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100% found this document useful (4 votes)
2K views373 pagesFan & Ventilation Practice Guide
Practice Guide
Uploaded by
nt_long76Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 373
Fans & Ventilation
A Practical Guide
The practical reference book and guide to fans, ventilation and
ancillary equipment with a comprehensive buyers’ guide to
worldwide manufacturers and suppliers
WT W (Bill) Cory
First published 2005,
‘Tre information contained inthis publication has Seen derived from many sources ands beleved tobe accurate at the time of
pablletion. Opinions exprosied aro these ofthe author and any recommendations contained herein donot recessarily reprscrt he only
‘methods or procedures appropiate fr the stuatons discussed, but are rather Intended to present consensis opmnions andpractces of
tho fan ane air movomont nduaty which may be elpfal ar of interest to thoxe who design, test neta, operate o maintain far ayers.
, ‘acy ef the information cortines in tis
ubliestionand further dieeaim any liability Yor th ues or aus af thi information, he publishers a not guarantes erty or acouro
‘the performance of ay fan/alrmevement system designed, tested, stale, operated or maintained onthe Bess ofthe formation
‘contained within the publication
by the publisher oF the author for any injury and or damage te persone o property se 2 matter of product
se, or tom any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas inthe material herein
ISBN 0080-44626-4
[ACIP catalogue record for this book Is available from the Britsh Library
© Roles & Associates Ltd
Published by Elsevier in association with Roles & Associates Ltd
OWES
cassaciates
Mas
ELSEVIER
Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford Paris
San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo 1 Fan history, types and characteristics
41,4 Introduction
4.2 Ancient history — “Not our sort of fan”
41.2.1 The advent of mechanical ait movernent
using “air pumps" ane fires
4.2.2 Early mine ventilation fans
1.2.8 The dawn of tunnel vantation
1.2.4 The first Mersey road tunnel
41.2.5 Mechanical draught
1.26 Air conditioning, heating and ventilation
1.2.7 Developments from the 1930s to the 1960s,
41.2.8 More recent tunnel ventiation fans
1.2.9 Longitudinal tunnel ventilation by jet fens
1.2.10 The rise of the axial flow fan
4.3 Definitions and classification
41.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Whatis a fan?
1.4 Fan characteristics
4.5 Centrifugal fans
1.5.1 Introduction
1.5.2 Forward curved blades
1.5.3 Deep vane forvard curved blades
1.5.4 Shrouded radial blades
41.5.5 Opon paddle biados
1.5.6 Backplated paddle impellers
1.5.7 Radia tipped blades
1.5.8 Backward inclined blades
1.5.9 Backward curved blades
1.5.10 Reverse curve blades
15.11 Backward aerofoll blades
4.5.12 General comment
16 Axis
1.8.1 Introduction
flow fans
1.8.2 Ducted axial flow fans
1.6.2.4 Tube axial fan
1.6.2.2 Vane axial fan
(Cownstream guide vanes - DSGV)
4.6.2.8 Vane axial fan
upstream guide vanes - USGV)
1.6.2.4 Vane axialfan
lupsveam and downstream guide vanes ~
ulDscv)
1.6.2.5 Contra-rotating axial low fan
116.3 Blade forms
Contents
10
1"
12
13
15
18
8
20
2
a
2
22
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
26
28
28
28
1.6.3.1 Free vortex
1.6.3.2 Forced vortex
1.8.3.3 Arbitrary vortex
1.64 Other types of aial fow fan
1.8.4.1 Truly reversible flow
1.8.4.2 Fractional solidity
1.8.4.9 High pressure axial fane
1.8.4.4 High officioney fans
1.8.45 Low-pressure axial fans
1.7 Propeller fans
41.7.1 Impeller construction
41.7.2 Impeller postioning
41.7.3 Diaphragm, ring or bell mounting
4.7.4 Performance characteristics
1.8 Mixed flow fans
1.8.1 Why the need - comparison of characterstics
1.8.2 General construction
41.8.3 Pesarance characteristics
1.8.4 Noise characteristics
4.9 Miscellaneous fans
41.9.1 Cross flow fans
1.9.2 Ring shaped fans
41.10 Bibliography
2 The properties of gases
2.1 Explanation of terms
2.1.4 Introduction
2.4.2 Changes of state
2.1.2.1 Boiling point
2.1.2.2 Moting point
2.1.4 deal gases
2.14 Density
2.4.5 Pressure
2.2 The gas laws
2.2.1 Boyle'slaw and Charles’ law
2.2.2 Viscosity
2.2.3 Atmosphere air
2.2.4 Woter vapour
2.2.5 Dalton's law of partial pressure
2.3 Humidity
2.3.1 Introduction,
2.3.2 Relative humidity
2.3.3 Absolute humidity
29
2
29
29
29
29
29
20
30
30
30
20
30
a
a
at
2
2
2
32
2
3
33,
35
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
37
or
28
38
38
38
38
39
FANG & VENTILATION Xi contents
2.3.4 Dry bulb, wet bulb and dew point temperature:
23.5 Psychromettic charts
2.4 Compressibility
2.4.1 Introduction
24.2Gasdata
2.4.3 Acoustic problems
2.5 Hazards
28.1 introduction
25.2 Health hezards
258.3Physical hazards
25.4 Environmental hazards
2.8.5 installation hazard assessment
2.6 Bibliography
3 Air and gas flow
3.1 Basic equations
3.1.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Conservation of matter
2.1. Conservation of eneray
3.1.4 Real thermodynamic systerts
21.5 Bernoull’s equation
3.2 Fan aerodynamics
32.1 Introduction
22.2 Elementary centritugal fan theory
2.2.2 Elementary axial fan theory
3.23.1 Use of aerofoll section blades
2.2.4 Elementary mixed flow fan theory
3.3 Ductwork elements
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Diffusers
3.3.3 Blowing cutlets
3.93.1 Punkah louvres
3.3.2 Grilles
33.4 Exhaust inlets
3.3.4.4 Comparison of blowing and exhausting
3.34.2 Airflow into exhaust opening for dust extract
3.3.4.3 Loss of pressure in hoods
3.9.4.4 Values of coefficient of entry Cy
3.9.4.5 General notes on exhausting
3.4 Friction charts
3.4.1 Duet fiction
3.5 Losses
35.1 Bence
itings
3.5.1.1 Reduting the rasistance of awkward bends
35.2 Branches and junctions
35.3 Louvies and grilles
35.4 Expansions ard contractions
XI FANS & VENTILATION
39
39
39
38
38
39
39
44
a
4
4a
a
43
45
45
45
45
45
48
ar
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47
40
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51
54
51
53
85
86
87
58
59
59
60
61
62
62
64
66.
65
66
66
66
3.85 Square or rectangular ducting
3.86 Non gs.s. (galvanised steel sheet) ducting
3,87 Inlet boxes
3.58 Discharge bends
3,59 Weather cape
3.6 Air duet design
3.6: Blowing systems forH & V
36.1.1 Design schemes
36.1.2 Duct resistance caleuation
36.1.3 General notes
3.62 Exhaust ver
36.2.1 Incustrial schemes
96.22 Take-off regain
36.2.3 Effect of change in velume
lation systems for H & V
3.7 Balancing
3.7.4 Unbalenced system example
3.72 Balancing scheme
3.7.3 Balancing tests
3.8 Notes on duct construction
3.84 Dit
3.82 Damp
3.83 Noise
3.84 tnt and discharge of fans
3.85 Temperature control
3.86 Branch connections
3.87 Fite damper
3.88 Acjustment of damper at outle's,
3.9 Duct design for dust or refuse exhaust
3.9.1 General notes
3.02 Design echeme
3.93 Calculation of resistance
3.94 Balancing of dust extract systems
3.10 Bibliography
4 Fan performance Standards
4.1 Introduction
4.4.4 Fan performance
4.1.2 The outlet duct
4.13 180 conventions
4.14 Common parts of ducting
4.15 Notional Stendard compatigone
4.16 Flow conditioners
4.2 Laboratory Standards
4.3 Determining the performance of fans in-situ
4.3.1 Introduction
4,32 Performance ratings
4.3.3 Measuring stations ieee es
Berean eaten mere aT NC a
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Goreme Contents
43.4 Flowate measurements
43.5 Pressure measurement
43.6 Power measurements
44 Installation category
455 Testing recommendations
4.5.1 Laboratory test stands
45.2 Fioldtoste
45.3 Measuring flowrate
4.5.4 Measuring fan pressure
4.5.5 Measuring air density
4.5.6 Measuring fan speod
45.7 Measuring absorbed power
4.5.8 Calibration and uncertainties
45.9 Test results
46 Fan Laws
46.1 Introduction
46.2 The concapt of fan similarity
46.3 Dimensional analysis
47 Specific values
47.1 Specific speed
4.7.2 Specific diameter
4.7.3 Composite charts
48 Bibliography
5 Fans and ducting systems
5.1 Introduction
8.2 Air system components
8.2.1 System inlet
6.2.2 Distribution sytem
5.2.3 Fan and prime mover
5.2.4 Contol apparatus
5.2.5 Conditioning apparatus
5.26 System outlet
5.3 System curves
5.4 Multiple fans
54.1 Fansin aseries
8.4.2 Fansin paralel
5.5 Fan installation mistakes
55:4 Incorect rotation
5.5.2 Wrong handed impaliers
5.6 System effect factors
56.1 inlet connections
8.6.1.1 Non-unifo:m flow
8.64.2 Inlet swirl
5.61.3 Inlet turning vanes
5.6.1.4 Straighteners
IV FANS & VENTILATION
84
85.
85.
