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PASCN Discussion Paper No. 2001-13
Philippine Maritime and Nursing Education:

Benchmarking with APEC Best Practices
Veronica Esposo Ramirez
The PASCN Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and
subject to further revisions and review. They are being circulated in a limited
number of copies only for purposes of soliciting comments and suggestions for
further refinements.
The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not neces-
sarily reflect those of the Network.
Not for quotation without permission from the author(s).

PHILIPPINE
PASCN APEC
ST U D Y CE N T
NETWORK
E R
PASCN Discussion Paper No. 2001-13
Philippine Maritime and Nursing Education:

Benchmarking with APEC Best Practices
Veronica Esposo Ramirez

University of Asia and the Pacific
December 2001
The PASCN Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further
revisions and review. They are being circulated in a limited number of copies only for purposes of
soliciting comments and suggestions for further refinements.
The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of
the Network.
Not for quotation without permission from the author(s).
For comments, suggestions or further inquiries, please contact:
The PASCN Secr etariat

Philippine Institute for Development Studies
NEDA sa Makati Building, 106 Amorsolo Street
Legaspi Village, Makati City, Philippines
Tel. Nos. 893-9588 and 892-5817
ABSTRACT
As the manning capital of the world, the Philippines supplies almost every vessel that
sails the seven seas with Filipino marines and marine engineers on board. As the biggest
health service provider, almost all hospitals in the US, UK and Saudi Arabia have a
Filipino doctor, nurse, medical technologist or physical therapist. These Filipinos are
employed because of their education and capabilities. However, the extent to which they
remain competitive, given the increasing demands of the global market, is the
accountability of quality education. If we want to gain more international respect and
recognition, we should aim for higher international comparability and standards. It was
the aim of the study to benchmark educational practices in Philippine maritime and
nursing institutions with best practices in the APEC Region. It was not intended to rank
the respondent institutions in any way. It looked into the input, process and output of
maritime and nursing education. The benchmarking activities were focused on the quality
of inputs to the educational process, the quality of the process itself and the quality of the
outputs from the process. Through this benchmarking study, the comparative advantage
of Philippine maritime and nursing institutions were identified in the study.
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The extent to which Filipino graduates remain competitive, given the increasing demands
of the global market, is the accountability of quality education. The challenge of
international comparability and standards have to be taken seriously if our country is
determined to be an active member of the APEC. Despite the gap between the financial
resources of Philippine universities and those abroad, it is inevitable to do quality
assurance as well as international benchmarking because comparative insights can
provide a broad perspective, inform policy making, guide decision making and produce
scholarly research. If the time and resources poured into the implementation of
educational programs such as maritime and nursing are effective, the country will have a
strong human capital that is able to bring about the desired level of social and economic
development essential to the building of the APEC community.
This study was primarily intended to benchmark educational practices in nursing and
maritime in Philippine institutions with best practices in the APEC region using the
Inputs, Processes and Outputs Framework; and secondarily, to determine the comparative
advantage of local institutions in the areas specified. The Input-process-output
framework was used to benchmark 12 performance indicators: (1) students, (2) staff, (3)
physical resources, (4) financial resources, (5) external outputs, (6) induction, (7)
curricula, (8) teaching and learning, (9) student guidance and support, (10) student record
system, (11) management and administrative systems, (12) review and evaluation
processes.
Specifically, the benchmarking study attempted to:
1. Analyze educational practices in maritime and nursing in Philippine Institutions using

as indicators the Inputs, Processes and Outputs Framework;
2. Examine educational practices in similar programs in the APEC region using the
same indicators;
3. Determine the comparative advantage of maritime and nursing education in

Philippine institutions by benchmarking them with best practices in the APEC region;
The research locale comprised of accredited maritime and nursing institutions in the
Philippines and similar programs in selected APEC countries that are members of
international professional associations. Of the 170 nursing institutions in the Philippines,
four top performing public and private nursing institutions were chosen. The four
Philippine maritime institutions involved in the study are accredited by local accrediting
agencies and are Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers
(STCW) compliant.
2
Twelve nursing and seven maritime institutions in the Asia-Pacific region were selected
for the study on the basis of their comparability to Philippine nursing institutions in terms
of academic context, teaching and learning, research and extension, and their educational
set-up and standing from which our local nursing institutions can learn.
Since the study is quasi-qualitative in nature, observations, interviews and data gathered
through questionnaires were used. Survey of the institutions was done in three ways:
through (A) Site-visit, interview and questionnaire, (B) Questionnaire and printed
material (C) Electronic Data and (D) Site visit and Electronic Data. Data analysis was
guided by the input-process-output framework. These were critically analyzed within the
context of quality education.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of this study, the local nursing institutions prove to have the
following comparative advantages:
1. The nursing professional is educated through a combination of competency-based

and community-oriented BS Nursing curriculum
2. The four-year-requirement to earn a Bachelor’s degree in Nursing.
3. A General Education grounded in Liberal arts strengthens the character and
values of the person as a care giver.
4. English as the medium of instruction.
5. Capability to participate in research in nursing and other health sciences.
6. Flexibility in and openness to the use of new teaching approaches.
7. Active involvement in extension work that reaches out to multi-sectors.
Based on the findings of this study, the local maritime institutions prove to have the
1. The 3-1 Bachelor’s degree program, consisting of general education,

specialization courses and one-year apprenticeship
2. English as the medium of instruction.
3. The emphasis of discipline, hard work and team work in maritime education,
which are essential characteristics of servicemen in the industry.
4. The institutions’ ties with shipping industries.
On the basis of the significant findings of this study, the following recommendations are
proposed:
1. Some educational inputs and processes have to be improved by the local nursing and
maritime institutions to be able to turn out graduates who can compete in the global
market.
2. Our immediate concern is internal efficiency, i.e., to upgrade the present state of our
maritime and nursing institutions. The CHED is the best government agency to provide
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mechanisms for their improvement. Once internal efficiency is achieved, our HEIs can
aim for a higher level of accreditation and recognition by International Accrediting
Agencies.
3. A study on market supply and demand in both fields of nursing and maritime should
be undertaken to guide forecasting, decision making and collaboration within the global
market.
4. A study on the competitive advantage of our maritime graduates can be done with
those from other developing regional economies such as Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,
and Thailand, which compete with the Philippines in supplying the lower-end manpower
needs of the industry.
5. Likewise, a study on the competitive advantage of our nursing graduates can be done
with those from the US, Japan, Korea and Thailand, which similarly supply care-
providers and nurses.
6. In the light of the comparative advantages that surfaced through this benchmarking
study, local accrediting bodies should now aim at regional accreditation and certification.
This will pave the way for local Professional Associations to enter into MRA within the
APEC region.
7. Another study should be conducted on the components and legal scope and
implications of MRA as a process.
4
Table of Contents
Parts Page
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Nursing Education in the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Maritime Education in the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
II. Conceptual Framework of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Survey of Related Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
III. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Sources of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Selection Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Data Gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
IV. Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

NURSING
Inputs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Strengths and weaknesses of Nursing Institutions
as perceived by administrators and teachers . . . . 37
MARITIME
Inputs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Strengths and weaknesses of Maritime Institutions
as perceived by administrators and teachers . . . . 51
V. A. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Comparative Advantage of Local Nursing Institutions
Comparative Advantage of Local Maritime Institutions
B. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5
List of Tables
Table Page
1 Total Enrollment and Rate of Increase / Decrease from 1987-1996 6
2 Filipino Nurses Deployed Abroad from 1998-2000 3
3 Seafarers Employed Onboard Foreign-going Vessels 3
4 Input-Process-Output Framework 6
5 List of Respondent Nursing Institutions 13
6 List of Respondent Maritime Institutions 14
7 Data Requirement and Source of Information 15
8 Data-gathering modes and Sources of Data 16
9 Nursing Institutions by Geographic Distribution 16

and by Data Collection Mode
10 Maritime Institutions by Geographic Distribution 17

11 Nursing Student-Population by Course, Number of Graduates

and Drop-Outs From 1997 To 1999 18
12 Nursing Curricula Across Institutions 22
13 Distribution of Employed Nurses by Work Setting 26
14 Maritime Student-Population by Course, Number of Graduates

and Drop-Outs From 1997 To 1999 30
15 APEC Institutions’ Maritime Facilities and Equipment 33
16 Maritime Curricula Across Institutions 35
Figure
1 Benchmarking, with and without 12
6
Part I
Introduction
The Philippines is recognized as a world leader in the supply of personal services. As the
manning capital of the world, it supplies almost every vessel that sails the seven seas with
Filipino marines and marine engineers on board. As the biggest health service provider,
almost all hospitals in the US, UK and Saudi Arabia have a Filipino doctor, nurse,
medical technologist or physical therapist. These Filipinos are employed because of their
education and capabilities. Certainly, this is one measure of the success of our education
system.
Another proof of acceptability and recognition of the country’s educational standards is

the increasing number of foreign students enrolled in tertiary institutions.
This scenario presents a challenge to our educational system: if we want to gain more
international respect and recognition, we should aim for higher international
comparability and standards. What is needed initially is “a range of reliable, valid and
useful educational performance indicators of inputs, processes and outcomes and
benchmark these indicators against international best practice” (World Bank / ADB,
1998:46).
Several sectors of the Philippine society, such as banking, shipping and

telecommunications have gone through the process of benchmarking and are now
competing on international standards. This, however, is not the case with the educational
sector. As far back as 1996, Nebres has seen the urgency for benchmarking in education:
“The most immediate challenge for me is that of international comparability and
standards. We need to do quality assurance and national, regional as well as international
benchmarking. . . (although it) may seem unrealistic in view of the gap between the
financial resources of Philippine universities and those abroad.” Nebres has warned us
about the financial gap. Nevertheless, benchmarking is inevitable because “if our
universities do not wrestle with the same problems of regional and international
standards, we run the risk of the gap growing between the quality of our graduates and
the needs of the next century. We also run the risk of perpetuating the salary gap between
expatriates and Filipinos and undervaluing our service sector, especially teachers.”
(Philippine Daily Inquirer, December 3).
What is needed is a thorough study of the design and implementation of educational

programs to pinpoint accurately their comparative advantage as well as their weaknesses.
“Comparative insights can provide a broad perspective, which is valuable even in purely
national inquiries. The experiences, both positive and negative, of other countries and
other academic systems can inform policy making and scholarly research” (Altbach,
1988:66).
__________________________
This study was funded by the Philippine APEC Study Center Network (PASCN).
7
Benchmarking of educational programs is in line with the Philippine APEC Study Center
Network’s (PASCN) educational objectives which includes “assessment studies on
higher education clusters of disciplines to identify significant weaknesses or problems of
present programs / curricula and determine how they can be improved.” (PASCN
Research Agenda 1999)
The same need is expressed in the Philippine Commission on Higher Education’s (in
Laurente, PJN July-Dec 1998) ideas on educating nurses in the light of rapid
advancement in knowledge and technology:
(1) The need to establish global networks of higher education institutions to

facilitate information exchange and faculty / student mobility.
(2) The need for mechanisms to establish international comparability of academic
credits and mutual recognition of these credits and academic credentials
(10) World-class standards in education require world-class faculty and
facilities and therefore the need for cost-effective management resources.
Nursing and Maritime, among others, are courses essential to the country’s economic
development. All around the globe, Filipino health and medical specialists are looking
after the health of millions of people. As an archipelago, the country is populated by
people involved in seafaring and other sea-related activities. Data gathered in this study
will also provide baseline information on the present state of maritime and nursing
programs in the Philippines. Benchmarking these two courses with best practices in the
APEC region will bring awareness of their competitive advantage, which could lead to
ways and means of enhancing their competence in order to contribute more concretely
and significantly to the country and to the Asia-Pacific community.
Recommendations from this study can lead to concrete measures which can aid
curriculum designers and policy legislators in their objective of upgrading higher
education to international standards. Official results can be published in the form of a
monograph that can be used by government officials, HEI administrators all over the
country, PASCN and other Educational Information Centers in the APEC region.
NURSING EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
The Philippine Nursing Law, R.A. 877 was amended by the Philippine Nursing Act of
1991, R.A. 7164. The Law provides for the scope of nursing practice and specifies that
for a nurse to be professional, he or she must acquire a Bachelor of Science in Nursing
degree, be physically and mentally fit and secure a license to practice nursing in the
country. Effective 1983, only one basic educational program in nursing exists: the four-
year collegiate program leading to the Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree. The basic
three-year-hospital-based program leading to the title “Nursing Graduate” has been
phased out (Venzon, 1992:4).
The BSN curriculum aims to produce a full functioning nurse who has: (1) developed a
sensitive awareness to the health needs of society as well as commitment to the
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alleviation of problems arising therefrom, (2) acquired the necessary skills, knowledge
and attitudes for the promotion of health, prevention of illness, restoration of health and
alleviation of suffering, and (3) developed a research attitude through the use of the
nursing process. Such attitude, among others, leads to the utilization of research findings
(Venzon, 196-197).
There are nine fields of nursing in general: Hospital or Institutional nursing, Public
Health Nursing or Community health Nursing, Private Duty or Special Duty Nursing,
Industrial or Occupational Health Nursing, Nursing Education, Military Nursing, School
Nursing, Clinic Nursing and Independent Nursing Practice. The 170 nursing institutions
(Philippine Journal of Nursing Education, Vol 6 No. 1, 1996) throughout the country turn
out thousands of nurses every year.
A study conducted by Thelma Corcega and colleagues in 1999 on the supply and demand
of nurses in the Philippines revealed that “In 1998, there was an estimated 323,490
registered nurses but the reported demand for nurses was only 178,045, 84.75% of which
was demand from international markets” (UP Manila Journal Vol. 5 No. 1, 2000, p. 1).
Table 1a shows the number of students enrolled, the rate of increase / decrease in 66
nursing schools (1987-1996) by academic year and the number of graduates from 1990 to
1997.
Table 1: Total enrollment and rate of increase / decrease from 1987-1996*
School Year Total Enrollment Rate of Increase / No. of Graduates**

Decrease
1987-88 35,687
1988-89 45,027 26.17%
1989-90 50,016 11.08%
1990-91 56,215 12.39% 21,046
1991-92 62,106 10.48% 23,889
1992-93 55,524 -10.60% 28,832
1993-94 51,874 -6.57% 27,719
1994-95 46,265 -10.81% 26,606
1995-96 35,866 -2.25% 17,928
1996-97 8,904
Source: T. Corcega, M. Lorenzo, J. Yabes, B. Dela Merced, K. Vales. Nurse Supply and Demand in the Philippines.
UP Manila Journal Vol. 5 No. 1, 2000, Jan-June p. 1
* 1998-97 data from original source not included in this table
** Source: Information Section, Information and Publication Division, Office of Policy, Planning, Research and
Information, Commission on Higher Education, Pasig City November 2001
In 1993, the number of nursing graduates reached the highest in seven years, with a total
of 28,889. Unfortunately, the number slowly diminished in the next two years and then
suddenly dropped to as low as 8,904 in 1997. These figures do not seem to support
Corcega’s conclusion that there is surplus of nursing graduates in the country. The same
study however, confirms that the demand from international market is high, reaching
84.75% of the 178,045 demand for nurses.
9
Nursing graduates from state colleges and universities are required to render at least one
year of nursing service in the country before they are allowed to leave for overseas jobs,
as required by per R.A. 7164 Section 4 (f). Every year, the number of nurses employed
abroad constantly increases.
Table 2: Filipino Nurses Deployed Abroad from 198-2000
Inclusive year Professional Nurses Average Nursing Personnel Total

Annual
Increase: 822
Jan-Oct 2000 6,236 823 No data 6,236
Jan-Dec 1999 5,413 822 559 5,972
Jan-Dec 1998 4,591 - 808 5,399
Total 16,240 1,367 17,607
Source: Annual Employment Report, POEA 1998
Table 2 reveals that a total of 16,240 Filipino nurses have been deployed abroad from
1998 to 2000. There were 13,608 professional nurses and 1,714 nursing personnel
deployed to Saudi Arabia and 3,177 to United Kingdom. All of these nurses are graduates
of nursing institutions throughout the country.
The figures above indicate that Filipino nurses who earned their degree from the
Philippines are recognized abroad. However, the extent to which they remain competitive
in this fast changing world is the accountability of quality education.
MARITIME EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
The first maritime institution in the Philippines was established in 1820. This institution
is now known as the Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA) located in San
Narciso, Zambales. To date, there is a total of 118 maritime institutions all over the
country. These institutions have produced thousands of seafarers over the years. POEA
reports that in 1995, the total number of employed Filipino seafarers has reached
153,815.
Beginning February 1997, member-countries of the International Maritime Organization

(IMO), including the Philippines, are required to comply with the provisions of the
STCW Convention 78/95. However, only 50 institutions meet the STCW requirements at
present (Valisno, 2001).
10
Table 3: Seafarers Employed Onboard Foreign-going Vessels
Level 1996 1997 1999 Average Annual

Increase
Deck Cadets 52,681 61,265 66,649 6,984
Engine Cadets 76,998 80,847 81,082 2,042
total 9,026
Source: Annual Employment Report, POEA 1998
The table above shows that every year, 9,026 graduates from 118 maritime schools
throughout the country join the seafarers employed onboard foreign-going vessels. These
graduates of BS Marine Transportation and BS Marine Engineering enter the work force
as deck and engine cadets. With these figures tat continue to escalate, the Philippines has
earned a reputation as “the manning capital of the world.”
As it were, graduates of nursing and maritime in the Philippines contribute to global

development through the service they render. However, the extent to which they remain
competitive, given the increasing demands of the global market, is the accountability of
quality education.
Part II
A. Conceptual Framework of the Study
The challenge of international comparability and standards have to be taken seriously if

our country is determined to be an active member of the APEC. Despite the gap between
the financial resources of Philippine universities and those abroad, it is inevitable to do
quality assurance as well as international benchmarking because comparative insights can
provide a broad perspective, inform policy making, guide decision making and produce
scholarly research. If the time and resources poured into the implementation of
educational programs such as maritime and nursing are effective, the country will have a
strong human capital that is able to bring about the desired level of social and economic
development essential to the building of the APEC community.
A number of studies have been conducted on maritime and nursing education in the
Philippines but no benchmarking with proper documentation has been done to compare
these educational programs with international standards.
11
On Benchmarking
Progressive companies in the United States began doing benchmarking in the late 1970s,
after Xerox had used it and has proven that it to be an effective process of “finding and
implementing best practice with the reason to improve work processes that will satisfy
customers” (Loveday, 1993:43). The benefits to be derived from benchmarking,
according to Xerox, are shown in Figure 1:
Figure 1: Benchmarking, with and without
Without Benchmarking With Benchmarking

Internal focus External, competitive focus
“Not invented here” Breakthrough ideas and learning
“Gut feel” decision Fact-based decisions
Evolutionary change Revolutionary change
Industry lagged Industry leader
Source: Boxwell, R. (1994). Benchmarking for Competitive Advantage. NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
With benchmarking, Xerox company became more focused on external competitiveness,

made a breakthrough on ideas and learning, based it decisions on facts, committed itself
to revolutionary change and arose as a leader in the industry. Since the xerox experience,
benchmarking has become more popular in the United States, aiming
to tap into (the) tremendous pool of knowledge so that knowledge- the collective
learning and experience of others- can be used by those who wish to improve their
own organizations. Benchmarking is becoming so widely practiced in the US for
three primary reasons: (a) it is a more efficient way to make improvements, (b) it
helps organizations make improvements faster and (c) it has the potential to bring
corporate America’s collective performance up significantly (Boxwell, 1994:19-
20).
In today’s academic world, learning institutions should operate amidst a wide market that
involves the community, business sector, and government within a knowledge and
technology-driven society. Realizing this, some have “borrowed” from the corporate
world strategies for reform such as Strategic or Long-range Planning and Total Quality
Management (TQM). These tools provided them framework through which
administrators could face-up to issues and challenges confronting them in educational
management.
Following the Xerox benchmarking experience, the United Kingdom Higher Education
Institutions followed suit in order to pursue better understanding and measurement of
their practices and performance to promote improvement:
Public confidence in the academic standards of an institution is dependent on

robust mechanisms for self-deregulation and external quality assurance. As
higher education markets become more sophisticated, there is a need to provide
information that will enable degree outcomes to be compared and differentiated ...
Benchmarking is being developed to improve the capacity of Higher Education to
12
demonstrate more transparent levels of comparability and difference between
awards in different institutions and subjects . . . (It) provides a vehicle for sharing
practice within functional communities, identifying smarter ways of doing things
and new solutions to common problems and identifying ways of reducing costs
while optimizing the quality of service offered to students and other clients
(Jackson, N. & Lund, H., 2000:5).
In Australia, the Higher Education Innovations Programme produced a manual entitled

Benchmarking: A Manual for Australian Universities in November 1999
(DETYA:2000:15). The manual identified nine broad areas of university activities for
benchmarking, which are a mix of processes and outcomes: (1) governance, planning and
management, (2) external impact, (3) finance and physical structure, (4) learning and
teaching, (5) student support, (6) library and information services, (7) internationalization
and (8) staff.
In the United States, a number of companies have emerged such as Educational

Benchmarking, Inc. (EBI),“the premiere provider of student satisfaction benchmarking
services for management education and the housing professions . . . to contribute to the
assessment and continuous improvement efforts of education programs” (EBI Studies,
1999). Among the benchmarking projects it is presently undertaking are: management
education, engineering, teacher education, college and university unions, fraternities and
sororities and residence halls.
U.S. News and World Report, Inc. ranks America’s Best Colleges and Courses using
seven indicators to capture academic quality: (1) academic reputation, (2) retention, (3)
faculty resources, (4) student selectivity, (5) financial resources, (6) graduation rate
performance, and (7) alumni giving rate. Associations such as the American Association
of Colleges of Nursing, likewise do their own benchmarking,. Standards are set through
Associations and higher education institutions. To mention a few, the ANCI National
Nursing Competency Standards and the Aurora University School of Nursing statement
of Performance Standards. Singapore Nursing Board, on its part, have set the Standards
for Nursing Education to address the changing health and education systems and ensure
that educational programmes are designed to facilitate a competent standard of nursing
practice. These standards cover the following areas: organization and administration,
curriculum, facilities and resources, learner and learning and teacher and teaching (US
News and World Report, June 2001: Nursing Education).
The Place of Benchmarking in the Asia-Pacific Region
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an organization of 18 economies that

border the Pacific Ocean. It aims to provide economic growth, development and
improved living standards in the Asia-Pacific region and the world through cooperation
on trade and other issues (APEC Education Forum, Document No. 9, 1999). Asia-Pacific
is exceptionally diverse and varied in demography, religion, culture, ethnicity and
education, “with the most populous nations existing alongside small states and the region
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including not only some of the fastest growing and wealthiest nations but also some of
the poorest” (Declaration on Higher Education in Asia and the Pacific, 1997:1).
In APEC’s aim of human capacity building, education plays a key role. “Education in the
21st century will be the determining factor in shaping the way we live, the values our
societies wish to preserve and the levels of success each of our economies within APEC
will strive for and maintain” (APEC EDNET, Document No. 1, 2000). The organization
therefore created the APEC Education Forum (EdFor) in 1992 to signify the desire
among members to continue to work cooperatively to exchange information and persons
on education topics of mutual interest. In January 2000, EdFor was renamed Education
Network (EDNET) “to foster strong and vibrant learning systems across APEC
economies, promote education for all and strengthen the role of education in promoting
social, individual and economic development (APEC EDNET, Document 1, 2000).
In the APEC Educational Forum held on August 6, 1992, the Educational Ministers and
other senior education officials from Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, People’s
Republic of China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, Philippines,
Taipei, Thailand and the United States, identified common educational needs for
students. These are:
1. To develop a strong skills foundation in literacy and numeracy

