DNS of Multiphase Flows DNS of Multiphase Flows

UATIONS 1
Direct Numerical
g Equations
Simulations of
n for variable density and viscosity is:
@u Multiphase T
A simple method to solve the Navier-
+ r uu = rp + g + r (ru + r u) + f
@t Stokes equations for variable density
Flows-3 D @
= + u r = 0 Start by advecting density using an
Dt @t 0.1. GOVERNING EQUATIONS
0.1. GOVERNING EQUATIONS
advection/diffusion equation
1
1

ru=0
A Simple Solver for Variable 0.1 0.1.
Governing 2
GOVERNING Equations
EQUATIONS 1
INTEGRAL FORM - 0.1 Governing
The momentumEquations
This density advection will later be
I I Density Flow (1 of 3)
Z I Z equation for variable density and viscosity is:
0.1 Governing replacedEquations
by front tracking
+ uu nds = pnds + gdv + ru + (ru)T nds + f dv The momentum equation for variable density
@u and viscosity is:
0.1. GOVERNING The momentum equation + r uu = rp + g + r (ru
@t for variable density and viscosity is: =
D+ rT u) @+ f
S S V S V
0.1. EQUATIONS
GOVERNING @u EQUATIONS T
+ u r =1 0 ru=
I 0.1.
0.1. GOVERNING
GOVERNING 0.1.
EQUATIONS
EQUATIONS
0.1. GOVERNING
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
EQUATIONS
@t
+ r uu = @u rp + g + r (ru + r u)Dt + f @t 1 1T 11
+ D
r uu @= rp + g + r (ru + r u) + f
u nds = 0 0.1 Governing Equations @tZ = + u r = 0
1. GOVERNING EQUATIONS
0.1 Governing
0.1 Governing 0.1 0.1 Governing
Equations
Equations
0.1 Governing
Governing
1
Equations
Equations Equations Dt @t I I Z I
Gretar Tryggvason S D@ @
ONS Z The
1 momentum equation for variable density and viscosity
Dt
=
@t
udv
is: + u r + D 0 uu
= @ nds = pnds + gdv + ru +
.1 Governing Equations Mh =
1
udv
The
The momentum
momentum equation
equation The for
forThe The
momentum momentum
variable
variable
momentum equation
density
density and equation
and
equation
@u
for variable
viscosity
viscosity
for for
is:is:variable
variable density @t and
density density
Vand viscosity
viscosityr
andis:viscosity
u
Dt is: S @t + is:
= 0 u r = 0 S V S
T
V V + r @u uuINTEGRAL
= @u rp + FORM gr +r = 0 + r u) + f T T
uT-
I(ru Z
quations
he momentum equation for variable I density and viscosity is:
@u @u
++ rr uu
uu =@t
Z= rprp ++ gIg
@u
++ +rr + r uu
(ru
r (ru ++
uu =r+ r=Trp
Iuu
r u) rp +
u)+= g
++
f g f+rp Z+
rr +(ru
g
r u++
(ru =Ir+r u)u)
0 r(ru ++ f+ f rT u) + 1f Z
@t @t @ @t @t @t
1 INTEGRAL udv + FORM uu nds -
= pndsu + nds gdv=+0 ru + (ru) M T= nds + udv f dv A=
variable density and viscosity Ah =@u is: u(u n)ds T Z
@t IV S
D INTEGRAL
=I +
@
u r ZS FORM=S0
-
VI S ZV V V
V + S r uu = rp + g + r (ru + r u) + f @ DD @@ Z Dt I@t DD @@ D I @ Z TI Z
@t udv + =uu =@ +nds +u u=r r == 0 pnds
0 += = gdv I
+u += u+r r =+ 0ru
= Iu0 + r(ru) = 0 nds + V f dvT nds Z
@u I Z Z @t V DtDt @t@t udv + S uu DtDt nds@t @t
+1r uu = rp + g + r (ru 1 + rT u) + f 1 S
@t V rS u=0
V= DtuS nds pnds
@t 1 V gdv + S ru + (ru)
S =+0
1 + V f dv
h p@t
h = pn ds fh = f dv g = gdv I r S P = pn ds F = f dv G
V V D = @ + u rV= 0V
h h
V S rr u = u= 0 0 rr u = u= 0 0ZI V V V
DNS of Multiphase Flows Dt @t 0.1. GOVERNING
DNS
INTEGRALEQUATIONS of FORMMultiphase - u nds = 0 1 r u =S0
Flows 1
I Z I I Z S- M = u
udv nds = 0
D @1