85
386
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96
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96
96
7
97
99
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100
100
100
102
402
102
102
103
104
104
56.1.5 Enclosures (plenum and cabinet effects)
5.6.1.6 Obstructed inlots
56.1.7 Drive guards obstructing the iniet
5.62 Outlot connections
5.7 Bibliography
6 Flow regulation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The need for flowrate control
6.24 Constant orfice systems
6.22 Parallel path systems
6.23 Series path systems
6.24 Variable air volume (VAV) systems
6.3 Damper control
6.31 Peralle blade dampers
6.32 Opposed blade dampers
6.33 Single blade swivel dampers
6.34 Guillotine dampers
6.4 Variable speed control
6.5 Variable geometry fans
6.511 Radial vane inlet control (RVIC)
6.52 Semi-cicular inlet regulator
6.53 Diferential side flow inlet control
6.54 Disc throttle
6.55 Variable pitc-in-moton (VPIM) axl flow fans
6.6 Conclusions,
7 Materials and stresses
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Material failure
7.3 Typical metals
7.3.4 Metal structure
7.32 Carbon stosls
7.33 Lowalloy and aloy steels
7:34 Cast irons
73.4.1 Grey cast iron
7.3.4.2 White cast iron
7.3.4.3 Malleable cast iron
7.35 Stainless steels
7.36 Nen-ferrous metal and alloys
73.8.1 Aluminium alloys
7.3.6.2 Copper alions
7.3.6.3 Magnesium alloys
7.3.64 Nickel alloys
7.3.6.5 Titanium alloys
7.3.6.6 Zinc alloys
7.4 Engineering plastics
108
108
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108
106
107
108
108
408
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110
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1
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16
9
121
121
121
tat
at
424
121
121
122
122
122
422
122
122
422
122
122
12
122 Contemporary machine designs require advanced power transmission solutions. With the next genera
tion synchronous rubber belt PowerGrip” GT3, Gates is one step ahead, providing dive designs not yet
imagined. This technical tour de force transmits up to 30% more power than previous generation belts.
PowerGrip’ GT3 is available in 2, 3, 5, 8 and 14 MGT pitches and runs on existing drives, requiring no
adaptation of the system. When you think the impossible. think Gates, the perpetual technology leader.
LD
THE Pye tea aed SCR em
a coe
ener Race ee ede) @Psoconocce
(=) Bouono!
VENTILAZIONE
BOLDROCCHI s.r. - Viale Trento e Trieste, 93 - 20046 Biassono— Milan ~ ITALY
: boldrocchi@t
Inttp:/ /www.boldrocchi.it - mailto:
boldrocchi.it - phone: +39 039 2202.1 - fax: +39 039 2754200 7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 thermoplastics
74.3 Thermosets
7.4.4 Composites
7.4. Mechanical proper of plastics
7. Surface finishes
7.6 Surface protection
76.4 Introduction
76.2 Painting
7.63 Galvenising
76.4 Plating
7.6.5 Lining
7.6.6 Coating
7.7 Stressing of centrifugal impeller
7.7.4 Introduction
7:7.2 Sum and difference curves
77.3 Dises of any profile
7.7.4 Effect ofthe blades
775 Speed limitations
7.76 impeters not made of stee!
7.7.7 Stresses in the fan blades
7.7.8 Finite element analysis FEA)
7.8 Stressing of axial Impellers
7.8.1 Introduction
7.8.2 Centefugal loading effects
7.8.3 Fluctuating forces
7.8.3.4 Finite Element Analysis
7.8.3.2 Photoslastc coating tests
7.8.3.3 Strain gauge techniques
7.8.3.4 Fatigue
7.8.35 Fracture mechanics
7.8.3.6 Performance and fluctuating stress curves
7.83.7 Conclusions
79 Shaft design
7.9.4 Introduction
7.9.2 Stresses du to bending and torsion
7.9.3 Lateral crtical speeds
7.9.4 Torsional critical speed
7.40 Fan casings
7.41 Mechanical fitness of a fan at
high temperatures
742 Conclusions
7.13 Bibliography
8 Constructional features
8.1 Introduction
122
123,
123
123
420
4123
123
123
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
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125
128
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129
130
131
131
132
132
102
192
192
133,
133
133
134
135
137
139
contents
8.1.4 Cradle mounted fans
(centrifugal - Category 1) 139
8.1.2 Somi-tnivorsal cased fans
(centrifugal ~ Category 2) 139
8.1.3 Fixed discharge cased fans
(centeifugal - Category 3) 140
8.1.3.1 Hosizonialy split casings 140
8.1.3.2 Casings with a removable segment 140
8.2 Inlet boxes 140
8.3 Other constructional features and ancillaries
140
8.3.1 Inspection doors 140
8.3.2 Drain points 141
8.3.3 Spark minimising features 11
8.3.4 Dosign of explosion proof fans 1
8.4 Gas-tight fans 4
8.4.1 Tightness othe casing volute 141
8.4.2 Sialic assemblies 41
8.4.3 Absolute tightness 142
8.44 Sealing without joints 142
8.4.5 Gaskets 142
8.5 Shaft seals 142
8.5.1 Near absolute tightness 142
8.5.2 Shan closing washer v2
8.5.3 Stuffing box: 142
8.54 Labyrinth seals 143
8.5.5 Mecharical seals 143
8.6 Fans operating at non-ambient
temperatures 143
8.6.1 Calculation ofthe duty requirement 143
8.6.2 Mechanicat fitness at high temperature 143
8.0.3 Maintaining the effectiveness of the fan bearings 144
8.6.4 Increased bearing “its” 144
8.6.5 Casing features 144
8.6. Lagging cleats 145
8.6.7 Mechanical fitness at low temperature 145
8.7 High pressure fans 145
8.7.1 Scavenger blades tis
8.7.2 Pressure equalizing holes 148
87.3 Duplexbearings 146
8.8 Construction features tor axial and
mixed flow fans 146
8.81 Features apolicable 146
8.8.2 Short and long casings 146
8.8.3 Increased access casings for maintenance 148
8.844 Bifurcated casings “47
8.9 Bibliography a7
FANS & VENTILATION XVit fa tesyi il
Meet and exceed European
standards for smoke and
heat control systems
cFw 9
VECTRUE INVERTER
a
seme
| EN12101-3 Requirements
Independently tested
200°%- for 2hrs
300% - for 2hrs
400% - for 2hrs
For all powered smoke and heat
exhaust ventilation systems
WEG Electric Motors (UK) Lis
28/28 Walkers Road
Manorside Industral Estate
North Moons Moat
Readich
Worcestershire
B98 SHE
Emal: [email protected]
esses
Transforming energy
into solutions 9 Fan arrangements and designation
of discharge position
9.4 Introduction
9.2 Designation of centrifugal fans
9.2.1 Early USA Standards
9.2.2 Early Britsh Standards
0.2.3 Europoan and intomational Standarde
9.2.4 European and Intemational Standards
for fan arrangements,
9.3 Designations for axial and mixed flow fans
9.3.1 Direcion of rotation
9.3.2 Designation of motor position
0.3.3 Drive arrangements for axialand mixed flow fans
9.4 Belt drives (for all types of fan)
9.5 Direct drive (for all types of fan)
9.6 Coupling drive (for all types of fan)
9.7 Single and double inlet centrifugal fans
98 Other drives
9.9 Bibliography
10 Fan bearings
10.4 Introdu
10.4.1 General comments
40.4.2 Kinematic pars
10.1.8 Condition monitoring
10.2 Theory
10.2.1 Bearing materials
n
10.2.2 Lubrication panciples
(hydrostatic and hydrodyramic)
10.2.3 Reynolds’ equation
10.3 Plain bearings
10.3.1 Sleeve bearings
10.3.2 Titing pad bearings
10.3.2.1 General princples
10.3.2.2 Tilting pad thrust bearings
10.3.28 Tiking pad journal bearings.
10.324 Load carrying capscity of tiling pad bearings
10.3.2.5 Friction losses
10.3.6 Cooling
10.4 Anti-friction or rolling element
bearings
10.4.1 Deep-groove ball bearings
10.4.2 Selfaligning ball bearings
10.4.3 Angular-contact ball bearings
10.4.4 Cylindrical roller bearings
10.4.5 Spherical roller bearings
10.4.6 Tapered roller beerings
149
150
150
150
150
181
182
152
192
192
162
152
152
152
156
156
156
457
159
159
159
159
160
160
160
160
161
161
163,
163
163,
164
164
164
164
164
164
165
165
165
166,
166
10.47 Thrustbeatings
10.4.8 Other aspexs ofroling element bearings
10.49 Other features
10.4.10 Bearing dimensions
10.5 Needle rollers
10.6.4 Introduction
10.62 Dimensions
10.5.3 Design options
10.6 CARB® toroidal roller bearings
10.61 Description
10.62 Applcational advantages
10.7 Rolling element bearing lubrication
10.8 Bearing life
10.9 Bearing housings and arrangements
10.9.1 Light cuty plow blocks
10.9.2 Plummer block bearings
10.9.3 Plummer block bearings for ol lubrication
10.9.4 Bearing arrangemerts using long housing
cartridge assemblies
10.9.5 Spherical roller rust bearings
10.10 Seals for bearings
410.10.1 Introduction
10.102 Shields and seals for bearing races
10.10.3 Standard sealing arrangements for
bearing housings
10.11 Other types of bearing
10.1.1 Waterubiicated bearings
10.1.2 Airlubricated bearings
410.11.3 Unlubricated beariras
10.11.4 Magretic bearings
10.12 Bibliography
11 Belt, rope and chain drives
11.4 Introduction
11.2 Advantages and disadvantages
11.3 Theory of belt or rope drives
11.3.1 Centritugal stress in a bett or rope
11.3.2 Powor transmitted by a vee rope or bet
11.4 Vee belt drive Standards
11.441 Service factors
11.5 Other types of drive
11.8.1 Flat belts
41.8.2 Toothed bolts
11.5.3 Micro-vee belts
411.54 Banded bets
11.55 Raw-edged vee belts
41.56 Chain dives
Contents
166
167
167
167
167
467
167
168
168
168
168
169
170
11
in
nm
am
172
1
173,
173
173
173
174
174
474
174
174
174
7
178
178
178
179
180
180
181
182
182
402
482
182
482
183
FANS & VENTILATION XIX: THIS PINT COULD SERIOUSLY
DAMAGE YOUR HOUSE
This is the amount of moisture that the average house generates in an hour
Steam tom cooking, washing up. thes drying, batvooms, moisture The solution? Property sited ventilation from Vent-Axla.
fram your own skin and Breath. al sds upto a hay 24 pints of i i
‘eisture a day becoming trapped in todays rauated. draught procied Wi" & angel ove 8 500 products; om the sunning umndl 2a
ome.