2. To learn to reason and solve problems
3. To develop an international perspective as well as an understanding and appreciation
of their own and other cultures
4. To become familiar with technologies that can make human interaction with nature
and knowledge more fruitful
5. To learn to work cooperatively with others
With these in mind, the Ministers drew out priority areas for cooperative activities, such
as:
- comparative studies of existing standard for curriculum content and assessment of

student performance against these standards;
- exploration of ways of encouraging recognition of qualifications across the region;
- exchange of skilled human resources in ways that do not drain such resources from
the economies in which they are most needed;
- identification of promising ways for students to learn more about the languages,
cultures, people, geography and history of other APEC participants, thus potentially
increasing mutual understanding within the region (APEC Education Forum
Document no. 1, 1992).
Benchmarking can be of particular interest to the local HEIs because through this,
national standards can be aligned with international standards. Its results can challenge
HEIs to better respond to the demands of the global market. Certainly, it can also
encourage national harmonization of standards and regulation. As Altbach (1988) has
clearly put it, comparative insights from benchmarking can provide a broad perspective,
14
which is valuable even in purely national inquiries. The experiences, both positive and
negative, of other countries and other academic systems can inform decision making,
policy making and scholarly research.
B. Survey of Related Studies
The 1,293 HEIs all over the country are expected to produce the desired quality and
number of high-level manpower to achieve global competitiveness and the socio-
economic success the country is aiming for. In 1999, International Skill Development
(ISD) deployed a total of 3,089 workers abroad in major occupational categories in the
levels of professional, technical, managerial, clerical, sales, services, agricultural and
production process (International Skill Development Philippines Statistical Report Feb.
2000). This could very well be an indicator of the employability of our graduates and the
quality of programs of HEIs. However, a closer look would show that the Filipino
overseas workers land jobs far below their educational credentials.
Comparative Studies of Educational Programs
Tullao (1999) compared the curricular Programs and Licensing Requirements of Selected
Professions of Philippine Higher Education Institutions and other countries in the
ASEAN Region. This includes accountancy, civil engineering, teacher education,
electrical engineering, industrial engineering, nursing, architecture, law, pharmacy and
general medicine. His study revealed that “In spite of the inadequacies of the educational
system, the curricular offerings of the various professions are comparable with
international standards at least in the ASEAN region (p.39).”
Nebres (1997) presented some studies done on the international comparability and mutual
recognition of credentials at the World Congress on Higher Education held in Manila in
1997. Among those cited were the work of UNESCO, the European Experience and
efforts in the mobility of professionals across the Asia-Pacific. A document dated
December 1995 prepared by the APEC Human Resource Development Working Group,
which was the result of a meeting held in Seoul in June 1994 identified the work to be in
two stages:
Stage 1 involves the collection and collation of information on current

requirements for professional recognition arrangements in accountancy,
engineering and surveying.
Stage 2 focuses on involving professional and/or regulatory bodies in the region

in agreeing to appropriate bilateral arrangements on the mutual recognition of
professional qualifications (p. 214).
In the said paper, Nebres likewise mentioned the Southeast Asia Regional Computer
Confederation (SEARCC), an association of 12 national computer societies from
15
countries in the region that sought to initiate the certification of the Information
Technology Professional (p.216).
Manalang’s Promise and Performance, Balmores (1990) measured the quality of Higher
Education in the Philippines using “nine indicators categorized in five areas such as (1)
student quality; (2) faculty quality; (3) library quality; (4) financial capability; and (5)
institutional size which is measured by class size and faculty-student ratio” (p.156). On
the basis of his findings, Balmores concludes
. . . the majority of tertiary institutions in the Philippines need to improve on their

capability to deliver quality education. Evidently, priority areas point to the
improvement of the teaching force, admission policies and library resources. This
requires funding; thus, improving the institutions’ capability to generate financial
resources is a must. Unless these areas are improved, Philippine higher education
will not be able to perform well in the delivery of quality education (p.182).
The Task Force on Higher Education for the Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
published in 1995 an analysis of the PRC board examinations for the period 1987-1992
which appeared in the book, Philippine Higher Education in the 21st Century, (Qtd. in
Arcelo, 2000).
Studies on Nursing Education
Nursing graduates are finding a strong market, especially those who have the most
education and advanced skills. While nursing schools estimate that an average of 72
percent of entry-level bachelor’s degree students had jobs waiting upon graduation
between 1996 and 1997, that number was 94 percent of master’s degree graduates and 86
percent of students graduating from master’s degree nurse practitioner programs,
according to the latest survey by the American Association of Colleges and Nursing
(AACN). A surge in openings of front-line primary care centers, an increasing older
population and the growing needs of more patients with chronic and acute illness have
led the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to predict that Registered Nurses(RN) will see
the fastest employment growth of any occupation through 2006. By that year, BLS
projects, job opportunities for RNs will climb as much as 21 percent, compared to only
14 percent for all occupations nationwide (AACN Issue Bulletin February 1998).
Today’s increasing need for bachelor’s and graduate-prepared nurses, particularly for
emergency, operating room, critical care, and other key clinical specialties in acute-care
and long-term-care settings, is being spurred by a host of converging factors, among
these:
o An increasing elderly population;

o Growing numbers of hospitalized patients who are older and more acutely ill;
16
o Expanding opportunities for nurses in front-line primary care, HMOs, home care,
outpatient surgical centers, and other settings as more health care moves beyond
the hospital to other sites throughout the community;
o Increased recruiting of nurses by managed care firms, pharmaceutical companies
and information technology companies;
o Expanded career opportunities for women, who comprise 94 percent of all RNs;
and
o Technological advances requiring more highly skilled nursing personnel
Moreover, with the average age of registered nurses currently at 44, up from 40 in 1980,
high numbers of RN retirements are projected in the next 10 to 15 years (AACN News
Releases, February 2000)
The Philippine Journal of Nursing is published bi-annually. It publishes theses and

dissertation findings, papers read at conferences and articles relevant to nursing practice.
In one issue, Mo-Im Kim (PJN 1997, Jan-June) observed that “nurses are working in all
health care settings at different capacities.” Since the nurses are “the most vital
manpower in health care system,” their skills should include supervision and
management, data recording and processing, strategic planning, economics of health care,
policy formulation and even political processes (Maglakas in PJN 1997, Jan-June).
The UP Manila Journal has published two major articles that presents important data on
nursing education: “Nurse supply and demand in the Philippines” by Corcega T.,
Lorenzo, M. et.al. and “Mapping up UP Manila’s academic programs: perceptions of
faculty and alumni” by Abadingo, L., Laurente, C. et.al. Corcega, et.al. in their article,
concludes tat “Demand for Filipino nurses (depend) on international and local market.
Demand in international market varies from period to period . . . .” (2000, p. 7).
Abadingo’s study sought to analyze the strengths of the program despite the downsizing
in enrollment in certain programs in the health sciences in UP Manila.
Studies on Maritime Education
Arcelo (2000) published a comparative study of the results of the deck and marine engine
licensure examinations from 1994 to 1998. Results of his study show that a select number
of institutions keep on recurring as the top performers. Top five in his study include the
following institutions: Philippine Merchant Marine Academy, Mariner’s Polytechnic
Colleges Foundation, FEATI University, Mariner’s Polytechnic Colleges and John B.
Lacson Colleges Foundation (Bacolod). Arcelo claims that in the maritime industry, the
question of quality is no longer a debatable topic. It is rather a matter of necessity.
Higher training standards are mandated by the tremendous advances in

technology. In international shipping, stringent measures have been adopted to
assure operational safety and professional competence. Compliance to these
measures is obligatory to all signatories to the covenant, of whom the Philippines
17
is one. This fact explains the efforts of the local maritime regulatory agencies and
the schools to achieve an uncompromising attitude toward quality upgrading. A
flurry of seminars and workshops has cropped up in recent months to induce
world-class training and global competitiveness (p.40).
The Maritime Training Council (MTC) commissioned the University of Asia and the
Pacific (UA&P) to conduct a nationwide survey of maritime schools and training centers
primarily to generate benchmark information on Philippine maritime education, training
and certification. The results of the survey were used as input in the assessment and
upgrade of existing standards consistent with the revised Standards of Training,
Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW). An article was published by
Basilio and Reyes (1996) in the Economic Policy Papers entitled The revised STCW
Convention and Philippine Maritime Education.
A study of the performance of maritime schools in the PRC board examinations was
conducted in 1988 and presented at the DECS-FAPE-PAMI Joint Conference on
Maritime Education on January 26-28, 1989 in Iloilo City entitled “Maritime Education
Status: Prospects and Challenges.” It was published in John B. Lacson Colleges
Foundation’s Maritime Education Review, SY 1989-90.
Definition of Terms
APEC Institutions are those maritime and nursing institutions situated in an APEC-
economy in the Asia-Pacific Region
Local Institutions are those maritime institutions situated in the Philippines
Institution is the term used for all of the universities, colleges, polytechnics and
academies in this study.
Best practices are those educational procedures, activities and endeavors common to all
maritime and nursing institutions in the APEC region as indicated by academic context,
teaching and learning, research and extension.
18
C. The Study
This study adopted Jackson’s (1998) definition of benchmarking as a process to facilitate

the systematic comparison and evaluation of practice, process and performance to aid
improvement and self-regulation.
It was the aim of the study to benchmark educational practices in Philippine maritime and
nursing institutions with best practices in the APEC Region. It was not intended to rank
the respondent institutions in any way.
This study looked into the input, process and output of maritime and nursing education.
The benchmarking activities were focused on the quality of inputs to the educational
process, the quality of the process itself and the quality of the outputs from the process.
Quality is here defined as fitness for purpose. To determine the quality of education
delivered by the local Higher Education Institutions, performance indicators such as (a)
academic context and equity, (b) teaching and learning and (c) research and extension,
were studied and compared to the best practices in similar institutions in the APEC
region. Table 4 shows the framework for benchmarking the quality of education in
selected institutions of maritime and nursing education.
Table 4: Input-Process-Output Framework

for Benchmarking the Quality of Education
INPUTS PROCESSES OUTPUTS

Students Induction Students
Admission requirements, Vision-mission statement Employment, strengths,
Entry profiles, foreign Description of curricula weaknesses, areas of
students, drop-outs, and assessment, program excellence
licensure exam passing offerings, curriculum Staff
rate, full-load, population Teaching and Learning Research, publications,
Staff Teaching materials and methods, extension work
Qualifications, expertise, effectiveness, innovations.
status, compensation, apprenticeship placement
faculty development, Student guidance and support
conferences, seminars, Handbook / brochures, career
workshops, consultancy advice, project supervision
work Student record system
Physical resources Recording and reporting
Physical capacity, Achievement
facilities, equipment Management and administrative
Financial resources systems, personnel, administrators’
Budget allocation, qualifications, scope of responsibility,
sources of funds, tuition, experience, personnel
scholarship grants Review and evaluation
External inputs Processes
Affiliation, employers’ Faculty evaluation, student
involvement Feedback, peer review, employer
Feedback accreditation
Source: Jackson, N & Lund, H. (2000). Benchmarking for Higher Education. Buckingham: Open University
Press. P. 33.
19
The table above shows the Input-Process-Output Framework for benchmarking the
quality of education incorporating the components of the three performance indicators.
Input refers to the students’ characteristics upon entry, the staff’s qualifications,
appointments and preparations for teaching and development. Physical and financial
resources are likewise considered inputs, as well as external factors such as employers
and external facilities or equipment. Process is indicated by the capabilities and systems
used by the HEI to achieve results such as induction to the program, the design of
curricula and assessment, all of the teaching strategies employed, the student guidance
and support systems, student record systems, management and administrative systems
and the review and evaluation processes such as peer, students and employer feedback.
Outputs from the educational process are determined through the students’ completion
rates and employability, the staff’s teaching, administration and research productivity.
Part III
Methodology
advantage of local institutions in the areas specified.
To determine the quality of education delivered by the local Higher Education

Institutions, performance indicators such as (a) academic context and equity, (b) teaching
and learning and (c) research and extension, were studied and compared to the best
practices in similar institutions in the APEC region. The Input-process-output framework
was used to benchmark 12 performance indicators: (1) students, (2) staff, (3) physical
resources, (4) financial resources, (5) external outputs, (6) induction, (7) curricula, (8)
teaching and learning, (9) student guidance and support, (10) student record system, (11)
management and administrative systems, (12) review and evaluation processes.
Specifically, the benchmarking study attempted to:
1. Analyze educational practices in maritime and nursing in Philippine Institutions

using as indicators the Inputs, Processes and Outputs Framework;
2. Examine educational practices in similar programs in the APEC region using the
same indicators;
3. Determine the comparative advantage of maritime and nursing education in
Philippine institutions by benchmarking them with best practices in the APEC
region;
20
Sources of Data
The research locale comprised of accredited maritime and nursing institutions in the
Philippines and similar programs in selected APEC countries that are members of
international professional associations. Tables 5 and 6 show the list of respondent-
institutions.
Table 5: List of Respondent Nursing Institutions

in the Philippines and in the APEC region
Philippines Asia-Pacific Region

University of the Philippines, Manila AUSTRALIA
Ateneo de Zamboanga, Zamboanga City Australian Catholic University
St. Louis University, Baguio City University of Western Sydney
Silliman University, Dumaguete City HONG KONG
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
JAPAN
Keio Junior College of Nursing
KOREA
Seoul National University
Hallym University
SINGAPORE
Nanyang Polytechnic
TAIWAN
National Yang-Ming University
National Taiwan University
USA
Catholic University of America
University of California Los Angeles
University of Hawaii
Table 6: List of Respondent Maritime Institutions

in the Philippines and in the APEC Region

Philippine Merchant Marine Academy AUSTRALIA
Asian Institute of Maritime Studies Australian Maritime College, Tasmania
John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation, Iloilo City HONGKONG
University of Cebu Maritime Education Hong Kong Polytechnic University
MALAYSIA
Maritime Academy Malaysia
SINGAPORE
Singapore Maritime Academy
Ngee Ann Polytechnic
TAIWAN
National Taiwan University, Taipei
USA
California Maritime Academy, CA, USA
21
Selection Criteria
Of the 170 nursing institutions in the Philippines, four were chosen, one from each of the
following regions: NCR, CAR, 7 and 9. Table 6 shows that four Philippine nursing
institutions were selected for the study. Three are accredited by PAASCU and have been
designated Centers of Excellence by the Commission on Higher Education. The fourth
respondent is the oldest nursing institution in the country, and is situated in the Manila. It
is also a public state university. The Local Institutions were selected for their status as top
performing public and private nursing institutions as proven by their records in the
Nursing Board Examination.
Table 6 shows that the three Philippine maritime institutions are accredited by
PACUCOA. The fourth respondent-institution is situated in the capital of the country,
Manila and is on its way to accreditation. Local Institutions were selected for their status
as top performing public and private maritime institutions as proven by their records in
the Maritime Licensure Examination from 1983 to 1993. These institutions are accredited
by local accrediting agencies and are Standards of Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) compliant.
Twelve institutions in the Asia-Pacific region were selected for the study on the basis of
their comparability to Philippine nursing institutions in terms of academic context,
teaching and learning, research and extension, and their educational set-up and standing
from which our local nursing institutions can learn.
Seven maritime institutions in the Asia-Pacific region were selected as respondents on the
basis of their membership in the International Association of Maritime Universities
(IAMU). The other participating institutions, Hong Kong Polytechnic University,
Singapore Polytechnic, Ngee Ann Polytechnic and Maritime Academy Malaysia are the
prime and government-supported Maritime Institutions in their respective countries.
California Maritime Academy was selected for its involvement in maritime education in
the Philippines through Philippine Merchant Marine Academy. Also considered was their
comparability to Philippine maritime institutions in terms of academic context, teaching
and learning, research and extension, their willingness to cooperate in the study and their
educational set-up and standing from which our local maritime institutions can learn.
Instrumentation
Since the study is quasi-qualitative in nature, observations, interviews and data gathered
through questionnaires were used. One set of questionnaire was administered to
administrators and another set to three full-time faculty members. Part I of the
Questionnaires asked questions about the personal profile of the respondent. Part II
elicited answers to questions pertaining to academic context and equity, teaching and
learning and research and extension. Table 7 shows the data collection plan.
22
Table 7: Data requirement and Source of information
INDICATOR DATA REQUIREMENT INFORMATION

SOURCE
Academic Context and Equity Institution: type , income tuition fee, Administrator’s
(including equivalent full-time vision and mission, admi ssion report
faculty; equivalent full-time requirements, affiliations and Teacher’s report
academic support staff ratio; accreditation, physical capacity, Brochures
equivalent FT student load; personnel, facilities, budget On-site observation
Student-faculty ratio; derivation allocation, foreign students, Electronic data
of income; academic activity scholarship grants, strengths and
costs per student; faculty gender weaknesses
ratio; student gender ratio; Program Offerings, curriculum
socioeconomic status of entering Apprenticeship placement
student)
Teaching and Learning Administrator: qualifications, scope of Brochures
(including teaching quality, responsibility, experience in Administrator’s
program completion rate, higher management report
degree productivity rate; graduate Teacher: qualifications, expertise, status Teachers’ report
employment) Teacher: teaching materials, teaching Electronic data
methods Faculty evaluation
Faculty development program
Student: full-load, population, drop-outs,
licensure exam, area of excellence, strengths,
weaknesses
Graduates: employment
Research and Extension Research Administrator’s
(including number and value of Publications report
research grants, publication rates, Conferences / seminars/ workshops Teacher’s report
productivity rates for other Extension work
scholarly works (software,
recordings, patents), consultancy
and extension services)
Data Gathering
Survey of the institutions was done in four ways: through (A) Site-visit, interview and
questionnaire, (B) Questionnaire and printed material (C) Electronic Data and (D) Site
visit and Electronic Data.
Table 8: Data Gathering Modes and Sources of Data
Data Gathering Mode SOURCES OF DATA

A Site-visit, Questionnaire & Printed Materials
B Questionnaire & Printed Materials
C Electronic Data
D Site Visit, Electronic Data
Data gathered through the sets of questionnaire were supplemented with actual
interviews, via telephone and / or e-mail. Site visit to some participating institutions was
done locally and internationally. Previous research and articles of academics in the APEC
region were explored. Experts in the field of education were consulted as the need arose.
23
Data were likewise gathered from school documents, professional associations, human
resource exporters, ministries of education, annual reports, scholarly journals and some
educational information centers in the APEC Region. Electronic materials were also
utilized.
Table 9. Nursing Institutions by

Geographic Distribution and by Data Collection Mode

Mode A Mode A
University of the Philippines, Manila Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HK
Mode B Mode B
Ateneo de Zamboanga, Zamboanga City American Catholic University, USA
St. Louis University, Baguio City University of California Los Angeles, USA Australian
Silliman University, Dumaguete City Catholic University, Australia
Mode C
University of Western Sydney, Australia
Keio Junior college of Nursing, Japan
Seoul National University, Korea
Hallym University, Korea
National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
University of Hawaii, USA
Mode D
Nanyang Polytechnic, Singapore
National Taiwan University, Taipei
Among the local nursing institutions, (A) Site-visit observations, interview and
questionnaire were used with the University of the Philippines while (B) Questionnaire
and printed materials were used with Ateneo de Zamboanga University, St. Louis
University and Silliman University. Data collection from the APEC institution was
likewise conducted in four modes: (A) Site-visit observations, interview, questionnaire
were used with Hong Kong Polytechnic University. (B) Questionnaire and printed
materials were used with Australia Catholic University and University of California Los
Angeles. (C) Electronic data were collected for University of Western Sydney, Keio
Junior college of Nursing (Japan), Seoul National University (Korea), Hallym University
(Korea), National Yang-Ming University (Taiwan), and University of Hawaii, USA. (D)
Site visit and Electronic data were used for Nanyang Polytechnic and National Taiwan
University.
Invitation to participate in the study was extended to Nanyang Polytechnic and National
Taiwan University. However, due to administrative leadership, language barrier and one
institution’s commitment to other priorities during the academic year the study was
conducted, the said institutions have declined the invitation. The option taken was to use
the respective institutions’ Website Information to support the researcher’s observations
during site visit. Chulalongkorn University in Thailand has expressed desire to participate
in the study but was not able to submit the data requirements on time. In cases where the
institution could not accomplish the questionnaire, electronic data were gathered, which
24
were limited to Vision and Mission Statement, training equipment and facilities,
admission requirements, program and course offerings, and some institutional
administrative data.
Table 10: Maritime Institutions by Geographic Distribution

Philippines Asia-Pacific region

Mode A Mode A
Philippine Merchant Marine Academy Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HK
National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Asian Institute of Maritime Studies Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore
Singapore Maritime Academy, Singapore
Mode B
John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation, Iloilo City Mode B
Australian Maritime College
University of Cebu Maritime Education Tasmania, Australia
Mode C
California Maritime Academy, CA, USA
Maritime Academy Malaysia
Among the local maritime institutions, (A) Site-visit observations, interview,

questionnaire and printed materials were used with Philippine Merchant Marine
Academy and Asian Institute of Maritime Studies. (B) Questionnaire and printed
materials were used with University of Cebu and John B. Lacson Foundation. Among
the APEC maritime institutions, (A) Site-visit observations, interview and questionnaire
were used with Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Singapore Maritime Academy (in
Singapore Polytechnic University) and Ngee Ann Polytechnic, National Taiwan
University. (B) Questionnaire and printed materials were used with Australian Maritime
College. (C) Electronic data were collected for Korea Maritime University, Kobe Univ.
of Mercantile Marine, Maritime Academy Malaysia and California Maritime Academy.
Invitation to participate in the study was extended to Korea Maritime University, Kobe
Univ. of Mercantile Marine (Japan), Maritime Academy Malaysia and California
Maritime Academy. However, due to current political changes, language barrier and one
institution’s commitment to other priorities during the academic year the study was
conducted, the said institutions have declined the invitation.
Data Analysis
Data gathered through observation, interviews, questionnaire and printed materials were
organized, described and interpreted. Analysis was guided by the Input-Process-Output
Framework. Educational practices in the local institutions were subjected to comparative
analysis with best practices in similar institution in the Asia-Pacific region. Finally, the
data collected were critically analyzed within the context of quality education.
25
Part IV
Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis of Data
NURSING
The survey covered BS Nursing in four institutions in the Philippines and thirteen in the
APEC region: Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and the
USA. Table 9 shows the distribution of these nursing institutions. Data gathered through
the sets of questionnaire are analyzed according to inputs, processes and outputs, with 12
performance indicators: (1) students, (2) staff, (3) physical resources, (4) financial
resources, (5) external outputs, (6) induction, (7) curricula, (8) teaching and learning, (9)
student guidance and support, (10) student record system, (11) management and
administrative systems, (12) review and evaluation processes.
A. INPUTS
1. Students
The local institutions require of their applicants good moral character, good scholastic
high school records and passing mark in the institution’s Entrance Examination. The
APEC institutions require passing mark in the national examination such as Scholastic
Aptitude Test (SAT) and Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (HKALE).
Two out of the four local institutions have four scholars from Australia in 1999. Seoul
has 44 foreign students enrolled whereas Japan has educated a total of 567 foreign
students from the US, Canada, Germany, Denmark, UK, Mongolia, Taiwan, Australia,
France, Malaysia, Indonesia, Burma and China. Hawaii is the most multicultural among
all the countries. It has the following distribution of foreign students: Caucasian: 20
percent, Japanese: 20 percent, Filipino: 15 percent and other nationals: 32 percent.
Table 11 shows the student-population by course and the number of graduates and drop-
outs in the local and APEC institutions. The table reveals that the number of students per
course increase every year by at least 10 percent in both local and APEC institutions.
Similarity is seen in the big number of enrollees: local institutions have students
numbering from 50 to 683 whereas APEC institutions accommodate from 658 to 2528
students. Hong Kong Polytechnic University maintains small size with a maximum of 46
students in the Bachelors program and 121 in the Diploma program.
26
Table 11: Student-population by Course, Number of Graduates
and Drop-outs from 1997 to 1999
INSTITUTION COURSES STUDENT Graduates Drop Outs

POPULATION
1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999
University of the
Philippines BS Nursing 257 189 203 74 37 27 3 10 11
Ateneo de
Zamboanga BS Nursing 348 326 331 103 85 51
St. Louis
University BS Nursing 683 438 430 191 150 99 495 219 94
Silliman
University BS Nursing 173 100 170 41 61 23
Hong Kong
Polytechnic BS Nursing 50 50 52 39 48 46 0 1
Univ.
UCLA
BS Nursing 136
Catholic Univ. of
America BS Nursing 178 153 135 56 42 35 5 8 3
Seoul National Clinical 2406
University Nursing
Korea
Keio College of
Nursing Japan BS Nursing 608
University of
Hawaii USA BS Nursing 2528
Univ. of Western Health and
Sydney Nepean Nursing 1307 1248 1330 295 321 263
The table also shows that in the past three years, drop-out rate has been very irregular
among the local institutions: at UP, only between 1 and 5 percent dropped out in the past
three years. St. Louis University presents a totally different figure: 75 percent of the
student population in 1997 dropped out, and 50 percent in 1998. This was during the
Asian Financial Crisis. In 1999, however, the figures went down to 20 percent.
Sydney maintains a big number of enrolment from 1307 to 1330 in three years of which,
very few graduate. At the Catholic University of America, the rate of enrolment has gone
down from 178 to 135 in a span of three years. The proportion between the number of
drop outs and the number of graduates shows that only few discontinue with their studies.
In fact, they continue but at a very slow pace.
2. Staff
Local institutions have between 22 and 37 full-time faculty members, each institution
varying from zero to eight PhD degree holders and between seven and 14 MA / MS
degree holders. Very few faculty members are Bachelor’s degree holders. Most faculty
members are working towards their PhD and MA / MS degrees in their own institution in
the area of health and nursing sciences: mental hygiene, psychiatric, maternal and clinical
27
nursing. Full-time teachers have teaching experience ranging from two to 25 years. All of
the teachers are Filipinos.
APEC institutions have between 20 and 49 full-time faculty members. PhD holders in
these institutions number from four to 20. Hong Kong has four PhD graduates in
Psychology and six in Biomedical sciences, 23 MA Nursing graduates and six
Biomedical science graduates. Full-time teachers have teaching experience ranging from
four to 10 years. In Australia, the Head of the respondent School of Nursing is a Filipino
with a BSN from the Philippines. The faculty roster shows that in Australia, America,
Singapore and Hong Kong, the composition of the teaching force is multi-racial.
In local institutions, the monthly compensation of faculty members with MA is between

