Design Implementation of Nios II Processorfor Low Powered Embedded Systems
Design Implementation of Nios II Processorfor Low Powered Embedded Systems
ABSTRACT: The purpose of the paper is to reduce memory and power of an embedded system. In earlier, embedded
processors to perform the task whereas power and energy constraints should be lower. There are several tools available
for improving the power and energy for low level processors. With the evolution of technology, the system complexity
get increased and the application fields of the embedded system expanded. The need of high performance applications
has led to the development of System on Chip (SoC). This paper presents the design of SoC (System on Chip) for the
required hardware. Analyze the energy and power for the design in Quartus II. The evolution of technologies is
enabling to the integration of complex platforms in a single chip (called system-on-chip, SoC) including one or several
CPU subsystems to execute software and sophisticated interconnect in addition to specific hardware subsystems. The
Hardware level design is to be done in the Quartus II and Qsys. The design of SoC is to be done in the Qsys System
Integration for the VGA display. The power tool to obtain power/energy estimation of complete system of SoC. The
power / energy accuracy trade-offs for the SoC is to be measured. Then analyse the power and energy measures using
power analyzer tool. Reduce the unnecessary logic and reduce memory access. It will reduces the power usage in the
application. The usefulness and the effectiveness of the proposed system is achieved by using FPGA cyclone board
with the help of Computer Aided Design Tools. The CAD tools are Quartus Altera II, Qsys, and Nios IDE Eclipse.
KEYWORDS: SoC (System on Chip), CAD (Computer Aided Design), VGA (Video Graphics Array), Quartus II,
Qsys.
I. INTRODUCTION
All Embedded Systems which is the combination of both hardware and software components working together
to perform a specific application. Nowadays, the design of embedded systems is become difficult due to the constraints
on accessing area, usage of memory size, power consumption and performance of the system [1]. Added with designers
facing time to market deadlines. Altera's Nios II processor is the world's most versatile processor [18]. It is more
suitable for wide range of embedded computing applications. The embedded processor cores are integrated into most
System on Chip (SoC). The processor cores can be designed to be dedicated for a SoC and reusing of generic
processors is often preferred due to time to market constraints. The processor core which is adaptable to many different
things. It can be completely applied using logic synthesis [5]. The Nios II processor which is provided by Altera family
to be implemented in FPGA and also lots of softcore processors available in the market. Nowadays, growing
complexity of applications has made design of challenging. The most effective way to implement area and power
consumption for efficient architectures is to design fully dedicated ones. It provides options for configure the softcore
processor. The several softcore processors are Nios II, Microblaze, Picoblaze, Xtensa are the softcore processors
provided by Altera, Xilinx, Tensilica respectively. There are several use of softcore processors available for the
developer of an embedded system. The softcore processors which is flexible, hence it can be customized for for a
specific application need [2]. Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is configured by the end user. In FPGA, We can
test and validate our design. Instead of ASIC, it is useful for low production, simple design cycle and time to market.
The Organisation of the paper is as follows: Section II provides Design cycles for FPGA and ASIC In Section III
gives the Implementation of Hardware & Software Codesign. We conclude in Section IV and with some comments on
future work.
CPU
SDRAM SDRAM
I/O
FPGA
Flash
I/O Flash
FPGA
I/O DSP
Custom
Nios II
Instruction &
cores & Define & Generate System in
Custom
Standard SOPC Builder
Peripheral
Peripherals
Logic
Download Software
Compile Hardware
Executable to Nios II
Design for Target
System on Target
Board
Board
III. IMPLEMENTATION
The Prototyping platform using FPGA Altera DE0 development board has the cyclone III FPGA chip.The CAD tools
that are available for the Altera DE0 board are Altera Quartus, Qsys builder and Nios IDE. The Quartus is the foundation
for FPGA logic design. The Qsys (system on integration) Builder is accessed through Quartus and it is to customize the
Nios II soft processor core. Once the hardware has been specified, the C/C++ software application can be developed
using Nios II IDE. The peripherals of the development board range from the JTAG programming interface to the VGA
ports. The board consists of internal clock as 50 MHz oscillator are part of the development board. The Cyclone series of
FPGAs all contain Nios II embedded processors, graphics hardware acceleration, memory interface and the Avalon
switch fabric (ASF). The embedded processor available for the cyclone III FPGA is a softcore processor. Nios II
processors implement a 32-bit instruction set based on a RISC architecture. It is a soft-core processor, the designer can
choose from a countless of system configurations, choose the best CPU IP core as well as selecting peripherals.