‘Tro consequences of the condensation that forms can be ugly anc
bronchial and other alerpy problems, ‘asorweda they can guide youto the supplier closest to you
ak SS
: 2 |
we! Vent-Axia. |
The first name in ventilation
For more information please contact us on
01293 530202
www.vent-axia.com Sich e6 Ban quyén 11.816.1 Types of chain
1.6.6.2 Standards for chain drives
11.8.7 Drive efficiency
41.6 Installation notes for vee belt drives
11.7 Bibliography
12 Shaft couplings
12.4 Introduction
12.2 Types of coupling
12.3 Misalignment
12.4 Forces and moments
12.5 Service factors
12.6 Speed
12.7 Size and weight
12.8 Environment
12.9 Installation and disassembly
12.10 Service life
42.14 Sheft alignment
42.11.1 General
12.11.2 Methods of alignment
12.11.24 Misalignment and reference lines
12.11.2.2 Alignment procedure
12.11.2.3 Choice of measuring method
42.11.3 Determination of shim thickness
183
183
183,
184
185
187
188
188
189
190
190
191
191
191
192
192
194
194
194
194
195
195
195
12.11.4 Graphical method of determining shim thickness. 186
12.11.8 Optical alignment
412.12 Choice of coupling
12.124 Costs
12,4222 Factors influencing choice
12.13 Guards
13 Prime movers for fans
13.1 Introduction
13.2 General comments
13.3 Power absorbed by the fan
18.3.1 Example of a hot gas fan starting “cold”
13.4 Types of electric motor
18.4.1 Altemating current (AC) motors
18.4.2 S-phase motors
1944.2.1 Squirrel cage induction motors
19.4.2.2 Wound retorinduation motors
19.4.2.3 Synchronous induction motors
19.4.2.4 Polyohase AC commutator motors,
18.4.3 Single-phase AC motors
13.43.1 AC series motors
13.43.2 Single-phase shaded pole motors
107
197
197
197
197
199
200
200
201
201
201
202
202
202
202
203
203
204
204
206
contenss
18.4.4 Sngle-phase repulson-start induction motors
13.4.5 Direct current (DC) motors
1.4.5.1 Series wound motors
18.4.52 Shunt wound motors
18.4.8 “inside-out” motors
13.5 Starting the fan and motor
Drocton-tine (DOL) indvetion motor
‘Siar-delta starting indU
Auto-transtormer starting
‘Sip-ring motors/stator-otor siarting
43.6 Motor insulation
13.6.1 Temperature classification
13.7 Motor standards
43.7.1 Introduction
18.7.2 Frame nomenciature system
13.8 Standard motors and ratings
13.8.1 Standard moto: features
18.8.2 Standord motor ratings
13.9 Protective devices
14 Fan noise
414.1 Introduction
14.4.1 What is noise?
44.1.2 What is sound?
14.1.3 Frequency
14.1.4 Sound power level (SWL)
14.1.5 Sound pressure level (SPL)
14.1.6 Octave bands
44.1.7 How does sound spread?
14.1.8 Sound absorbing or anechoic chambers
14.1.9 Soun¢ reffecting or reverberation chambers
14.1.10 The “eal room”
414.1.11 Relationship betwean sound pressure
and sound poner levels
14.1.12 Weighted sound prosetre levele
14.2 Empirical rules for determining fan noise
14.3 Noise-producing mechanisms in fans
14.5.1 Aorodmnamic
14:32 Electromagnetic
14.33 Mechanical
14.4 Fan noise measurement
14.5 Acoustic impedance effects
14.6 Fan sound laws
14.7 Generalised fan sound power formula
14.8 Disturbed flow conditions
14.9 Variation in sound power with flowrate
206
208
206
207
208
208
200
210
an
an
212
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27
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220
220
204
221
224
205
227
229
2x4
232
233
233
FANS & VENTILATION XI Dee oe ence ee
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XXIl FANS & VENTILATION 14.10 Typical sound ratings
14.11 Installation comments
14.12 Addition of sound levels
14.13 Noise rating (NR) curves.
14.14 Conclusions
14.15 Bibliography
15 Fan vibration
15.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Identification
18.1.2 History
15.1.8 Sources of vibration
45.4.4 Defnitions of vibration
18.1.5 Vibration measuring parameters
15.2 Mathematical relationships
16.2.1 Simole harmonic motion
18.2.2 Which vibration level to measure
15.3 Units of measurement
18.3.1 Absolute units
15.3.2 Decbels and logerithmic scales
15.3.9 Inter-reltionship of units
15.4 Fan response
45.5 Balancing
156
ration pickups
18.7
bration analysors
15.8 Vibration limits
15.8.1 For tests in a manufacturers works
15.8.2 Fortestson site
15.8.3 Vibration testing for produc. development
and quality assessinent
15.9 Condition diagnosis
15.9.1 The machine in general
15.9.2 Specific vee belt rive problems
18.9.3 Electric motor problems
15.9.4 The specific problems of bearings
18.9.5 Selection and life of raling element bearings
1.8.5.1 Bearing parameters
19.8.5.2 Fangue ife
1.8.5.3 The need for early warning techniques
15.10 Equipment for predicting bearing failure
15.10.1 Spike energy detection
15.102 Shock pulse measurements
15.11 Kurtosis monitoring
18.11.1 What is Kurtosis?
15.11.2 The Kurtosis meter
15.11.3 Kurtosis values relative to frequency
235
235
236
236
237
237
239
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
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241
242
242
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242
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245
245
245
247
2a7
248
249
249
249
249
2ag
250
250
260
251
254
254
255
255
15.11 Conclusions
15.12 Bibliography
16 Ancillary equipment
1641 Introduction
16.2 Making the fan system safe
16.2.4 Guares
18.2.1.4 Inlet and outlet guards
162.22 Dave guards
16.3 The hidden danger
16.4 Combination baseframes
16.5 Anti-vibration mountings
16.6 Bibliography
17 Quality assurance, inspection and
performance certification
17.4 Introduction
17.2 Physical properties of raw materials
17.2.4 Utimete tensile strength
17.2.2 Limit of proportonalty
47.2.3 Elongation
17.2.4 Reductionin area
17.25 Hardness
17.2.6 impact strength
17.2.7 Fatigue strength
17.28 Creep resistance
17.2.9 Limitations
17.3 Heat treatment
17.4 Chemical composition
17.5 Corrosion resistance
17.6 Non-destructive testing
176.1 Visual inspection
17.6.2 Radiographic inspection
17.6.2 Accoptance erteria for Xay examination
17.6.3 Utrasonic inspection
17.64 Dye panetrant inspection
17.6.5 Magnetic patice inspection
17.7 Repair of castings
17.8 Welding
17.9 Performance testing
17.9.4 Aerodynamic testing
17:82 Sound testing
17.0.3 Balance and vibration toting
17.9.4 Run tests
17.10 Quality Assurance Standards
and registration
17.10.1 Introduction
contents
257
257
259
260
260
280
280
281
281
262
262
263
265
267
267
287
287
287
267
267
267
267
268,
288
268
268
268
268
268
269
art
272
22
272
272
212
213
273,
ars
273,
273.
214
274
FANS & VENTILATION Xxitl Industrial Fans
for reliable applications
in all industrialsectors
=
rs Vg “7
;
Repre ‘
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pee
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Pare rs
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pais
feed
ean aR
Providing fan Solutions
Wak
FANS UK LIMITED
Tel: 01782349430 Fax: 01782 349439
[email protected]
XXIV FANS & VENTILATION 17.10.2 History of the eatly Certificate of Air Moving
Equipment (CAME) Scneme
47.40.3 What is quatty?
1740.4 Quality Assurance
17.106 The Quality Department
17.0.6 Quality performance
17.10.7 Quality assessment
47.11 Performance certification and
‘Standards
AVAL Introduction
17.11.2 AMCA International Certified
Ratings Programme
47.11.2.1 Purpose
17.M.2.2Sc0pe
17.11.2.3 Administration
17.41.2.4 Responsibilites
17.41.2.5 Definitions
17.41.2.6 Procedure for participation
17.11.2.9 Requirements for maintaining the
certified ratings license
17.41.2.10 AMCA Certified Ratings Seal
17.41.2.11 Catalogues and pubiications
17.41.2.42 Challenge test procedure
17.41.2.13 Diteotory of icensed products
17.41.2.14 Appeals and settements of disputes
417.11.2.18 Other comments
47.12 AMCA Laboratory Re:
Programme
1.12.1 Purpose
1.12.2 Scope
17.12.3 Definitions
ration
17.42.3.1 The Licence
17.124 Procedure
17.12.4.1 Applicaton
17.12.4.2 Witness test
17.12.4.3 Check test
17.12.44 License agreement
17.125 Reference to AMCA registered laboratory
17.12.5.1 Literature or advertisement
47.12.8.2 Individual test date
417.1253 Other statements
17.128 Settlement of disputes
41.127 Other comments
ara
ara
275
278
276
276
27
a
a
an
an
arr
ar
a7
278
278
278
218
279
270
279
219
279
279
ara
279
219
279
279
279
279
279
280
280
280
280
280
280
48 Installation, operation and maintenance 281
418.1 General
18.1.1 Recaiving
18.1.2 Handling
283
283
283
18.1.3 Storage
18.2 Installation
18.21 Introduction
18.2.2 Concrete foundations
18.2.3 Supporting steework
18.24 Erection of complete units
18.25 Erection of CKD (Complete Knock Down) units
18.3 Making the system safe
48.311 Introduction
18.32 Noise hazards
18.33 Startup check lst
18.34 Electrical isolation
18.35 Special purpose sysiems
18.4 Commissioning and start-up
104.1 General
18.4.2 Startup
18.4.3 Precautions and wamings
18.5 Maintenance
18.51 Iniroduetion
18.52 Routine inspection
18.53 Routine maintenance
48.54 Bearing lubrication
185.4.1 Spit roler bearings
48.55 Excessive vibration
48.56 High motortemperature
18.57 High fen bearing temperature
18.6 Major maintenance
18.6.1 Iniroduction
18.62 Sem-universal fans
18.6.3 Ficed discharge fans
18.644 Removal of impeller from shat
418.65 Romoval of boarings from shaft
18.6.5.1 Spherical roller adapier sleeve bearings
186.52 Spit roler bearings
18.66 Refitng of new bearings on to shat
18.6.6 Spherical roller adapter sleeve bearings
186.62 Split roler bearings
18.67 Refiting ofimpelter on to shat
18.68 Refiting rotating assertly into unit
18.6.8. Semi-universal fans
186.82 Fited discharge fans
18.6.9 Vee belt drives — installation
186.10 Couplings and shaft seals
186.11 General notes
48.7 Trouble-shooting
18.8 Spare parts
Contents
283
283
283
284
284
284
285,
285
285
285
285
285
286
286
286
288
286
287
287
287
287
288
288
280
289
289
289
269
289
289
209
290
280
290
290
290
290
291
291
201
291
201
292
293,
293
293
FANS & VENTILATION 3 Keeping man and machine at peak efficiency
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USA
@ Industrial and OEM Centrifugal Fans
in steel and aluminium,
@ Can supply UK voltage motors, single,
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Tel: 0161 236 9314 Fax: 0161 228 0009
e-mail: [email protected]