US$ 148.75 and 372.09. In the APEC region, faculty members with MA are paid between
US$ 4, 126.90 and 5,921.80. The EXCHANGE RATE at the time of ht e survey was: 1
US$ = 43.00 Philippine Peso; 1.70 Australian Dollars; 7.80 Hong Kong Dollars; 1.78
Singaporean Dollars; 30.50 National Taiwan; 1.76 Japan Yen; .52 Australian Dollars.
Faculty Development
Teachers in the local institutions are very much involved in faculty development
programs that come in the form of continuing education and extension services programs.
They are involved either as participant or leader / trainor. Some teachers in the APEC
region are passive when it comes to involvement in faculty development programs
because it demands much time from them.
Attendance in conferences is regarded as faculty development. Local institutions

participate in conferences required by government educational agencies yearly. Some of
the administrators attend international conferences held abroad. In one local institution,
research units are allotted to full-time teachers, where each one produces one research
every year. Research grants are awarded by the Commission on Higher Education,
Department of Science and Technology and health organizations nationally and
internationally.
The APEC institutions send faculty members to local and international conferences
related to nursing organized by the government and international nursing associations.
Research is considered an income-generating activity. The departments within the school
are awarded research grants. Research funds go to the faculty members who undertake
the research and to the department. Hong Kong publishes in English its research outputs
together with other health professors in other Asian countries through the Asian Journal
of Nursing.
3. Physical Resources
All of the local institutions have one campus, occupying a three to four-storey-building
within the university campus. There are between 10 and 257 classrooms within the
respective universities that can accommodate between 40 and 50 students. All of the local
28
institutions share their respective university facilities: laboratories, museum, auditorium,
chapel, library, grandstand, swimming pool, guidance counselor's office, clinic, hospital,
post office, faculty-lounge, computer room, restrooms and canteen. They all offer
student accommodations. Only St. Louis University has a Center for Culture and the
Arts.
Some of the APEC institutions are located in three to six campuses. Like the local
institutions, nursing schools use the university hospital for laboratory and clinical
practice. Most institutions have their own building within the university campus.
Classrooms are shared with other departments. Tutorial classes are held in small rooms
for 20 students. Lectures are held in auditoriums and large classrooms that can
accommodate from 200 to 450 students. All of the APEC institutions have auditorium,
library, grandstand, swimming pool, gym, track oval, faculty room, restrooms and
canteen and student accommodations. Some of them have a Guidance Counselor's Office
and clinic. Not one has a chapel. Seoul has an Experimental farm, an arboretum and a
veterinary hospital whereas Korea has welfare facilities such as broadcasting station,
hospital, museum, university health center and a music room. Hawaii maintains a
learning lab and a simulated hospital, clinic, student lounge, on-line registration, tennis
court and student services
4. Financial Resources
Among the four local nursing institutions, two are privately owned and two are
government-funded (public). The source of income of private institutions is primarily
tuition fees and secondarily donations. The public institutions get government subsidy but
require students to pay for their own uniform and other course accessories, minor
equipment and requirements. Tuition fees range from US$ 288.00 to US$ 300.00 a year
at 24 units per semester. Between 70 and 75 percent of budget allocation in local
institutions go to salaries and professional fees. The rest of the institution’s budget is
allotted for library and teaching materials as well as overhead expenses.
Eleven APEC nursing institutions are government-funded (public) while two are private.
In the US, 43% of the institution funds come from state general funds, 20 percent from
federal funds, 15 percent from tuition, 2 percent from private grants and 20 percent from
other sources. Tuition fees range from US$ 2,928.00 to US$ 5,397.45 a year with
government subsidy and US$ 9,408.00 to 26,180.00 a year without government subsidy
at the average of 24 units per semester. Thirty six percent of budget allocation in APEC
institutions go to instruction in Hawaii. The rest of the institution’s budget is allocated to
research, academic support and students services.
Foreign students and Scholarship Grants
Scholarship grants from internal and external sources are enjoyed by at least 3 percent of
the local students in the private institutions. Scholarship can either be through full or
partial tuition and miscellaneous fees. They, however, have to shoulder expenses for their
29
own uniforms. Some of the external sources of scholarship are private benefactors such
as Fabella Ignacio and Caeserea Tan.
In the APEC region, besides government subsidy, various scholarships are awarded
through private benefactors, alumni association, organizations affiliated with the
institution and some internal scholarships such as academic, faculty and department
scholarships. Hospitals and special nursing organizations also offer scholarship to
students.
5. External Inputs
Three out of four local institutions are accredited by a Philippine Accrediting Agency and
are designated by the Commission on Higher Education as Centers of Excellence in
Nursing Education. They are members of local medical and nursing associations such as
Philippine Nurses Association (PNA), Association of Nursing Services Administrators
(ANSAP) and ADPCN. Silliman University is affiliated with John Hopkins International
Education for Reproductive Health. UP College of Nursing is designated as WHO
Collaborating Center for Nursing Development in Primary Care.
Among the APEC institutions, Nanyang Polytechnic is affiliated with local medical
associations and collaborates with University of Sydney. Australian Catholic University
has collaborative arrangements with the University of Incarnate Word College, Texas;
West Virginia University, USA; Lund University, Sweden; Georgian College and State
University, USA.
B. PROCESSES
6. Induction
Christian development, human formation and service to others are primary to the vision
of the private local institutions. The public nursing institution is committed to human
development to respond to the society’s needs.
The APEC institutions see themselves as part of the state and are therefore committed to
quality education to contribute to the development of the state. It is their vision to be
recognized for excellence internationally by honing in the students both theoretical and
practical aspects of training. The Catholic universities in America and Australia explicitly
state in their Vision the role in preparing the students to have the “ability to reflect upon
and develop Christian values” (ACU) and “understanding the Christian faith within the
context of all forms of human inquiry and values” (CUA).
7. Curricula and Assessment
All of the local institutions surveyed offer BS degree in Nursing taken in four years. The
University of the Philippines (UP) offers PhD and MA in Nursing. Two other institutions
30
offer Masters Degree. Silliman University offers Associate in Health Science Education.
Only UP offers Distance Education for MA Nursing.
All of the APEC institutions offer MS Nursing and BS Nursing. Only some offer PhD.
In Korea, Bachelor of Science in Nursing are offered with various majors: Community
Health, Maternity Health, Pediatric, Adult, Psychiatric Mental Health and Management.
Japan offers both Basic Nursing and Bachelor of Nursing.
Table 12: CURRICULA ACROSS INSTITUTIONS
INSTITUTION CURRICULUM COURSES

DEGREE Years MAJOR CORE COMP OTHERS TOTAL
* UTER
University of the BS Nursing 4 99 70 169
Philippines
Ateneo de BS Nursing 4 104 76 3 18 201
Zamboanga Theology
St. Louis BS Nursing 4 87 84.5 12 183. 5
University Theology
Silliman BS Nursing 4 101 95 6 Religion 196
University 3 Arts
Nanyang Diploma in 3 I= 5 nursing courses 6 hrs / wk + 1 computer
Polytechnic Nursing II= 5 nursing courses + research methods + applied
statistics
III= 5 nursing courses + 1 Nursing project
Hallym University BS Nursing 4 102 41 143
Korea 1 yr Gen. Ed credits
3 yrs major
Keio Junior Basic 98 req’d 125
College of Nursing Nursing 27 elec credits
Japan Program
University of BS Nursing 4 71 24 + 121
Hawaii USA 1 yr Gen. Ed 40 Gen
3 yrs major Ed
University of BS Nursing 3 8 major 4
Western Sydney sems subjects elective
Nepean s
Hong Kong BS Nursing 3 63 9 72
Polytechnic
University
UCLA BS Nursing 3 91 89 180
Australian BS Nursing 3 Nursing practice: 70 credit points; Professional nursing

Catholic Dev: 90 credit points; Science: 100 credit pts. ; Clinical
University practicum: 5 semesters 50 credit points
Electives: Aboriginal Health Issues; Health Promotion;
Info. Mgt in comm. Settings; Transcultural nursing;
Women’s Health Issues; Complementary Nursing
Therapy
* Core: Philosophy, English, Math, Science, History, PE
31
Table 12 reveals that the number of units for major courses in the local institutions range
from 87 to 104. Between 70 and 84 units of core courses are required, where three units
are equivalent to three hours of lecture. These include philosophy, english, math, science,
history and physical education. Only one institution requires a three-unit computer
course. Additional 12 to 18 units of Theology are required in the private institutions. This
totals to a range of 169 to 201 units. In reaction to the present composition of the Nursing
curriculum, Maglacas (PJN 1997 Jan-June) remarked, “nurses need an education and
practice that places emphasis on examining and reviewing critical conditions and
vulnerability that are closely associated with the changes caused by the ongoing
processes of social and economic development and not just on disease-specific
approaches and interventions” (p. 42)
The APEC institutions require three years of study for Bachelors degree with total units
varying from 72 and 180. In the US, three units are equivalent to two hours of lecture and
three hours of laboratory work. Some institutions, such as those in Korea and in the US,
require general education and elective courses. Hong Kong likewise requires four years
of study composed of all nursing courses without general education. Western Sydney
presents the least credit requirement for a Bachelor’s degree: only eight major subjects
and four electives taken in three semesters. Hawaii has interesting new courses in its
curriculum: Essential Oils & Aromatherapy, Meditation, Healing Touch, Yoga for Health
and Wellness, Consumer Health Online, Women and Health, Pain management, Nursing
in the multicultural milieu, Nursing care for HIV infected client, Chronic Illness in
children and adolescents, and Management for health professional. It requires one year of
general education and three years of Nursing proper.
In the US, majority of nursing practitioners have completed 18 months of nursing

programs such as Public Health Nurse Certification and thereafter, are licensed by the
State Board of Registered Nurse. In both the BS and Certificate Programs, self-directed
learning is essential to their skills-based curriculum.
8. Teaching and Learning
The medium of instruction in all of the local institutions is English. Teachers make use of
lecture, lecture-discussion, case studies and field work in teaching. At the University of
the Philippines, the traditional methods of classroom instruction are complemented with
practicum in communities, coaching, mentoring and experiential approaches. It was the
first to offer the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in 1982. At St. Louis University, the use
of games, interview, film viewing, small-group discussions, role -play and story-telling
are incorporated in classroom teaching. They also use textbooks, selected readings,
exercises and projects as teaching materials.
In Taiwan, Japan and Korea, the medium of instruction is in the native language. Like in
the Philippines, English is the medium of instruction in the US, Australia, Hong Kong
and Singapore. The Problem-Based learning (PBL) approach is also used in these
countries. In class, there is little use of lecture, lecture-discussion, inquiry and
32
experimental approaches and there is preference for case studies, field work and research.
In Hong Kong, simulation facilities are available for student use in the first semesters of
their study. Rubberized mannequins, virtual reality and computer simulations are found
in student-laboratories. Selected readings, unpublished researches, worksheets and
pertinent problems are used as teaching materials. The use of technology is optimized in
Singapore and Hong Kong. Some classes are given through the internal website that the
students can easily access because each one gets a computer through student-loan.
In the US, lecture, demonstration, supervised and independent laboratory practice,

clinical problem examples, group work, discussions and Computer-Assisted Instruction
are all used. Reading assignments are numerous and self-instruction and self-directed
learning are encouraged throughout the semester.
Apprenticeship Placement
All of the local institutions require their students clinical training in different types of
hospitals and health centers as part of their curriculum. The students do clinical training
for three years alternately in mental hospitals, community health centers, Tuberculosis
institution, Heart center, Lung center, Home for the aged and in the different departments
of the institution’s hospital in different capacities. All of these are done without
compensation.
APEC institutions likewise require clinical training among their students in the institution
and in local hospitals, community health centers, social service centers and settlements.
In some hospitals and clinics, the student trainee is paid while fulfilling academic
requirements.
9. Student Guidance and Support
Upon admission into the nursing school, the students in local institutions are given
orientation for one week. Handbooks and brochures are distributed to them. They have
access to the university library which houses the books, journals and other reading
materials in English that are pertinent to nursing. Three out of four nursing schools
surveyed have their own research journals.
In the APEC institutions, printed materials such as brochures, syllabi and readings are
given to each student after the orientation. The libraries in Taiwan, Korea and Japan
house books, CDs, journals and other learning resources in their respective native
languages. In Hong Kong, Australia, Singapore and America, learning resources are in
the English language. The students can have easy access to Journals and articles from
other countries that are printed in English. Project supervision in both the classroom and
in the field is very active and professional in both local and APEC institutions. This is
because these activities are part of the credit-system-curriculum, which are properly
planned, implemented and evaluated. For student-guidance and support, UP has a system
of coaching and mentoring. One institution in Taiwan, for its part, has a “personal clinical
tutorial system.”
33
10. Student Record System
There is a systematic recording system of student achievement and performance in both

local and APEC institutions through the registrar and records section. This, however, is
effective only at the level of presently enrolled students. Not all institutions keep a
reliable file of the students, once they graduate. The alumni are not systematically traced.
11. Management and Administrative Systems
All of the Filipino nursing administrators do have formal studies in Nursing Education.
One has PhD in Nursing while three are working towards a PhD. All of the
administrators teach more than one nursing course. All rose up the administrative ladder
from several years of teaching and have been educated mostly in their own institution.
Among the personnel employed locally are administrative assistants, part-time doctor and
nurse, accountant, counselor, librarians, chaplain, maintenance service providers and a lot
of security guards.
In the APEC institutions, all of the administrators have PhD in Nursing. Most
administrators were educated abroad. All are teaching more than one nursing course, are
involved in institutional research projects and have administrative experience locally and
abroad. The institutions likewise have administrative assistants, accountants, librarians
and counselor. They do not have doctor, nurse, chaplain and security guards. Only Yang
Ming in Taiwan have personal and clinical tutors assigned to each student.
12. Review and Evaluation Processes
In the local institutions, faculty evaluation is done by the students and the department
head and or dean. Some institutions have peer-evaluation. The local nursing institutions
selected for the study are accredited at Level III by PAASCU. They are also the top
performing public and private nursing institutions as proven by their records in the
Nursing Board Examination.
Teachers in the APEC institutions are evaluated yearly through student-feedback and at
the macro level by the department once every three years. In Singapore, external
evaluators and representatives from the Ministry of Education are also involved in school
evaluation. The thirteen institutions in the Asia-Pacific are accredited by ISO 2002
standards. Western Sydney is affiliated with local nursing associations such as GWANA.
34
C. OUTPUTS
Students
The local institutions do not keep a consistent track record of their students after
graduation. Except for one, the Local institutions have no record of their graduates’
employment status. This one institution revealed that only 80 percent of its graduates are
employed within their area of specialization, 70 percent are not while 5 percent are
unemployed. Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) reports that in the
period January to October 2000, 6,236 professional nurses have been deployed abroad.
Table 13 shows the distribution of employed nurses by work setting.
Table 13: Distribution of Employed Nurses by Work Setting as of 1998
Work Setting Number Percent

A. Local / National 27,160 15.25
1. Service
Government Agencies 17,547 9.86
Private agencies 7,535 4.23
2. Education 2,078 1.16
B. International 150,885 84.75
Grand Total 178,045 100
Source: Corcega,T.,Lorenzo, M. (2000) Nurse Supply and Demand in the Philippines. In The UP Manila Journal.
Vol. 5 No. 1 Jan-June, p.5.
The table above reveals that as of 1998, 150,885 (84.75 %) nurses are employed
internationally while 27,160 (15.25%) are employed locally, either in government
agencies or in private agencies. This is an evidence that the education received by these
nurses in their country is acceptable internationally.
Graduates of the APEC institutions are employed doing health care in hospitals, home,
offices and in different industries locally and abroad. Seoul keeps track of its graduates
and lists the type of job of their graduates as: clinical nursing (1341), school health
teaching (132), research and university teaching (113) and housewives (384). Hong
Kong reports that 100 percent of its graduates are employed within their area of
specialization excelling in innovative projects, research and computer skills. In Seoul,
55.7 percent are working within their area of specialization, 24.3 are not and 20 percent
are unemployed. Australia reports that 74.20 percent of their graduates have full-time
employment while 10.40 are taking higher studies full time. The median starting salary
of nurses in Australia is US$ 15,080.00 / mo.
Graduates’ characteristics, strengths and weaknesses
The local institutions acknowledge as their graduates’ positive traits having initiative, and
commitment to duty, being dependable, punctual, competent, caring and industrious. The
teachers perceive their graduates to be strong in clinical nursing, research and teaching,
interacting with people, resourceful, systematic, independent, self-directed, diligent, with
a strong sense of value and capable of critical thinking and community leadership.
35
The APEC institutions take pride in their graduates for being competent, confident,
creative and cooperative, possessing with a critical mind, computer knowledge, good
nursing skills. Their teachers perceive them to have good working attitude, and being
patient with initiative to learn more for clinical expertise.
Staff
Research and Publication
Few teachers are involved in research on topics such as asthma education program,
improvement of Program policies, and the state of nursing research. Some teachers are
presently doing their dissertation study. Most of the teachers are involved in funded
research studies and publish yearly in nursing journals.
Due to the different priorities stated in the local institutions’ vision, not all of them
engage in research endeavors. One has completed four research projects and another,
thirteen in a span of three years. Some faculty members who are pursuing higher studies
individually engage in research to fulfill academic requirements. UP and St. Louis
University have their own institutional publication.
The APEC institutions present a completely different scenario in terms of research. As

these institutions are government funded, they get more grants for more research projects.
Institutional funding is linked to research output which is ultimately used by the
government and local industries to improve the state of nursing in the country. Research
topics are grouped into the following categories: clinical nursing, nursing education,
community health, student-learning, women’s health and tobacco and health. Sydney,
which is heavily involved in research, has four research centers: Clinical Development
Unit, Oncology and Palleative Care Nursing, Centre for Evidence-based Pediatrics and
Nursing Practice Research Centre.
Hong Kong Polytechnic University publishes Asian Journal of Nursing which is

disseminated internationally. Some institutions deem it more practical to send their
scholarly work to journals and other institutional publications.
Extension Work
All of the local institutions have institutional extension work directed towards street
children, asthma-patients and others in the form of clinical service, education through
radio programs and by setting up health and nursing clinics and or Mobile Nursing
Clinic. For APEC institutions, extension work is done in the form of clinical research
courses for hospital authorities and through committee advisory in hospitals locally and
internationally.
36
Strengths And Weaknesses Of Nursing Institutions as perceived by administrators and
teachers
Local institutions consider as their strength the passing rate of their graduates in Nursing
Board examination and the experienced teachers with sufficient and variety of learning
exposure, the development of students’ terminal competencies through effective
classroom management. They see as their weakness some aspects of instruction, faculty
affairs and the curriculum. Likewise, the lack of I.T. self-directed learning.
As perceived by the teachers, the institutions’ strength lies in the competency-based and
community-oriented BSN courses, and in the distance education program for MA and
PhD full-time faculty members. They feel the need for more research activities and
funding, publication in refereed journals and upgrading of faculty compensation.
Administrative support is needed to improve instruction, faculty affairs and the
curriculum, likewise the need to upgrade academic qualifications of the faculty, the
physical facilities and laboratory equipment of the institution. The teachers recommended
reduction of teaching load for them to be able to do research.
In a study conducted by Abadingo, Laurente, et.al. (2000), of the Health Programs

offered at the UP, they found that the College of Nursing’s competency-based,
community-oriented curriculum, as well as the unit’s conceptual approach to teaching
have been adopted by other nursing schools in the country. Japan has recognized this
community training approach and has sent scholars to be trained under the program. This
approach continues to serve as a model for shifting health science education towards
community orientation and community based-training.
The APEC administrators see as their strength the institution’s ability to create a balance
in the students’ life through sports and organization involvement, their student counseling
and clinical tutorial system, and for some, their humanities and liberal arts program. They
pride themselves in having hands-on training and in employing excellent faculty
members who are mostly PhD degree holders. Sydney has academic staff who teach and
do research, at the same time maintain close relations with significant health-related
industries. It also sees as its strength the high employment rate of its graduates and its
curriculum that offers combined degrees in Health Science and Nursing law.
According to the teachers, the APEC institutions have a wide-range of network of

experienced local staff and clinical teachers. However, they feel the need to focus more
on evidence-based research. The practice of problem-based learning is also considered a
strength because of its acceptability and effectiveness when applied to health centers
around the globe.
The availability of high end computers and facilities certainly benefit students in their
learning. Before going to the field, the students are exposed to clinical problems through
Computer-Aided Instruction.
37
As observed by Filipino nurses in the US, majority of practicing nurses have completed
18 months of Certificate in Nursing Program. After this training, they are easily absorbed
into nursing work. This practice is widely accepted because aside from satisfying the high
demand of the society for nurses, it also provides employment. The downside to this,
however, is that it limits their education into skills training under a skills-based
curriculum.
38
MARITIME
The survey covered four maritime institutions in the Philippines and nine in the APEC
region: Australia, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and the USA. Table 10
shows the distribution of these maritime institutions. Data gathered through the sets of
questionnaire are analyzed according to inputs, processes and outputs, with 12
performance indicators. (1) students, (2) staff, (3) physical resources, (4) financial
resources, (5) external outputs, (6) induction, (7) curricula, (8) teaching and learning, (9)
student guidance and support, (10) student record system, (11) management and
administrative systems, (12) review and evaluation processes.
A. INPUTS
1. Students
The local institutions require of their applicants good health and hearing, 20/20 vision
and normal color perception. In addition, a passing mark for their entrance examination
and good high school General Weighted Average. The APEC institutions require passing
mark in the national examination such as Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) in the US and
Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (HKALE). Only Malaysia specifies an age
range of 17 to 21, normal color vision, physically and mentally fit.
Table 14 shows the student-population by course and the number of graduates and drop-
outs in local and APEC institutions. Since students in APEC institutions are not required
to take any Licensure examination except in Australia (AMSA Certificate of
Competency), it was not necessary to compare the performance of students in this aspect.
The table reveals that the number of students per course increases every year by at least
10 percent in both local and APEC institutions. Contrast is seen in the big number of
enrollees: local institutions have between 767 and 4572 students whereas APEC
institutions accommodate only up to 510 students.
39
Table 14: Student-population by Course, Number of Graduates
and Drop-outs from 1997 to 1999
INSTITUTION STUDENT GRADUATES DROP OUTS

POPULATION
1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999
University of Associate in. 4291 4007 4400 759 198 637 976 902 842
Cebu* Marine
Transportation
Associate in 767 910 731 198 133 135 2 277 10
Marine
Engineering
Asian Institute B. S. Marine 4572 3506 3680 655 576 553 171 175 113
of Maritime Transportation
Studies
BS Marine 842 669 684 86 88 77 35 22 36
Engineering
Philippine B. S. Marine 461 429 486 111 80 63 1 0 0
Merchant Transportation
Marine
Academy
B.S Marine 445 387 492 81 99 83 0 0 1
Engineering
John B Lacson BS Marine 2866 3113 4196 7 11 43 82 71 234
Foundation Engineering
BS Marine 4971 5109 5457 1161 707 1533 699 1040 816
Transportation
Australian BS Engg in: 158 165 176 147 160 4 17
Maritime Naval Archi,
College Ocean Engg,
Maritime,
Offshore System
Hong Kong BS Int’l 31 29 26 31 29 26 5% 5% 5%
Polytechnic Shipping
University B.S Transpo.
Logistics
Higher Dip. In 98 99 95 99 95 5% 5% 5%
Int’l. Transport
& Logistics
Ngee Ann Diploma in 462 450 462 124 134 94 38 29 29
Polytechnic Shipbuilding &
Offshore Engg
Singapore Diploma in 100 100 100 20 20 20
Maritime Marine Engg
Academy
National BS Naval 20 20 20 34 17
Taiwan Architecture &
University Ocean Engg
BS Ocean 10 10 10
Engineering
Kobe Univ. of B.S. Maritime 510
Mercantile Science
Marine
B.S. Nautical 65
Science
B.S. Marine 35
Engg
* No data provided for BS Maritime Transportation and BS Maritime Engineering
40
Table 14 shows that two course majors are offered: BS Marine Engineering and BS
Marine Transportation in local institutions. Population drastically dropped in 1998 due to
the Asian financial crisis. Although there has been an increase in 1999, it could not equal
the number in 1997. In all three years, it can be noted that BS Marine Transportation had
a higher population reaching a total of 14,023 in 1999 than BS Marine Engineering with
only 6,103 in 1999.
In the APEC institutions, courses other than BS Marine Transportation and BS Marine
Engineering are offered such as BS International Shipping, BS Naval Architecture, BS
Ocean Engineering, BS Maritime Science and BS Nautical Science. The Polytechnics in
Singapore do not grant Bachelors Degree. Instead, they offer a three-year Diploma in
Shipbuilding and Offshore Engineering, as well as Diploma in Marine Engineering. To
earn an Advanced Diploma, one has to take an additional year of studies.
The table also shows that in the past three years, only roughly 20 percent of the total
student population graduated, and another 20 percent dropped out in both the local
Associate and Bachelors degree levels. In the APEC institutions, 95 percent of the total
student population graduated and only 5 percent dropped out in both Diploma, Advanced
Diploma and Bachelors degree levels.
2. Staff
Local institutions have between 53 and 213 full-time faculty members, each institution
with one or two PhD degree holders and between six and eleven MA / MS degree
holders. Most of their faculty members are Bachelor’s degree holders. Some are working
towards their MA / MS degree.
APEC institutions have between 19 and 70 full-time faculty members. PhD holders in
these institution number from two to 10. Their field of specialization are in Shipping
Economy, Maritime Law and Port Economy. Their MA / MS degrees are in Maritime
Law, Maritime Electronics Engineering, Maritime Education and training and Shipping
Management. Some of their faculty members have Bachelor’s degree and are working
towards their MA.
In the local institutions surveyed, teachers have degrees in either Psychology, Biology or
Educational management. Most masters and doctorate degrees are not in the field of
maritime education. Some have had training in nautical studies. All of the teachers are
full-time with teaching experience ranging from two to 25 years. Teaching is mostly
done in lecture, lecture-discussion and inquiry method. Experiments are rarely used
while research is sometimes used. Course manuals, textbooks and projects are most
commonly used as teaching materials. Exercises are sometimes used. In local institutions,
entry salary for faculty members with PhD is from US$ 83.75 to 394.75 per month at 24
units full-load. Those with MA / MS get a salary range of US$ 47.45 to 289.75 whereas
those with Bachelor’s degree are paid between US$ 33.50 and 248.95.
41
Teachers surveyed in the APEC institutions have BS, MS and PhD degrees in maritime
education from abroad. All of the teachers are full-time with teaching experience ranging
from four to 30 years. All teach courses according to their specialization and training.
APEC Institutions’ entry salary for faculty members with PhD is from US$ 3,284.30 to
5,897.43 per month at 12 units full-load. Those with MA / MS get a salary range of US$
2,000.00 to 2,666.66. Those with Bachelors degree get lower than US$ 2,000.00. In
Australia, salary is not related to qualifications but to market forces. EXCHANGE RATE
at the time of the survey was: 1 US$ = 43.00 Philippine Peso; 1.70 Australian Dollars;
7.80 Hong Kong Dollars; 1.78 Singaporean Dollars;30.50 National Taiwan.
Faculty Development
Teachers in the local institutions are very much involved in faculty development
programs such as attendance in seminars, training and discussion of issues. Some have
attended conferences related to maritime that are initiated by CHED, FAPE and
COCOPEA and those organized by maritime associations such as AMETIAP. Few do
consultancy work for industries and their government. Some of the administrators attend
international conferences held abroad.
In the APEC institutions, some teachers are involved in faculty development programs
such as research, committee meetings, consultancy and advisory. Some prefer to be
involved in curriculum review while others lack the time and therefore fairly participate.
Conferences that teachers attend are those maritime-related organized by maritime
associations such as Martech and IMDC. The APEC institutions send faculty members to
local and international conferences on technological exchange and advisory meetings on
marine structures.
3. Physical Resources
All of the maritime institutions have more than one building. Those located ourside
Manila are located in more than 3 hectares each, occupying from five to ten buildings
ranging from four to 15 storey high. There are more than 40 classrooms that can
accommodate between 40 and 50 students. All of the local institutions have auditorium,
chapel, library, grandstand, swimming pool, guidance counselor's office, clinic, restrooms
and canteen. Most of them have gym, track oval and student Accommodations. One
institution has Gyro Compass, VHF Radio, Mock Bridge, Global Positioning System,
Gas Welder, Lathe Machine, Ship Auxillary Machine. Three of the institutions have
training ships.
Most of the APEC institutions are located in one campus within the university except for
Australia and the USA. Most institutions have their own building within the university
campus. Classrooms are shared with other departments except for the laboratories which
are especially designed for maritime studies. Tutorial classes are held in small rooms for
20 students. Lectures are held in auditoriums and large classrooms that can
accommodate up to 450 students. All of the APEC institutions have auditorium, library,
grandstand, swimming pool, gym, track oval, restrooms and canteen and student
42
accommodations. Some of them have a Guidance Counselor's Office and clinic. Only
one has a chapel (Islamic). Table 15 shows that numerous maritime facilities and
equipment are found in APEC institutions.
Table 15: APEC INSTITUTIONS’ MARITIME FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
INSTITUTION FACILITIES
Australian Maritime cavitation tunnel,towing tank flume tank, model test basin marine engines, refrigeration units
GMDSS, control gear,, ECDIS RADAR, ARPA, Survival Training Center, Marine
College Simulators and technical resource Center, Ship Hydrodynamics Center,
Thermodynamics Building, Electrotechnology laboratory, Cavitation Testing facility,
towing tank flume tank, model test basin marine engines, refrigeration units GMDSS,
control gear, ECDIS RADAR, ARPA, etc.
Hong Kong Navigation simulator lab GMDSS simulator lab ENA & Ship control lab Computer lab
Polytechnic
University
Ngee Ann Naval architecture lab, Strength of mate lab towing tank, steam & diesel power
mechanics & materials testing lab mini-submarine
Polytechnic NDT / Corrosion lab, 45 -m ship model plant lab, fabrication workshop NC pipe
bending machine instrumentation & control lab mould lift rm., carpentry workshop,
computer lab, welding robot NC profile cutting machine NC water jet plate cutting
machine
Singapore marine machinery & navigation simulators, GMDSS simulator, Marine Safety Center,
video conferencing facility, campus computer network multimedia applica tion center,
Polytechnic foreign language center, central library
California Maritime Vessels, cargo ships, charter boats drill ships, ferries, fishing industry vessels, gaming
& recreational boats, offshore oil supply & crew boats, oil tankers, research vess els,
Academy towing vessels
Maritime Academy Radar simulation, vessel traffic services simulator, radar room, engine room simulation, electronic
navigational aids lab., training vessel, jetty & boathouse, resource ctr., computer lab, language lab.,
Malaysia maint enance wkshop, welding ctr., fittin g& machine wkshop, seamanship ctr., fire-fighting ctr.
4. Financial Resources
Among the four local maritime institutions, three are privately owned and one is
government-funded (public). The source of income of private institutions is primarily
tuition fees and secondarily donations. The public institution gets government subsidy but
requires students to pay for their own uniform. Tuition fee in private institutions ranges
from US$ 288.00 to US$ 300.00 per year at 24 units per semester.
All of the nine APEC maritime institutions are partially government-funded (public). In
Singapore, students are required to pay 10% of their tuition. In Australia, 65% of the
institution funds come from government subsidy, 15% from students’ tuition and 20%
from commercial industries. California Maritime Academy is a public institution that
charges students 100% tuition. Tuition fees range from US$ 5,397.43 to US$ 26,180.00 a
year at the average of 24 units per semester.
Between 35 and 45 percent of budget allocation in local institutions go to salaries and

