EE6411/ED5021

Object Oriented Programming

with C++ Unit 01: Basic Programming/C++ Concepts
Dr. Reiner Dojen
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 061-213442 (Ext. 3442)
Room: D3002

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The C++ Programming Language Identifier

• C++ is superset of C • Used for names of variables, constants, functions

• Strong type checking • Are sequence of letters, digits and underscore
• Simplified I/O • First character must not be a digit
• Adds object-oriented functionality to C: • Case sensitive => ‘x’ and ‘X’ are distinguished
- Objects - Methods & Messages • ANSI C++: first 1024 characters are significant
- Abstract Data Types - Polymorphism • Examples:
- Inheritance radius, numberOfWheels,
• Not pure object-oriented language calculate_circum, round2Dec
• Often viewed as “better C”
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Keywords Comments
asm, auto, bool, break, case, catch,
char, class, const, const_cast, • C-style comments:
continue, default, delete, do, double, /* This is a comment */
dynamic_cast, else, enum, explicit, /* Comments are not re-
export, extern, false, float, for,
goto, if, inline, int, long, mutable, stricted to a single line,
namespace, new, operator, private, must not be nested, cannot
protected, public, register, appear in string */
reinterpret_cast, return, short, • C++ style comments:
signed, sizeof, static, static_cast,
struct, switch, template, this, throw,
// this is C++ comment, these
true, try, typedef, typeid, typename, // are restricted to single
union, unsigned, using, virtual, void, // line
volatile, wchar_t, while
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 Basic Data Types Basic Types (cont.)
• Floating Point Types:
• Signed Integer: float, double, long double
short, int, long Sizes: float <= double <= long double
Sizes: short <= int <= long • Boolean Type:
Keyword “signed” is optional bool
• Unsigned Integer: Symbolic values true/false, automatic
unsigned short, unsigned int, conversion from integer: 0=false, else true
unsigned long • Empty Type:
void
• Character Type:
used for functions with no parameter, functions with
char, signed char, unsigned char
no return type, generic pointer
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Size of Basic Types Variables

Data Type Visual C++ (NT/XP) G++ (Linux)
• Name can be any identifier that is not a keyword
Char 1 1
• Advisable to use descriptive names
Short 2 2
Int 4 4 • Use lower case for variables/functions
Long 4 4 • Use either underscore or capital letters to separate
Float 4 4 names: print_list or printList
Double 8 8 • Use upper case for symbolic constants
Long double 8 12 • Avoid using underscore as first letter => used by
Pointer 4 4 many library functions

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Variable Declaration Variable Declaration (cont.)

• Variables must be declared => inform system
float result; • Can be declared anywhere in program
int lower, upper, step; • Be aware of variable declaration overhead
or • const => value cannot be changed
float result; // result of calc const double pi = 3.1415927;
int lower; // lower boundary Attempt to change const variable results in
int upper; // upper boundary compile-time warning or error
int step; // stepsize • volatile => value can be changed from
• Can be initialised at declaration time: outside program, prevents optimisation
double pi = 3.1415927; • extern => pure declaration, no definition,
int counter = 0, max = 100; variable must be defined elsewhere
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 Integer Constants Floating Constants

• type int (plain number), e.g z = 55; • Can have fractional part, e.g. x = 3.14;
• long (suffix l/L), e.g. z = 55L; • Can have exponent, e.g. x = 314e-2;
• signed or unsigned (suffix u/U) , e.g. z = 55, • Are only approximations, due to internal
z = -55, z = 55U, z = 55ul; representation
• decimal (start with digit ≠ 0), e.g. z = 55; • => Be aware of possible rounding errors !!!
• octal (start with 0), e.g. z = 055; // = 45 • By default of type double, use suffix f/F for float
• hexadecimal (prefix 0x), e.g. and suffix l/L for long double
z = 0x55; // = 85

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Character Constants String Constants

• Are enclosed in single quotes, e.g. ‘A’, ‘a’, ‘#’
• String is a sequence of character enclosed in
• Type of character constants is int
double quotes
• Value is numerical value of internal representation
(usually ASCII) • Is closed with NULL-character (‘\0’)
• Some special characters: • ‘A’ is different to “A”
‘\n’ – newline • Successive strings are pasted:
‘\t’ – horizontal tab “This is ” “one ”
‘\\’ - backslash “string”;
‘\’’ – single quote
‘\ooo’ – octal ASCII value equals:
‘\0xhh’ – hexadecimal ASCII “This is one string”;