web: wuw.stockbridge-airco.com 18.9 Bibliography
419 Fan economics
19.4 Economic optimisation
19.4.1 Intraducion
19.4.2 The efficiency facior
19.1.3 New and existing plant
19.2 Economic assessment
19.24 Investment calculation - new plant
19.2.1. Prosent capitalised value method
19.2.1.2 Annuity method
19.2.2 Investment calculation - existing plant
19.2.2.1 Presont capitalised value method
19.2.2.2 Annuity method
19.223 Pay-off method
19.2.3 Estimated profits and service life
19.2.9.1 Estimated profits
19.23.2 Serve ie
19.5.4Energy costs
19.3 Important system characteristics
19.3. introduction
19.3.2 Overall fan eficiency
19.3.8 Demand variations
19.3.4 Avaitbilty
123.5 Air power
19.95.1 General
19.35.2 Ductprecsure losses
19.4 Partial optimisation
19.4.1 Economic duct diameter
48.4.2Component eficiency
19.4.3 Exising plant
19.5 Other considerations in fixed
‘output systems
18.6.1 General
10.5.2 Fixed opeod motors
195 3Vee belt drives
19.5.4 Electric motor design
19.5.6 Selection of correct motor speed and type
19.6 Whose responsibility?
18.7 The integrity of fan data
19.8 Bibliography
20 Fan selection
20.4 General operating conditions
20.1.1 Introduction
20.1.2 Airgas properties and operating conditions
20.1.3 The duty cycle
293
295
296
296
296
296
297
2s7
207
207
298
298
298
300
300
300
300
300
301
301
301
304
301
302
302
302
303
303
304
305
305
305
305
308
306
307
307
307
307
309
310
310
310
310
20.1.4 Flow variations
20.1.5 Fans handing solids
20.2 Mathematical tools
20.2.1 Introduction
20.2.2 Specifying requirements
20.2.3 Fan “apparent” pressure
20.2.4 The early history of fan catalogues
20.2.5 Multivating tables
20.2.6 Performance coefficients
20.2.7 R, Cand Ecurves
20.2.8 Background charts and cursors
20.2.8 Electronic catalogues
20.3 Purchasing
20.4 Bibliography
24 Some fan applications
24.1 Frosh air roquiroments for
human comfort
21.4.4 Indoor air evaity
21.1.2 Improving ventiation
21.1.3 Alte science!
24.44 Ar fitration
24.1.8 Conclusions
24.2 Extract ventil
21.21 Introduction
21.22 Powered versus “natural” venilation
21.23 Comparative tests
21.24 The justification for mechanical ventilation
21.25 Fan pressure development
21.26 The affordable alternative
21.27 Sizing the fans
21.2.7.4 Wall mounted
21.2.7.2 Reof mounted
21.28 Construction
21.2.8. Cow! and base
212.82 Motors
21.2.83 Mountings.
21.2.8 Ancilanes
24.29 Input units
21.210 High temperature smoke venting
24,2.10-1 Extractor fan requirements
21.211 Conclusions
24.3 Residential ventilation
21.3.1 The UK situation
21.8.2 The situation elsewhere
21.33 Introduction of the new part F
Building Regulations
21.3.4 Air tightness of dwelings
Contents
310
sit
ant
att
an
an
312
312
313
315
318
ate
318
318
319
322
322
322
322
303.
323
324
324
325
325
326
3268
226
228
328
228
328
328
328
328,
220
328
329
329
329
330
330
330
330
330
FANS & VENTILATION xxvii www.leadertan.
wager Fan industries Li. iy
‘Tel, 618.075.4700 » Faw. 498.875.0707
‘Toronta, ontario, Canada
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Ss SPER 21.3.5 Air flowrate and ai distibuton
21.8.6 System controls
21.3.7 Noise
21.8.8Fan siting
21.3.9 Dwoling characteristics
21.3.10 Ductwork
21.3.11 Duct temnina! fitings
2.3.12 Fire precautons
21.8.13 Cleaning and maintenance
2.8.13 Window opening and summer operation
2.9.18 The fan and motor unit
21.3.18 Fan mounting boxes
21.8.18 Heat recovery
21.3.17 Conclusions
21.4 Tunnel ventilation
21.4.1 Introduction
21.4.2 Ventilation and smoke contol inmettos
21.4.3 Ventilation of mainline rail tunnels
21.4.4 Road turnel ventilation
21.441 Deana withthe poisonous gases
21.4.4.2 Contol of smoke and hot gases
21.4.5 Ventilation systems
21.45. Fully transverse systern
17.5.2 Semtransverse system
21.4.5. Mixed system
21.4.4 Longitudinal system
21.4.6 Axia flow fans for vehicular tunnels
21.46. Flowrate contol
21.4.7 Caleulation of jet tunnel fan requirements
21.471 Fresh airrequirements
21.4.7.2 Tunnel thrust requirements
21.4.7.3 Entry and exit pressure losses
17.4.7.4 Traffic drag or resistance
21.4.7.5 Ambient conditions
24.4.7.6 Tunnel surface fition
21.4.7,7 Testing for performance
21.4.7.8 Rea! thnust requirements
21.4.7.9 Guidelines for jet tunnel fan selection
21.4.8 Venillation during construction
21.5 Drying
24.5.1 Introduction
21.5.2 Moisture content
21.5.8 Equilibrium moisture content
21.5.4 Methods of removing moisture
21.5.5 The drying of solids in air
21.86 Critical moisture content
21.8.7 Rate of drying
330
330
331
331
331
331
331
331
331
331
331
332
332
332
332
332
332
333,
393
334
334
334
334
334
335
336
336
337
337
338
339
339
999
330
340
341
341
3at
342
342
342
342
342
342
342
343
Contents
21.8.7. Example
21.5.8 Elementary psychrometry
21.59 Practical drying systems
21.6 Mechanical draught
21.6.1 Introduction
21.6.2 Combustion
21.6.3 Operaiing advantages
21.64 Determining the correct fan duty
21.8.5 Combustion air and flue gases
21.6.5.1 Velumetric fowrates
21.8.5.2 Use of the nomogram
21.7 Dust and fume extraction
21.7.1 inroduction
21.7.2 Types of ontract systom
21.7.3 Components of an extract system
21.7.4 Categories of particles to be extracted
21.7.5 General design considerations
21.7.6 Motion of fine partices, fumes and vapours
24.7.7 Dust features
21.7.8 Balancing of duct systems.
21.8 Explosive atmospheres
21.8.1 Introduction
21.82 The need for a Standard
21.83 Zone classfication and fan calegoies
21.84 prEN 14986 — contents ofthis draft Standard
21.85 Clearances between rolaling and staticnary parts
21.86 Actions requites by manufacturers
and users
21.8.7 Probable changes to prEN 14986
21.8.8 Conclusions
21.9 Pneumatic conveying
21.8.1 Introduction
21.9.2 The basis of a cesign
21.8.3 Conveying velositios
21.9.31 Vertical velocity
21,9.32 Horizontal velocity
21.9.4 Pressure losses
21.9.41 Pressure loss due to air lone
21.9.4.2 Pressure loss due to the particles,
21.8.5 Types of conveying system
21.10 Bibliography
22 Units, conversions, standards and pre-
forrod numbors
22.1 SI, The International System
of Units,
22.1.1 Brief history of unit systems,
22.1.2 Method of expressing symbols and numbers
343,
304
344
345
345,
306.
347
347
348,
348
349
349
340
309
349
309
309
382
382
352
362
383
363,
363
364
364
355,
355
365
355
386
266
386
386
357
357
367
358
358
327
329
329
329
FANS & VENTILATION XIX: ACI
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eet tee
peter gs
of industri
etree
Ser ce
Peers
Cy Noort
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Cea Dee aN a
ees es
yer ane
[Comoce us and request 9 . The characteristics are
showninFigure 3.9, and are seen to be very similarto those for,
a backward bladed centrifugal fan, apart from the stall point
Itis usual to design a blade to give the same axial velocity and
pressure development at each radius, in which case
Equ3.9
Preseue
igus 3.9 Theonticalsharactenstes ofan axl owimpslar
FANS & VENTILATION' {io image
not
available image
not
available image
not
available textbooks. The Sections whichfollow area mixture of basicfluid
dynamics and practcal “nous:
33.2 Diffusers
‘These are attached to the discharge orfan outletand are used
toimprove the fan siatic pressure of medium to high pressure
fans. They may also be used ina system at the end of the outlet
duct to atmosphere. A change from high to low velocity is ac-
‘companiad by a conversion from velacity pressure to static
prossure. Thereis awaysa loss in this conversion such thatthe
{otal preseure ie never the same before and after the difuser,
Efficiency of conversion E is rever 100%.
percentage converted of difference in initial and final
Velocity pressures
‘True efficiency of conversion in the diffuser itself depends al-
sost entirely on the angle of taper. If however, the diffusing
taper is followed by a length ofstraignt cucting 4 to 6 chametars
long, then tnere is some additional conversion after the taper. In
‘uch cases, the overall ofcioncy, as detormined by tect, ie ro-
lated to the angée of the taper and the area ratio.