professional fees. Twenty percent go to facilities and equipment. The rest of the
institution’s budget is allotted for library and teaching materials as well as overhead
expenses. Eighty five percent of budget allocation in APEC institutions go to salaries and
43
professional fees. Ten percent go to equipment and upgrading of facilities. The rest of the
institution’s budget is allocated to teaching materials.
Foreign Students and Scholarship Grants
Three out of the four local institutions have between four and 11 scholars from
Bangladesh. Scholarship grants from internal and external source are enjoyed by at least
three percent of the local students in the private institutions. Students in the public
institution get 100 percent tuition, miscellaneous fees and accommodations subsidy from
the government. They, however, have to shoulder their own uniforms. Most of the
external sources of scholarship grants are shipping companies such as Sulpicio Lines,
TSM, K-Line and Project Alpha .
Foreign students from Germany, Malaysia, Indonesia, Burma and China are accepted
every year in the APEC institutions which consists 3% of the student population.
Australia has 247 foreign students from 44 different countries. Between 10 and 30
scholarship grants besides government subsidy are awarded every year. In the US, there
are also several scholarship grants from private benefactors associated with the academy.
5. External Inputs
Three out of four local institutions are accredited by Philippine Accrediting Agencies
while one is working towards it. Two out of four are accredited by Det Norske Veritas
(DNV). All of the institutions comply with the ISO standards and are STCW compliant.
Philippine Merchant Marine Academy is in the International Maritime Organization
(IMO) list of institutions. All are affiliated with local associations of maritime
institutions and organizations such as: SNAME, PATLEPAM, PACSA, PAMI and
AMETIAP.
B. PROCESSES
6. Induction
The local institutions state as their vision their desire “to be a world-class maritime
institution,” “to provide quality marine education for sustained supply of global technical
manpower.” One institution focuses on education for the “total integration and formation
of well-rounded individuals.” Another sees its role in producing graduates who are
internationally acceptable through quasi-military training.
The APEC institutions see themselves as part of the state and industry. This is expressed
in their vision “to provide academic excellence for Hong Kong’s shipping and logistics
industries,” “to educate in the highest standards of excellence to meet the technological,
economic and social needs of Singapore.” The American and Australian institutions aim
for global leadership in maritime as they “provide quality education combining
intellectual learning, applied technology, leadership development and global awareness”
44
and “to be the pre-eminent global maritime university and be recognized as Asia-
Pacific’s leading provider of maritime training, consultancy and research. Malaysia has
for its vision, “the cultivation and promotion of a strong sense of responsibility,
determination, endurance and team spirit to ensure safe and efficient shipping.” Korea’s
vision is more skills-based: “to provide education for leaders of future maritime
industries through extensive studies of science and technology on ship operation
management.”
7. Curricula and Assessment
Two out of four local institutions surveyed offer Masters Degree in Marine and Nautical
Science, Shipping Business Management and in Maritime Education. All of them offer
BS degree in Marine Engineering and BS Marine Transportation. One institution offers
BS Customs Administration while the other offers Associate in Marine Transportation
and Marine Engineering.
Only two institutions among the APEC institutions offer Doctor of Philosophy in Marine
Management and Doctoral Course in Maritime and Transportation Systems Science.
Three offer Master’s Degree: Master of Philosophy / MBA in Marine Management,
Higher Degree in Shipping Management Studies and Masters in Maritime Science.
Several majors are offered under the Bachelors Degree: BS Engineering major in Naval
Architecture, in Ocean and in Maritime and in Offshore System; BS Shipping
Technology and Management; BS Marine Engineering Technology; Bachelor of
Management in Maritime Transportation and BS Marine Transportation. Advanced
diploma in Maritime Transportation is a two-year course granted to those who have a
three-year-Diploma in either Maritime Transportation, Nautical Studies or Marine
Engineering. Table 16 shows the distribution of curricular programs in the particular
courses:
Table 16: Curricula Across Institutions
INSTITUTION CURRICULUM COURSES in units

DEGREE YRS MAJOR CORE* COMP OTHERS TOTA
UTER ** L
University of Cebu BS Marine 4A 96 58 3 6 163
Engineering
BS Marine 4A 94 42 3 6 146
Transportation
Asian Institute of BS Marine 4A 93 57 3 153
Maritime Studies Transportation
BS Marine 4A 94.5 62 3 159.5
Engineering
Philippine BS Marine 4A 192.5 27 0 6 225.5
Merchant Marine Engineering (integ)
Academy
BS Marine 192.5 27 0 6 225.5
Transportation (integ)
John B Lacson BS Marine 4A 107 46 3 3 159
Foundation Transportation
45
BS Marine 4A 110 51 3 3 167
Engineering
Australian BS Engineering 4B 140 9 13 168
Maritime (Marine & projects
College Offshore Sys).
BS Engineering 4B 150 17 4 13 184
(Naval Archi) projects
BS Engineering 4 139 17 4 6 166
(Ocean Engg) projects
Hong Kong BS Shipping 3 78 18 3 12A 111
Polytechnic Technology
University
Higher Diploma 48 12 3 9 72
in Shipping Mgt
Ngee Ann Diploma in 3 47 1 12 8 68
Polytechnic Shipbldg &
Offshore Engg
***
Singapore Diploma in 3 38 3 41
Maritime Marine
Academy Engineering
California Marine Engg 4 104.5 34 4 12B 154.5
Maritime Technology
Academy ****
BS Marine 4 115 28 12B 158
Transportation
****
Maritime Bachelor of 20 2 courses 0 1 course
Academy of Mgt. course (Intro to
Malaysia Technology s mgt)
(Maritime
Transportation)
* Core: Philosophy, English, Math, Science, History, PE
** Others: 6 units: General Psychology, Personnel Management
8 units: Industry Management, Social Economic Values, Office Communication & Interviews
9 units: Law, Accounting, Organization Management
12A units: Accounting, Economics
12B units: Engineering ethics, Engineering management, 6 Humanities
*** Some courses no credit but with laboratory & workshop
4A Three years course work + one year apprenticeship (training on board)
4B 4 Years with 12 weeks summer apprenticeship
Projects: 90 hrs. div by 16 wks=6 units
Table 16 reveals that all of the local institutions require three years of study and one year
of apprenticeship in shipping companies in the Philippines to earn a Bachelor’s degree
either in Marine Transportation or in Marine Engineering. The number of course units
for major courses range from 93 to 96. Between 42 and 62 units of core courses are
required, including philosophy, english, math, science, history and physical education.
All require a three-unit computer course and an additional three-unit-courses in general
psychology and personnel management. This totals to a range of 146 to 163 units.
The APEC institutions require three years of study and apprenticeship done during the
summer vacation in shipping companies in the country and abroad. Some institutions
require laboratory courses for which the students do not earn credit / unit. The number of
46
units required for major courses range from 78 to 150 for Bachelor’s degrees. Eighteen
to 34 units of core courses are required. All require a three-unit computer course and
additional units for other courses such as: accounting, economics, law, organization and
management, and office communication and interviews. Only California Maritime
Academy offers engineering ethics and six units of humanities.
8. Teaching and Learning
The medium of instruction in all of the local institutions is English. Students are exposed
to books and other reading materials in English and are therefore required to write papers
in English. Teaching is mostly in lecture, lecture-discussion and experimentation. Inquiry
is never used. Research is sometimes used. Course manual, exercises and projects are
the most common teaching materials. Both local and APEC institutions sometimes use
case studies. All of the local institutions require their students one year of apprenticeship:
seagoing service either after their third or fourth year of course study. The institutions
have a list of local shipping companies that accommodate their students in the different
departments of the shipping industry.
China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Japan and Korea use their native language as the medium of
instruction. Australia, US, Singapore and Hong Kong like the Philippines, has English as
the medium of instruction. Students are comfortable with technology since the
institutions provide each student with a computer through student-loan, aside from the
numerous computer stations around the campuses. Apprenticeship is required among
their students either during summer break two months or “industrial attachment” with
local shipping industries or overseas for 14 weeks. Hong Kong sends its students either
to mainland China or to United Kingdom.
9. Student Guidance and Support
Upon admission into the maritime school, the students in local institutions are given
orientation for one week. Handbooks and brochures are distributed to them. They have
access to the university library which houses the books, journals and other reading
materials in English. Three out of four maritime schools surveyed claim to have their
own research journals.
In the APEC institutions, printed materials such as brochures, syllabi and readings are
given to each student after the orientation. The libraries in Taiwan house books and other
learning resources in the native language. In Hong Kong, Australia, Singapore and
America, learning resources are in the English language. The students can have easy
access to journals and articles from other countries that are printed in English.
10. Student Record System
There is a systematic recording system of student achievement and performance in both

local and APEC institutions through the registrar and records section. This, however, is
47
effective only at the level of presently enrolled students. Not all institutions keep a
reliable file of the students, once they graduate. The alumni are not systematically traced.
11. Management and Administrative Systems
Except for one institution, all of the Filipino administrators do not have formal studies in
Maritime Education. They have either a BS, MA, MS of PhD in management or
administration. All are full-time administrators and are not teaching any course. All
have had administrative experience locally ranging from two to 28 years. All of the local
institutions have administrative assistants, part-time doctor and nurse, accountant,
counselor, librarians, chaplain, maintenance service providers and a lot of security guards
In the APEC institutions, most of the administrators have BS degree in Maritime

Education. All have earned MS and PhD in Maritime Education abroad. Most
administrators are teaching maritime courses according to their area of specialization.
All have had administrative experience locally and abroad. APEC institutions likewise
have administrative assistants, accountants, librarians and counselor. They do not have
doctor, nurse, chaplain nor security guards. They do have a number of technicians and
boat house managers.
12. Review and Evaluation Processes
In the local institutions, faculty evaluation is done by the students and department heads
and or the dean. Some institutions do peer-evaluation.
The local Institutions are the top performing public and private maritime institutions as
proven by their records in the Maritime Licensure Examination from 1983 to 1993. These
institutions are accredited by local accrediting agencies such as PAASCU and
PACUCOA and are Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers
(STCW) compliant.
Teachers in the APEC institutions are evaluated by internal and external examiners.
Internal examiners are the students and staff / personnel. External evaluation is done by
either a professional agency or a government authority yearly. The six maritime
institutions in the Asia-Pacific region are members of the International Association of
Maritime Universities (IAMU). Being part of this Association, the institutions are
expected to continuously upgrade their standards. The other participating institutions,
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Singapore Polytechnic, Ngee Ann Polytechnic and
Maritime Academy Malaysia are the prime and government-supported Maritime
Institutions in their respective countries and are systematically regulated by their
respective Ministries of Education.
48
D. OUTPUTS
Students
The local institutions do not keep a consistent track record of their graduate’s
employment. The researcher therefore derived data on seafaring employment from the
Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA). The report presents figures
that represent employment rate regardless of educational background. Based on the
“Supply and Demand Analysis of Filipino Seafarers,” the total employed Deck and
Engine Cadets in 1998 were recorded only at 2,280 and 1,700 respectively, or a total of
3,980; while total Registered Deck and Engine Cadets reached 66,649 and 81,082
respectively or a total of 147,731 (2.69%). The employment rate of Deck Cadets for
1997 is 3.85 percent while Engine Cadets is 2.18 percent. The average demand growth
rate for both Deck and Engine Cadets stands at 5.02 percent.
Filipino seafarers are employed in the following job categories:
Deck Department: Radio officers, Third Mates, Second Mates,

Ordinary Seamen, Chief Mates, Boatswain, AB /
QM and Carpenters
Engine Department: Second Engineers, Chief Engineers, Third

Engineers, Motormen, Firemen, Fitters,
Pumpmen, Mechanics, Electricians, Greasers,
Engine Storekeepers and Oilers
Catering Department: Messmen, Assistant Cooks, Chief cooks, Utility

men / girls, Stewards, Waiters / waitresses
Special Category: Fishermen and Special Ratings
Source: Annual Employment Rate, POEA 1998
The APEC institutions have identified the following areas where their graduates are
employed:
1. Shore-based employment in maritime & maritime-related

industries
2. Offshore industries: process engineering, maintenance engineering
and management, design engineering, planning engineering, R&D
engineering, workshop administration, repair management,
surveying, transportation logistics, storage, telecom manufacturing,
port management, intermodal transportation & logistics marine
insurance, finance, sales oceanographic orgs, biotech facility
engineering & manufacturing hospitals, power plants,
environmental companies, warehousing, trade and commerce and
thermal power plants
49
Except for one, the Local institutions have no record of their graduates’ employment
status. This institution revealed that only 30 percent of its graduates are employed within
their area of specialization while 70 percent are not.
Between 75 and 98 percent of the graduates of APEC institutions are employed within
their area of specialization. Singapore closely monitors its graduates and reports that in
the past 10 years, their graduates are employed as follows:
Shipyard 20.69
Marine-related Ind 12.41
Service (engg srvcs & equipment sales) 9.66
Min of Defense 15.17
Gov 9.66
Classification Society .69
others 13.79
No response 17.93
Total 100%
Their survey shows that second to shipyard work is employment in the military.
Graduates’ characteristics, strengths and weaknesses
According to the local institutions, their graduates’ positive traits are: courtesy, humility,
industry and being service-oriented. They are likewise determined, trustworthy, trainable,
flexible and competent. They have knowledge of the English language and skills in the
use of facilities. The teachers perceive their graduates as skilled in technical work,
disciplined, diligent, hard-working. No institution has indicated their graduates’
weaknesses. PMMA prides its graduates for having a quasi-military education in
Maritime.
The APEC institutions take pride in their graduates who are competent in their field of
specialization and who possess a sense of responsibility towards work. Australia equips
its graduates with multi-cultural, multi-disciplinary knowledge with focus on things
maritime. Their teachers perceive them to have analytical ability to think through the
repercussions of their actions, to see the big picture and focus specifics where necessary.
They possess basic knowledge and training in all nautical and marine engineering
subjects through the use of state of the art facilities and good exposure to applied and
theoretical studies. They are also able to communicate effectively.
Staff
Research and Publication
Due to the different priorities stated in the local institutions’ vision, not all of them
undertake research work. One institution has completed seven research projects in a span
of three years, while the other does not apply for research grants but offers funding to
50
major research projects on maritime-related studies. The Manila-based institution does
not yet engage in research projects but keeps itself active in internal tracer studies as it
focuses on teaching. There are research works initiated by individual faculty members
such as those that pertain to waste management system, ocean clean-up and supply and
demand of Filipino seafarers.
Most of the teachers in the APEC institutions are actively involved in funded research
studies on topics related to ship and boat safety and structure, or pipe measurement. As
these institutions are government funded, they are expected to produce as much research
as they can every year. Institutional funding is linked to research output which is
ultimately used by the government and local industries to improve the state of shipping
and maritime in the country. Research grants range from US$ 6,000.00 to 93,000.00 per
year. Faculty members are very much involved in research on topics such as
instrumentation of the diesel engine, ship / boat safety, intelligent pipe measuring system
and causes of failure of ship structures. They are encouraged to do consultancy work
while teaching in their respective institutions. Only some institutions have institutional
publications. They opine that it is better to publish in international journals than go
through the publication process.
Extension Work
All of the local institutions have institutional extension work such as waste management,
herbal garden planting, stress management, coastal clean-up and ecological awareness
activities. Some institutions do consultancy work service for accreditation agencies.
For APEC institutions, extension work is done in many different forms such as Ddistance
Education Programs for indigenous students in the country, short courses for local
industries, consultancy to shipyards, journal editorship and membership in committees
for examination and external programs.
Strengths and weaknesses of Maritime Institutions as perceived by administrators and

teachers
Local institutions consider as their strength the commitment of their teaching force, their
laboratory and simulation facilities and their masters degree programs. They see as their
weakness the lack of state-of-the art facilities and limited books in maritime education.
They also recognize the need to upgrade their curriculum and salary structures to be able
to expand their linkages and do more research. As perceived by the teachers, their
institutions desire to produce quality graduates and be globally competitive in maritime
education and industry. They provide spiritual, social and intellectual support for the
students to be of help to national growth in the future. Some teachers think that their
institutions have updated instructional materials and upgraded facilities while the others
feel their equipment, simulators and laboratory facilities need upgrading. Instructors feel
the need to update themselves on the changes in maritime technology, to continuously
develop teaching and learning aids and to expand their research work. They recommend
51
continuous monitoring of all of the programs the institutions offer to be able to compete
with the world market.
In the APEC institutions, distinction is made between off-shore and sea-going training.
They see as their strength their qualified teaching force who, as teachers, are also actively
involved in the industry through research and consultancy. They admit that they need to
teach their own students how to do research. According to the teachers, there is a need to
develop more distance learning programs, give the students more actual experience in
ship design and construction, introduce more IT-related components and management-
related topics to the curriculum to be able to respond to government and industry
demands. The need is felt to diversify into oceanography and sea-farming and to
strengthen links with institutions abroad. It is also perceived necessary to provide the
teaching staff with opportunity for overseas training and exchange through sabbatical
leave.
PART V
A. CONCLUSIONS
advantage of local institutions in the areas specified.
Comparative Advantage of Local Nursing Institutions
Based on the findings of this study, the local nursing institutions prove to have the
1. The nursing professional is educated through a combination of competency-based

and community-oriented BS Nursing curriculum. This kind of education offers
much more than what a skills-based curriculum can.
2. The four-year-requirement to earn a Bachelor’s degree in Nursing. Dr. Clair

Faign, former president of National League for Nursing in the US, asserts that the
minimum requirement for a professional nurse is four years of college education.
This is due to the following reasons:
a. The general population demands generalist care givers who can function
well in various clinical settings;
b. We need a pool of clinical specialists, leaders and researchers who are
capable of receiving advanced training; and
52
c. For nursing to establish productive collaboration with health care workers
who are as well-trained as other health workers.
In order to educate safe, capable and productive practitioners, it is the

responsibility of the nursing profession to have a BS Nursing as an entry level of
education for a professional nurse. (Kim, PJN 1997 Jan-June).
3. A General Education grounded in Liberal arts strengthens the character and

values of the person as a care giver. This is another advantage over the purely
skilled worker.
4. The medium of instruction in all of the local institutions, which is English not
only prepares students for licensure examinations both national and international
but also gives them access to the ever-growing literature in health sciences. Their
communication skills, competence and confidence in the use of the English
language certainly contributes to effective health care in any setting.
5. Capability to participate in research in nursing and other health sciences.
6. Flexibility in and openness to the use of new teaching approaches.
7. Active involvement in extension work that reaches out to multi-sectors.
Comparative Advantage of Local Maritime Institutions
Based on the findings of this study, the local maritime institutions prove to have the
1. The 3-1 Bachelor’s degree program, consisting of general education,

specialization courses and one-year apprenticeship where:
a. General education strengthens character and values necessary for

students who will be serving locally and internationally
b. Specialization courses equip students with the necessary skills required

in the field
c. Apprenticeship program provides the students with first-hand experience

in the different departments of the shipping industry
2. The medium of instruction, which is English, enables them to communicate and

participate in discourse and exchange of ideas. It also gives them access to the
growing literature in the industry.
3. The emphasis of discipline, hard work and team work in maritime education,
which are essential characteristics of servicemen in the industry.
53
4. The institutions’ ties with shipping industries.
The comparative aspect of the study, however, revealed that the courses, especially
pertinent to maritime industry, address various needs of the industry. For one, more
developed regional economies like Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia and the United
States have already transformed what they used to offer as maritime course, into offshore
and sea-based courses. One example is Naval Architecture, which is basically oriented
towards the construction and production of high-technology driven naval vessels. Our
courses, on the other hand, remain inclined to produce the manpower needed to man the
operations of these naval vessels. Hence, there is no basis for study of the competitive
advantages of the local courses against those in the APEC economies.
B. RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of the significant findings of this study, the following recommendations are
proposed:
1. Some educational inputs and processes have to be improved by the local nursing
institutions to be able to turn out graduates who can compete in the global market.
INPUTS
a. Include skills-based assessment in the selection process
b. Adopt a strategic hiring process to attract competent local and foreign

nursing practitioners and educational managers to teach
c. Re-study the teachers’ compensation scheme and benefits
d. Invest in the use of IT self-directed learning and state of the art facilities
e. Incorporate research units into the teachers’ load and urge them to publish
in refereed journals of national and international readership
f. Send teachers to local and international conferences to interact with other

practitioners in the APEC region
g. Urge teachers to complete higher studies
PROCESS
a. Express in the school’s vision the education and formation of the Filipino nurse
who is highly competent to face the health demands of the global society
54
b. Strengthen the BS Nursing curriculum through periodic evaluation of inputs,
processes and outputs
c. Include a variety of elective courses on newly developed areas of study in the

field of nursing such as Pain management, Nursing care for HIV-infected clients,
Nursing in multicultural setting, Children and Health, Women and Health,
Nursing in varied settings (eg: industry, schools, nursing homes, military)
d. Integrate into the curriculum skills required of nurses operating in a multi-

sectoral, complex health care system such as economics of health care, basic
management skills, legal matters, data base maintenance, team work,
multicultural studies, ethnic beliefs, health and social practices and applied
research.
e. Develop openness to new approaches in teaching nursing
f. Seek membership in professional associations nationally and internationally
2. Some educational inputs and processes have likewise to be improved by the local
maritime institutions to be able to turn out graduates who can compete in the global
market.
INPUTS
a. Restructure compensation scheme and benefits to attract qualified teachers.

