ots. It works on a multi-well, multi-data set basis, Step Interval vs. Count Interval By default, the step size is assigned the same value as the window size. However, itis possible to set them at different values (Figure 23). Should you do this, the count value returned at each depth (step) is the count in the window interval; because the step value does not match the window length, the sum of all counts at every depth is not equal to the sum of all features to be counted TOR Wrdowio Rep TOR Winton? ep fe 5 arn r 00 y oes * +¥ | 80 wal HE | L | Figure 23 Step size compared to window size For example, if the step size is less than the window size, some features are counted more than once. The count value is not normalized, but the density value in such cases is Normalized to the depth units. The result is a correct density value at each count step. ‘The main reason you might wish to count using a step size less than the window size is to generate a running average fracture density curve. This can sometimes offer a better indication of the overall trend in fracture density as wall as the relative position of the highest fracture densities in a given window. Techog Wellbore imaging 4Fracture Density Correction in Techlog The fracture density correction used in Techlog is based on the Terzaghi correction method, in which the fracture density is corrected by the 1/ cosine of the angle between the borehole and the pole to the fracture. In Techlog, this is done in 3D resulting in a correction that is based on the 3D angle between the pole to the fracture and the borehole. For example, this angle = 0 when the {racture is perfectly orthogonal to the borehole. The correction is not reliable for fractures which are nearly parallel to the borehole because the correction factor tends towards infinity. As a result, the maximum angle is limited at 85 degrees by default, The bias correction is not done by flagging a fracture as belonging to a fracture set and correcting by the orientation of that set. Such an approach adds an extra element of uncertainty. Instead, each fracture is given a correction factor according to its orientation relative to the borehole, The corrected density is calculated as the sum of the correction factors per unit length, ‘Take an example of 100 meters of borehole with 10 fractures at 0 degrees (fracture orthogonal), 10 fractures at 45 degrees and 10 fractures at 87 degrees to the borehole, Fracture count = 30, Uncorrected fracture density = 0.3 fractures/m Corrected fracture density = (10 x(1/Cos0) + 10x(1/Cos45) + 10x(1/Cos85))/100 = (10#14,142 + 114,737)/100 = 1.389 fractures /m From this example, you can see that the fracture density correction is highly uncertain when very few fractures are counted. In such cases, the outcome is heavily influenced by the presence of just a few fractures close to parallel to the borehole, Exercise 1 Counting Fractures In this exercise, you will use the Dip feature counting method in Techlog to calculate 3 fracture count and density variables for each fracture type in each orientation set. To count fractures: 1, Open the Dip Feature counting method by selecting Geology > Whi > Dips handling > Dip feature counting 2. Choose the families shown in the Data type selection window. AO RRRBR RUN caseenuainiianicsitsnsetininencaiin bra mdhaiisraasaicaslc diel | ° [4 pactvmur E smcconts Aces “Techiog Weilbore imaging BS3. Click Create. 4, Drag-and-drop the DIPS-FINAL data sets from IMAGE-WELL2 and IMAGE-WELL3 into the workflow. 5. Verify that the inputs shown in the figure are selected. (1 i etre courting Si) (cs faa treen [ree | Sia a ‘oun |_Dvy_ [0 Woe tron] Op Aho Devon Hoe | - DUCEWELE OBA Wye Dy. wasn THe Haw taming tace ses > | DUGEWELD OSTA ype + OxIRU vaumum THON vhs taingincue sets a | te) vie =e 6. Press F1 to see an explanation in the user guide of all of the options; not all options are used in this exercise, NO} ‘nations are deliberately not supported in this method, as the features ‘can be counted over @ continuous interval and summarized separately by zone using other tools in Techlog. The Zonation tab is used only to set a top and bottom for the counting interval. 