INTEGRAL
INTEGRAL
I @I
FORM
FORM INTEGRAL
-
-
INTEGRAL FORM FORM I Ih Z V VS I ZI Z T
- Z I
Dh==@t + u r
Dt ru=+0 (ru)T nrds ZZ
udv Z ZI I
@+@ uuZ nds
I I= Z Z INTEGRAL pndsI +I I Igdv FORM
11 Z+ Z -
I ru + (ru) Z T nds + f dv ZZ 1
V S u=0 @@
0.1. GOVERNING EQUATIONS 0.1
udv
udv @t
+ + uu
Governing
uu
V nds
nds = = udv
S pnds
udv pnds
Equations
+ ++ + uu I
gdv
gdv
uu Snds +=+D
nds =M h= ru
V =ru
pnds ++
pnds I
+(ru)
(ru) + 1 gdv
udv
S T Trugdv
nds ++
nds Z
+
+ (ru)
+1 fru
dvfru ++
dv I (ru)
(ru) n Tds V T nds
nds +1 + r
f dv
f hu=
dv Z u nd
@t@tV V @
@t @tV VS S udv VVAh = M u(u = SV n)ds udv V
age
variables,Navier-Stokes
the equationrINTEGRAL
u =can 0 equations in integral form
FORM -
be written as S S
The momentum equation @t VI for
S SV+ V
variable
uuI S Snds S S=
I
VS VVpnds V
S +
h
gdv
VS V
V + ru + (ru) V TV nds + f dv S
I S Idensity and I I viscosity
S is:
Z VI S Z V
Z I I Z I
0.1 Governing Equations Z u nds 1 =0
@ @ - - u- 1 A h = u(uAn)ds 10 1 END
1 ITALICS
TEGRAL FORM udv + uu nds = pnds + gdv + ru + (ru)T nds + f dv rhunds hnds
p@u == = 0 0S pn dsV S u unds fhnds =I= h = 0 f dvu(u n)ds gh = gdv
UATIONS @t IV
M h + A Z
Sh = r h p
I h + g h S
+ D h + fVh Z
The
S momentum equation
The
1 forVvariable density and viscosity average
S S
I Z@tZ is:
V r
+ value
S uuZ =
1 I of S each
rpS + g term,
Z Z Z Zu nds =Z 0
V+ r VV (ruSover+the r Z
T control
u) + Vf V volume:
@t 1 1 1 Mh = 1 udv 1 1 1 1S Z
uu nds = pnds + gdv + I ru + I(ru)T nds + f dv r h ph M =M pn ds V f = f dv 1gh = 1 gdv 1
hV= = udv udv
r h ph = M
V
h M
pn = hds=hg = udv udv fhgdv=
Z f dv gh = gdv
Equations Where the
S pressure
V 1 S is such uthat ndsthe = 0 flow is incompressible
V @u
+ r uu = rp + g
h
V VV V
S 0.2
+ r (ruD Integration in Time
IV S
+r
h V

ZI@
V
T V V VV V1
V
u) + + fu=
V V V V
V:V Control
V volume
I rh uh = V S u nds S @t 1 1
I I Ah = 1 u(u
Dt 1 =

1 n)ds IM
1@tgdv 1
I r = udv
V
0
S: Control surface
AhA= n)ds V
n)dsDhhA A g = = u(u n)ds VT T
Z h = u(uu(u n +I ru n+1 n ds
S
V= Dh = u(u
uru
n)ds
(ru) + (ru) n+1
MhZ n ds
h
for variable density and u viscosity
nds = 0 is:
1
Z 1 DI @S S
Approximate
VV MnhZh= V VVn
hS S
S V and
h 1S
= h un+1 h .
S
u = udv M= udv I I rh ph = 1 =pn ds+IZuI Z rfh==I0 1 f dv rA Z= uZZ= Z 0gh = u(u
1
n)ds
gdv ZZ
@u Z h V V 11 Dt
V @t 11 1 1 V 1
1 1V1 V V 1 1
V
+ r uu = 1rp + g + rV (ru + r Iu) + f T rhrphhp=h = pnpndsds r p
hrfhhpf=
S =h = D pn
f dv = ds
f dvds
pn ru f
ghgh=
V +
=
hfh== (ru) T
f
gdv dv
S
gdv Sn
f dv V ds SV g =
hgh = gdv
gdv
n+1
@t And M the= density udvof Z each fluid 1 particle is constant