Employ practitioners in the industry to teach skills-based courses.
b. Upgrade facilities and install simulators.
c. Forge stronger ties with shipping industries for continuous upgrading of skills and
updating of knowledge for both the teachers and the students.
d. Provide teachers the opportunity for overseas training and education.
e. Extend participation in local and international conferences to teachers to be able

to interact with other practitioners and teachers in the APEC region.
PROCESS
a. Express in the vision and mission the education and formation of the Filipino
maritime servicemen who are highly competent to face the demands of global
maritime industry
55
b. Systematically combine theoretical and practical aspects of maritime education to
prepare the student for the variety of work exposure during apprenticeship in the
industry
c. Incorporate research findings in maritime courses taught to increase knowledge of

the field.
d. Encourage subscription to Journal publications and magazines
e. Increase the use of IT in course work
f. Membership in professional associations locally and internationally.
g. Include a variety of elective courses on newly-developed areas of study in the

field of Maritime such as Shore-based and Offshore management, Materials
Technology and Computer-aided Design
h. Integrate in the curriculum other skills and knowledge required of servicemen

who operate in a complex, global system such as Data Base Maintenance,
Planning and decision-making, ethics, multi-cultural relations and foreign
languages other than English
3. Our immediate concern is internal efficiency, i.e., to upgrade the present state of our
maritime and nursing institutions. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) is the
best government agency to provide mechanisms for their improvement. Once internal
efficiency is achieved, our HEIs we can aim for a higher level of accreditation and
recognition by International Accrediting Agencies.
4. A study on market supply and demand in both fields of nursing and maritime should
be undertaken to guide forecasting, decision making and collaboration with the global
market.
5. A study on the competitive advantage of our maritime graduates can be done with
those from other developing regional economies such as Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia,
and Thailand, which compete with the Philippines in supplying the lower-end manpower
needs of the industry.
6. Likewise, a study on the competitive advantage of our nursing graduates can be done
with those from the US, Japan, Korea and Thailand, which similarly supply care-
providers and nurses.
7. In the light of the comparative advantages that surfaced through this benchmarking
study, local accrediting bodies should now aim at regional accreditation and certification.
This will pave the way for local Professional Associations to enter into MRA within the
APEC region.
56
8. In the light of the APEC Educational priority areas for cooperative activities,
possibilities for Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) may now be worked out. MRA
could be of particular interest to HEIs in the APEC region because through this, national
standards can be aligned with international standards. It provides a venue for cooperation
among the HEIs to better respond to the demands of the global market. Certainly, it can
also encourage international harmonization of standards and regulation. Through MRA,
graduates will have a wider opportunity and greater competitiveness to compete in the
international arena. The entry of external students will serve as a challenge for the
government and domestic industry in obtaining competitive reputation in the international
arena.
MRA is certainly an important agenda for increasing mutual understanding within the
APEC region. At this point in time however, maritime and nursing education in the
Philippines have a number of challenges to address before entering into Mutual
Recognition Agreements (MRA) with similar institutions in the APEC Region. .
It is therefore recommended that another study be conducted on the components and legal
scope and implications of MRA as a process. The output of such a study can be an APEC
FRAMEWORK FOR MUTUAL RECOGNITION ARRANGEMENTS between Higher
Education Institutions in the Philippines and in the APEC Region.
57
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Information Section, Information and Publication Division, Office of Policy, Planning,
Research and Information, Commission on Higher Education, Pasig City
November 2001
International Skill Development Philippines Statistical Report Feb. 2000.
http://www.isdphil.com/stats.html
Jackson, N.J. (1998). “Introduction to benchmarking assessment practice.” In
Jackson, N. (ed.) Pilot Studies in Benchmarking Assessment Practice in UK
Higher Education. Gloucester: Quality Assurance Agency.
Jackson,N. & Lund, H. (2000). Benchmarking for Higher Education. Buckingham:
Open University Press.
Laurente, C. “Future direction of nursing education in the 21st century.” Philippine
Journal of Nursing. Vol 69 Nos. 3-4 July-Dec. 1998
Loveday, M. (1993). “Measuring up to the model.” In Managing Service Quality,
Special Issue on Benchmarking, 41-44.
Maglacas, A. “A vision for nursing’s future.” Philippine Journal of Nursing. Vol 67
Nos. 1-2 Jan-June 1997.
Mo-Im Kim. “The future direction of nursing education in the 21st century in Asia.”
Philippine Journal of Nursing. Vol 67 N0s. 1-2 Jan-Jun 1997
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Proceedings of the World Congress on Higher Education, June 23-25, 1997.
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59
Websites of Institutions:
California Maritime Academy Http://www.csum.edu

Hallym University School of Nursing __________________________________
Keio Junior College of Nursing ___________________________________
Kobe University of Mercantile Marine__________________________________
Maritime Academy Malaysia __________________________________
Nanyang Polytechnic __________________________________
National Taiwan University __________________________________
National Yang-Ming University http://www.ym.edu.tw
Seoul National University __________________________________
University of Hong Kong http://www.hku.hk/facmed/nursing
University of Hawaii http://www.hawaii.edu/vtour/Manoa/walktour.jpg
University of Western Sydney Nepean http://www.uac.edu.au/
BROCHURES and other print materials from respondent schools
60
APPENDICES
Nursing Data Tables
Maritime Data Tables
61
NURSING
(Only Institutions that provided data are recorded)
Table 1: PROFILE OF ADMINISTRATOR
INSTITUTION Area / Year Hired Status when Rank

Discipline Hired
University of Nursing 1979 FT Dean and
Professor
the Philippines
Ateneo de Nursing 1979 FT Teacher
Zamboanga
St. Louis Nursing 1982 FT Senior Instructor
University
Silliman Nursing 2000 FT Assistant Professor
University
Hong Kong Nursing & 1989 FT Associate Head
HealthScience
Polytechnic
University
UCLA Nursing 1984 FT Professor
Table 2: INVOLVEMENT IN TEACHING and ADMINISTRATION
INSTITUTION Subjects taught Admin positions held Present Admin

from 1997 to 2000 position
University of Adv Pathophysiology, Adv Head, Teaching Program Dean, College of Nursing
Adult Health Nursing, College Secretary
the Philippines Dynamics of Nursing Practice
Ateneo de Fundamentals of Nursing, Dean, College of Nursing Dean, College of Nursing
Maternal-Child Nursing,
Zamboanga Leadership and Mgt, Nursing
Research
St. Louis Maternal and Child Nursing Dept. Head, Community Dean, College of Nursing
Clinical Practice
University Executive Director, Mobile
Nursing Clinic
Silliman Nursing 105, Community OIC
Health, Health Care, Socio-
University cultural dimensions of Health
Hong Kong Nursing development and Section Head Associate head
research Associate Head
Polytechnic
University
UCLA Doctoral Research Seminars Associate Dean for Associate Dean
Academic Affairs
Associate Dean for
Research
62
Table 3: EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
INSTITUTION PhD MA / MS Bachelor’s Degree

University of PhD Nursing UP Manila 1996 MA Nursing UP Manila BS Nursing UP Manila
1973 1967
the Philippines
Ateneo de EdD Candidate MA Nursing BS Nursing
Western Mindanao State WMSU 1979
Zamboanga University ADZU 1991 Graduate Nursing
Zamboanga General
Hospital School of
Nursing 1977
St. Louis PhD Candidate MA Nursing UP Manila BS Nursing UST 1974
Education SLU 1985 BS Community Health
University UP Tacloban 1982
Silliman MA Health Social Science BS Nursing
DLSU 1996 Silliman University
University 1979
Australian PhD UNSW GradDipAppSc RN, BSc
Sydney CAE Philippines
Catholic
University
Hong Kong Chinese University of Hong Chinese University of Hong St. Olaf College USA
Kong 1997 Kong 1989 1979
Polytechnic
University
UCLA Case Western Research MSNursing Hunter Bellevue 1973
1983 SUNY at Stony Brooks
1978
Table 4: FACULTY PROFILE
INSTITUTION R YEAR STAT RANK SUBJECTS TAUGHT FROM 1997

HIRED US
University of 1 1993 FT Associate Professor Comm. Health Nursing , Nursing Interventions
Theoretical Foundations of N, Found of N
the Philippines
2 1986 FT Assistant Professor Foundations of N , Adv. Pathophysiology
Intensive Care N ,Intensive Clinical Practicum
3 1989 FT Assistant Professor Comm. Health, Foundations of N
4 1977 FT Associate Professor Family Health,Mental Health, Clinical Teaching
Ateneo de 1 1987 FT Assistant Professor Nursing 101, Drugs & Solution 100
Zamboanga
2 1987 FT Instructor II Research, Statistics, Health Care
3 1987 FT Instructor I Nursing Care Mgt
St. Louis 1 1994 FT Assistant Professor Organization & Mgt

Health Care
University
2 1989 FT Associate Professor Research, Org & Mgt , Ethics, Statistical
Methods, Ecology, Admin of Nursing Services
3 1987 FT Associate Professor Avd Pathophysiology, Adv Medical-surgical N
Nursing Research, Nursing Administration
4 1989 FT Associate Professor Nursing Practice, Critical Care
5 1977 FT Professor Preventive Nursing, Care Mgt
Silliman Univ. 1 1985 FT Instructor Psychopathophysiology, Nursing Care Mgt

2 1975 FT Assistant Professor Nursing Research, Nursing Leadership
63
Nursing Mgt
3 1985 FT Associate Professor Comm. Health Nursing , Public Health Ad-n
Research Methods
Hong Kong 1 1993 FT Asst. Prof Health Assessment & Nursing Process
Fundamentals, Nursing Concepts
Polytechnic
University
2 1996 FT Lecturer Nursing Subjects, Caring Concepts
Catholic 1 1978 FT Associate Professor Doctorate and Master’s Program Clinical

Research
University of
America
2 1973 FT Associate Professor Med / Surgical Nursing, Professional practice,
Midlife and Older adults, Nutrition, Physical
assessment and skills
Table 5: FACULTY EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
INSTITUTION R PhD MA / MS Bachelor’s Degree

University of 1 MA UP 1978 BSN UP 1972
the Philippines
2 Doctorate in Public Health UP MAN UP BSN UP
3 Public Health UP BSN UP
4 PhD UP MAN UP BSN UP
Ateneo de 1 MAN Western Mindanao State BSN ADZU 1980

U 97
Zamboanga
2 MAN Western Mindanao State BSN Silliman U 1978
U 97
3 Ateneo de Zamboanga 2000 BSN Western Mindanao
State U 86
St. Louis 1 SLU units SLU 1998 SLU 1984
University
2 SLU units SLU 1998 SLU 1984
3 SLU units SLU 1999 SLU 1980
4 SLU 1999
5 UP units SLU 98 SLU 76 GN UP 1974
Silliman 1 MA Nursing Silliman U 1999 BSN Silliman U 1981
University
2 MA Nursing Silliman U 1986 BSN Silliman U 1972
3 MA Nursing Silliman U 1972
Hong Kong 1 HK Chinese Univ 1999
Polytechnic
University
2 Univ of Sydney Ongoing Univ of Sydney 1996 Univ of Sydney 1994
Catholic 1 DNSc Doctor of Nursing

Science CUA 1980
Master of Nursing Science
CUA 1976
St. John College 1964
University of
America
2 PhD Health Education: MSN Nursing Education CUA BSN Nursing Education
Aging-Stress 1961 St. Louis University 1953
University of Maryland 1988
64
Table 6: METHODS OF TEACHING
R Lectu Lec- Inquir Case Experi Field Resear Others

re discuss y Studies ment Work ch
ion
University of 1 Y Y Y Y Y
the Philippines
2 Y Y
3 Y Y Y Y COACHING,
MENTORING
4 Y Y Y Y EXPERIENTIAL
Ateneo de 1 Y Y Y Y
Zamboanga
2 Y Y Y Y Y Y
3 Y Y Y Y Y Y
St. Louis 1 Y Y Y Y Case Study, games,

exercises, community
University visits, interview, film
viewing
2 Y Y Y Y
3 Y Y Y Y workshops
4 Y Y Y Y Y
5 Y Y Y Demo, games, story-
telling, small-group
discussions, role play
Silliman 1 Y Y Y Y Demo, film viewing
University
2 Y Y
3 Y Y
Australian 1 Problem solving

approach, team work,
Catholic theoretical and
University practical learning
Hong Kong 1 y y y y
Polytechnic
University
2 y y y y
Catholic 1 Y Y y Y Seminar questions
University of
America
2 y Y y Y y
65
Table 7: TEACHING MATERIALS
INSTITUTION R Course Text Selected Exercises Realia Projects others

Manual books Rdgs
University of 1 Y Y Y
the Philippines
2 Y Y Y
3 Y Y Y Y JOURNALS
4 Y Y Y
Ateneo de 1 Y Y Y Y
Zamboanga
2 Y Y Y Y
3 Y Y Y Y
St. Louis 1 Y Y Y collage making, puppet show
University
2 Y Y Y instructional computer progs
slides, film, transparencies
3 Y Y Y
4 Y Y Y
5 Y Y Y Y Y
Silliman 1 y y Y worksheets
University
2 y y unpubished researches
3 Y Y
Nanyang
Polytechnic
Hong Kong 1 y y Problem-based learning
Polytechnic
University
2 y y y
Catholic 1 y Y Pertinent readings
University of
America
2 y Y y
Table 8: SCHOOL PRACTICES and ACTIVITIES
INSTITUTION R Faculty Evaluation Faculty Development Program

University of 1
the Philippines
2 student, peer, dean participant, trainor
3 student, peer, dean Continuing Ed & Extn Services Program Head
4 student Making development plans
Ateneo de 1 peers, students, chair interesting admin supportive
Zamboanga
2 peers, students, chair supportive and participative for achievement
of institutional goal & for prof'l dev
66
3 peers, students, chair
St. Louis 1 regularly done to improve teaching need to be more involved
University
2 dean, DH, students 100% planning, imple & eval
3 every semester active as planner, organizer, participanT
4 twice a year very much
5 35% ss35 DH30 Dean
Silliman 1 done by students, supervisor peer, self
University
2 done by students, supervisor, peer, intense as faculty and as acting dean
self
3 done by students, supervisor, peer, Chair of Continuing Education
self
Hong Kong 1 Departmental every 3-5 years 1 very passive since it needs to involve
budget allocation for clinical supervision
Polytechnic
University
2 Student-feedback yearly, yearly Involved in brainstorming, planning and
appraisal development
Catholic 1 Need stronger peer evaluation
program. Students evaluate courses,
High: attend pertinent workshops; focus on
maintaining current expertise through reading
University of Summary of annual faculty and practice
America responsibilities and professional
activities
2 Annual and semi-annual meetings of Limited- 3 years ago involved in writing
Deans, Informal process which needs evaluations of faculty
more structure Working on developing mentoring program
with a small committee
Table 9: RESEARCH and CONFERENCES
INSTITUTION R RESEARCH CONFERENCES

University of 1
the Philippines
2 Eval of asthma educ progs Intl Nursing Council, Canada
Conf in China, Korea, Manila
3 not for the moment
4 Improvement of Program policies Malaria Control Convention (Natl)
Ateneo de 1 none PNA
Zamboanga
2 yes- to improve nursing care 5 incl. AHSE
3 I incl. AHSE
St. Louis 1 not at the moment none
University
2 advising Project Cycle mgt Training
3 status of nursing research Council for Adult & Experiential Lrng USA
Intl Convention of Nurses
4 dissertation
5 dissertation
Silliman 1 no Intl Convention of Nurses
University
2 yes. To generate information and share through Council for Adult & Experiential Lrng USA
publications Prior Leearning assessment CANADA
Expanding Boundaries in Nursing THAI
67
Expanding Boundaries in Nursing THAI
Nursing towards 2000 JORDAN
3 yes for income generating projects
Hong Kong 1 Yes. Three articles in journal publications, develop

web-based clinics for resource center
Nursing as a new wave in Beijing
Behavioral & community health sciences in
Polytechnic Sydney
University
2 Yes. Yearly in journals
Catholic Research on education of nurses. Area of interests:

accrediting Nursing programs in terms of outcome
University of achievement
America
Yes. Publications recommended changes in practice Community and public health conferences
eg: Home Care of Congestive Heart Patients post nationally and locally
discharge
Table 10: THE GRADUATES
INSTITUTION R STRENGTHS AS PROVEN IN CHARACTERISTICS

THE WORKPLACE
University of the 1 clinical, research, teaching self-directed, competent, resourceful
Philippines
2 clinical nursing, research, occupation Independence, academic excellence
requiring interaction with people
resourcefulness, systematic I
independent, decision-making ability
self -directed, diligent
3 nursing practice, research, administration
4 nursing practice, research,
teaching capability for critical thinking
effective community leadership
Ateneo de 1 nursing practice strong sense of value, commitment,
patient diligent, optimistic, energetic
Zamboanga men and women for others
2 nursing practice value-oriented and strong sense of
determination
3 nursing practice hospital-based clinical practice
St. Louis University 1 hospital nursing practice competence, caring

2 nursing, jobs requiring good therapeutic , good comm. Skills, nursing care
community skills techniques
3 professional competence, professionalism concern for clients
dedication to work commitment to
nursing practice
4 hospital nursing acquired K & well-rounded
nursing ed personality
5 bedside nursing assertiveness
Silliman University 1 nursing service integrity, dedication, compassion

2 hospital & comm. Health programs competent in nursing practice
critical thinking and problem-solving
accountability, commitment
3 missionary work in dev'g countries respect for human individuality
resourcefulness
Hong Kong 1 Adaptation, good working attitude, seek Critical mind, patience, initiative to
information learn
Polytechnic University
2 Clinical / hospital Clinical expertise
Catholic Univ. of America 1 As nurse educators and nurse researchers
2
68
Table 11: THE INSTITUTION
INSTITUTION R STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

University of the 1 dev of competency-based, community
oriented BSN courses Distance Ed Prog for
more research activities publication
in refereed journals faculty salary
Philippines MA PhD faculty FT
2 competency-based curriculum more funding for research
more admin support
more opportunities to practice N
3 trailblazer in introducing I MA program geared towards
nnovations in nursing ed clinical specialization
4 clinical expertise resources salaries
Ateneo de 1 board exam results instruction, faculty, curriculum

experienced fac members
Zamboanga well-planned progs for related learning
experience
2 board exam results instruction, faculty, curriculum
experienced fac members
well-planned progs for related learning
experience
3 Atenean value: In the service of God and instruction, faculty, curriculum
country
St. Louis University 1 trng, clinical & community health setting
extension services (MNC) immersion
AHSE curriculum implementation
program
2 qualified faculty facilities / equipment research
internet lab
3 extensive training on nursing research academic qualifications of faculty
extension service faculty training & dev
facilities
4 experienced faculty to provide basic nursing library, learning envi facilities eg skills
ed lab more classrooms
5 good fac dev program updated trends faculty research more hands-on
projects on clinical practice research,
mgt.
Silliman University 1 dedicated faculty with MA recent edition of
books & other learning resources physical facilities & lab equipment
Guidance & Counseling progrs
2 committed faculty responsive comm. faculty qualifications, research
Extension prog innovations in teaching opportunities, more publications, less
integration bet theory & practice Christian teaching load
orientation
3 Center of Excellence because of facilities publication
Performance in National Board Exam reduce faculty load
Hong Kong 1 Wide range of network
experienced local staff including clinical
Communication between senior /
junior staff for development of
Polytechnic teaching department
University More focus
2 Supportive to do research More evidence-based research
Mentoring system in research
Catholic University of 1 Strong graduate curriculum to prepare
nurse educators and academic
America administrators (to train would-be teachers)
2 Strong tradition of teaching moral / ethical Using computer technology more
values of teaching leadership and clinical effectively
skills of producing nurses who are More inter-disciplinary collaboration
dedicated and professional with a strong in teaching and research
Nursing identity Using our material resources more
Produces many nursing leaders throughout effectively given our location in
the world Washington DC
Australian Catholic 1 Emphasis on personal and professional
development of students, Focus on
University professional and ethical practice, reflective
practice, enabling team work, problem-
solving, Has well-established procedures
for evaluating performance and ensuring
quality
69
Table 12: TYPE OF INSTITUTION, YEAR ESTABLISHED, SOURCES OF
INCOME AND TUITION FEES
INSTITUTION TYPE OF YEAR INCOME TUITION*

SCHOOL ESTABLISHED
University of the Public 1948 Government / 5.80 / unit
Philippines tuition
Ateneo de Private 1916 Tuition 6.65
Zamboanga
St. Louis University Private 1911 Tuition / grants 5.13
Belgian
benefactors
Silliman University Private 1901 Tuition / grants 8.25 / unit
Nanyang Polytechnic Public 1992 Government / 1,691 / yr less gov
tuition subsidy
Hong Kong public Government / 5,397.45
Polytechnic tuition
University
Universiti Public 1996
Kebangsaan Malaysia
UCLA Public 1949 Tuition / Non-resident:
government, 4,768.00 / quarter
grants, donations Resident: 1,231.00
Australian Catholic Public 1991 2,216.25
University
National Yang-Ming Public 1971 Government
Medical University
Taiwan
Seoul National Public 1946 Government
University
Korea
Hallym University Private 1994 Tuition
Korea
Keio Junior College Public 1858 Tuition / donations
of Nursing Japan
University of Hong Public 1995
Kong (Nursing)
University of Hawaii Public 1932 Tuition 15% Resident:

USA State gen funds 43 1,464.oo per
Federal funds 20 semester
Grants: private 2 Non-resident:
Others 20 4,704.00 per
semester
University of Western Public 1989
Sydney Nepean
Catholic University of Private 1932 tuition FT per sem:
America 10,025.00
PT per sem credit
hr: 770.00
*in US Dollars
1 US$ = 43.00 Philippine Peso

= 1.70 Australian Dollars
= 7.80 Hong Kong Dollars
= 1.78 Singaporean Dollars
= 30.50 National Taiwan Dollars
= 1.76 Japan Yen
= .52 Australian Dollars
70
Table 13: VISION, MISSION AND ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS
INSTITUTION VISION MISSION ADMISSION

REQUIREMENTS
University of To strengthen the To provide leadership and UPCAT
capabilities of its individual excellence in nursing
the Philippines members and the society as education, research,
a whole continuing education,
community service &
nursing development
Ateneo de To form men and women of To provide educ that is a College entrance
God, for others & serving as process of formation that exam80% HS average,
Zamboanga an agent of change in develops in the person the upper 40% of HS
bringing about peace knowledge, skills & physically and mentally
orientation needed for a healthy
life of dedicated service
St. Louis Integral human formation To promote human dignity College Entrance Exam
directed towards a Christian and happiness through Good HS scholastic
University dev of KSA of the youth who research instruction & records Good moral
will become mature comm service leading to character
Christians and active the dev of the total person
members of Church able to take up one's
responsibility in the church
and world
Silliman (UNIV) committed to total to provide opportunities for HS Gen ave 85% top
human development for all members of the acad. 40% of grad class
University societal and environmental Community to seek truth, Entrance Exam
well -being justice, love to pursue
academic excellence in
every dimension of inquiry,
learning & teaching
Nanyang To provide quality ed and Total dev of grads to their GCE "O" level holders
trng to prepare grads for life fullest potential and ensure English, elementary +
Polytechnic and work by equipping them that they contribute to Math, Science with
to contribute to the Grades between 1-7
technological economic and
social dev of Singapore
Hong Kong To become internationally To contribute to the well- HKALE Chinese
recognized for excellence in being of HK community be Literature, AS-level in
Polytechnic applied research teaching providing a range of high English, Passed in 2
University and community services in quality, flexible, practice- other HKALE subjects,
health-related issues oriented progs one being Biology
strengthen our linkages with Passed HKCEE
business and industry
Universiti To be the leader in nursing
and a center of excellence
Kebangsaan for nursing education and
Malaysia nursing practice
UCLA To advance nursing

science through the
conduct and dissemination
of research and expand its
national and international
leadership in educational
preparation of nurses
Australian To prepare students who can To develop a graduate who Aus. Year 12 Certificate.
work in a variety of will, at beginning level, be Passing Entrance and
Catholic institutional and community an independent learner, a Gen. Math
University settings and who have competent practitioner, a 21 years of age
acquired the ability to reflect creative and critical thinker
upon and develop Christian and a motivated
values, appropriate to the researcher
practice of nursing
71
National Yang- To equip health personnel fir
sound professional skills and
Ming Medical high moral standards by
University stressing both theoretical
and practical aspects of
Taiwan training, and by emphasizing
the importance of
humanities
Seoul National To provide students with a 12 years of education
sound understanding of College Scholastic
University humankind and the world; to Aptitude Test
Korea educate them with broad
perspective concerning
natural and social
phenomena to foster a
creative a nd intellectual
mind through a systematic
approach to learning
Hallym The focus is on the adaptive GPA 2.0
system of persons, families Comprehensive
University and communities in all examination
Korea settings
Keio Junior To offer a consistent University entrance

education for promising exam
College of nurses to effectively cope HS academic transcript
Nursing Japan wiith advanced medical Letter of recognition
knowledge and techniques Letter of guarantee
with professional confidence Certificate of health
and a high level of Jap Language proficiency
proficiency test result
University of To prepare competent Qualifying test of

beginning practitioners at language ability
Hong Kong the baccalaureate level, and nursing
advanced practitioners at knowledge
the master’s level and nurse
scientists at the doctoral
level who will help share and
direct the development of
nursing and health care
University of To provide an environment GPA 2.5
in which faculty and SAT, ACT or GRE
Hawaii USA students can discover, Pre-admission exam
examine critically, preserve
and transmit the knowledge,
wisdom and values that will
help ensure the survival of
the present and future
generations with
improvement in the quality
of life
University of To build an institution that To develop a broad
responds to the needs of its knowledge base in the
Western Sydney region and enhances the theory and practice of
Nepean region’s cultural, industrial, nursing
environmental and
educational development
Catholic To cultivate and impart an To prepare professionally SAT or ACT scores
understanding of the educated nurses who are GPA 2.5
University of Christian faith within the capable of the moral, RN license
America context of all forms of intellectual and
human inquiry and values. professional leadership
To assure, in an institutional needed to provide
manner, the proper continuing quality in
intellectual and academic clinical nursing care,
72
intellectual and academic clinical nursing care,
witness to Christian nursing education and
inspiration in individuals and nursing service.
in the community and to
provide a place for
continuing reflection, in the
light of Christian faith, upon
the growing treasure of
human knowledge.
Table 15: COURSE OFFERINGS
INSTITUTION MA Bachelor's Non-Degree

University of the PhD Nursing MA Nursing BS Nursing
Distance Ed for MA Nursing
Philippines
Ateneo de BS Nursing
Zamboanga
St. Louis MS Nursing BS Nursing
University
Silliman BS Nursing Associate in
Health Science Ed
University
Nanyang Advanced Diploma in Nursing(1
Polytechnic yr Full-time)
Diploma in Nursing in
Hong Kong Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Polytechnic
University
UCLA PhD Nursing, MA Nursing BS Nursing
Australian BS Nursing
Catholic Univ.
National Yang- BS Nursing
Ming Medical
Univ. Taiwan
Seoul National BS Community Health Nursing,
University Maternity Health Nursing,
Pediatric Nursing
Korea Adult Nursing, Psychiatric
Mental Health nursing
Nursing Management
Hallym Univ. BS Nursing
Korea
Keio Junior Basic Nursing Program
Bachelor of Nursing
College of
Nursing Japan
University of Bachelor of Nursing
Hong Kong
University of Bachelor of Nursing
Hawaii USA
University of Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Western Sydney Bachelor of Health Science
Nepean
Catholic Univ. of Doctor of Nursing Science Bachelor of Science in Nursing
MS Nursing
America
73
Table 16: AFFILIATIONS AND ACCREDITATIONS
INSTITUTION Local Affiliations Intl Affiliations Accreditation

Ateneo de PAASCU Level III
Zamboanga
St. Louis PAASCU Level III
University
Silliman John Hopkins International PAASCU Level III
Education for Reproductive CHED Center of
University Health Escellence
Nanyang Lion Befrienders, Central collaboration with University ISO 2002 Standards
Dev Council of Sydney
Polytechnic
UCLA Department of
Baccalaureate and Higher
Degree Programs of the
National League for Nursing
Australian Royal College of Nursing Collaborative Arrangements State Nurses

Association with: University of Registration Authority
Catholic Incarnate Word, San
University Antonio, Texas; West
Virginia University, USA;
Lund University, Sweden;
Georgian College and State
University, America
University of Area Health Services
Greater Western Sydney
Western Sydney Alliance for Nursing
Nepean Advancement (GWANA)
Catholic Consortium of Universities National League for
of the Washington Nursing
University of Metropolitan Area
America
74
Table 17: TEACHERS’ QUALIFICATIONS and COMPENSATION
INSTITUTION F P Total PhD Entry PhD Entry MA Entry MA/ Entry BS

salar y units salary MS salary MS salary /
T T / mo. / mo. / mo. Units mo.
University of the 22 2 24 8 6 9 1 1
Philippines
Ateneo de 37 1 38 0 3 153.8 7 148.7 23 1 146.5
Zamboanga 5 5
St. Louis 34 2 36 430.2 7 430.2 14 372.0 74 360.4 1 337.2
University 3 3 9 6 0
Silliman University 15 1 418.6 383.7 271.0 220.9
0 0 5 0
Hong Kong 49 9 58 20 29 For both PhD and MA
Polytechnic Lecturer: 4,126.90
University Asst. Prof: 5, 921.80
UCLA 45 15 9 5,000 80 4,833 58,00 58,00
/ mo / mo 0 0
Seoul National 12 64
University 48 3
Korea
Hallym University 10
Korea
Keio Junior 107 4 5 9
College of Nursing
Japan
University of 2002 26 92 0
Hawaii USA
Western Sydney
Nepean
Catholic 21 7 21
University of
America
* in US $ per month at 24 units Full-load
** Salary not related to qualifications but to market forces
Table 18: FACULTY SPECIALIZATION
INSTITUTION
Ateneo de MA Nursing, M Nursing, MA G&C
Zamboanga
St. Louis University MA Maternal & Child Nursing, MA Mental Hygiene & Psychiatric Nursing, MA Adult Health
Nursing
Sillman University 1 PhD 14 Adult Health Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing, Parent -child Nursing, Nursing
Administration, Community Health Nursing
Nanyang Polytechnic
Hong Kong 10 PhD Nursing 4 PhD Psychology 6 PhD Biomedical Science
23 MA Nursing 6 MA Biomedical Science
Polytechnic
University
UCLA 33 PhD 5 EDD 31 MD
Australian Catholic (NSW only) 3 PhD, 12 MS Bioethics, Teach, etc.