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From Source-Code to Executable

Separate Compilation
1. Editing the Source Code
– Can be done with any text-editor Source File #1 Source File #2 Source File #n
– Usually integrated design environments are used
– Program can consist of multiple files
2. Compiling
– Translates source code into machine readable format
Object Module #1 Object Module #2 Object Module #n
– Multiple files are translated independently
– First pre-processor, then translating
– Results in Object-files
3. Linking
– All necessary object files (including libraries) are linked together => Executable Program
executable
– Needs to resolve all references to all objects/functions/variables
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 The First Program: Hello World Basic I/O
• C++ has no native I/O commands
• Standard I/O Library: #include <iostream>
• I/O operates on streams => abstracts hardware,
I/O to console & files essentially the same
• Three standard streams:
C C++ Description
stdin cin Standard Input Stream
stdout cout Standard Output Stream
stderr cerr Standard Error Stream

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I/O Manipulators
Simple Variable Input & Output
boolalpha Use symbolic bool
int i; noboolalpha Use numeric bool
double x; dec Integer are decimal
cout << “Please enter integer: “ << endl; hex Integer are hex
cin >> i; oct Integer are octal
cout << “Please enter double: “ << endl; flush Flush stream
cin >> x; endl Print newline and flush
cout << “Integer i = “ << i << left Left justification
“\n double x = “ << x << endl; right Right justification
setw(w) Minimum field width = w
setprecision(p) Number of digits = p
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#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip> Statements
using namespace std;
int main() { • Statements are closed with ‘;’
cout << setprecision(2) << 1000.243 • Formally statement has neither type nor value
<< endl;
• Statements are executed in sequential order
cout << setw(10) << “Hello” << endl;
return 0; • Control structures change order
} 1. Empty Statement: ;
Output: 2. Expression Statement: expression;
3. Compound Statement: {
1e+003
statements
Hello
}

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 Statements (cont.) Statements (cont.)
4. if-Statement:
if (expression) statement
7. switch-Statement:
5. if-else-Statement: switch(expression) {
if (expression) statement1 case constant1: statements1
else statement2
case constant2: statements2
6. if-else-if-Statement:
if (expression1) statement1 ...
else if (expression2) statement2 case constantN: statementsN
…
else if (expressionN) statementN default: statements
else statement }
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Statements (cont.) Statements (cont.)

8. while-Loop:
while (expression) statement 13. return-Statement:
9. do-while-Loop: return expression;
do statement while(expression);
10. for-Loop: 14. Labels:
for (exp1;exp2;exp3) statement label: statement
11. Break-Statement: break;
(for, while, do-while, switch) 15. Goto-Statement:
12. Continue-Statement: continue; goto label;
(for, while, do-while)
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Sample: Statements.cpp C++ Operators

(demonstrate use of debugger)

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 Arithmetic Operators Bitwise Operators
+ Pos. sign - Neg. sign
& Bitwise AND | Bitwise OR
++ Increment -- Decrement
^ XOR ~ One’s complement
* Multiplication / Division
>> Shift right << Shift left
% Modulus division &= |= OR assignment
AND assignment
+ Addition - Subtraction ^= XOR assignment
= Assignment %= Modulus Assignment >>= Shift right assignment <<= Shift left assignment
*= Mult Assignment /= Div. Assignment
+= Add Assignment -= Sub Assignment

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Relational and Logical Operators Other Operators

sizeof( ) Size of data type (byte) ( ) Increase precedence
> Greater than >= Greater or equal (type) Explicit type cast [ ] Array indexing
< Less than <= Less or equal & * Dereference pointer
Address operator
== Equal != Not equal ?: Conditional operator . Access class member
&& Logical AND || Logical OR , Compound expression -> Access class member
! Logical NOT new Allocate memory .* Pointer to member
delete Deallocate memory ->* Pointer to member
typeid Run-time type check :: Scope Operator