V VS S INTEGRAL
h
VV VSV SVI FORM VI S - VVVVV VV V Z @ V V VM ZMh
n
n+1 un+1 nh
V V 1 A= u(u n)ds In termsZ InoftermstheII of
average
IrD the average
u = =
1 1 variables,
variables,
0
theIequation
ru + I(ru)ItheTequation can
Zn ds be writtencan1 beI as Mh as V h 1
written Z=
h h

I h = dv V S @ 1 1 r h h P V = pn 1 ds
1 F = @tf dv G = t gdv t
dsV S+ ds ru + (ru)T VndsV+
T
D @ V V DhD= udv
= + ru uu
ru ++ nds
(ru) (ru) V
SDT T=
=
hDS@hn= n dspnds ru ru ++ (ru) (ru)VT+
gdv nVds n f dv
1 +Iun)ds
r = 0 Z Z INTEGRAL @tFORM
h
VS S S
V - V SV S= @S M
A = Dt = u(u @t 1 1 1
V: Control In volume
terms of the
V
average The
variables, Navier-Stokes
the equation @t
M h
can be
@t
Ahh I
equations
written
+Vr Ahhp=
as h+g
are
rhh+ pShD +hg+h f+h Dh + fh
then:
V
rVh PS= pn ds F= f dv G = @ ZS: Control
gdv Isurface I Z V I S
D= I 1
S ru h n+1 Zn+1
+ (ru) u
I h
T
n dsh h
n n
u
I VZ S ZV V V V udv + uu average pndsVthe V Sgdv S ruV+VVu ST I = Anh rh ph + nh g + D
nds = variables, + @ + bewritten (ru) S 1 = 0 nds1+ f dv
1 Notation 1 I= 1 @t V In termsSofInthe equation can as
+hbe nds
r uD u nds t
F = r u f=
rr h u = =+
u nds
dv0 In terms of the average terms
variables, ofthe
the Saverage
average
equation variables,
can be M
Vwritten hthe
written =the A Sh
equation
as hh
canpcan be written
hg h+ h ash fh V
pn ds 1G gdv In terms of the average variables,
In terms the ofequation
the
In terms of the average can be
variables,
@t as equation
variables, the equation canSbe written S written
V asV S as
V S V uV p D =Original Vru V + (ru)T n ds I @ M + A = r p + g I+ D Z+Zf Z
INTEGRAL FORM -
I V S variables @@ Similarly, @t
h
the @ @incompressibility
h h h
1 hr p1h+ 1 h conditions 1 n+1 is n n
I 1 I h +u(ru) Z ph n ds I Z M M +h +
A A =h = u r r nds
p h p+h =+g 0
gM +
rh +
D
M
h +
Du +A
h h+
f
A
= @
=
Mf h = u= hru= p nds g
+
u hg +
udv=
udv D
+ D
h + f
+
udv
h f uh uh
= Anh + nh g + Dnh + f
2 h h h h h h h h h h h h h h h