University
Catholic University of 7 PhD 9 DNSc 13 MSN, MS
America
75
Table 19: PHYSICAL CAPACITY
INSTITUTION No. of Area No. of No. of No. of Students

Campuses Buildings Floors Classrooms per room
University of 1 3 10
the Philippines
Ateneo de 1 4 hectares 13 4 90 40
Zamboanga
St. Louis 1 4.5 hectares 13 4 257 50
for whole
University univ
Silliman 1 1000 sq. m 2 2 10 10-40
University
Nanyang Polytechnic 1 1 Lecture rm:
400
Tutorials: 20
Hong Kong 1 23 5-7 120 Lecture: 200
Polytechnic Tutorials: 20
University
UCLA 1 35 acres 1 6 5-140
Australian Catholic 3 (NSW)

University
National Yang-Ming 1
Medical University
Taiwan
Seoul National 3 EACH 4.3 23
University KM
Korea
Hallym University 5 teaching
Korea hospitals
Keio Junior College 5

of Nursing Japan
University of Hawaii 3
USA university
7 comm.
Colleges
University of Western 6 26
Sydney Nepean
Catholic University of 1 1 4 11 10-279
America
76
Table 20: PERSONNEL
Admin Doc Nurse Accou Coun Libra Chapla Mainte Security others
INSTITUTION Guards
Asst tor ntant selor rian in nance
the Philippines
Ateneo de 3 PT 2 FT 1 9 5 3 29 17
1 PT
Zamboanga
St. Louis 1 37 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
University
Silliman 3 In In 5 12 16 2 87 40
hosp hospit
University ital al
Hong Kong 2 6 2 8 8 39 6 20-30
Polytechnic
University
UCLA FT: 20 U C L A em pl oyees
PT: 2
National Yang-Ming 1 1 1 1 1 1 Person

Medical University al /
clinical
Taiwan
tutors
Hallym University 1
Korea
University of Hawaii 1 1 1 1 1 1
USA
Catholic University of 4 3
America
Table 21: FACILITIES
INSTITUTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 Others
0 1 2 3
University of y y y y y y Y C onference rm., faculty -
admin lounge, reading
the Philippines rm., computer rm.
Ateneo de y y y y y y Y Computers, OHP, TV VCR
Zamboanga
St. Louis y y y y y y y y y Center for Culture and the
Arts, Post Office,
University Museum, Hospital
Silliman y y y y y y y h y y y y y LRC, Reproductive Health
o Trng Ctr, Adolescent
University s Reproductive Health,
p Nursing Arts Lab
Hong Kong y y y y y y y y y y y
Polytechnic
University
UCLA y y y y y y y y y Biomedical Lab
Research Center
Australian y y y y y y y y y y Simulated Client Care
Labs, Lecture theaters,
Catholic Anatomy, Physiology,
University Microbiology and Physical
Science Lab
77
National Yang- y y y y y y y y y y Y
Ming Medical
University
Taiwan
Seoul National y y y y y y y y Experimental farm
Arboretum
University Veterinary hospital
Korea University hospital
Museum
Hallym y y y y y Computer room, health
club, tennis court, welfare
University facilities: broadcasting
Korea station, hospital,
museum, univ health ctr,
music rm
Keio Junior y y y y y Y
College of
Nursing Japan
University of y Y y y y y y y y y y Learning lab, simulated
hospital . clinic, student
Hawaii USA lounge, on-line
registration, tennis court,
student services
Catholic y y y y y y y y y y Campus ministry,
Counseling Center,
University of Student Health Center,
America Multicultural and
International Student
services, Career Services,
Modern Fitness Facility
1. Laboratory 2. Auditoriums 3. Chapel 4. Library 5. Grandstand 6. Swimming Pool

7. Guidance Counselor's Office 8. Clinic 9. Restrooms 10. Gym 11. Track oval
12. Canteen 13. Student Accommodations
Table 22: BUDGET ALLOCATION in PERCENT
INSTITUTION person profe Faciliti equip KIB. overh tchng Others TOTAL
nel sional es ment mater ead materi
salary fees ials als
University of 72.86 20.8 35.4 39.8 33.3 0.01 58.18 47.7 100
9
the Philippines
St. Louis 58.75 15.3 0.46 2.09 15.4 1.64 6.3 100
5 1
University
Silliman 30 10 15 10 10 15 10 Crt for
Exce
University CHED
funds
University of 36% Instruction budget Organized research 21%
for wages, honoraria, facilities, Public service 6
Hawaii USA equipment, teaching materials Academic support 9
Student services 5
Others 23
78
Table 23: STUDENT-POPULATION BY COURSE
INSTITUTION FULL- COURSES STUDENT POPULATION

LOAD
1997 1998 1999
University of 18 BS Nursing 257 189 203
the Philippines
MS Nursing 108 105 73
PhD Nursing 10 15 10
Ateneo de 24 Bs Nursing 348 326 331

Zamboanga
St. Louis 24 BS Nursing 683 438 430
University
MS Nursing 91 59 49
Silliman 23 BS Nursing 173 100 170
University
Hong Kong 18 MS Nursing 29 21 30
contact BS Nursing 50 50 52
Polytechnic hrs + 1 Diploma in Nursing 119 117 120
University day
clinical
Keio Junior Undergraduate students 608
Graduate students 125
College of
Nursing Japan
University of 15 BS Nursing 2528
Hawaii USA
University of Health and Nursing 1307 1248 1330
Western Sydney
Nepean
Catholic 15-18 BS Nursing 178 153 135
credits
University of
America
Table 24: FOREIGN STUDENTS & SCHOLARSHIP GRANTS
INSTITUTION No. of Country of Origin Scholarship Grants

Students
Enrolled
University of 1999 Australia CHED Ceaserea Tan Scholarship Fabella
4 Ignacio Scholarship UPCNAAI Scholarship
the Philippines
Ateneo de 0 Academic Scholarships, Financial Assistance
Zamboanga
St. Louis 0 Academic, Special, Faculty scholarship
University
Silliman 2 Fil-American Grant-in-aids, 2 Academic Scholarships, Full
scholarship, Tuition fee assistance, 1
University Foundation, 9 Private Endowment funds,
Nanyang 1999 Australia
4
Polytechnic
79
UCLA 5 Middle East Moseley Scholarship, Chancellor’s
Scholarship, 15 private endowment funds,
Alumni scholarship fund, UCLA scholarship
Australian Anne Lyons Memorial Fund, ACU Equity
Scholarship Program, Philip Malong Perpetual
Catholic Scholarship.
University High Achiever Prize, 8 different prizes,
Harcourt Royal Life Saving Society, St.
Vincent’s Hospital, Zonta Club of Sydney,
Centaur Memorial, Palliative Care Asso. Of
Qld., Qld. Orthopaedic Nurses, Qld.
Paediatric Nurses
Seoul National 44 Honor scholarship = 3
Alumni scholarship = 5
University Excellent graduate = 1
Korea Private benefactor = 77
Faculty scholarship = 2
Department scholarship = 1
Hallym USA, Canada, Germany, University scholarship
Denmark, UK donations
University Mongolia, China, Japan,
Korea Taiwan, Australia
Keio Junior 567 Korea, China, USA, Academic scholarship

(inclusive Taiwan, Thailand, Yamaoka Scholarship
College of of all years Indonesia, Germany, Japan Ministry Education scholarship for
Nursing Japan of Australia, Malaysia, France international students
operation)
University of Caucasian 20% Hawaii Education Association
Japanese 20
Hawaii USA Filipino 15 Scholarship
NCAA Sports Journalism Scholarship
Others 32
Veterenary Memorial Fund
3 PERSONAL Memorial Fund Scholarships
Catholic University of 5 Japanese, Nigerian, Federal Funds, Variety of Scholarship grants,
America Etrhiopia loans and work opportunities
Table 25: GRADUATES / DROP-OUTS
INSTITUTION Graduates Drop Outs Licensure Exam

1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999
University of BSN 74 37 27 3 10 11 43 66 32
the Philippines
MAN 4 13 18 47 38 22
PhDN 3 3 1
Ateneo de BSN 103 85 51 76/9 89/9 42/5

6 9 5
Zamboanga
St. Louis BSN 191 150 99 495 219 94 172 181 141
University
Silliman BSN 41 61 23 Can’ be dete 41 61 23
t rmin
University ed
Hong Kong MSN - - 11 0 -
BSN 39 48 46 0 1 97
Polytechnic Diploma - 97 121 0 -
University in N
UCLA 136
80
Seoul National Clinical 2406
University Nursing
Korea
University of Western Health 295 321 263
Sydney Nepean and
Nursing
Catholic University of BSN 56 42 35 5 8 3 73 41 27
America
Table 26: APPRENTICESHIP / CLINICAL PLACEMENT
INSTITUTION Apprenticeship / Clinical Placement

University of the Philippine General Hospital
Philippines
Ateneo de Hospitals and community centers
Zamboanga
St. Louis St. Louis Hospital
University
Silliman University Private / Public hospital, City rural health units, Barangay Health Centers,
Mental Rehabilitation Centers, Shelters for abused women and children
Hong Kong Hospitals and clinics in Hong Kong
Polytechnic
University
UCLA 16 sites in the community
Australian Catholic Community sites, health centers, hospitals

University
National Yang- Veteran’s General Hospital, National Taipei Nursing College
Ming Medical
University
Taiwan
Seoul National Family, community, aggregated populations in public health centers
University Korea
Hallym University 5 university foundation hospitals
Korea
Keio Junior Keio university hospital, mental institutions, community health agencies
College of Nursing
Japan
University of 11 hospitals, community health centers, social service centers and settlements
Hong Kong
University of University Health Services Clinic (paid and to fulfill academic requirements)
Hawaii USA
Catholic 200 clinical contracts with major health centers. Community health agencies
and managed care centers
University of
America
81
Table 27: GRADUATES’ EMPLOYMENT
INSTITUTION Graduates' Employment

LOCAL ABROAD JOB TYPE SALARY*
University of No track record
the Philippines
Ateneo de No track record
Zamboanga
St. Louis No track record
University
Silliman Cebu, Canada, Hospital staff, supervisory /
Manila UK, Middle administration
University East, Asia, Clinic, school, occupational nursing,
Australia, nursing education / administration,
Europe business entrepreneurs, consultants
Nanyang any health care setting in hospital
home, office, industry in Singapore
Polytechnic or abroad
Hong Kong Registered Nurse 2,307.70
160 in government 2,051.30
Polytechnic 3 in Private
University
UCLA Private Physician’s offices, 65,000 -
Hospitals, clinics 100,000
Seoul National 339 Clinical nursing 1341

School health teachers 132
University Professors and researchers 113
Korea Housewives 384
NR = No Records *In US Dollars
Table 28: GRADUATES' PROFILE
INSTITUTION % Within area of % Not % AREA OF EXCELLENCE

spec Within area UNEMP
of spec LOYED
St. Louis 80 15 5 hospital and community nursing
University
Silliman 60 20 20 Clinical, Community health education,
research, trainings, continuing
University education program
Hong Kong 100% 0 0 Innovative projects
Research
Polytechnic Computer skills
University
UCLA 85% 15% 1 – 5% Advanced practice
Seoul National 55.7% 24.3 20 Clinical nursing

University Korea
University of FT employment Median starting salary Aus $ 29,000
74.20 %
Western Sydney FT study 10.40
Nepean
Catholic Univ. 99% 1% NA Management of patient care
of America
82
Table 29: GRADUATES' CHARACTERISTICS, STRENGTHS AND
WEAKNESSES
INSTITUTION CHARACTERISTICS STRENGTHS WEAK

NESSES
University of the Flexible, dependable, independent
Philippines
Ateneo de service to others, initiative, dependable
Zamboanga
St. Louis University punctual and good attendance
commitment to duty competent, caring,
industry
Silliman University Knowledge, skills, attitudes in nursing
process, documentation, communication
Nanyang Polytechnic confident, knowledgeable to meet the
challenge and changes of modern
advances in good medical technology
understanding human biology and
behavior able to solve probs and make
decisions
Hong Kong Critical mind
Polytechnic Univ. Computer knowledge
UCLA Cultural sensitivity, community-based Community-based,
nursing care in a
culturally diverse
society
Australian Catholic Professional and ethical
University practice, reflective
practice, enabling,
teamwork, problem-
solving
National Yang-Ming Self -confidence in the practice of their
Medical University profession
Taiwan
Seoul National Good skills, enough
University knowledge needed in
Korea their profession
Good leadership skills,
Creativity, cooperation
Catholic University of Skill, responsibility
America
Table 30: RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS
INSTITUTION COMPLETED ON- INSTITUTIONAL

GOING PUBLICATIONS
University of the Component Study for Pasay City 1988 2 UP Manila Journal
Philippines by an Italian NGO Quarterly
4 completed
Ateneo de Zamboanga 1997: 1 2
1998: 0
1999: 2
St. Louis University 13 SLU Research Journal
Silliman University CARE: Philippine Young Adult Sexuality SUCN Research

Project Abstracts
DOST- PCHRD
CHED, United Board of Christian
Higher Ed
83
Higher Ed
Parents’ Readiness to Provide Sex
Education.
Curricular Competencies
Hong Kong Polytechnic See booklet (more than 100 ASIAN JOURNAL OF
University researches) NURSING
CERG grant
Health Promotion Grant
UCLA Each faculty member does research Faculty publish in
and publishes in scholarly journals several Journals of OB
& Neonatal Nursing,
Clinical Nursing, Cancer
Nursing, etc.
Seoul National 1. Effect of Planned indoctrination
University Program on the role transition of
Korea new graduate nurses 1997
2. Clinical competency for directing
of RN national exam 1998
3. Curriculum revision 1998
4. Survey on the needs of health
promotion of Kang-buk ku 1998
University of Hong Clini cal Nursing = 2
Kong Nursing ed = 1
Community Health = 2
Student learning = 4
Women’s health = 4
Tobacco and health = 2
University of Western Research centers:
Sydney Nepean
Clinical Development Unit
Oncology and Palleative Care Nursing
Centre for Evidence Based Pediatric
Nursing Practice
Table 31: CONFERENCES AND EXTENSION WORK
INSTITUTION CONFERENCES EXTENSION WORK

University of Service for street children training of
BHWs & RHU personnel Asthma
the Philippines education Radio program DZLB
community immersion at Nagcarlan
Laguna, Health promotion through
nursing clinics
St. Louis 19 local Mobile Nursing Clinic (MNC) for health
service delivery
University
Silliman Reproductive Health and Adolescent
reproductive health services
University Primary health care services
Family and domestic Violence
Breast cancer, germtology
Hong Kong Intl courses on New Century Perspective Hospital authority – clinical research
on Nursing course
Polytechnic The Nurse as a Caring scholar: the New Community advisers of hospitals
University world Macau- Planning of Prfl Deploma in
Nursing
University of Joint appointments with health
individual partners to support practice
Western Sydney based research in Western Sydney
Nepean
84
Table 32: INSTITUTION'S STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES
INSTITUTION STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

Ateneo de Zamboanga passing rate in Board exam committed and experienced Instruction, faculty, curriculum
teachers sufficient and varied related learning exposure
St. Louis University Dev the student terminal competencies through effective team teaching, faculty use of IT
classroom mgt & ongoing intramural & extramural faculty ed. self-directed learning
Silliman University Community health nursing, Training Ctr for reproductive
health in Region VII
Leadership in curriculum innovation, holistic education,
Integration of theory and practice, linkages with local,
regional, national and international organizations /
institutions
Nanyang Polytechnic Practice-oriented training
Hong Kong Polytechnic Incorporate diff teaching methods Research outputs especially in
University Web-based technology the area of publications in
Problem-based learning refereed journals
Availability of simulations
UCLA Niche is community-based advanced practice Nursing, International collaboration,
Intensive research environment Revising BS program objectives
BS Program: strong in the sciences with community -based to better reflect expected
and cultural diversity focused program competencies in
Responsiveness to the health needs of the multicultural community skills and ethical
community of greater LA conduct
Responsiveness to the educational needs of associate
degree and diploma nurse graduates in California
Provides a solid foundation for graduate education at MS
degree
Australian Catholic Balance of theoretical and practical experience to enable
University students to meet professional and or industry requirements
Students undertake clinical experience, supervised by
qualified practitioners in a variety of Catholic hospitals and
other public, private and specialty organizations.
Access to latest technology and equipment
Small student body which results in a friendly and informal
atmosphere.
National Yang-Ming - creating a balance in students’ life: sports
Medical University
Taiwan and organization involvement, extra-
curricular activities
- student counseling, tutorial system, clinical tutorial
system
- humanities program
Seoul National - liberal arts program
University - facilities in the university hospital
Korea
Hallym University - extensive practical application
Korea - hands-on training
- excellent faculty - PhDs
Keio Junior College of - practicum in university hospitals, mental institutions,
Nursing Japan community health agencies
University of Hawaii Medical assisting programs via internet and tv
USA INTERESTING COURSES
- Essential Oils & Aromatherapy
- Meditation, Healing Touch, Yoga for Health and
Wellness, Consumer Health Online
- Women and Health, Pain management
- Nursing in the multicultural milieu
- Nursing care for HIV infected client
- Chronic Illness in children and adolescents
- Management for health professional
University of Western - academic staff do teaching and research and have a
Sydney Nepean close relationship with significant health-related
industries, high employment rate of graduates
- offers combined degrees in Health Science / law and
Nursing / law
85
Table 33: CURRICULUM

DEGREE NO. MAJOR Gen Ed COMPU OTHERS TOTAL
OF CORE TER
YEA (Philo/English
RS /Math/Science
/ History/PE
University of the BSN 4 99 70 169
Philippines
Ateneo de BSN 4 104 76 3 18 201
Zamboanga Theology
St. Louis University BSN 4 87 84.5 12 183.5
Theology
Silliman University BSN 4 101 95 Religion 196
6
Arts 3 u.
Nanyang Polytechnic Diploma in 3
Nursing
I= 5 nursing courses 6 hrs / wk + 1 computer
II= 5 nursing courses + research methods + applied
statistics
III= 5 nursing courses + 1 Nursing project
Hong Kong BSN 3 63 9 72
Polytechnic
University
UCLA BSN 3 91 89 180
Australian Catholic BSN 3 Nursing practice: 70 credit points;

University Professional nursing Dev: 90 credit
points; Science: 100 credit pts. ; Clinical
practicum: 5 sems 50 credit points
Electives: Aboriginal Health Issues; Health
Promotion; Info. Mgt in comm. Settings;
Transcultural nursing; Women’s Health Issues;
Complementary Nursing Therapy
Hallym University BS Nursing 102 41 143
Korea 1 year general credits
education
3 years major
Keio Junior College Basic Nursing 98 125
of Nursing Japan Program require credits
d
27
electiv
e
University of Hong Bachelor of 4 Nursing Therapeutics !, II, III, IV
Kong Nursing Clinical Nursing I, II, III ,IV
Behavioral Sciences I,II,III,IV
Life Sciences I, II. III. IV
Nursing Practicum I, II, III, IV
University of Hawaii Bachelor of 3+ 71 24 + 121
USA Nursing 1 General
year education
gen 40
educ
University of Western Bachelor of 3 8 4 electives
Sydney Nepean Nursing sem major
ester subject
s s
86
MARITIME
(Only Institutions that provided data are recorded)
Table 1: PROFILE OF ADMINISTRATORS
INSTITUTION Area / Year Hired Status when Rank

Discipline Hired
University of Maritime Education 1995 FT Dean
& Trng Ctr Quality
Cebu Management
Representative
Asian Institute of Maritime Education 1993 FT Treasurer
Maritime Studies
Philippine Maritime Education 1999 PT Professor
and Training
Merchant Marine
Academy
John B Lacson Maritime Education 1972 FT Faculty
Executive Director
Foundation
Australian Maritime Education 1979 FT Director, Faculty of
Maritime
MaritimeCollege Transportation and
Engg
Hong Kong Shipping & 1998 FT Professor and
Transport Logistics Head
Polytechnic
University
Ngee Ann Shipbuilding and 1985 FT Department Head,
Offshore Shipbuilding and
Polytechnic Engineering Offshore
Engineering
Singapore Engineering: Heat 1996 FT Lecturer
Thermodynamics
Polytechnic
National Taiwan Naval Architecture FT Professor
and Ocean
University Engineering
Table 2: INVOLVEMENT IN TEACHING and ADMINISTRATION
INSTITUTION Subjects taught Admin positions held Present Admin

from 1997 to 2000 position
University of none Dean
Quality Management
Cebu Representative
Asian Institute of none Treasurer President
Maritime Studies
Philippine Voyage Planning and Ship Dean, College of Maritime President, PMMA
Routing Studies, Westbay College
Merchant Marine Marine Transportation
Academy President, K-Line
System
Maritime Training
Corporation,
87
Ventis Maritime
Corporation, Bona
Maritime Inc.
John B Lacson VP Academic Affairs Administrator
Foundation Director, Human Resource
Australian Commercial Shipping, Port Director, Asia-Pacific Director, Faculty of

and Terminal Mgt, Maritime Centre Maritime
MaritimeCollege Management Director, AMC Search Ltd. Transportation and
Engg
Hong Kong Maritime Economics Head, Centre for Intl Head, Shipping and
Shipping and Transport Transport Logistics
Polytechnic University of Plymouth
University
Ngee Ann Naval Architecture Department Head, Department Head,
Shipbuilding and Offshore Shipbuilding and
Polytechnic Engineering Offshore Engineering
Singapore Control Engineering, Curriculum Development Lecturer
Instrumentation and Representative
Polytechnic Control, Mechanical
Engineering:
hermodynamics, Applied
Heat
National Taiwan Engineering Mechanics, Department Chair Department chair
Structure Dynamics
University
Table 3: ADMINISTRATORS’ EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
INSTITUTION PhD MA / MS Bachelor's

University of Doctorate in Organization Masters in Dev Administration BS Management
Development Australia National University Ateneo de Manila Univ
Cebu Cebu Doctor’s College 1995 1983
2000 Masters in Buss.
Administration Pepperdine
University 1985
Asian Institute Ph.D candidate Management Architecture
Educatioanl Mgt Asian Institute of Management Far Eastern University
of Maritime De La Salle University 1996 1982
Studies Interior Design
Phil School of Interior
Design 1982
Philippine Master in Shipping Business BSMT
Management PMMA 1995 DMMA 1968
Merchant
Marine
Academy
John B Lacson CAR AB History / English
Xavier Univ Univ of San Agustin 1968
Foundation
Australian PhD Port Waterfront Post Grad Diploma in BS Nautical Science
Redevelopment Education University of Plymouth UK
MaritimeCollege Strategies University of Technology, 1973
University of Wales UK Sydney 1979 Master Mariner
1997 Plymouth Polytechnic UK
1970
Hong Kong Ph.D Financial Economics MS International Shipping BS Applicable Maths
University of Plymouth University of Plymouth 1984 University of Plymouth
Polytechnic 1987 1990
University BA Business
University of Plymouth
1983
88
Ngee Ann MS Shipping & Maritime Post-Diploma in Naval
Studies Architecture
Polytechnic Liverpool Polytechnic 1979 Sunderland Polytechnic
UK 1976
Higher Diploma in Naval
Archi
South Hampton College of
Technology UK 1971
Singapore Ph.D in Engineering BS in Mechanical
Univ. of New Castle, UK
Polytechnic 1994
Engineering, Univ. of
New Castle 1986
Certificate in Mechanical
Engineering HK Poly
1983
National Taiwan Ph.D Naval Architecture MS NAOE NTU 1985 BS NAOE 1980
and Ocean Engineering
University NTU 1989
Table 4: FACULTY PROFILE
INSTITUTION R YEAR STA RANK SUBJECTS TAUGHT FROM