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[] () . -> :: L→R 1 Sign

! ~ ++ -- +1 -1 *2 &3 (type) L←R
sizeof() new delete typeid
2 Deref.
3 Address
Expressions
.* ->* L→R
/ *4 % L→R 4 Mult.
• Are sequences of operators and operands
+5 -6 L→R 5 Add.
>> << L→R 6 Sub. • Simple: single constant, variable or function call
< <= > >= L→R 7 BitAND • Each operand is an expression
== != L→R
&7 L→R
• Examples:
^ L→R 3.21
| L→R
a
&& L→R
|| L→R 5 + 6 * 7
?: L←R a = 3 + 2
= += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= L←R a = b + (c = 2) + max(3,7)
, L→R
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 Automatic Type Conversion Rules
Expressions With Multiple Types
• If one operand is of type long double, then the other is
• Expressions have type & value converted also to long double.
• Else, if one operand is double, then the other is converted
• Operands within expression must be of equal types also to double.
• Conflicting types will be adjusted (where possible) • Else, if one operand is float, then the other is converted
• Examples: (assume int a, double x) also to float.
5/2 • Else any operand of type char and short is converted to int.
• If then any operand is of type long, the other is also
5/2.0 converted to long.
a = 3.141 • Comparisons between signed and unsigned values are
x = a = 3.14 * 5 machine dependent => Conversion of unsigned types are
more complicated.
• Assignment: RHS always converted to LHS-type
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Implicit and Explicit Cast

• Automatic change of type => implicit cast

• Implicit cast to less precise type => warning
• Explicit cast operator: (type) expression;
• Explicit cast: programmer “tells” compiler “I’m
aware of change” => produces no warning
• Good style => unaware casts with information loss
will be announced
• Assignment will always have type of left operand

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Other C++ Casting Operators Sample: Exercise 1.3

• static_cast<type> (expression);
Substitute for C-cast operator
• dynamic_cast<type> (expression);
Run-time cast that verifies validity of cast, target
class must be pointer/reference type
• const_cast<type> (expression);
Alters const/volatile property of expression
• reinterpret_cast<type>(expression);
Converts fundamentally different types (meaning),
e.g. int->pointer, types must be similar (internally)

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 Functions – The Units of a Program
The Function main()
• Functions divide programs into separate parts
• Is entry point from operating system
• Function is self-contained code
• Simple main: int main() {
• Should perform a (single) well-defined action
statements
• Can have any number of parameter of any type }
• In function call parameter are given value by • Complete Declaration:
expressions: any expression of correct type is valid int main(int argc, char *argv[]);
• Can have optional return-value: any expression of
correct type can be returned
• argc: number of parameter (name is first)
• argv: parameter values as strings
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Converting Strings Sample Program: Echo Parameters

• <cstdlib> provides some useful functions

• atoi()converts a string into an integer:
int atoi(const char *string);
• atof()converts a string into a floating point:
double atof(const char *string);
• atol()converts a string into a long integer:
long atof(const char *string);

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Functions
• Declaration => make function known Declaration vs Definition
double max(double a, double b);
double max(double, double); • Declaration makes entity known to system
• Definition => define instructions – No memory is allocated, no entity is created
double max(double a,double b) { – Entity must be defined somewhere else
statements – bool odd(int x);
} – extern int numOfElements;
• Multiple Declarations, Single Definition • Definition creates entity
• Must be “known” before they can be called: – Memory is allocated for function/object/variable
– Implies declaration & can be declared somewhere else
1. Define function before it’s called
– bool odd(int x) { return (x & 1);}
2. Declare all functions at beginning and define – int numOfElements;
them later
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 Importance of Systematic Program
Top-Down Construction of Functions
Construction
• Programs are “sensitive” => small changes can 1. Formal specification of problem
have massive effects
2. Problem solving (generic – hardest part)
• First American probe to Venus ended up around
the sun as the line 3. Describe solution in high-level steps
DO 100 I = 1 . 10 4. Refine each step iteratively
Was used instead of • Use generic steps initially
DO 100 I = 1 , 10 • Converge slowly towards target-language
5. Implement algorithm in programming
language
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Sample: Exercise 1.8

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