7. Define the features to be counted. Use Right mouse-click > Fill up/Fill down to extend the selection to each wall 8. Set other parameters, as shown in the figure (select Conductive Fracture, Resistive Fracture, Mixed Fracture and Fault). WARNING: Bear in mind the difference between the count and density curves and the implications of setting a step interval different from the count interval. Ja wilacm NS ‘“ E rl 9. Set Apply mode to save and display and click Apply. ‘Anew data setis created in each well. If the data set already exists, a new version is created. In the example, the variables in each data set are organized into three ‘groups (Figure 24): DipFeatureCounting, Flag_1_DipFeatureCounting, and Flag_2_ DipFeatureCounting. Techlog wellbore imaging cdA maceweus (5) ows.rna eases oepth ft + RG pps.ravan orc. “Measured Deoth ft 4 er Measured Depth ft 4-0 Dorestwrecountn B conduaivenadurecout ——Dipcovnt unin |, Conductive fracture DENS DipDensty tim conductive racture DENS. ¢ DipDensity = im BE countsunt Dipceunt utes bens Dipoensty am bemasutec Dpoenity um BF resticour Dipcount ——unties |, Faunpens DipDensity —a/m | reutoens.c Dipdensty am B snearacue.cour Dip count unter sea tracture Dens Dpoenty am | aed rate Dens ¢ Dpdemty am | BE este tate. cOUNT Dipcount ——_unties | |, Resistive racture DENS. Dip Density Aim | eve tue 0ens.c DpDensty tm | ) Fag. pipFeatunecounting | O rag zDipremecountng Figure 24 Variables organized in groups The group DipFeatureCounting contains a count, density, and corrected density variable for each fracture type selected for inclusion, In addition, the group contains a count, density, and corrected density for the sum of all types. The Flag_1_DipFeatureCounting and Flag_2_DipFeatureCounting groups contain the same sel of variables computed only when the flag value used is = 1 (fracture set 1) or = 2 (fracture set 2), respectively. ‘A new variable is also saved in the input dip data set; Terzaghi correction factor. This is a weighting given to each dip in the data set according to its orientation relative to the borehole. It has a minimum value of 1 for a feature perfectly orthogonal to the borehole, The maximum possible value is equal to the cosine of the maximum angle allowed for bias correction, The default = 85 degrees so the maximum value is ~11.4737). Review Questions + Which tool in one plot? Techlog allows you to study the orientation of dip data from multiple wells D> + Ifyou do not define a mean orientation per fracture set, how can you compute a corrected fracture density per set? Summary In this module, you learned about: ‘+ using interactive selection in the multivell stereonet plot to define fractures sets and flag each fracture according to its set + generating fracture count, density, and corrected density curves: by type, by fracture set, and for the global population. "Techiog Weilbore imaging a7Notes Techlog Wellbore imaging ryModule 10 Image and Dip Display in 3D Vue The 3D Vue module in Techlog allows you to display multiple wells ina 3D environment along their true well trajectory. In addition to plotting simple variables represented as a tube along the well, you can plot raster images of borehole image logs with interpreted dips represented as planes in their true 3D orientation. 3D borehole shape plots can also be displayed along the well trajectory. Learning Objectives Fra After completing this module, you will know how to: a + create a raster image version of a borehole image array and trajectory in 3D Vue * display dips and 3D borehole shapes along the well trajectory in 3D Vue. play it along the well Lesson 1 Image Display in 3DVue y The 3D Vue module allows you to display the borehole image as a tube wrapped around the borehole along the well trajectory. Dip data can be displayed as planes cutting the borehole, This feature is useful for visualizing fracture orientations and density, for understanding whether horizontal wells are driling up or down stratigraphy, and understanding the location of faults or folds and their effects on the structural dip. To display a well in 3D Vue, the Index data set must be present in the well. The image array must be converted to a raster image variable before you can display the image log along the well trajectory. Exercise 1 Displaying Images in 3D Vue In this exercise, you will create a raster image from your borehole image array and display this image and the interpreted dips along the well trajectory in a 3D window. To display images in 3D Vue: 1. Open a Logview layout. 2. Drag-andidrop the ARRAY_WBI_H array variable from the FMI_16_1271-1501m data set. 3, Deactivate the optimized display. ‘Select the displayed image variable. 5. Create a raster image in one of three ways: Right mouse click > Raster image conversion. OR Select Processing > Raster image conversion. OR In the Project brows ‘Techiog Wellbore imaging 38\ 4 yt pO ro te ri ‘a, Select the image variable to be converted. b. Right-click > (Variable management) Raster image conversion. Any of these actions creates numerous short ng files in the Images folder inside the project folder. The Techlog variable created is actually a series of links to these files; the raster image is displayed in a manner similar to a core image. The new raster image inherits the properties of the original image array, including orientation, DOI, associated caliper, and so forth. As a result, you can perform dip picking directly on the raster image. 