HIRED TUS 1997
University of Cebu 1 1984 FT I don’t know Marine Laws and Marine Politics
2 1995 FT Assistant Chemistry, Physics, Math
Professor B
3 1991 FT Sen. Instructor Hydromechanics, Thermodynamics,
A Engg materials, Drawing, Math, Physics
Asian Institute of 1 1994 FT Professor 2 Law, Soc Sci
Maritime Studies
2 1995 FT Department Marine Engg
Head
3 1997 FT Professor 2 Navigation, Seamanship, Safety
4 1996 FT Physics, Chem
PMMA 1 1990 FT Assist Professor Physics, Algebra, Trigo, Calculus
2 1998 FT Assist Professor Radar 1, Cargo Storage and Handling
3 1999 FT Asso. Professor Celestial Navy, Deckwatch Keeping,
Radar, Arpa and Ship Stability
4 1997 FT Asso. Professor Trim and Stability, Ship handling
John B Lacson 1 1998 FT Master Mariner Advanced Fire Fighting
Foundation Radar Simulator Course, Radar
Observers’ Course, Personal Safety and
Social Responsibility
2 1996 FT Master Mariner ROP, ARPA, Deck Watchkeeping, PSSR,
Adv. Fire Fighting
3 1975 FT Captain Engg materials
Mechanics
4 1989 FT Quality Drawing,Computer
Assurance
Officer
5 1975 FT Licensed Professional Subjects
Mechanical Engr
Australian 1 1994 FT Lecturer B management, strategic mgt, customer
MaritimeCollege services, managing people
2 1991 FT senior lecturer ship stability & dynamics cargo
& Course construction & Stress
coordinator
3 1989 FT Lecturer Engg mgt, Machine Design Applied
Mechanics, Project Mgt Mgt & Maritime
Law
4 1983 FT Level D Intro to Mar Engg Profession Applied
Principal Hydro Ship Manoeuvering Resistance
89
Principal Hydro Ship Manoeuvering Resistance
Lecturer and Production Seakeeping
5 1990 FT Senior Lecturer Thermodynamics, Strength of Materials
Heat Transfer Finite element analysis
Ngee Ann 1 1993 FT Lecturer 3 Computer-aided design 1,2,3
Polytechnic
2 1970 FT Lecturer 1 Naval archi, computer application in
naval archi, Dynamics
3 1982 FT Semi-Lecturer Structures industrial mgt, CAD
4 1994 FT Lecturer Thermodynamics, Mechanics,
Occupational Health Module
Singapore 1 1996 FT Lecturer Thermodynamcs, Applied Heat,
Polytechnic Mechanical Engg Science, control Engg,
Instrumentation and Control Heat
2 1995 FT
*in US Dollars
= 30.50 National Taiwan
Table 5: FACULTY EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
INSTITUTION R Ph. D MA / MS Bachelor’s Degree

University of 1 MA History Univ. of San AB History
Cebu C arlos 1987 Candidate Univ. of Cebu 1984
2 MA Ohysics Univ. of San BS Chemical Engg MSU 1991
Carlos 1999
3 MS Math Univ of Cebu Civil Engg USJR 1987
On-going
Asian Institute of 1 Psychology Psychology MLQU Psychology MLQU
MLQU 1998 MBA Gen Mgt MLQU
Maritime Studies
2 Edl Mgt PUP Marine Transportation
ongoing PMMA 1972
3 Marine Transportation IMA
1976
4 Edl Mgt PUP ongoing Biology Notre Dame fo Marbel
U 1985
PMMA 1 MAME (Candidate) PMMA B. Mechanical Engg UE 1986
1995
2 MD Mar. Ed & Trng BS Mar Trans PMMA 1990
3 BS Mar Trans PMMA 1982
4 MSc Mar Admin & envi. BS Mar Trans PMMA 1992
Protection, World
Maritime Univ., Sweden
2000
John B Lacson 1 Nautical Graduate
(Not BS)
Foundation Iloilo Maritime Acade my 1969
2 Associate in Nautical Science
(Not BS) Iloilo Maritime
Academy 1974
3 MA Maritime Ed JBLC BS Mechanical Engg
Ongoing University of San Agustin 1975
4 Civil Engg
University of San Agustin 1982
5 MA College Teaching CEU BSME 197 5
1991 BS Mar Engg 1995 JBLCF
90
Australian 1
Maritime
College
2 Certificate of Competence
1968
3 MBA Deakun 1994 BE Uni of Rooskee 1969
4 U. of Glasgow U. of Glasgow 1978
1981
5 Brighton Univ MSC U of Strathclyde Univ of Cardiff Wales 1975
UK 1988 Scotland 1978
Ngee Ann 1 Post-grad diploma in BS Marine Engg
Higher ed NYP 95 Shanghai Jiao Tung Univ 1967
Polytechnic
2 Kyushu Univ Kyushu Univ 1972 Kyushu Univ 1970
1977
3 MSE NUS 1987
4 MS Mechanical Engg
NUS 1992
Singapore 1 Newcastle Newcastle University UK
University UK 1986
Polytechnic 1995
2 Newcastle Newcastle University UK 1986
University UK
1994
Table 6: METHODS OF TEACHING
INSTITUTION R Lectu Lec- Inquir Case Experi Field Research others

re discuss y Studies ment Work
ion
University of Cebu 1 Y
2 Y Y Y Y Y Y SIMULATION
3 Y Y Y Y
Asian Institute of 1 Y Y Y Y Y
Maritime Studies
2 Y
3 Y Y Y Y DEMONSTRATION
4 Y Y Y Y
Philippine 1 Y Y
Merchant Marine
Academy
2 Y
3 Y Y Y
4 Y Y Y y
John B Lacson 1 Y Y
Foundation
2 Y Y Y Y DEMONSTRATION,
SIMULATION,
ROLE-PLAYING
3 Y Y INTERACTIVE
BOARD WORK
4 Y Y HANDS-ON
OPERATION
5 Y Y Y Y HANDS-ON
Australian 1 Y Y Y
MaritimeCollege
2 Y
3 Y Y
4 Y Y Y Y
91
5 Y Y Y
Ngee Ann 1 Y Y Y
Polytechnic
2 Y Y Y Y
3 Y Y Y Y Y
4 Y Y
Singapore 1 Y Y Y Y
Polytechnic
2 y y y y
Table 7: TEACHING MATERIALS
INSTITUTION R Course Textboo Selected Exercises Realia Projects Others

Manua ks Readings
l
University of 1 Y Y
Cebu
2 Y Y Y Y Y
3 Y Y Y Y
Asian Institute of 1 Y Y
Maritime Studies
2 Y Y Y
3 Y Y Y Y SIMULATION
4 Y Y Y
Philippine 1 Y Y
Merchant Marine
Academy
2 Y Y Y
3 Y Y Y Y
4 Y Y Y Y
John B Lacson 1 Y Role-playing, demonstration
Foundation
2 y Transparencies
3 Y Y
4 Y Y Y Y Hands-on
5 Y Y Y OHP TRANSPARENCY
Australian 1 Y Y Y Y Y
MaritimeCollege
2 Y Y
3 Y Y Y Y
4 Y Y Y
5 Y Y Y
Ngee Ann 1 Y Y Y
Polytechnic
2 Y Y Y
3 Y Y Y Y
4 Y Y
Singapore 1 Y Y Y Y
Polytechnic
2 Y Y Y
92
Table 8: SCHOOL PRACTICES and ACTIVITIES
INSTITUTION R Faculty Evaluation Faculty Development Program

University of Cebu 1 students Not really involved
2 Students and dean Workshops help in developing
teaching skills
3 Class observation Ok for professional instructors but
none for gen ed teachers
Asian Institute of 1 students and superior
Maritime Studies
2 students and department head recommending seminars, trainings
3 students and department heads
4
Philippine 1 Students and immediate superior Syllabus and program evaluation
Merchant Marine
Academy
2 Department Head, internal
assessors
3 Students
4 Bi-annual per class, president, Fairly taken into consideration
deans, heads
John B Lacson 1 Critique Form from the students, Supportive and cooperative in faculty
Peer-rating development program for career
Foundation advancement and enhancement
2 Classroom or practicum
observation
3 Self-peer, area head, dean and Helps in Classroom activities
administrators, students
4 Every semester through Conduct intense audit and train
classroom observation, evaluation faculty
checklist
Australian 1 student eval, feedback very much involved faculty issues
MaritimeCollege
2 yearly audit by government ensure that all courses are up to date
authority representatives who
issue Certificate of Competency
3 Operational Plan Through various committee meetings
4 student questionnaire foraml staff none. Too difficult and limited
appraisal which is not taken
seriously
5 involved in curr and subject dev
Ngee Ann 1 yearly by Dept & HR very much involved: research &
consultancy to help Sing industries
Polytechnic
2 panel: other dept members & ind advisory role. Final decision made by
personnel. Sometimes objective, the head regardless of meeting
sometimes subjective decision
3 review by officers & students not much involved. Lack time
4 Internal and External professional Fairly participate
agency
Singapore 1 EXTERNAL examiners are invited Heavily involved in the DCMT
to assess facilities, course (Department Course Management
Polytechnic syllabus, exam papers, discussion Team) Module Course / Syllabus and
with staff & students. Feedback material are significantly reviewed
report is evaluated by every 5 years for major changes and
department for further development
improvement
2 External examiner who carries Five year-review is done across
out annual review and audit for departments and external review
the course annually
93
Table 9: RESEARCH and CONFERENCES
INSTITUTION R RESEARCH CONFERENCES

University of 1 none I don’t know
Cebu
2 Yes. Laboratory guide for students Simulator’s course, Ship Handling and
Maneuvering, PACUCOA
3 no
Asian Institute of 1 yes for academic community
Maritime Studies
2 NO
3 NO
4 waste mgt system AMETIAP
Philippine 1 College Algebra, Marketability of Filipino Philippine-Canada Maritime Confab;
Merchant Marine Seamen MARINA
Academy
2 No No
3 No No
4 yes International Maritime Lectures
Association Conf. Sweden
John B Lacson 1 IMO Model Course 6.09, 3.12
Seminar –workshop for the
Foundation improvement of Maritime Education,
Research and Module Making,
Competency Assessment, ISM Seminar,
Test Construction
2 Various including IMO Model Co. 6.09
3
4 IQCS Certification for Assessor
Singapore
Management Dev CHED, FAPE,
COCOPEA
IMO Model Course 6.09
PACUCOA, NIS, ASO, ATEP
Australian 1 NO
MaritimeCollege
2 no but consultancy yes in cargo terminal
dev & Training
3 Instrumentation of the Diesel Engine
4 Many topics related to ship / boat safety
5 publish research articles in journals &
conference proceedings
Ngee Ann 1 NSTB research project "Intelligent pipe ICCAS, IMDC, TEAMS
measuring system"
Polytechnic
2 ASMI, SNAMES CMIT
3 Possible causes of failure of ship
structures
4 Consultancy work from the industry
which requires research
Singapore 1 Martech 1998, 2000
Polytechnic
2 All students are involved in projects Seminar on personal development, info
tech, specialization courses
94
Table 10: THE GRADUATES
INSTITUTION R STRENGTHS AS PROVEN IN CHARACTERISTICS

WORK as perceived by teachers
University of Cebu 1 seafaring perseverance
2 academic and practical work Confidence and discipline
3 Deck and engine Determination to learn, discipline,
perseverance, honesty and loyalty
Asian Institute of 1 Navigation well-disciplined
Maritime Studies
2 all marine engineering fields disciplined
3 knowledge of technical work discipline positive attitude good basic
knowledge
4 all fields of marine engg discipline
Philippine Merchant 1 Merchant Marine Officers, Naval Office rs, Knowledge gained, perseverance, hard-
Police Officers, Shipyard Executives working
Marine Academy
2 Trained in practice and theory Initiative to learn
3 Most Shipping / crewing agencies in Knowledge, discipline
Philippines are manned by PMMA
graduates
4 Well-disciplined, innovative, hard-working
John B Lacson 1 Seafaring Quality educational bkgd.
Updated, upgraded facilities and training,
Foundation correct attitude towards their chosen
career.
2 Quality training, Seafarer’s competence is Proficient in safety aspects
upgraded Disciplined
3 Practical side Industrious, easy to go with
4 Hands-on skills Discipline, diligence
5 Knowledge of the job, punctuality, Disciplined and ahrdworking
productivity
Australian Maritime 1 analytical ability to think through the Ability to see big picture and focus
repercussions of their actions specifics where necessary
College
2 sea-going Deck Officers for all types of Proven and solid basic knowledge and
ships training in all nautical subjects
3 Marine engg technical skills
4 ship bldg & design sound knowledge of basics & ability to
communicate also motivation
5 design good exposure to applied and theoretical
hydro mechanics plus design techniques
Ngee Ann Polytechnic 1 pipe design, hull design & construction desire to continue to learn
2 most of them run their own business or
agencies only 5% obtain degree & work in
maritime industries versatile talents and
strong adaptability in working competition
3 safety, mgt, marketing good engg bkgd & communication skills
4 Maritime engg, naval architecture and Knowledge in Maritime calculation related
CADCAM and safety mgt to shipbuilding, CADCAM application and
safety mgt training
Singapore Polytechnic 1 Graduates are sought after by off-shore Positive attitude towards engg career and
and shored-based companies for their high quality of training received at SP
skills and competence
95
Table 11: THE INSTITUTION as perceived by the teachers
INSTITUTION R STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

University of Cebu 1 Facilities, location and teaching staff Limit class size to 30, salary increase,
decrease teaching load
2 Humane administrators, updated facilities, Links with shipping companies local and
qualified instructors, no tuition fee policy abroad
3 More modern facilities needed
Asian Institute of 1 well -trained and well-disciplined graduates
Maritime Studies
2 ISO 9002 accredited better equipment and simulator
3 commitment to produce quality graduates upgrade lab facilities
update instructors' knowledge about
changes in maritime technology develop
teaching and learning aids continuous skill
dev of instructors
4 provide strong morale, spiritual, social and be selective in students entering
intellectual fibers to be a great help for update instructors trough trng
national growth and prosperity
PMMA 1 Top caliber professors, facilities, Speedy release of funds I
management support, ability to cope with mprove remuneration of faculty
stress, perseverance of graduates
2 Non-profit oriented, regimental system Improve faculty salaries, equipment
3 X x
4 Quasi-military training, state of the art Mass computerization
facilities and equipment Install modern equipment and facilities
John B Lacson 1 Implementation of Quality Assurance Academic System
System Technology-based Assessment
Foundation Strong Commit ment to be globally Use of advanced simulators to measure
competitive in maritime industry knowledge and skills
2 Updated instruction and materials for Training facilities, equipment
trainees Skills of trainers
High standard of training to meet STCW
’95 Code
3 Commitment to serve the students and to High tech and modern equipment
achieve excellence acquisition like the state of the art
simulators
4 Commitment of the top management Faculty training and development,
towards quality education improvement of instructional facilities,
expansion of research work
5 Def Norske Veritas Continue monitoring all the programs
offered by the institution to compete with
world market
Australian Maritime 1 short course programs / workshops
College
2 That most lecturers are involved in
maritime industry through consultancy &
training on site to keep updated with
weaknesses of the industry
3 simulators and staff develop distance learning programs
4
5 Hydrodynamics - towing tank cavitation structural laboratory equipment
tunnelmodel test basin flume tank
Ngee Ann Polytechnic 1 CAD, ship construction more actual experience in ship design &
construction
2 practical-oriented students in ship bldg & introduce more IT related components &
offshore engg management related topics to cope with
gov policies. Diversity into oceanography
& sea-farming
3
96
4 Lecturers with several years of industrial Teach students the use of IT in Mgt, safety
experience relevant to the subjects they and production, handling numerical control
are teaching. Lecturers have close machines from cutting, welding and pipe
relationship with the local shipbuilding bending works.
companies and organizations that benefit
all parties, industry, institution as well as
students
Singapore Polytechnic 1 To provide technologist and engineers Strengthen overseas link with other
from the 5th higher up to chief engineer institutions to update present members of
standard staff with latest knowledge and STCW
Have state of the art navigation and engg requirements
simulators in this institute Provide staff with opportunity of overseas
Have qualified marine engineers coupled training and exchange / sabbatical leaves
with degree holders in key areas
Have good contact with industry and
shipping companies
Table 12: PROFILE OF INSTITUTION
INSTITUTION TYPE OF YEAR INCOME TUITION

SCHOOL ESTABLISHED
University of Cebu Private 1964 Tuition 6.04 */ unit
Asian Institute of Private 1993 Tuition 5.80 / unit
Maritime Studies
Philippine Public 1820 Escuela Government 0
Merchant Marine Nautica de Manila subsidy
1963 PMMA
Academy
John B Lacson Private 1948 Tuition, Grants, 5.18 / unit
Foundation donations
Australian Public 1979 15% tuition 26,180.00 / yr
MaritimeCollege 65% gov
20% commercial
Hong Kong Public 1979 Tuition 5,397.43 / yr
Polytechnic Grants
University
Ngee Ann Public 1963 Tuition / 580.30 / sem
Polytechnic government 1.160.60 / year
with gov. subsidy
Singapore Public 1956 Tuition / 1,011.25 / yr.
Polytechnic government (with government
subsidy)
1,123.6 / yr
(foreign Students)
National Taiwan Public Tuition, 650.00 sem
University government,
grants
California Maritime Public 1929 Tuition 5,283.00 / sem
Academy 10,566.00 / yr
*in US Dollars

= 30.50 National Taiwan
97
Table 13: VISION, MISSION, ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS
INSTITUTION VISION MISSION ADMISSION

REQUIREMENTS
University of A world-class maritime provide the best ed for the good health,
institution masses, nurturing ss to be eyesight hearing,
Cebu morally upright and not colorblind no
globally competitive grads physical deformities
Asian Institute Achievement, Integrity, Mastery w/ strong moral, spiritual Form 137 Cert/ of
Service AIMS provides the total & intellectual fibers for natl GMC medical
of Maritime integration & formation of well- growth Help promote prof’l examination
Studies rounded inds pride & eco progress. (eyesight hearing)
Philippine To produce a balanced To educate and train Pass color blindness
personality out of every midshipman / women to test, Neuro-
Merchant graduate through its academic become: psychiatric and
Marine program and quasi-military - qualified and Psychological tests,
training, i.e., an internationally competent merchant Physical, medical,
Academy acceptable officer and marine officers for dental, lab tests,
gentleman who can function shipboard and shore- oral interview,
efficiently in their field of based positions, in summer orientation
endeavor and contribute to the response to the global training
development and progress of requirements of the
the Filipino nation expanding
international maritime
individual;
- competent and
capable naval officers
who can serve as
naval and military
auxillaries in times of
war and national
emergencies;
- a contribution to the
improvement of
maritime education
and the pool of ship
business managers
through graduate
school programs
John B Lacson Quality marine education HS card, GM
through unrelenting quest for Certificate
Foundation excellence for sustained supply Ent. Exam, 20/20
of global technical manpower vision, normal color
perception,
physically and
mentally fit
Australian To be the pre-eminent global To provide the highest Aus. Higher School
maritime university by 2020 To quality of education, Cert Yr 12 Pre-
MaritimeCollege be recognized as Asia-Pacific’s training and consulting and tertiary Math, Eng,
leading provider of maritime the conduct of applied Physics for
trng, consultancy & research research of int’l distinction Bachelors: Adv.
to met the needs of Diploma
Hong Kong To provide academic excellence To be a significant, integral HK Advanced Level
for HK’s shipping & logistics and high quality exam HKALE4
Polytechnic industries component in HK’s claim to subjects + English
University be an intl shipping centre and Chinese
par excellence
Ngee Ann To educate & train to the To cater to the physical & “O” level Eng, Math,
highest standards of excellence mental needs of the Science grade
Polytechnic practice- oriented people for the students & encourage
entire marine industry to meet teamwork, creativity &
techno’l, eco& social needs of adaptability
Singapore
98
Singapore We aspire to be a world class To educate our students Certificate that
institution with graduates who and to train them to excel physically and
Polytechnic are highly competent, in work and in life mentally fit, medical
innovative, versatile and report, interview,
committed to the life-long manual dexterity,
learning aptitude test, good
character GCE “0”
level exam, No color
appreciation
deficiency
California to provide each student with a HS graduate GPA
quality college ed. Combining 3.0 American
Maritime intellectual learning, applied College Test (ACT)
Academy technology, leadership dev& or Scholastic
global awareness Aptitude test (SAT)
Kobe To provide ed for leaders of To educate the engrs for
future maritime industries and both mechanical engg &
related fields through extensive electronic control engg of
studies of sci & tech on ship land and sea
operation mgt.
Maritime To cultivate & promote a strong To provide Total Ed & Completed
sense of responsibility, Trang (TET) where application form,
Academy determination, endurance and emphasis is not only on registration and
Malaysia team spirit to ensure safe & knowledge & skills but also processing fee,
efficient shipping on attitudinal development ages bet 17 and 21,
and values enhancement SPM / British O -
through a balanced and level certificate,
integrated curriculum normal color vision,
physically and
mentally fit
99
Table 14: PROGRAM OFFERINGS
INSTITUTION MA / MS Bachelor's Non-Degree

University of M.Science Tching majo in BS Marine Transportation Associate in Marine
Marine & Nautical Science BS Marine Engineering Transpo
Cebu Associate in Marine
Eng'g
Asian Institute BS Marine Engg
BS Marine Transportation
of Maritime
Studies
Philippine Master in Shippi ng Business BS Marine Transportation
Management (MSBM) BS Marine Engg
Merchant MA Maritime Education BS Nautical Studies
Marine (MAME)
Academy
John B Lacson BS Marine Engg
BS marine Transportation
Foundation
Australian Doctor of Philo / Master of B. of Engineering (Naval Grad Cert in Mar Mgt
Philo MBA (Mar Mgt) Grad Archi) B. of Engineering Adv Dip of Mar Engg
MaritimeCollege Diploma in Mar Mgt (Ocean Engg) B. Of Diploma in Mar Engg
Business B of Applied (Second Engineer)
Science (Mar tech Mgt)
(Mar Mgt)
Hong Kong Higher Degree in Shipping BS Degree in Shipping
mgt. studies 2 years Technology & Mgt 3 yrs
Polytechnic no sea-going courses
University
Ngee Ann Diploma in Ship
building & Offshore
Polytechnic Engineering
Singapore Advanced Diploma in
Maritime Transpo
Polytechnic Diploma in Maritime
Transpo 3 yrs Diploma
in Nautical Studies 3
yrs Diploma in Marine
Engineering 3 yrs
National Taiwan BS Engineering
University (Naval Architecture)
BS Engineering (Ocean
Engineering)
California BS Marine Engineering
Technology Marine
Maritime Transportation
Academy
Kobe Master’s course in Maritime
Studies
Doctoral Course in Maritime
& Transpo System & Science
Maritime Bachelor of Mgt tech in Diploma in Marine
Maritime Transportation Engg
Academy
Malaysia
100
Table 15: AFFILIATIONS AND ACCREDITATION
INSTITUTION Local Affiliations Intl Affiliations Accreditation

University of PACUCOA, IMO, Det
Norske Veritas, STCW
Cebu
Asian Institute SNAME, PATLEPAM, ISO, ABS, RAB, STCW
PACSA, PAMI, AMETIAP
of Maritime
Studies
Philippine ISO, STCW, Det
Norske Veritas
Merchant
Marine
Academy
John B Lacson PACUCOA, Det
Norskeveritas DNV
Foundation ISO 2001, STCW
Australian AMC Search Ltd., Aus. INTERTANKO, ISF, AMSA STCW, IMO
Natl Mar. Asso, Mar
MaritimeCollege Union of Aus
Hong Kong Chartered Institute of STCW, IMO
Transpo, UK, Insti of
Polytechnic Chartered Shipbrokers, UK
University Chartered Insti of Insurance,
UK
Ngee Ann Nanyang Techno'l Univ U of Newcastle, U of Michigan STCW, ISO, IMO
U of Strathclyde, U of
Polytechnic Glasgow, Heriot-watt U,
U of Southampton, UMIST,
Institute of Marine Enggs,UK
Royal Insti of Naval Architects,
UK
Singapore STCW, IMO
Polytechnic
California 22nd Calu State U ISO, IMO, STCW
campus Western Asso. Of
Maritime Sch. & Coll
Academy
101
Table 16: PROFILE OF TEACHERS
INSTITUTION Total PhD PhD MA MA/ BS

units MS MS
Units
FT P Entry* Entry Entry Entry Entry
T Salary Salary Salary Salary Salary
University of 82 1 83 1 186.00 1 167.00 6 158.00 74 149.00
Cebu
Asian 2 83.75 9 62.00 7 47.45 19 36.25 64 33.50
Institute of
Maritime
Studies
Philippine 53 8 61 5 604.65 1 581.39 13 441.86 4 279.06 43 279.06
Merchant
Marine
Academy
John B 213 9 222 2 394.75 7 339.85 11 289.75 140 279.65 50 248.95
Lacson
Foundation
Australian 10 3,284. 2 XX** 13 6 27
30
Maritime
College
Hong Kong 6 5,897.
43
8 2,666.
66
Polytechnic
University
Ngee Ann 19 1 20 2 11 7
Polytechnic
Singapore 70 3 15 14
Polytechnic
National 25 7 32 24 US$
2,500 /
1 US$
2000/
Taiwan mo mo.
University
Kobe 96
* in US $ (P 43.00) per month at 24 units Full-load
** Salary not related to qualifications but to market forces
102
Table 17: FACULTY SPECIALIZATION
INSTITUTION
University of Cebu Dr. in Human Resource Mgt MA Sci & Math MA Educ MA Sci Tching Mar. Nau
Philippine Merchant EdD EdAd, EdD Career Guidance, MSc in MET-Engine; MSc Mar Admin and
Environmental Protection, MSc in MET – Dock MSc Shipping Business
Marine Academy Management; MA National Security Adminsitration; MSc Science Education:
Food Science; MSc Language and Literature
John B Lacson 1 EDD Ed Mgt, 4 EDD Ed mgt units, 7 MSME 2 MA Engg
Foundation
Australian PhD 2 Bussiness, 5 Engg, 3 Fisheries MA 5 Business, 3 Engg MA 3 Fisheries,
4 Nautical
MaritimeCollege
Hong Kong 1 each: PhD Shippine Eco & Finance PhD Maritime Law,PhD Port Eco PhD
Marketing Strat for Shipping PhD Mar Safety, PhD Quality Mgt1 MA Shipping
Polytechnic & Finance, 2 Mar Law2 MA Mar Electronics Ed, 1 MA Mgt1 MA Mar Ed & Trng,
University 1 Shipping mgt
Ngee Ann PhD Ship manoeuvering, Mech engg MA 2 Offshore engg, 1 shipping, 1
materials bonding, 2 Ind'l Engg
Polytechnic
Singapore PhD Engineering, PhD Business and Communication, MA Ed, Engineering,
Computer Science, Psuness, Law and Commerce
Polytechnic
National Taiwan 5 PhD Ship Hydrodynamics, 2 Coastal Engineering, 3 Acoustics, 6 Fluid
Dynamics , 3 Structure Dynamics, 4 Underwater Vehicle Technology, 3
University Control and Mechatronics
Table 18: PHYSICAL CAPACITY
INSTITUTION No. of Area No. of No. of No. of Students