+ In terms
Dof =
uu nds the
=
ru
average h
variables, T Numerical
the+equation rucan be approximation
written
T as+
nds
@t@t S @t @t h hI VM +VAV=
1 @t S I IVZ
V rP V +VG + D + F
V S pnds + gdv + (ru) f dv I
Z rI Z I Z t
S i,j ui,j pi,j Numerical u = u nds
S V S approximation V at point (i,j) 2
11 1 h h V S 1 1 1 1 1 I 1
ndsurhA hrhuhu= u uhnds
riables, the equation canIbe written as@ M + A = rP + G + D + F 2 rhrM huhhu= h =
= unds
uudv
Z=h = Vudv
h= h = u(u
V SV S V n)ds
=
dv
nds dv
V V SV S @
V
D 1 r V= 0VVrhZS Zu = r uu=
V nds V = 0 n+1 n+1
- ITALICS @t Z Z = u +
= u udv S 0 h uZh n+1 uh
@ u nds = 0 I
NotationNotation
1
I
1Dt 1 I @th V V 1 Z 1 1 Z h
= r h ph
M + A = rP + G + D + F u u = = 1 udv udv I u u= = 1 udv udv Z 1 t 1 Z
1 hZ=1 VZI fVhV dv gZh = Z
S h h h h
@u@t Z Ir
A h h= ph =V V u(u V V pn ds
In)ds =V V V I f dv 1 1 Zgdv 1
+ r uu = rp Z+ g + r r h u =+ ru
(ru T nds = 0
u) + f 0.2 udv
@ Integration V V rZ=hSP in=rTime 1
P =pn ds pnZ ds V =f dvT f nds V
uu nds SZ Z VF = V F dv + VG =f dv g dv
V G V= V V g dv
I= 1 + 1u1 +pZ u ru
hpnds +dv
@t S
@tI 1 1 Z hSV =
VS VV S gdv p +V(ru) V V
M udv 2 Notation
1 V S h=
n h = nI 1 dv dv n+1 1 h
I =V = 1dv dvS
I V n+1
rh u = u V nds V =0 r h ph = Approximate
pn dsI M = V uV n
fh 1= V V1 f dv and I M Dh =1 T g = Z n+1 h
V
u
h =
n+1
uV
ru . p
+ (ru) u gdv T p I
h n ds 1 I r h u =0Z 1 Z
1 = u =u 1 ndsu ndsh u = 1 u =udv
h h V hV h h
D @ S I Notation
.2 Integration = + in
1u rTime =0 ru=0 Notation
Notation
V S
Notation u nds
Notation D= = 0 D V= Vru
V M +=(ru)ruV+ (ru) S n ds
udv
T V
i,j n uni,ji,jn ui,jAr
ds
pVi,j =phi,j u r u(u
h
V n)ds V V V V
udv
Dt @t
AMultiphase
= u(u n)ds I I S V Z S uVu V p u
n+1 n+1 Zn V S n S Vn S n
DNS of V Flows In terms
1 of the DNS
S average
1 of Multiphase
variables, 1 theTequation Flows can be + 1 written
A = as
r P + G + D + F
n Time
I
pproximate n n
M = uI and M n S n+1Z = uI .n+1 n+1 Z rh P =
V S
--
-
pn Dds - -
h -
= I F =
1 ru V+(ru)
fudv h
p unh ds t 1phITALICSZ
G =END
V
ITALICS
END

ITALICS
r
h
ITALICS
g dv Z
u1 n+1

r
uh

1
I Z
gdv n+ n ru 1+ (ru)T nds +
Z rh P = V Su u pn p pds V@ F =u pu p fp dv V Gh= h g dv h = rh n+1 rh p
+ uu
1 nds = pndsn+1 +
1 n+1 f dv I V h@u uMhi,jh@u pI
+ u A
h i,j
n+1 V= i,j r n pn + g + D Z + V f
n+1
dPM=S = pn ds n+1
u n+1
. S F= uV f dv u S G n= gdv nIn terms n Vof n the average
1 variables, the equation
u can
S
u pbe p written @t + r
1as huu + ur
h
u = u V u
rp
uup p
h
+= h
g +
rp r+h
(ru
g
n 1+ h
r + r hT
(ru V +
u)
n t f
r n
T
u) + f
+ A =V rVh P + G + D + F n Decompose uthe ui,j momentum h = I uA= + G +udv Dand + Fvelocity h
0.2 0.2
Integration in Time t pi,jp 1Iinto density
h h
V S V V D= ru + (ru) TI
dsh h h h h h
Integration in Time
rh i,j @t = @t pi,jhu nds h Z
t V S - 1
i,j ui,j Tpi,jpi,jn ds VITALICS i,j ui,ju V V 1
n+1 un+1 n un 1 In D = @ ru i,j +u i,j
(ru) Si,jr
D h u@
i,j = i,j
1 u nds u= udv
n n n - M
V S h END + A = r p + ITALICS
g + D
+ f Vn+1
+A = ru rh+P(ru)
+n+1Gu T + Dn +
n dsun F - - Approximate hM n ITALICS
@u =M hn
uhnh=and
n

nh M
andun and
n+1r h h= u h n+1
n+1
n+1h= = n+1
u n+1
Vh+ .uSr
u n+1
n+1 nds
=u.T0 1 r u = V0 V
t D= V = An + G + Dn +- F-
n -