‘The included angle ofa jet of air which isconfined by the wats of
a ductis about 7°, Ifthe taper is more than this than the flow
leaves the walls and dead areas result
‘An unconfined jet of arin free space has an included angle of
about 3°, but the jet is spread by the induction of secondary ait
so that the actual included angle increases to about 16°. This
‘can be seen from smoke photographs o airjots, the resulte bo-
ing summarised in Figures 3.15 to 3.17.
‘The static regain, or increase in static pressure in the larger
duct
Elp.-Po) equ3.29
E = efficiency of conversion expressed
198 a decimal
Itis generally more convenient to calculate the regain rom the
intial velocty pressure, and to make allowance for the differ-
‘once by an area torm io
A
poet) p equ3.20
Fly 3.17 Normal situsor folewed by cue.
9 Air nd ga ow
where:
Par = initial velocity pressure (Pa)
Pe = final velocity pressure (Pa}
Ay = Inilal cross-sectional area of aiftuser (m)
Az > final or outlet cross-sectional area of diffuser
(om)
E = efficiency of conversion exoressed as a dec
mol
[At 100% theoretical aficierey of conversion:
Par +a
or
Po
2 “Pia
61 + (Pus Pra)
because velocity pressure inversely proportional to area?
Then
tata woop. (Ay
a]
ee
ang
surepwitnaion pa] i-( 2 |veithiseadybe somes
* malta)
(Pa-Pad
‘As the eficiency of conversion isnever 100%, ine actualregan
will be
ep.|1-|
{ Equ3.st
(A) a
From this a combined factorF may beobtainedtromthe value:
rela]
Values of F from experiment are plotted with included angle of
Laper and varoustatiosof +, Those romthe tots of Kratz and
Fellows are the most reliable, see Figures 3.18 - 3.20.
{tis impossible to include factors for every possible design of,
diffuser. Those given sre fer eieular cross-section cifusers. If
the cross-section is square or rectangular then the efficiencyis,
somewhat less for a given included angle. Itis suggested that
an average reducton of 5%or.0Sin Bisa suitable allowance,
Diffusers for stee! plate industral fan outlets often transform,
from rectangular or circular cross-section. Drew the view each
way and estimate the mean included angle. Then use te val-
Les for a circular design. Ifthe design is critical and has to be
passed by a performance test, tis wise to be on the safe side
with the factor,
FANS & VENTILATION: 52: image
not
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not
available image
not
available image
not
available image
not
available image
not
available image
not
available ‘measurement, but must be a mean over the area of
flow.
3.3.44 Values of coefficient of entry Ce
‘Typical values of C, are shown in Figures 2.46 to 3.62.
=
x
amr me S
{Nbc 20 sn ck. is ss at ower ey
gure 3.46 ©, fr pn open ond uct
Fou 3.48, for syuaremauned dicts
Strand ges flow
ON
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omn| wommn | ume |e ©
| mee [| ew | a]
wo | se [a | |
zo | asoxeo | ow 708, -
Fg 350 6 rcp hon 9
Sv te
Figue 351 Cfo vectangur hoor ato 3:4
3.34.5 General notes on exhausting
Detailed designs for hoods to suit most appications may de.
ound in the stancard design manuals produced by machinery
‘manufacturers and also in Industria! Ventilation published by
ACGIH®.
FANS & VENTILATION! 618 (110 image
not
available image
not
available image
not
available 3.5.1 Bends
Inthe caseof bendsit is important to note that much American
data is categorised on the basis that theradius ofa bendis oits
centrelina. British practice is usualy to give the inside radius.
When looking at data, make sure you are comparing lke with
Tite,
The loss of pressure in a bend following by further straight
ductingis less than iftaischarges to atmosphere. In the former
aco thore is seme rocovory inthe expansion ofthe airfow to
the ful duct diameter. (See Figure 3.55.)
Fue 955 Recovery indict alr a bend
Itshould be noted that the factors are in diamete's. For exam-
pple a 355 mm ciameter single radius 90° bend Is equivalent in
resistence fo 9 diameters of straight duct. its equivalent length
inmetiesisthen °°? 9-32 metes. When dealing with ect-
100
angular bends, the equivalentis taken on the “way” ofthe bend
i.e. on dimension W (see Figure 3.59). Two 90° bends of exactly
the same cross-section will have diferent pressure lesses ac-
‘cording to the ‘way'. Oneis an easy bend ard the other a hard
bend,
| _)
Figure 256 Essy an hare bones
aT =
ema
ure 457 Duct resistance equvalerlanghs for bends
‘The hard bend throws the air to one side as itturns the corner
and so causes higher resisiance. Ths loss can be reduced by
the inclusion of spitters. Figure 3.57 givesequivalentiengthsin
diameters for a number of different bends, including those with
spliters.
‘The equivalent length in diameters is based upon the assump-
tionthat one velocty pressure islost 58 diameters of ducting,
Orto be precise the equivalent of one velocity pressure is lostin
{fictionalresistance, Extensive tests havebeen made onbends,
Of various designs anc their losses measured,
‘These were then converted into fractions of velociy pressure.
This factor is then independent of velocity over a limited work
lng range. For exemple a bend with a resistance of 50 Pa at 10
iis (velocity pressure 60 Pa) therefore has a loss factor of
0.83. As resistance may be taken as the square of volocity ovor
this limited renge, at 29 mis the loss would be 200 Pa and the
velccly pressure would be 240 Pa and thelossfactor would sill,
aaa.
240
‘To repeat, its convenient in estimating the resistance, or pres
sure loss of a ducting system to calcuiate assuming that bends
are equivalent to so many metres of straight ducting
3.5.1.4 Reducing the resistance of awkward bends.
‘When ducting isto be arranged in large buildings itis often im-
possibleto find the space to incorporate bends of areasonable
radius. Itis then possible to insert vanes or eplitere to reduce
the pressure loss, See Figures 3.58 10 3.81.
z
i
a
Fique 3 5 Bond wih pits
Figue 3.60 Bend wih arte secton vanes
Figue 361 Dotal of aero secten vane
FANS & VENTILATION 850 image
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available outthe system. Too high a velacity means excessive resistance
with consequent high power consumption. Tao low a velocity
‘means a risk of choking at bends etc, with consequent cor
Paints. Velocity maybe varied sligitly in dfferentbranches ac-
Cording to he ideas of the designer, butin principle the basis is
constant velocity
36-1 Blowing systems for H& V
36.1.1 Design schemes
Round piping
4. Makea line diagram, or isometric of proposed run of duots
with al branches and outlets shown, On this diagram mark
the volumes of air to be delivered by each outlet ane the
totals o all branches from main duct.
2. For genaral industrial schemes the piping is sized on the
basis of 1.6 Pain. In very extensive layouts ie. with dstri-
bution ducts upto 120 m~ 180 mlong, imay be incroacod
to around 3.3 Paim,
Initial velocity inthe duct system wil vary from 10to 11.5 mis in
relatively small layouts, up ta 18.5 to 21.5 mis in extensive in-
dustrial systems
Itis important tonote thatwhen the system is fora public build
ing, such velocties cannot be used because of air noise in
dts and in the noise generatad by the fan. When quietness is
‘essential the maximum sir speed in ducts should be kept bo-
tween6 to 8.5 mis, and for less important cases itmaybe 8 5to
1s mis.
Goneral: Subdivide the main duet ané branches by tapering
down after air cutlets wih reasonable compromise, Included
angle of tapers between 2.5" and 10"
‘Teo many taper shculd te avoided, and with emall"pons” (say
4160 mm dis, )3 may te taken on each sectionwithout reduction.
With larger"pore’ either a single outlet, or a pair, is usual prac
tie.
‘Note that the sizing of the ducts on the basis of construction
fretion per metre does net in itself ensure the flow ofthe calcu-
fated volumes in the various branches. Balancing of resistance
Is necessary as described later. Size the duct to the nearest
‘3mm in smaller sizes to nearest 6 mmin larger sizes,
Rectangular piping
4. Makea line diagram of system with volumes indicated ex-
actly 2s in scheme A
2. Assess the sizes of ducts as round piping
3, Convert these round duct diameters into equivalent rect-
angular bythe Equivalent chan, in Table 3.6, which chowe
8zes for equal fiction at equal volume, One side of rect-
angular duct, such as the depth, is kept constant in many
cases, or at least so far as is reasonable,
General: The size of the fan, and henee its cischarge dimen-
sions, ar0 not known at this stage. The initial area of main duct
is not necessaiily equal to the fan discharge, but of course
shouls never be less in erea,
Ifa fan supplies a main duct which immadiately branshas into
‘wo directions, iis usual to come from the cischargein a rect-
angular duct of same area. Then divide into two with each area
proportional to the respective air volumes. Finally, vansform
from these on each side fo the area decided in the duct layout
assessment.
‘An adjustable spltte: damper is desirable at he junction asflow
from the fan discharge is generally uneven
3.6.1.2 Duct resistence calculation
‘The design basis of fiction por metre will be known at this
slage. Prepare a scale layout diagram.
Air and gas flow
1. Examine this scale diagram and decide which is the lon-
gest run from fan discharge fo remote air outlet. The
equivalent length of ths longestrun s the actual lexgthin
metres, as measured trom the diagram, plus the equiva-
lent iength in metres for each bend in this run, pus the
‘equivalent length of any junction.
Values for bends, junctions ote. are given in this Chapter and
also in CIBSE and ASHRAE guides.
‘As mentioned in Section 35.1, if the piping is rectangular itis,
important to note the ‘way' of each bend and to use correct di-
mersion to work out the equivalent iength. Ignore any ress-
tance sel up by duct tapers.
2. Ifthe total equivalent length ofthe longest run calculated
in metres is L, then duct frictional resistance s
LL xtrietion Paym =Pa
3. I-ducts are notin galvanised shoot stool, use the correc-
tion factor as given in Table 3.7.
4. Add an extra 25% of duct resistance only as a margin for
balancing. Do notinclude resistance of heaters, washers,
coolers, fers etc. in this addition as these should be
known more accurately
3.6.1.3 General notes
It willbe appreciated that when a ductis sizedon equal friction
por mets, the velosityie graduelly reduced fram the fan to tho:
remote end of the system. Hence it might be exoected thal,
there would be a gain n static pressure cue to this reduction.