Campuses Buildings Floors Classrooms per room
University of 3 1836 7 4 91 45
sqm/10,000
Cebu sqm/7.5hec
Asian Institute of 2 3000 sqm 2 4 54 40-50
Maritime Studies
Philippine 1 65 Ha 17 2 40 30-35
Merchant Marine
Academy
John B Lacson 3 Bacolod 8 5 15 40 Special class
hec 6 13 40 25
Foundation Molo 3 hec 10 15 55 Regular 40 -
Arevalo 2.7 50
hec
Australian 3 15 1 to 3 35 20 to 200
MaritimeCollege
Ngee Ann 1 9 7 94 20 to 450
Polytechnic
Singapore 2 2 7 floating 40
Polytechnic
National Taiwan 1 8300 sq. m. 3 2 5 20
University
California Maritime 26 67 acres
Academy
103
Table 19: PERSONNEL
Admin Doc Nurse Accou Coun Libra Chapla Mainte Security others
INSTITUTION Guards
Asst tor ntant selor rian in nance
University of 0 2 1 0 4 2 1 1 29
Cebu
Asian Institute 2 1 2 1 2 4 3 (PT) 25 8
(PT) (PT)
of Maritime
Studies
Philippine 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 23 3
Merchant Marine
Academy
John B Lacson FT 1 3 5 14 8 FT: FT:
PT 3 18 12
Foundation PT: PT: 9
11
Australian 15 4 3 6 1 8 2 (PT)
MaritimeCollege
Hong Kong 17 FT
admin
Polytechnic /
University suppor
t staff
Ngee Ann 2 3 3 12
Polytechnic
Singapore 5 20 10 40 40 20
(for
Polytechnic Poly)
National Taiwan 5 6
University
California 3 1 4 8
techni
Maritime cians,
Academy 1
boat
house
mgr.
Kobe Univ. of 46 28
techni
Mercantile cians
Marine
104
Table 20: FACILITIES
INSTITUTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 Others
0 1 2 3 4 5
University of y y y y y y y y y y n y y y y soccer field basketball court
tennis court study halls,
Cebu internet
Asian Institute y y y y y y y y y
of Maritime
Studies
Philippine y y y y y y y y y y y Gyro Compass, VHF Radio,
Mock Bridge, Global
Merchant Positioning System, Gas
Marine Welder, Lathe Machine,
Ship Auxillary Machine,
Academy Employees housing, Mess
Hall, AVR
John B Lacson y y y y y y y y y y y Trng ctr
Eco park
Foundation
Australian y y Is y y y y y y y y y y cavitation tunnel,towing tank
la flume tank, model test
MaritimeCollege m basin marine engines,
ic refrigeration units GMDSS,
control gear,ECDIS RADAR,
ARPA, Survival Trng Ctr.,
Marine Simulators &
Technical Resource Ctr.,
Ship Hydrodynamics Ctr.,
Thermodynamics bldg.,
Electrotechnology lab.,
Cavitation testing facility,
carpark, tennis court,
recreational oval
Hong Kong y y y y y y y y y y y y Y Navigation simulator lab
GMDSS simulator lab ENA
Polytechnic & Ship control lab Computer
University lab
Ngee Ann y y y y y y y y y y y y Y Naval archi lab, Strength of

mate lab towing tank, steam
Polytechnic & diesel power mechanics &
materials testing lab mini -
submarine
NDT / Corrocion lab, 45-m
ship model plant lab,
fabrication wkshop NC pipe
beding machine
instrumentation & control lab
mould lift rm., carpentry
wkshop, computer
lab,welding robot NC profile
cutting machine NC water
jet plate cutting machine
Singapore y y y y y y y y Y y y y y marine machinery &
navigation simu lators,
Polytechnic GMDSS simulator, Marine
Safety Centre, video
conferencing facility,
campus computer network
multimedia application
centre, foreign language
centre, central library
National Taiwan y y y y y 16 labs for grad students
2 labs for undergrad
University
California y y y y y y y y Y y y y y vessels:cargo ships,charter
boats drill ships, ferries,
Maritime fishing industry vessels,
105
Maritime fishing industry vessels,
gaming & recreational
Academy boats, offshore oilsupply &
crew boats, oil tankers,
research vessels, towing
vesels
Kobe Univ. of
Mercantile
Marine
Maritime y y y y y y y Radar simulation, vessel

traffic services simulator,
Academy radar room, engine room
Malaysia simulation, electronic
navigational aids lab.,
training vessel, jetty &
boathouse, resource ctr.,
computer lab, language lab.,
maintenance wkshop,
welding ctr., fittin g&
machine wkshop,
seamanship ctr., fire-fighting
ctr.
1. Laboratory 2. Auditoriums 3. Chapel 4. Library 5. Grandstand 6. Swimming Pool 7. Guidance Counselor's Office
8. Clinic 9. Restrooms 10. Gym 11 Track oval 12 Canteen 13 Training ship 14 Simulators 15 Student
Accommodations
Table 21: BUDGET ALLOCATION in PERCENT
INSTITUTION personn profesi Faciliti equip LIB overh tchng Others TOTAL
el salary onal es ment materi ead materia
fees als ls
University of
Cebu
Asian Institute 35 4 12 15 4 25 2 3
of Maritime
Studies
Philippine 35 3 2 .01 6 25.9 30 100
9
Merchant
Marine
Academy
John B Lacson 44.35 11.35 6.77 18.6 2.13 5.46 3.81 7.53
1 Schol
Foundation arship
/
upgra
ding
Australian 51 1 1 37 10
depre
MaritimeCollege ciatio
n
Hong Kong US$
1,794,
Polytechnic 871.70
University
Ngee Ann 85.2 7.2 1.39 1.23
staff
Polytechnic hiring
106
Polytechnic hiring
Singapore
Polytechnic
National Taiwan 50 5 25 5 10 5 100
University
Table 22: STUDENT-POPULATION BY COURSE
INSTITUTION FULL- COURSES STUDENT

LOAD POPULATION
1997 1998 1999
Univ. of Cebu 24 Associate in Marine Transportation 4291 4007 4400
24 Associate in Marine Transportation 767 910 731
Asian Institute of 24 Bachelor of Science in Marine 4572 3506 3680

Transportation
Maritime Studies
24 Bachelor of Science in Marine 842 669 684
Engineering
Philippine 27 BS Marine Transportation 461 429 486
Merchant Marine
Academy
27 BS Marine Engineering 445 387 492
John B Lacson 46 Bachelor of Science in Marine 2866 3113 4196
Engineering
Foundation
46 Bachelor of Marine Engineering 4971 5109 5457
Australian 24 Bachelor of Business 72 68 119
MaritimeCollege (Maritime Management)
24 Bachelor of Engineering 158 165 176
(Naval Architecture,
Ocean Engineering
Marine & Offshore Systems)
Hong Kong 18 BSc Intl Shipping & Tranpo Logistics 31 29 26
Polytechnic Univ
Higher Dip in Intl Transport & Logistics 98 99 95
Ngee Ann 29 Dip in Shipbuilding & Offshore Engg 462 450 462
Polytechnic
Singapore 420 hrs.
Polytechnic
National Taiwan 35 Naval Architecture 20 20 20
University
Ocean Engineering 10 10 10
California 22
Maritime
Academy
Kobe Univ. of BS Maritime Science & Technology 510
(47
Mercantile girls)
Marine
107
Table 23: FOREIGN STUDENTS & SCHOLARSHIP GRANTS
INSTITUTION No. of Country of Origin Scholarship Grants

Students
Enrolled
University of 4 Bangladesh Project Alpha, NIS Project Don
Sulpicio Go, TSM, K-Line
Cebu
Asian Institute 5 Bangladesh In-House: Financial asst Entrance
exam topnotcher
of Maritime
Studies
Philippine 0 none Government subsidy
Merchant
Marine
Academy
John B Lacson 11 Bangladesh Company scholars, Alumni,
Entrance Exam, NROTC, SNDL,
Foundation PESPA, Publications, Student Exec.
Council
Australian 247 44 different countries 29 Prizes and scholarships in 1999
MaritimeCollege
Hong Kong 3 per year Germany 10 per year from gov US$
10,256.41
Polytechnic
University
Ngee Ann China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Burma for 3 years30 gr ants at US$
1,685.39 /annum2 grants at US$
Polytechnic 1,123.59 / annum15 at US
1,282.05 / annum4 Scholarship /
Trust Funds
Singapore 160 (whole Neptune Orient Line
insti) Mezz line
Polytechnic
National Taiwan 1 Japan
University
California seve ral in memory of inds
associated with the acad., CMA
Maritime Foundation Uniform Scholarships
Academy Western Undergraduate Exchan
Kobe Univ. of 7 China
1 Malaysia
Mercantile
Marine
108
Table 24: GRADUATES / DROP-OUTS
INSTITUTION Graduates Drop Outs Licensur e Exam

1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999
University of Asso. In 759 198 637 976 902 842 No Results from PRC
Maritime
Cebu Transporta
tion
Asso. In 198 133 135 2 277 10
Maritime
Engg
Asian Institute BSMT 655 576 553 171 175 113 2 ss 10 18
of Maritime
Studies
BS Mar 86 88 77 35 22 36
Engg
Philippine BS 111 80 63 1 0 0 130 91 50
Maritime
Merchant Transporta
Marine tion
Academy
BS 81 99 83 0 0 1 128 71 66
Maritime
Engg
John B Lacson BS Mar 7 11 43 82 71 234 Deck 552

Engg 476
Foundation
BS MT 1161 707 153 699 1040 816 Engi 456
3 ne
386
Certifiate 125 1 1 x x x
in Maritime
Engg
Associate 408 552 225 31 47 41
in Maritime
Engg
Australian BS Engg major in: 147 160 4 17 AMSA 274
Naval Archi Cert. Of
MaritimeCollege Ocean Engg Competency
Mar & Offshore
Systems
Hong Kong BSSTM 31 29 26 5% 5% 5%
Polytechnic
University
HDSM 99 95 5% 5% 5%
Ngee Ann SOE 124 134 94 38 29 29

Polytechnic
Singapore Diploma in 100 100 100 20 20 20 40 40 40
Marine
Polytechnic Engg
National Taiwan BS Naval 34 17
Architectur
University e and
Ocean
Engg
Kobe Univ. of Maritime
Sci
Mercantile
Marine
109
Marine
Nautical 65
Science
Marine 35
Engg
Table 25: APPRENTICESHIP PLACEMENT
INSTITUTION Apprenticeship Placement

University of 1 year seagoing service 40 units
(6 mos. In the engine dept.)
Cebu
Asian Institute 39 Shipping companies& institutions
of Maritime
Studies
Philippine 40 credits (20 units / sem) One year Deck Cadetship
34 Shipping agencies (according to students, heavy hazing,
Merchant emphasis on discipline rather than skills
Marine
Academy
Australian within AMC & its linkages
MaritimeCollege
Hong Kong 90 companies in HK, mainland China
& overseas
Polytechnic
University
Ngee Ann Argentina, Germany 2 mos per year
Ngee-Ann-wide extra -curr activities
Polytechnic 14 weeks Industrial attachment
Singapore 120 students per year
Polytechnic
110
Table 26: GRADUATES’ EMPLOYMENT
INSTITUTION Graduates' Employment

LOCAL ABROA JOB TYPE SALARY
D
Univ. of Cebu NR NR NR NR
Asian Institute of
Maritime Studies
Philippine AFP, Ship AFP 2% US$ 200 to
Phil. Navy, repres Shipping Executives 1,000 / mo.
Merchant Marine Instructions at entatio Seafarers 95%
Academy PMMA ns on Phil. Navy
board Instructors MET Training Ctrs 3%
ships Instructors PMMA 1%
Crew managers, training managers,
president, owner of shipping co.
John B Lacson Seafarers in Far East, Asia, Europe
Foundation
Australian shore-based employment in mar & mar-
related inds, thermal power plants
MaritimeCollege hotels & offshore inds as process engrs,
maintenance engrs/managers, design
engrs, planning engrs, R&D
engrs,wkshop superintendents/mgrs,
repair mgrs, engg surveyors
Hong Kong 2 in gov US$ transport, storage, telecom
1,1263.92/mo6 manufacturing
Polytechnic 9 in pri US$
University 1,359.35 / mo
Ngee Ann navy, army, Batam, Shipyard 20.69% Marine-related Ind Last 10 years
Polytechnic airforce Bintan 12.41% Service (engg srvcs & survey over
shipyards, g, equipment sales) 9.66%(14 %) Min 955.00/mo
design Philippi of Defense 15.17% Gov 9.66% 14.5% US$
consultant nes Blk Clssificatn Society .69% others 13.79% 842.69 -
Sea No rspnse 17.95% 954.49/mo
China, 15% between
India, 842 & 1685
Middle 43.44% US$
East,U 1,685.39 / mo
SABraz ++ 2 %
il
Singapore Technical Sea-going engineers, sales engineers, Technical
officers (12) service engineers, technical engineers, officers US$
Polytechnic engineering assistants (80) 842.70
Teachnical consulting, design, Others
manufacturing and R&D projects for 449.45-
local industries 1,011.25
California fishing ind.,oil, offshore & transpo US&
foreign flag ships, port mgt intermodal
Maritime transpo & logistics marine insurance,
Academy finance,sales oceanographic
orgs,biotech fac engineering &
manufacturing hospitals, power plants,
envi.co
Kobe Univ. of jobs at sea 3 (head count 1999)
transportation & warehousing 3 marine
Mercantile insurance 3 trade & commerce 2 data
Marine processing 1 miscellany 3
NR = No Records
111
Table 27: GRADUATES' PROFILE
INSTITUTION % Within % Not % AREA OF EXCELLENCE

area of spec Within UNEM
area of PLOY
spec ED
University of English, better skills due to good
facilities
Cebu
Asian Institute 30 70 knowledgeability work attitude discipline
of Maritime
Studies
Philippine 98% 2% Shipping Adminsitration
Business and operations
Merchant
Marine
Academy
John B Lacson Deck 978 NR NR Practical / hands on
Engine 1017 Trainable, fast learner
Foundation Well-equipped with theoretical
knowledge
Australian 98 2 Less
than 2
MaritimeCollege
Hong Kong 76% 1999 23% 5.3% " transportation management posts
entire univ. companies
Polytechnic
University
Ngee Ann Shipyard Min of ability to work long hours
20.69% Defense
Polytechnic Marine-related 15.17%
Ind 12.41% Gov
Service (engg 9.66%
srvcs & Clssificatn
equipment Society
sales) .69%
9.66%(14 %) others
shipbldg., 13.79%
shiprepair, No rspnse
offshore engg 17.95%
Singapore 10% 80% 0%
Polytechnic
112
Table 28: GRADUATES' CHARACTERISTICS, STRENGTHS AND
WEAKNESSES
INSTITUTION CHARACTERISTICS STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

University of
Cebu
Asian Institute courteousness humility,
industry service-oriented
of Maritime
Studies
Philippine Disciplined, hard-working,
professionalism
Merchant
Marine
Academy
John B Lacson Determined, love fore work,
trustworthy, adaptable,
Foundation trainable, disciplined, loyal,
dedicated, flexible,
competent, not choosy on
food
Australian competence multi-cultural, multi-
disciplinary with mono
MaritimeCollege focus on things
maritime qualifications
and experience in
industry of staff flexible
approach, quick
response to needs
Hong Kong sense of responsibility High quality programs Providing sea-going
attitude towards work at Higher Dip to Post- qualifications & training
Polytechnic flexibility grad level researches is declining
University that underpin the
teaching & high-level
consultancies for
industries
Singapore Hands-on and practical
training
Polytechnic
113
Table 29: RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS
INSTITUTION COMPLETED ON-GOING INSTITUTIONAL

PUBLICATIONS
University of 7 2 Anchor Publications
Cebu
Asian Institute tracer study, internal Baywatch student publi
studies
of Maritime
Studies
Philippine 4 4 The Galleon
for revision: 1 PMMA Newsletter
Merchant for evaluation: 2
Marine
Academy
John B Lacson does not apply for research C ompleted 3 JBLF Maritime
grant but allots funding for Ongoign 3 Education Review
Foundation major research on maritime
related studies
Australian Buss US$ 17,647.058 B. 1997: 3 res. Grants, 9 publications
Engg (Naval Archi) 1998: 3 res. Gr, 13
MaritimeCollege publications
1999: 15 publications
Hong Kong cumulative in 1998 US$ 1998 19 researches none - better to publish
944,871,790.00 in International journals
Polytechnic
University
Ngee Ann 1997- US$ 92,865.17 10 research CAOKAM application for
1998- US$ 31,685.39 4 projects shipbldg Software dev
Polytechnic 1999- US$ 6,179.77 fo piping & ship prod
applications
Singapore CBT package of Turbo
Charger Maintenance
Polytechnic
National Taiwan Year 2000:
Ship Hydrodynamics 8
University Fluid dynamics 4
Structural dynamics 13
Coastal Engineering 6
Acoustics 7
Underwater Vehicle
Technology 6
Control and Mechanics 1
Transportation,
Environment, /Education,
CAD / CAM 6\
California NO DATA
Maritime
Academy
114
Table 30: CONFERENCES AND EXTENSION WORK
INSTITUTION CONFERENCES EXTENSION WORK

University of Intramuros, manila Nov 1998 Cebu Waste Mgt Herbal Garden planting and
March ( ) herbal plants blood pressure Stress mgt
Cebu / talk show Coastal clean-up
Asian Institute CHED-related Participation to studies / surveys
Asso. of Mar Ed & Training Institutions acceptance of gov't scholars clean-up
of Maritime drive
Studies
John B Lacson 3rd LSM A-P Manning and Training Consultancy in research & competency
Conference Assessment on accreditation
Foundation AMETIAP Conference on Marine Ed & Outreach Program
Trng Livelihood, coastal clean-up, ecology
STCW Compliance awareness
ISO 9000 Inter im Changes
Australian Distance education programs for
indigenous students AMC scholarship
MaritimeCollege
Hong Kong higher level consultancy projects
editorship to journals membership in
Polytechnic committees external examinership to
University external programs
Ngee Ann tech'l exchange,& advisory mtg on Consultancy to shipyards, process
marine structures, Intl Mar Des industry, short courses for industries
Polytechnic
California No data
Maritime
Academy
115
Table 31: INSTITUTION'S STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES
INSTITUTION STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

Asian Institute leadership commitment employees & facilities build-up, books
faculty cooperation facilities students' enhancement of curriculum
of Maritime willingness to learn brainpower & salary structure, linkages
Studies creativity
Philippine Only state Maritime Academy Qualifications of faculty
Employees passed Civil Service High turn-over of faculty 29% / year
Merchant Commission Government salary standardization
Marine With both academic and military ranks restricts competitive salary
Apprenticeship in 34 shipping / manning Outdated training equipment
Academy companies With new computers but no internet
John B Lacson QA System certified by DNC Grants / Donations for equipment
Grad School in Maritime Ed Research
Foundation Complete lab & simulation facilities MOA for upgrading with facilities with
shipping companies
Australian Post-graduate studies flexible delivery of courses
MaritimeCollege
Hong Kong High quality programmes at Higher Our activities in providing sea-going
Diploma to Post-graduate level for qualifications and training is declining
Polytechnic Shipping and Transport Logistics,
University Researches that underpin the teaching
and high-level consultancies for
industries.
Ngee Ann great support from marine industries ability to carry out research with
Singapore provides trained manpower to undergraduate, post-grad. Students
Polytechnic shipyards, consultancy to ship yards, currently no assistance to this
research too
Singapore faculty of engineers, maritime tech
nologists, nautical experts, buss.
Polytechnic Professionals & computer scientists
National Taiwan Strong ties with industries To focus attention on information
40% research grants from industrial technology, mechanics, engineering
University organizations science, system engineering in the
coming years
California 15 student clubs & orgs Career dev dept
(job search workshops, setting up
Maritime interviews Major is designed to prepare
Academy ss take US Coast Guard Exam
116
Table 32: CURRICULUM

DEGREE NO. OF MAJ CORE COMP OTHERS TOT
YEARS OR (Philo/Eng./ UTER AL
Math/Sci/
History/PE
University of BS Marine 4 96 58 3 3 Gen Psy 163
Eng'g 3 Personnel
Cebu mgt
BS 4 94 42 3 3 Gen Psy 146
MarineTranspo 3 Personnel
mgt
Asian Institute BS Marine 4 93 57 3 153
Transpo
of Maritime
Studies
BS Marine 4 94. 62 3 159.
Engineering 3 curr 5 5
1 trng
on
board
Philippine 192 27 0 3 Gen. 221-
.5 Psychology 225
Merchant 3 Personnel
Marine Mgt
Academy
John B Lacson BS Marine 3 yrs + 107 46 3 3 Personnel 159
Transportation 1 yr * Mgt
Foundation apprenti
*Trigo: Plans & ceship=
Spherical Trigo 40 units
ROTC: Naval ROTC
PE: Adv Swimming &
Life Saving Tech
Eng: Maritime Voc &
Terms
BS Marine Engg 3 yrs + 110 51 3 3 Personnel 167
1 yr * Mgt
apprenti
ceship=
40 units
Australian BS Engg (Mar & 4 wi/ 12 140 9 14 Projts 168
Offshore wks ( 90 hrs. div
Maritime System) summer by 16
College apprenti wks=6units)
ce
BS Engg( Naval 4 wi/ 12 150 17 4 13 projects 184
Archi) wks
summer
apprenti
ce
BS Engg ( 4 139 17 math 4 6 projects 166
Ocean Engg)
Hong Kong BS Shipping 3 78 18 3 12 Acct Eco 111
Technoogy
Polytechnic
University
Higher Diploma 48 12 3 9 Law, 72
in Shipping Mgt Acctg, Org
Mgt
117
Ngee Ann Diploma in 3 47 1 12 1 Ind Mgt 68
Shipbldg & 1 Soc Eco
Polytechnic Offshore Engg values
Some courses no 6 Offc
credit but w/ lab Comm&
/ workshop Interviews
Singapore Diploma in 3 38 3 subjects

Marine maj Comm.
Polytechnic Engineering or skills
sub
ject
s
California BS Marine Engg 4 104 34 4 3 Engg 154.
Technology .5 ethics 5
Maritime 6 Labs no credit 3 engg mgt
Academy 6 Hum
BS Marine 4 115 28 3 mgt 158
Transportation 3 Acct
7 labs no credit 6 Hum
Maritime Bachelor of Mgt 20 2 courses 0 1 course
Technology cou Intro to mgt
Academy (Maritime rse
Malaysia Transportation) s
Diploma in
Marine Engg
118

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Philippine

PASCN Discussion Paper No. 2001-13

Philippine Maritime and Nursing Education:

Veronica Esposo Ramirez

Not for quotation without permission from the author(s).

PASCN Discussion Paper No. 2001-13

Philippine Maritime and Nursing Education:

Veronica Esposo Ramirez

Not for quotation without permission from the author(s).

For comments, suggestions or further inquiries, please contact:

The PASCN Secr etariat

Specifically, the benchmarking study attempted to:

1. Analyze educational practices in maritime and nursing in Philippine Institutions using

3. Determine the comparative advantage of maritime and nursing education in

1. The nursing professional is educated through a combination of competency-based

1. The 3-1 Bachelor’s degree program, consisting of general education,

II. Conceptual Framework of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

IV. Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

1 Total Enrollment and Rate of Increase / Decrease from 1987-1996 6

2 Filipino Nurses Deployed Abroad from 1998-2000 3

3 Seafarers Employed Onboard Foreign-going Vessels 3

5 List of Respondent Nursing Institutions 13

6 List of Respondent Maritime Institutions 14

7 Data Requirement and Source of Information 15

8 Data-gathering modes and Sources of Data 16

9 Nursing Institutions by Geographic Distribution 16

10 Maritime Institutions by Geographic Distribution 17

11 Nursing Student-Population by Course, Number of Graduates

12 Nursing Curricula Across Institutions 22

13 Distribution of Employed Nurses by Work Setting 26

14 Maritime Student-Population by Course, Number of Graduates

15 APEC Institutions’ Maritime Facilities and Equipment 33

16 Maritime Curricula Across Institutions 35

1 Benchmarking, with and without 12

Another proof of acceptability and recognition of the country’s educational standards is

Several sectors of the Philippine society, such as banking, shipping and

What is needed is a thorough study of the design and implementation of educational

(1) The need to establish global networks of higher education institutions to

NURSING EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Table 1: Total enrollment and rate of increase / decrease from 1987-1996*

School Year Total Enrollment Rate of Increase / No. of Graduates**

Table 2: Filipino Nurses Deployed Abroad from 198-2000

Inclusive year Professional Nurses Average Nursing Personnel Total

MARITIME EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Beginning February 1997, member-countries of the International Maritime Organization

Level 1996 1997 1999 Average Annual

As it were, graduates of nursing and maritime in the Philippines contribute to global

A. Conceptual Framework of the Study

The challenge of international comparability and standards have to be taken seriously if

Figure 1: Benchmarking, with and without

Without Benchmarking With Benchmarking

With benchmarking, Xerox company became more focused on external competitiveness,

Public confidence in the academic standards of an institution is dependent on

In Australia, the Higher Education Innovations Programme produced a manual entitled

In the United States, a number of companies have emerged such as Educational

The Place of Benchmarking in the Asia-Pacific Region

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an organization of 18 economies that

1. To develop a strong skills foundation in literacy and numeracy

- comparative studies of existing standard for curriculum content and assessment of