@t Approximate
-
ITALICS
ITALICS h
+ hr h =h hrp
M
ITALICS
ITALICS
ghh+
u@t=


hS u+ h =+ frh P
S
t - - @u @t
uuhEND
I= rp
+
ITALICSDt r
(ru
Zn r
r u)
t T u)u+h f= n+1 nh unhThis + implies
t Anh + thatnh g + Dnh +

The Time

n+1 the n n @u@u + r uu
@u1 @u +
n+1g +
u r
n+1
n+1 (ru
u n+1
n
1 u + n n
u the velocity and
ge variables,
u equation
u can be written as @t h
= An + G + Dnn+1 +F n
0.2 Integration in Time
un+1 n+1 u
++ rr uu
uu r =Where
h= rpuhrp +=+ gg ++
V @tS
@t
+rr u
+r
(rur nds
uu
(ru h+
uu =+ r=Thrrp uT + g
h
u) hu)
rp +=+ fhhg f+ h+ r+ rudv Anhh =+
h (ru
(ru ++ rAr
Tnu)
r T +f
h= pu)
h+ +rgfhhnph++Dgn n
hh+ +fhDn n
h + fh
n
t @t@t t V rt hV un+1 = 0h the density ! are
@ = rh P 0.2 Integration in Time
D @Z Z 1 1
M + A = rP + G + D + F t Approximate Mnh = nh unh and Mn+1 DD
===@ n+1@un+1 =
1 @t + D uD r @= @0 n+1 ur un = 0 n n slowly varying
n+1@tun+1 n+1 u h h + +u uDt
h . r
r == 0 0 n+1 udv= n+1 =rr + u =u+ =0ur0r =h= 01 0 uu
n+1 n
h r u ru =
h nu= 0 0rnh n ! n nrh p = rh uh
nh u@tnh@tanduhM=n+1
Derivative
nh
h =
hdv
I = rh P n+1
rh u =0
Approximate Mnh Dt =Dt
t V t= r h V =Vh Dtuh r
Dt @t @t .h un+1 Vrh u = Ah=+ gA hh 1++Dghh+ +n+1fD
h h + fh t
t nh unh n+1 un+1 h rP h
n Z n+1+ gn + n Dn t+ h n n+1
h n+1
rh u = u nds = 0 +A @ 1h = rM hp M Notation

n+1 n+1fhn+1
un+1 n+1
n+1n n
u n+1 u
rh un+1 =S 0 ! Thehsemi-discrete
= Mh dv h h
Navier-Stokes
h h
=
h
h u h h
h

t
h u hhequations
h uh h
h
h then
r
become: rh ph
h ph
rh u
r un+1 1 @tV V t t 1t = r 1 h=pu
h n+1 = uh t n+1
h
= rh rP n+1
u n
u n u p u p=h un +h t u Ahnt+ pn+1 i,j G +i,jn+1 Dui,j
n
h
h
t ! Notation
n+1 h h n n n
n in Time n+1 - t n+1
h u=n+1
h
Ah+ n gnh + D + f
h uh hn h
= AITALICS n n+1 n n+1
+rhh gu+hrDhh=+
rh ph n
u0hfh = 0
rh u rh u 1 h
n
= rh n+1 rP 1 1
u p n+1 ph un+1h n+1uu
t
pi,j i,j ui,j find h
and Mn+1 = tn+1 un+1 . u =un + t An + n+1 G + n+1 Dn @u h ! !
h h h
n+1 hr= nuur
n = p n+1 T
- Supplemented by:
u+ u rp
n+1 + g + r (ru
r
+ r u) + f
h rh u h r u u 1
nhr + Duhn +h f n h 1
h h
n n ITALICS t @t
h
= Anh + h
hh
g rn+1
n+1 n+1 1 1 h = h rh= h rpn+1 rph
h Notation
u n u
u = u + t A ++Ann+1 n
G + + GD n n t t t h
h
= rh Pn+1 + D n + Fn
t @u rh+ ug n+1D
= 0= @ n+1
+ r uu = rp h + r
n+1 (ru
n+1 + +urTru) + = f0n r u = 01 n
@t h
Dt
u h @tu = uunh+==uthr+hApnht + Ah +gh + gh +D)n : Dn
h u h 1n 1 ( 1 at t
n+1 u n un t h h! h
hn+1 n+1 n+1 hn+1 h
n
= A +G+D +F n n Z n+1 I I Z I h h ( )n+1 h : at
Z t+ t
t r@h uh@
D rh u h 1 ! !
= udv + u+ ruu == 0 ndsrh= rn+1 u rp
= 0h+ + 1 ru1 + (ru) T
1 nds f dv
Dt
@t @t t rh pndsun+1
h = 0 gdv 1
+
n+1 un+1 n+1 u
V S hS rh Vrn+1 h rhn+1 p S r=h ph r= u rh uh V
Z I II Z I Z h h Z! t hI th
= rh P @ 1 1 1 n Th 1
t udv + uh =
uu nds = unh + t
pnds
u nds+A n
rhh= + n+1 +
gdv
u0h n+1 r g +
h h M

