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The document discusses radicals and their identification in analytical chemistry. It defines radicals as charged atoms or groups of atoms that participate in chemical reactions. It identifies three groups of acidic radicals based on their reactions with dilute and concentrated sulfuric acid. Group I radicals like carbonate and nitrite are detected by dilute acids and produce characteristic gases. Group II radicals like chloride and nitrate are detected by concentrated sulfuric acid. Group III radicals like sulfate and phosphate do not produce characteristic gases with either acid concentration. Specific tests and observations are provided to identify five common anionic radicals.

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3K views1 page

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The document discusses radicals and their identification in analytical chemistry. It defines radicals as charged atoms or groups of atoms that participate in chemical reactions. It identifies three groups of acidic radicals based on their reactions with dilute and concentrated sulfuric acid. Group I radicals like carbonate and nitrite are detected by dilute acids and produce characteristic gases. Group II radicals like chloride and nitrate are detected by concentrated sulfuric acid. Group III radicals like sulfate and phosphate do not produce characteristic gases with either acid concentration. Specific tests and observations are provided to identify five common anionic radicals.

Uploaded by

Ravikanth
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Analytical Chemistry

Radical : - A charged atom or groups of atoms which participates in chemical reactions.


Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O
Base Acid salt

Cu2+ SO42
Basic radical Acidic radical
* Positive radical Basic radical
* Negative radical Acid radical
Valency - The magnitude of charge on a radical.
IDENTIFICATION OF ACIDIC RADICALS
Group I : This group consists of radical which are detected by dilute H2SO4 or dilute HCl.
These are (i) Carbonate, (ii) Sulphite, (iii) Sulphide, (iv) Acetate and (v) Nitrite
Group II: This group consists of radicals which are detected by concentrated H2SO4.
These are (i) Chloride, (ii) Bromide, (iii) Iodide, (iv) Nitrate and (v) Oxalate
Group III : The radicals which do not give any characteristic gas with dilute and concentrated H2SO4.
These are (i) Sulphate, (ii) Phosphate, (iii) Borate and (iv) Fluoride.
(A) Observation of Dil. HCl / H2SO4 + little amount of substance on slow heating.

Radical Test/Observation/Analysis Reaction


(1) CO32 (i) Sharp bubbling of colourless gas (CO2) CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
(Carbonate) (ii) Gas truns milky to lime water. CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 (Milky) + H2O
(iii) On passing excess gas through lime CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2
water, milky colour disappears. (soluble)
(i) Colourless gas (SO2) in which very CaSO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4+H2O + SO2
unpleasant smell of burnt sulphur
(2) SO32 (ii) Gas turns green to moist acidic K2Cr2O7 K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2
(Sulphite) paper K2SO4 + Cr(SO4)3 (green) + H2O
(iii) Sulphite gives white ppt. with BaCl2, which Na2SO3 + BaCl2 2NaCl + BaSO3
is soluble in dil. HCl
(3) S2 (i) Colourless gas with rotten egg smell (H2S) CaS + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2S
(Sulphide) (ii) Gas turns black to lead-acetate paper (CH3COO)2Pb+H2SPbS-(black) 2CH3COOH
(iii) Sulphide turns violet colour to Na2S+Na2[FeNO(CN)5] Na4[Fe(NOS)(CN)5
Sodiumnitroprusside soln. (violet)
(i) Vinegar smell, acetate may be (CH3COO)2Ca+H2SO42CH3COOH +CaSO4
(Vinegar smell)
(4)CH3COO (ii) Acetate gives blood red colour with neutral 3(CH3COO)2Ca + 2FeCl3
(Acetate) FeCl3 soln. 2Fe(CH3COO)3 + 3CaCl2

(i) Red, brown NO2 vapour comes out. 2KNO2 + H2SO4K2SO4 + 2HNO2
Nitrite may be 3HNO2HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
2NO + O2 2NO2
(5) NO2 (i) Gas turns blue to acidic KI strach paper 2KI + 2NO2 2KNO2 + I2
(Nitrite) Starch + I2 blue colour

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