The Design flow consists of two stages Hardware design and software design.
1. Hardware Design
The hardware design by using the Qsys Builder. The Qsys consists of IP core several components which is already
available in the Qsys builder. The hardware is broken into three components namely Nios II system, SDRAM, VGA
controller. The Fig. 8 which shows that SoC for hardware design.
TABLE I.
Nios II Processor
Designed for maximum performance at Designed for smallest possible logic Designed to maintain a balance
the expense of core size. utilization of FPGAs between performance and cost.
Host Computer
VGA
Monitor
USB Blaster
Interface
CYCLONE III
FPGA Chip
On-Chip memory SDRAM controller
SDRAM Chip
Fig. 4 Hardware level design
In Fig 7 and Fig. 8 shows the analyses report of resources used and also thermal power dissipation of our design.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper demonstrated the hardware and software codesign of using Nios II processor was done. The design of an
embedded system is implemented on FPGA with the help of HDL. While designing of an embedded system the memory
and power of an application get optimized. It utilized only about 26% resources. The VGA core function to draw pixels
across the screen was tested. In future, to design SoC for SD card using Qsys builder. The SD card contains the test
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research project would not have been possible without the support of my guide, teachers and friends. The
authors are grateful to the management and the head of the Institution of Kalasalingam University for giving all
necessary support and providing facilities for making this research paper a successful one. This knowledgably
guidance helped me to complete up to this stage and hope will continue in further research.
REFERENCES
[1] Rabie Ben Atitallah , Eric Senn, Daniel Chillet, Mickael Lanoe and Dominique Blouin An Efficient framework for Power- Aware Design of
Heterogeneous MPSoC IEEE Transc. On Industrial Informatics, Vol 9, No. 1, Feb 2013.
[2] Peter Yiannacouras, J.Gregory Steffan, and Jonathan Rose Exploration and Customization of FPGA-Based Soft Processors IEEE Transc. On
Computer-Aided Design of Integrated ciruits and Systems, Vol. 26, No. 2, Feb. 2007.
[3] Bertrand Le Gal, Christophe Jego Softcore Processor Optimization According to Real-Application Requirements IEEE Embedded Systems
Letters, Vol.5, No.1, March 2013.
[4] Mike Dyer, Amit Kumar Gupta and Natalie Galin Nios II Processor-BasedHardware/Software Co-Design of the JPEG 2000 Standard Nios II
Embedded Processor Design contest-2005.
[5] Jason G.Tong, Ian D.L.Anderson and Mohammed A.S.Khalid Soft-Core Processors for Embedded Systems The 18th International Conference
on Microelectronics (ICM) 2006.
[6] PONG P.CHU Embedded SoPC design with Nios II processor and Verilog examples A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication 2012.
[7] VGA CORE for Altera DE1/DE2 Boards Altera Corporation University Programs, Oct 2006.
[8] Jerraya, A. Long Term Trends for Embedded System Design IEEE Euromicro symposium On Digital System Design, Sep 2004.
[9] Maxfield, C. The Design Warriors Guide to FPGAs. Elsevier. 2004.
[10] Quartus II Version 7.2 Handbook Volume 5: Altera Embedded Peripherals. Altera Corporation.
[11] Altera DE0_User_Manual for DE0 series Board Terasic, May 2009.
[12] Embedded Software. Altera Corporation.
[13] DE0 Development and Education Board, Altera Corporation. DE0 CD-ROM. DE0 Schematics PDF.
[14] Quartus II Version 13 Handbook: Introduction to the Altera Qsys System Integration Tool. Altera Corporation.
[15] Nios II 7.1 Processor Reference Handbook. Altera Corporation.
[16] Nios II 7.1 Software Developers Handbook. Altera Corporation.
[17] Cyclone III Device Handbook. Altera Corporation.
[18] Altera Corporation Website, www.altera.com.
[19] Maxfield, C. The Design Warriors Guide to FPGAs. Elsevier. 2004.