ru
uhn+1 D
+ (ru)
= h udv 1 nds + A= f dv ph n)ds
rhu(u
@t V S SS V h S h =V r Vhun+1 n+1 =uur
n+1 hp=h Vut hrh pVh t Sn+1
rh un+1 = 0 I Z ! t I h h h h n+1
h
11 1 1 h
u nds = 0 r M = r udv
p = r A u= u(u n)ds find!
 I 1 I Z 1 Z Z 1 Z- - 1
ID =
V

ru + (ru) I nEND
1
ds ITALICS rh
1
I u =Z
1 V S
u nds
1 1
Z uZ=
V V
udv
1 pn ds F = 1F = f dv f dv G = 1G = g dv g dv D= ru +S (ru) rTh P n = ds pn dsrh u = F = u nds f dv u =G = udvg dv
rh P =rh P = pn ds V S V V
V S V
V
V S V S V V V V V V V V - - S END ITALICS V V V
I I I 1 I 0.2Z Integration
- - Z 1in TimeEND ITALICS
I

I
1 1
Z
1D = 1 ru + T(ru)
T
n ds r 1
u = u nds 1 u =
1
udv D = ru + (ru) T
n ds r h u = u nds u= udv
= ru + (ru) n ds rh u = h u nds u =Approximate udv Mnh = nh unh and V SMn+1 = n+1 un+1 . V S V V
V S V SI Z V S V S Z V 0.2 V
V VIntegration in h Time h h
- 1 END 1 ITALICS 1 0.2 Integration- - in Time END ITALICS
DNSpnofdsMultiphase
rh P =
- END F = Flows f dv G= g dv n DNSn h of Multiphase n n n+1 Flows
Z ITALICS n+1 n+1
I V S V V Z V V Approximate M n
= u and M uhn+1 = hn+1uh u
1 1 1 n n n
h h h
n+1 n+1 h n+1 h +h A.nh = rh ph + ghn + Dnh + fhn
=I pn ds F= f dv IG = g dv Z
Approximate M 0.2
h = h u and
Integration
h M h = h in u th .
Time
Integration
V in nTime V 1 V 1
gration T @ Mn+1 Mnh n+1 un+1 nh unh
Sru + Toin
(ru) Time
integrate ds in time V r u=
we h
IapproximateV S
u ndsVthe time u=
Z derivative
V V
udv by
n+1 By
u n+1 n+1
nh n taking nhMM hthe
uunhn+1 ndivergence
n
uhn+1
h n+1 n = of
h h
n n We will take the
S 1 1 Approximate M n h= u and @t = n =u t A . + gnh + D n +t fn
ru
mate
- M nh =
n +
(ru) nah
n T n n
simple
u
nhds andn+1M firstn+1
END r
n+1order n+1 n+1
=h ITALICS
hu =
n+1 in
uh time u forward
. nds approximation:
u = udv h h h
t
h+ t Ah h= r h h phh + gh + Dhh + fhh
last step using
M h = h u h and M h = h
h u h . V S V V n+1 n+1
n+1 un+1
n+1h hhn u
n+1hn+1 n n n u
n uhh h +
u hn+1 n
hn u n n nn n
n n the discrete
END n+1ITALICS
u n+1
Dn+1
hM = h M @n n
u +h u n rn = n+1 n+1