(tie normal to neglact any such gain, and this wae advised by
ASHVE. Sorre engineers allow a regain ofhaifthe differencein
inilial and final velocity pressure in the longestrun of duet. This
is deducied from tne calculated frictional resistance.
Actually, as willbe shown, the pressure changes ina duct sys
temare extremely complicated, and cannot Bs assessed with
accuracy in commercial work. Experience over years has
shown that the sinple method 2s glven will provide a reaso-
able approximation to the actual working resistance when
installed
Before the design is finaly approved itis necessery to check
the overall resistance of the plant, This includes dud resistanco
(with margin), addtion for any special type of ar outlet or grille,
fresh airinlet louvies, iters, heaters, etc
Ifthe calculated overal resistance is found to be excessive for
the particulartypeot system, t would hen involve too nigh fan,
‘speed. Noise in operation must be considered, ad also the
ower absorted by the fan, both of whichare related to overall
resistance,
If resistance is too high, then etther redesign the ductwork for
lower velocity or increase the area of fiters, heaters, etc. tore-
duce their resistance,
Overall resistance values depend upon local conditons and ex-
erience Is necessary 10 Judge. Table 3.8 may be used as a
uide nating hat these values may currently be viewed as low.
However, in an energy conscious world we should be
endeavouring to reduce system resistance
Table 3.8 Typice stati pressure les in vatious ysis
FANS & VENTILATION’ 69 image
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3.8.8 Adjustment of damper at outlets
‘These may be fitted as sit and slide, or hit and miss slides ad-
usted by poking through the grille. Examples areshown in Fig-
‘ures 3.81 and 3.82
Fou 382 Hi anamiss side
3.9 Duct design for dust or refuse exhaust
Long experience has decided the most sutable diameters of
the connections to exhaust hoods for al the usual machines to
\which dustor retuse collection is applied. These standards are
available from machine manufacturers or system designers,
‘The velocity necessary to provide adequate margin forthe sus-
‘pension of he parties in the aistieam is aiso known for most
types of dust or refuse. Table 3.9 shows some examples.
| crear wee cnt 2
‘Needs nrmsinechies ra
\Wootchips, ton ape mennes a
oer ma i
‘Toble 29 Duct voit typos of stor refuee
3 Air and gos flow
The range of ar velocty usad by engineers is from about 12t0
25 misec, bul 18 to 23mis covers the usual requirements. For
Lnitcollectors or individuals grinding or bufing machines, lower
velectias are common in the short connecting pipes e.g. 185
mis for grinders and 17 mis for buffing machines.
Many plants are at work successfully which were designed for
constantairvelociyin ll mains and branches. Sore designers
vary the velocity in @ system in ifferent branches according to
the types of machines connected. For exampee, in a wood ro-
fuse plant the branches to sawdust-producing machines may
’be cesigned for 18 mis; with those to chip-producing machines
‘at 2010 Z3mis, and wthall mains atanominal 20 ms. This may
vary slightly in mains due to approximation for duct diameters
to the nearest 5 mm.
3.9.1 General notes
nan extensive woodworking plant, 2 separate sysiem may be
installedto deal witn the saws, as sawdustcan be sold. Another
Separate system deals wih planers and moulders etc., the
chips collected being discharged to a boiler or a refuse
destructor.
Wood sendpapering machines should be hardled by @ sepa-
rate plart, or as individual units, as this cust is extremely fine
and it requires a textile fiter to collect.
Grinding machines and buffing machines should no be con
rected to the camo exhaust plant. Sparks from grinding might,
ignite lint from the buffs with risk offre.
‘When a woodworking machine has multiple connections, e.g.
four-cutter or six-cutter moulder, its impertantto keep in mind
the effec of itbeing outof service withblast-gales (dampers) on
Connections closed, This mght resultin too iow a velocity in te
‘main to carry the refuse from other machines stil in service on
this section. Actually, when the materal isin the main, the mini-
mum carrying velocity is considerably less than those men-
tioned, say 75% ofnormal, and this alowssome latitude. Expe-
rience is the only guide in éificult cases.
3.9.2 Design scheme
(On an outine pian of the factory, mark the positions of ma-
chines with their exhaust points and sizes according to the
‘schodule, Lay out a suitable run for ductng, noting that
branches in an exhaust system enter the main at 30°, or
through patent junctions wilh almost parallel entry.
From the diameter of connection and sclocted voiocity caleu-
late the flow or obiain this from a manufacturer's data, The di-
‘ameter of the main is tien calculated in is graduated sizes as,
branches enier, from selected velocity and total flow at any
given point. Work o the nearest 10 or mm inmain sizes. This.
alters the selected velocity slightly and the final figure is used,
for fiction calculation.
3.9.3 Calculation of resistance
1. Estmate entryoss atthe nood most remate trom tne tan.
Calculate the approximate equivalent length in metres of
this most remote branch from hood to main, That is, the
length of straight piping plus equivalent length in metres
for bencs,
3. _Brenchioss at entry to main from B to Afor exhaust sys-
tems is less than in blowing. (Figure 3.83.)
Now total up the equivalert length of branch, estimateits
friction loss in mm w.g. Add entry loss from item 4.
FANS & VENTILATION’ 73: image
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available 4 Fan performance Standards
Unil very recently there were more than 12 national Codes for fan testing, incorporating over 70,
specific duct arrangamonte. However, three international Siandarde, ISO S80, |S0 5802 and
ISO 13347 for specifying the aerodynamic and noise performance of fans have reveived con-
siderable attention. As they alone embody the latest agreements within ISO, their virtues have
been extolled in many quarters. Nevertheless, misunderstandings as to their intent and
accuracy are apparent.
This Chapter outlnes the reasening behind the various decisions made, how fan performance
Standards may be compared and corrects current misurderstandngs. ISO Standards ae
discussed and the diferences with prevous Standards explained. Shortzomings in the latter
have been icentifed and are rectified
Contents:
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Fan performance
4.4.2 The outet duct,
4.1.8 180 conventions
4.14 Common parts of ducting
4.1.6 National Standard comparsons
4.1.8 Flow conditioners
4.2 Laboratory Standards
4.3 Determining the performance of fans in-situ
3.4 Introduction
4.3.2 Performance ratings
4.3.3 Measuring stations
4.3.4 Flonrate measurements
4.3.5 Pressure measurements
4.36 Power measurements
4.4 Installation category
4.5 Testing recommendations
4.5.1 Laboratory test stands
4.5.2 Fied tests
4.5.3 Measuring flowrate
4.5.4 Measurng fan pressure
4.5.5 Measurng air density
4.5.8 Moacurng fan spood
4.5.7 Measurng absorbed power
4.5.8 Calibration and unceraintios
4.59 Test esulls
46 Fan Laws
46.1 Introduction
4.6.2 The concept of fan similarty
4.6.3 Dimensional analysis
4.7 Specific values
4.7.1 Specific speed
4.7.2 Specific diameter
4.7.3 Composite charts
4.8 Bibliography
FANS & VENTILATION 77 image
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available Figure 48 Conmonparstor ducting on faniniet snd out
inleVoutletareaas relevent, whilsttheirlength is generally
longer than those previously usec. (Figure 4.6).
V)__ Itspetifesthe use ofa “conditions onthe eutletofinstal>
lation type B or D fans. This is designed to dissipate any
Sail energy, which is not normally avatabie for overcom-
ing the systom resistance.
vi) Itdefines the init and outlet areas ofthe fan as the gross
‘areas inside the casing at the appropriate plane,
vi). Site testing is considered of suffciant importance to be
ttansferred to e separate document (ISO 5802) The tra-
versing techniques fora variety of ducteross-eections are
detailed
SO considered it ilogical and unacceptable for cifferen! fan.
‘ypeo of tho same instalation category to need different toot
‘methods because o' the differing outlei ow. Thus the neces-
sty todevise an outiet simulation, which had the combined re~
{uirements of conditioning the flow to permit worthwhile mea~
surements without severely tampering the fan by excessive
pressure lasses, These losses were likely o be an important
part of the fan pressure determination and wouldbe calculated
fon the basis of straight, fully developed flow
‘Thon arose another requirement for the common part — to
match its actual increase in pressure loss in the presence of
non-uniform and svaring flow to that corresponding to a long,
siraight unform duct. Ths was considered a fait requirement,
‘which would neither unduly penalize nor benefit afan with such
‘an oullet flow. Unfortunately ooltcs intervened and some ex-
‘ceptions to this desrable situation continue to be permitted
4£Fan perfomance Standawds
Compared with the use of the simulation, or common par, itcan
be stated thal, n tie presence of nor-unitormand swirling low
from the fan outlet:
a) a short length of duct benefits the fan
b) a mult-cell straightener, as used in outlet side testing in
other national Standards, tends to penalize the fan unduly.
4.4.4 Common parts of ducting
Satisfactory measurements of pressure cannot be takenimme-
diately adjacent to the fan inlet or outlet and i is necessary to
establish test stations some distance away, where ihe flow can.
bbe normalized
The quantity measured at these stations i the state pressure,
to whichis added some conventional velocity pressure to cb-
tainthe effecive total pressure. Oversized ducts can enhance
fan performance whilstinsuffcient length can also result in n-
accurate measurements offan presures. The common parts
include a duct on the autiet side ofthe fan, having a length of
tive equtalent clametars tthe pressure measuring pant and
incorporating a standardised flow staightener. Without such
parts, diferent values of pressure can result according to the
Character of the airflow at the fan outlet. The velocity distribu.
tion atts peint oten contzins considerable swi. Even when
{roe from suit tisfor rom unforn. This rogults nen excoasof
kinetic energy or velocty pressure over the conventional allon-
ance of “pv caused by the proportionally of kinetc energy t0
the ocalvalue ofr (mass ow x velocity pressure) so that the
excess where vis high excoeds the defiat where vis low.