6. Open a 3D Vue window by selecting Geology > 3D Vue > 3D Field viewer. 7. Verify that the Index data setis present in the well. This is necessary before you can display wells in a 3D Vue window. 8, Drag-and-drop the ARRAY_WBI_H_Img variable from the FM_16_1271-1501m, __Img data set into the 3D Vue window 9. Click and hold the left mouse button and move the cursor to rotate the display. 410. Click and hold the right mouse button and move the cursor forward or backward to navigate along the well. 111, Click and hold the middle mouse bution and move the cursor forward or backward to zoom in and out. 12. Choose the well name in the Variable panel of the 3D Vue window. 13. In the Properties window, change the following properties. Transparency Set this to no to fil the gaps between the pads. Interpolation ‘Set this to a high value to display the image at the best resolution. ‘Smooth Set this to no to prevent smoothing of the images. 14, Drag-and-drop the Dip_TRU variable from the DIPS-FINAL data set into the plot. “Techiog Wellbore maging a0(Optional) a. Right mouse click > [Tl to open the Variable panel. Choose a well or variable in the Variable panel of the 3D Vue window. ‘Change the dip types to be displayed and their display properties using the Classification tab in the Properties window. ‘A borehole shape plot, based on multi-arm caliper measurements or an array of radius values can be plotted along the well trajectory in 3D Vue. Values can be from logging while riling (LW), a calibration of an ultrasonic travel time image or other sources. Lesson 2 Borehole Shape Plots in 3D y Exercise 1 Displaying a Borehole Shape Plot in 3D [| This exercise shows you how to plot the borehole shape in 3D along the well trajectory. To display a borehole shape plot in 3D: 1, Open a 3D Vue window by selecting Geology > 3D Vue > 3D Field viewer. 2. Specify the well to be used by dragging a simple variable from the Project browser into the 3D Vue window. In this instance, drag GR from the FMI_16_1271-1501m data set in IMAGE-WELL2. 3. Right mouse click > Borehole shape @. 4, Inthe Borehole shape dialog that opens, choose the data set, the caliper/radius. variables, and the orientation curve, as shown in the figure. Techog Wellbore imaging miPasa xeinn ete bana (Gras. | is} | CT eben] Cason) Coston) WARNING: Make sure the calipersiradii are listed in the correct order. Also, be sure to choose the correct option in the use as calipers/use as radius button, ‘which is located on the top of the left-hand side panel. For example, if radius variables are used and the option to use as calipers is mistakenly chosen, the plot will reat the 6 radii as 6 diameters and draw an incorrect hole shai 5. Change the Z-axis limits. f needed, refer to the previous exercise, Lesson 1 Exercise 1 Displaying Images in 3 Vue. ;. Choose the well in the Variable panel ofthe plot. (On the Display options tab of the Properties window, set these values: ‘+ Interpolation property = 15000 + Number of facets = 60. + Radius = 30. © Trajectory > display = no. 8. Select the 3D Vue window by clicking on the title bar. In the Palette dock window, choose the palette and set the scale. TIP: Remember the palette scale is in radius values, as shown in the example in the G ‘awe Techiog Wallbore Imaging Ta10. (Optional Change the display properties of the borehole shape plot on the Borehole shape tab of the Properties window after choosing the well in the Variable panel of the 3D Vue window. Review Questions D + How can you create a raster image from a borehole image array? ‘+ Why should the interpolation property be set to a high value when viewing images in 3D Vue? ‘+ What will happen if you use radius variables in a borehole shape plot without selecting the use as radius option? Summary In this module, you learned about creating raster images from borehole image arrays and displaying: * raster images in a 3D window + dips on the images along the well trajectory * 3D borehole shape along the well trajectory. ‘Techlog Wellore Imaging m3ex yasils Notes ag Y Saud Combag Coli breton Cone witness A Be pss Res ity, G FHL, Root sw = pores G sami hi imgen wif dng i a Sadr Shee ch'jorb Cre é¢ B ah Faels prckey BO LoS eoledy Unt 7 Cote Tt deed) da on Th Crrsted t v meee 7 exp: lash and eps + babe rl eis aig & he exported por RMS 25 dicrt curve Techiog Weilbore imaging a