rn nun u h u A
h h + = hA r = p r +
= nh rhh nph h
h h p
g h ++ gDhh ++ D f h + f h
@ h + A =0 ur h h ph + hgu
=0n
hh+ Dh + fh
n h
t h =t A n
t h + gh + D h + f h versions of the
ation inZ Time Mh Dtht @t h = h h t
@tI tI Z tI Z n+1
n+1
unhun n+1 n n
uh
in n Time
@
Then = we split n+1 n n n+1 n+1 uh n+1
r hu = = 0 A n
+ g n+ Dh
n
n + fh
n corrector
uhnitu. into twohsteps:
u u T u u n
n udv
n+1 + uu
n+1
n+1nds = pnds + gdv + ru + (ru) nds + f dv h = A + g h + D h + f
= h uh and @t VMhn+1 h uSn+1
hh h h
n h
S n = VAnh + ngh S+ Dnnh + fnhn V
andh using h
t
h t h h= rhh ph h h h
equation and the
I n+1 =t Ah Zrh ph + h g + Dh + fhI t !
and Mn+1 =n+1Predictor:
n+1
un+1 . t n un 1 1 n+1 n+1 n+1
n+1 n+1
uh n+1 h
n+1
uh1
incompressibility
h h uh r u r u
h h h
u nds = 0 + A M
h h n+1n
uh=rVh phh+
n+1 udv
n+1
guhh+ Dh +Afh= V
n n n u(u n)ds h h uh h u = r
rph h h p
n = rhh un+1 == 0 h trhh = n+1
h
h r h p h
n+1 hh
Sn nt u h n u V = n rh pnh S t h
conditions
n+1 u n+1
u I h
= At + hnZg + Dn n
n + fh Z t
h h h h
+1 An nt= n rh ph + ghnh + D 1 h + fh h 1 rh1 un+1 =! 01
t rhn+1P =uh hpn uhds n F = n+1 nf dv n G= g dv r u n+1
r
n u n 1 h n
h we uhh obtain
= uh + h the th =A pressure n+1 ghequation
V Sn+1 n+1 = Ahn+1 r+ g hu + V DV= h + 0 fh V V rhr h+ hu hn+1 = 0+ Dh
Corrector:
I n n th uh h huh h I Z t h n+1 rphn+1 !
n+1 1 uh uh = TAn + gh + Dn += n rh p1h 1 r u n+1
r ! u h h
1 !
D= t ru+ n+1 (ru) n+1 h n ds t
n+1 f
h rhh u = u nds ! u = udv
h
0 h h h
= r rp
V S uh un+1h ruh u n+1 1 1tu 11 h n+1 h
h r h h = h r h ph V S 1 V V
uh = unh r +hr htuh Anhn+1 +rr h h phhgh = rhDnu1h h
h
= rh n+1 rph =+ rn+1 h r p
- n+1 u n+1
n+1 tr tEND
u h u n+1 ITALICS
= 0 t
h n+1
h hth 1 n+1 h 1h
hI
= rh ph1 Z Z
h h h h h h
1 1 uh = unh ! + t Ar n
h + n+1 gh + n+1 Dn
n+1ensure that h ph
rh PThe = pressure pnt dsrhmust u F == 0 f 1dv 1
!G = g dv 1 u n+1
= u 1
t ! h
2 Integration Vr in uh = urnh + hut AVnh +V n+11gh + n+1 DnhV V
uTime
n+1 Projection rh n+1 r 1h h ph n=h rh n+1 u! h h