‘Now the non-unitermity ofthe axial velocty components dirin-
ishes as the fow proceeds dovn the duct and the excess en-
ergy reaches a minimum of a few percent of Yap? within 2
length ecual o tw or three ductdiameters, buiflluniformityis
not eached until about 48 diameters, (Figure 4.7). Part of tha
eriginal excessia ost, bu partis converted intoaddtional tac
pressure, the corventonal velocity pressure remaining con-
Stant. This addition Is avaiable or overcoming externa ress-
tance, and inorder to credititto the fan, as it souls befor ype
B and ype Dinstallaions,t hasbeen determined thatthe test
Staton for outlet side pressure measurement should be mere
than five duct diameter fram the outlet (Figure 4.8).
©
Flgue 4.7 Velocty dtason sowrstroam of fn
FANS & VENTILATION’ 1 image
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available “gure 424 Terinclony and esti dimensions axa Fn
VENTILATION clearances between different parts ofthe fan canalso vary but
these may be of great importance and should be eliminated by
both careful design and by quality contro! at the manufacturing
slage.
Figures 4.23 and 4.24 give the terminology and showthose di
mensions which are ofitical. These, together with Tables 4.2
‘and 4.3 have been abstracted from AGA 602. They give rec-
‘ommendations for maximum divergences of these artical di-
mensions fom strict geometrical similarity without invalidating
the “Fan Laws’ used in performance prediction, within the
slated uncertainties of the method.
One of the requirements of dynamic similarty is that Reynolds
‘numbers be equal at all corresponding poinis in the two fans -
modeland predicted. Differing cross-sectional areas within the
impolfor bizdo passagoe and into and out ofthe casing, dictate
that Reynolds rumber vary considerably tis, therefore, both
‘customary and convenient to refer o a single arbitrary fgure
basedon the impeller tip diameter D anc theperipheral velocity
al this point zND together with the air or gas properties al the
fan inlat - mass density p and viscosity
Thus fan Reynolds number
Re, = Pano?
H
Changes in Re can be the resull of varyingN or D or both. By
tering onlyN, any size efectsthatmight accompany a chenge
4 Fn perfomance Stondants
imation of what actually happens inside the fan. Itis, however,
adequate for predictive purposes.
To simply any analysis, itis again convenientto specify a sin-
gle fan Mach number basedon the peripheral elocty ofthe im=
peller blade tps when compared with the speed of sound C as,
fined by the airor gas density at the fan inlet. Thus:
uta, =282 _ ND
© im
where
c = speed of sound (m/s)
R= pevctant 287 a)
absolute gas temperature (°K)
From compressibiliy effects, variations in Mar produce no de-
viation trom tne simpiean laws unless they approach a valueot
around 0.3.
This value may appear lower than articipated, butit should be.
recognised may wall ndicale @ local valuewithn the blade pas-
‘sages approaching 1.0. Critical condltionscan hen develop re-
sulting in a "choking" effect where there ‘sa limitation on the
flowrate. tis not usualiy a problem unless the blade passageis,
highiy otstructed. Figure 4,25, also abstracted rom AMCA 802
gives allowable variations in Na.
fD can be eliminates. Tests by Phelansuggest that hereis 8
threshold limit for Rer for each and every fan design below ap:
which neveasing deviations frm te fan aerodynamic laws oc- #»
“The approximats threshold limits fr vaious designs are given g
in Tabe 4.4, It vill be note tat ths lowest Imig value I for go
the paddle fan where, duet its simple casign flow a Highly tar =
bulent throughout the flow passages. More sophisticated de- 2
signe have highar threshold valuoe indicating that ow ain tho Be
transitonal region, unt speeds are reached at which most of a
the passages are hysrauicaly rough. Shoes losses foliom the 3
Fan Laws and aro independent of Reynolds number but are 3 >
less wth the increasingly eficent designs. Bo.
— 5
TypeFan | impter devon ear .| eS
ia | ranmternor ‘
rr ae ota saa et 8 a
tae ee “TW SPEEDWACH PARAMETER(FUL SEF)
| en SEE rane not tin tn on
crams nes 121 4.6.3 Dimensional analysis
| Conanscinave | zone | __The capacity of a fan “Or is cependent on:
ee Meet ocowaton za | Capacity (m/s)
- ‘iantomie | se Fantize Dim)
—_— motte | ‘Fanspeed Nevis)
“aie 44 Aprsiate thas an Reynads nb kere pes of Gasdensty p («gine)
Gas viscosity 4 (Pa.s)
For dyname similarly Mach numbers in thetestand predicted ‘Thus
fen mustbe the same, whichis unicely unless they devel the Qf, Nep.uh
same pressure, When operating at high pressures, above say
20 kPa, the it oF gas may no longer be considered incom-
pressible ad a compressbilit costcienthas tobe inroduced Qa DEN peut
into the simplified form of the Fan Laws. This coefficient is a
function of the polyiropic exponent n and the absolute pres-
sures at fan inlet and outlet
‘The assurrption of a polytropic process between the fan con-
nections as defined by total pressures isin itself only an approx-
we assign to each of the physical properties detailed above
the fundamental units of mass M, longth Land time T we then
have:
ET etn (L,TAMLMLT)
FANS & VENTILATION’ 80: 4 Fen performance Standants
That PMC MELT
Equatng indices we have:
for Ms ore
for 3 = ated
oa d3d+3
ti bd
Thus
Qc DEN pee
ox nooA@*)"
‘The formula can be altered to ~ NO}
ale aataoct
M
Ing itsvaliaty as isa constart, and itwenote that ND = fen tip
speed u then it wil 9 saen that the term in brackets has the
form 2 i.e. some sort of Reynolds number.
:
This is a dmensionless quantity. For reasonable vatiations in
this fan Reynolds number, ts effecis wit be small. ISO 5801 re-
‘quires thatthe tost condiion is within the range 0.7 to1.4 tmes
the fan Reynolis number for the specified duty.
Frovided that these limits are met then
@ « NDF equa
‘tis anticipated thatihis “Law would be acourateto atleast the
catalogue tolerances of [SO13348. In goreral if the test fan
Reynolds number is lower than the spectied fan Reynolds
rnumber, then the law willbe pessimistic, whilst ifthe test nur
berishigher than tne duty numberthe resuls of he calculation
willbe optimist
At very “high” numbers (test and duty) .e. above the so-called
threshold tumber for a particular design (ses Table 44), the et
fects may be ignored but the dangers of predicting the perfor
‘mance ofa small ard or high-speed fan are apparent. These
affocts havo beon noted ac boing especially corious with high
‘ficiency fans, e.g, aercfll bladed centritugals.
Inikemannerwe-can calcuatsthefan pressure (staticor total.
‘Ine pressure of a fan pis dependenton the seme quantities
and thus
pe fn(D,N,p.x)
°
pe Dene ppt
Pressure has the dimensions of force (masax acceleration) per
unit atea and using dimensional analysis we have:
MUN T of (LT, MLS, ML! T*)
MUI Toc Le TM LO MO LET
Enuating indices we hava
M:it=c+d ore=t4
Lit=aded ora=3etdd
o
anodd+dt ora=22d
Ti2s-bd orb=2d
Thus:
pa DPN plays Equ4.2
on
(90 FANS & VENTILATION
Pogayiied
No*)
p< nebo p [pNO*)
ws
or:
p= NeD2p| np NO
Ow)
‘Again the function in brackets iein the form of the fen Reynolde
‘number and with the same provisos we may say that
pop?" Equ 43
‘The fan power absorbed W is proportional to Q x p and there-
fore:
PocND? x pND?
PecpN"O
Note: Capilal Pis for power whilst small p is for pressure.
umustbe emphasisedtnattnese simpliied iaws apply toa sp
cific duty point of @, pand P. ASP = Qxp, the efficiency of the
Uunitwilremain unchanged. When the fan's appliedto a system
‘we cannot change the speed N without altering all the quant
ties
Just as fans havelaws, which gover their behaviour, so have
systems. The usual fan systemconsists of a number offtings
uct as bends, grilles, transformation pisces, junctions, ett
Botwoon thazo wil bo longths of straight pipe or ducting,
The pressure loss in tings, assuming a constant friction loss
factor x:
Equ 4d
x velocity pressure
a
‘erase -eactional area
xe as
In ike manner the pressure loss in straight ducting
fe
where:
f= ition factor
& = tengtn et ave
v= aigas voloety
m= meanhyérasliccopth
(crose-socton 0a 5 4)
(perimeter '
Unfortunately the friction factor is never a constant over the
complete fan characteristic, For many ventilation systems we
arein the transitional zone between laminar and fuly turbulent
flow. The incex forv may be nearer 1.8 even at thedesign flow
rate. It wil fal to 1.0 atzero low. However, this would upset al
those peoplewho‘or yearshavebeen decaring thal, onagiven
sysiem. as Q « v. we may say that the loss in straight ducting
and fitings is also Q®, Thus overall p x Qand asystem line
maybe plotted onthe fan characterisic accordingly, see Figure
4.28. Ths is only strictly correct for flows varying by about 20%
‘trom design (see Chapter 5 and 6).
‘Achange in fan speed altars the point of operation from Ato
lie, along the system curve, This is because, as previously
shown in he Fan Laws, fora given fan and system Q «N, px
Nand therelore px G? forthe fan as well, butonlyif femains
‘constant, or neairy so. It should be repeated that this system Characteristic
‘trotation Ne
Charactoratic
pag
Figure 425 Fan and syston characeses
law is only valid for speed changes of about 20%. Over this
value tne divergence in the value of f becomes to0 great.
‘Thus i fan is applied to a system and its speed is changed
from N; to No,
OeN ie equ
pene Equ46
Pen Equ47
‘Aa increase of 10% in fan retational speed will therefore in-
‘crease volume flow Q by 10%, pressure developed p by 21%
but power absorbed P by 33%, assuming airigas density is un
‘changed. Unless large motor margins over the absorbed
ower are available, therefore, the possibllies of increasing
flow by speed increase are usually imied.
‘Aithe same speed and gas density a fan ofa cifferentsize, but
geometrical similar, wilfhavea performance as givenbelow.
QxDie Equa
p= Die, Equa.s
Px OF ie. Equ4.t0
Ina range of fans to ISO 13361, wherethe size ratio averages
41.12, the approximate increase per size will therofore be 40%
(on capacity, 25% on pressure, and 76% on power.
‘At the same tip speed ard gas density, N;, D2 will equal NDz
but then
Equatt
also Equa.t2
ard Equ4.13
4 Fan perfomance Standards
rn
{o,)
‘Thus in a series of fans sized to|SO 13361 (a Renard R20 se-
ries) at constant tip speed and gas density, the approximate in-
Sracoe pr sao be 25% on ath copay a Power the
Se ne spersctts aesdby
Inthe stove ane we hve aver that
‘+ The airis incompressible -a reasonably accurete assumo-
tion at fan pressures upto about 2.0 kPa - and that ar / gas,
velocity tangles at iniot and outlet retain similarity after a
speed change. Asan alternative the change ink, from test
conditions to specified duty should net exceed 0.001
+ Velocities are substantially balow the spoed of sound and
there are no Mach number effects
«fant speed
velocity of sound
<025, say (see Figure 4.21)
+ Changes of Reynolds number are maintained wehin ha lim=
lis shown,
+ Relative roughness of fan parts remain unchanged with
Ifallthese effects were included in our dimensional analysis ad-
ditional variables would be introduced and the mathematics,
‘complicated acccedingly. The overall fan laws would then
become:
OND? (Re,)" (Ne,)"k,® Equ4.t4
pocN?O? (Re,)°(Ma,)k,? qu 4.15,
P N08 (Rez) (May)"Ky" 3 Equ 4.16
where
Rey fan Reynolds number ee
Mar ‘an Mach number = od
_fan tip speed
‘velocity oF sound
compressibility coefficient =
2422-1,
2 eMe-9
where
z= OP
Op
+ absolute pressure ratio across fan
y= tio of spactc nants (1.4 for air)
R= gas constant (287 Jka, °K)
{= absolute gas temperature (K)
= relative rougnness
absolute roughness of component
impeller diameter
‘The calculation of ris dependent on whether the fan is ducted
Cn the inlet andor outlet.
The velocity of sound in air at sea level and 20°C (283°)
344 ovo,
Care must ba taken to use N in revis in the calcuation of fan
Reynolds and Mach numbers,
FANS & VENTILATION’ 0 Fan performance Sanders
Relative roughness should not normally be of interest except
‘when predicting the performance of a very smallfan from fests
on a larger unit, or where impeller scantiings are varied
substantial,
Further informetion on the above is given in a number of ad-
vanced textbooks, 0.9 Cranfield Series on Turbomachinery. It
Jsimportant to note however tnat the exponents a,b,c, etc are
peculiar to a given design of fan and probably a given duty
point. Work is neing carried out in many research estatlish
ments to estabish them. Usually hey only need to be known
‘whenit is importanto achieve the duty within very clase toler-
‘anees ie. within 2%.
Approximate Reynolds numbers and absolute roughness ef-
{ects are typicaly combined in manufacturers data. Thosefor a
medium prossure backward inclined centnfugal ‘an are shown
a axgaastove
T LB
S | 00
5 1 mt
2 | AN
P ral fon.
: here
2 (10 8
S rot 1 3
a |
B dstnara Soo
12S ne Tee} —
eevoume 77 tinct
5 1 BGE 0S cy
8 1 79
= 900)
: oo
i |
'
wl. as
es
ie
eS
Tooblaintan siaticetticieney or speed
obtain curve value and multiplyby factor
eg sze zon mm selectedat 55%
cefficeancy on curve and 1200 revmin
Theretore
Actuslalficieney = 8531.09 = 604
‘Actual speed = 1600x 0-989 = 1454 evimin
gure «27 Econ mess mtn
fuga fan wit bard cies i
|
T
|
oynolss number» 10°
baded ane
92 FANS & VENTILATION
in Figure4.27. The effect offan Reynoldsnumberson the peak
slat efficiency Is shown in Figures 4.28,
4.7 Specific values
4.74 Specific speed
The speaiic speed of fan ata givendulyis the speed al which
‘a geometrically similar or homologous fan would have to run to
give unit flowrate and unit pressure at the same pcint o rating
(assumed seme afficieney) when handling ait or gas of unit
density. Thus by manpoulating the fan laws
NO®* »
PR,
Equ4i7
Si units were used then Ns (and N} should be in revs
4.7.2 Specific diamet
‘Specific diameter D, is the impeller diameter of the geomet
cally siilar cr homologousfan for which the specific speed has
been calculated.
0,°#
9, Equa.t8
Pt
4.7.3 Composite charts
Reference to Figure 420 show that tie possible to plotall ofa
‘manufacturer's product range on a singlechart. Specific ciam-
‘eter andefficiency nave been plotled against specific speed. It
willbe seen that the specific speed at maximum eficiency isa
Unique value for a paricular design.
z
rer omen ge
serene Sf «oe —n.
gue 429 pe
jeer and etiieneyepsva spaco speed re ere Use of such charts is useful in both the selection and design of
fens. The manufacturer can ently gaps in his range if ade~
‘quate coverage of all duties isto be actieved
4.8 Bibliography
ANSUASME PTC 11.1984, Fans: Performance Tost Codes.
'AS 2936-1987, Industrial fans - Determination of performance
characteristics (known as the SAA Fan Test Code) superseded
by: AS ISO 5801-2004 : Industrial fans ~ Performance testing
using standardized airweys identical to ISO 5801:1997.
180 13347-1:2004, Industria! fans — Determination of fan
‘sound power levels under standardized laboratory conditions
— Part 4: General overview.
BBS 843-1:1997, Fans for general purposes. Performance test
ing using standardized airways.
DIN 241633, Fans: performance testing of smal fans using
standerdized test aimays
180 7104:1983, Measurement of dud fow in closed conduits
— Vebottyarea methods of fow measurement in swirrg or
asymmetric low coneitions in circular ducts by means of cur-
rent-meters or Pitot static tubes.
SO 3966:1977, Moasuremort of fuid Tow in closed conduits
— Velocity ares method using Pitot static tubes,
4F.an perfomance Standards
Tho Measurement of Airfow, E, Ower and R.C. Parkhurst,
Pergamon Press, Oxford 1977,
Pressure-prohe metheds for determining wind speed and flow
direction, D.W. Bryer and R.C. Pankhurst, NPL (Natonal Physi-
cal Laboratory),
ANCA 01, Fans & Systems
The Fanand Ductwork installation Guide, UK Fan Manufactur-
ers Asscciation, (HEVAC),
AMCA208, Field Performance Measurement of Fan Systems,
Axial Flow Fans and Compressors: Aerodynsmic Design and
Performance (Crentieid Series on Turbomachinery Technol-
ogy), AB. Mckenzie, Ashgate Publishing Ltd
10 5801:1997. Industrial Fans — Performance testing using
standarcised airways.
180 5802:2001, Industrial Fans — Performance testing in-situ
A study of the influence of Reynolds Number on the perfor
‘mance of centrifugal fens, J.J. Phelan, SH, Russell and W.C.
Zoluff, ASME Paper No. 78-WNPTC-1, 1978.
1BS7405.1991, Selection and application of flewmeters for the
meesurement of fuid flow in closed conduits
AMCA Publication 802, Industial process/power generation
fans — Establishing performance using laboratory models
FANS & VENTILATION’ 03 image
not
available image
not
available image
not
available ‘+ Allering its humidity by passing through a dryer or washer
‘+ Allerg its solids conient by passing through filter ordust
colecter
Many conditioning devices require an outside energy source
such as hot water, orelectrcalresistance fora heater, or chilled
‘water for a cooling coil. Other apparatus such as fers or oy
clonic dust collectors are passive and have no external eneray
Connection. ll such apparatus nowever nes a pressure 10ss,
increasing the fan pressure requirement and therefore having
an important effect on the fan selection and the absorbed
power
52.6 System outlet
‘Avvenilation system usually terminates with a special compo-
nent at the end of each ofthe cutlets. This component maybe a
simple wiremesh screen, a ceiling diffuser ora special grila. In
many cases these may incorporate control devices suc as
{dampers andor mixing boxes. In zit conditioning, the distiou-
tion requiring careful outlet positioning and cifusers to achieve
the desired air motion and temperature consitons,
5.3 System curves
ust a fans have characteristic curves, so also do systems.
Ithas been shown that fan performance camot be adequately
described by single values of flowrate ard pressure. Both quan-
tites ae variable, buthavea fied relationship with each other.
This relationship, demonstrated in Chapter 1, is bast descrbed
graphecally in the form of a fan characteristic. Volumetric
owraie is normally plotted along the base withthe fan eres-
sure, absorood sowar and offeioncy as ordinates, Such char
acteristic curves are specific to:
+ given fan design ard size (usually based on imoelier di-
ameter)
+ impeller rotational speed
+ airlaas concitions (temperature, barometric pressure, hu-
midi, chemical composition and, theretore, gas density)
Chapter 2 showed how to calevlate the system pressure
caused by the resistance of a system tothe required volumetric
flowrate. The resistance can also be plotted alongthe base with
the system pressure a ordinate, For a specific system the
pressure for a number of points may be calculated and these
points would be joined bea curve — the system characterstic.
‘Again, it's spesific to the alcgas conditions. In general, the
rrore air required to be crculeted, the more pressure required,
‘As noted in Section 5.2, a typical system will comprise a num-
ber of components connected by a ducting system comprising
straight ducting, berds, junctions, etc.
The head loss in metres of fluid flowing in straiant ducting
ne aie
‘i
{© ‘etn fc
L = length of duct (m)
v= ably vei)
f= anh oom
_ofoss -sectional atea_m?_
finden
Fora circular cross-section duct:
5 Fans and ducting systems
Heed loss may be converted to pressure loss for,
=A
weg
Equez
Note: in some literature, mostly of German or American cri-
gin. py is defined in terms of ercular cross-section
ducting, ie
eg Equs3
‘Ac m = §, hevalveoffhasto be tines argorin ns iterate,
for in the UK
AML Nyt Eques
a2
lfwe define v=. andi we assume thatthe fois fully turbu-
lent, then we may also assume that fis @ constant then
ne
In like manner, the pressure loss in fitings,
‘Again ifwe assume fullyturbulent ow, kmay be taken asa.con-
stant and
aloe
a
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