I
S
I h rhh un+1 =h 0 h = Z rh h I r!h phh Z Z uh= n+1 uh + 1 t
t A h nh+ g + Dn
1 n 1n n n+1 ht 1 ! n+1
1 1 1Method h
r find r p
h
=
h1 h
rh uh
D = rM
roximate h Ph == rurhu+ pn
uand
h ds
(ru) T r un+1
Mn+1 n h=ds

hhF = = un+1 . rhf dv u= 1 h uG nds = g dvu = udv
h h
r n+1 h h h
h ph t
V S V h
S
h h h1V r hV rp 1
!=V Shr u ! V V V V n+1
uh = uh h
t n+1 !
I n+1 t rh n+1 rh phn+1
h I n+1 t n+1
h h Z 1 n+1 h 1 rh ph
-1 rh u
h rh 1 uh@ n nEND n+1 1 M
hITALICS
n
nh unh rh n+1ur h ph = u= rh u
M nrp h 1 n h uhn n 10.3
D= ru + (ru) u h
t
= T
n+1 n ds h
@t
=
M
h u hr +h ht A
r1h u =
n+1
t
h + h
= h g
1
+ D
u nds h +
t
f h u= udv Spatial Discretization find hh h h t t n+1h
V S n
uh = uhh+ t Ah + n
n+1 h g +V S rD h phh
n V V h
uhn+1 = h
n+1 n+1 !u h n+1t n+1 findrhhph
ntegration
-
uh = unh + t r
in Time Ah nu
END 1 ITALICS
n n h
1 gh hu!h+= AnD1n 1 h h
0.3.1 incompressibility uh = uh
n+1
t n+1
h +
h n n n
h r p + g + Dh + f0.3 Spatial Discretization I
h 1 n+1 rh phn+1 1= h thrhh h uh h h h
tn+1
h hfind 1
ate Mnh = nh unh and M rhn+1 = n+1
! hh hr
h u n+1
p . = r h u h 0.3 Spatial Discretization u nds = 0
egration in Time 1
h
n+1 h
hn+1 u 1 n n
u t
0.3.1 incompressibility DNS of Multiphase Flows V S find h
DNSrh of Multiphase
h h
= r Ahnhp+ n n n
tFlows
n+1 rn+1 h h g + D h + f h
Spatial un+1 p n+1
hh hun+1 =n n
h u= urh n uhhtph n+1 1
Mnh = nh unh Discretization n+1 n+1 h . t+hAhr= I n+1
n n n
and Mn+1
h
h h = u h h tuh= u
h
t n+1r h ph + gh + Dh + fh 0.3.1 incompressibility y(un+1 1 ui 1/2,j ) + I x(vi,j+1/2 n+1 n+1
vi,j
h h i+1/2,j u nds = 0 1/2 ) = 0
Discretization inunhtime
n+1 n+1 n+1
hrhfind uph hh uh 0.3 Spatial Discretization x y
V S 1
incompressibility n+1 n+1
huhuh =uh
n+1 n+1 n
hu t nn+1 unnhh= thr pn + g= r h ph u nds = 0
+A
h find
h = I A h hh+ ghh+
n
+DDnhnh++fhfnhn V S
t t h 0.3.2 0.3.1time 1
derivativey(un+1
incompressibility n+1 n+1 n+1
1 u ) + x(v vi,j ) =0
1. Update
tial Discretization the
n+1 find
marker
hn n n+1 function
n+1 rhn+1 nds
uun+1
h =to =0 find
0 new density and viscosity x Zy i+1/2,j 1 i 1/2,j
y(u n+1 I u n+1i,j+1/2
1 ) + x(v
1/2
n+1 n+1
vi,j ) =0
uh uu V nS u udv = u i+1/2,j 1 x y i
= 1/2,j
( + i,j+1/2
)u x 1/2y
l Discretization t h h= Ahh + ghh +=Dhr+h pfhh h n n
!
xi+1/2,j
y i+1/2,j
V S
u nds2 =0
i,j i+1,j i+1/2,j

mpressibility 2. Find1 a temporary rhn+1 un+1 velocity

r
tn+1 using n+1
h uh ) + the1 advection n+10.3.2and the derivativeZV
time
cretization
ressibility
y(u
n+1 i+1/2,j
h
n+1
u
n+1 i 1/2,j = rh i,j+1/2
x(v
n+1 rh phi,j 1/2
v ) = 0 Z
0.3.2 time derivative 1
diffusion x y terms h uonly:
h I tr h u un+1
h
h == r 0 h ph h vdv1 = Z i,j+1/2
y(un+1
vi,j+1/2 x
x y u=n+1
1y = (i,j +n+1 i,j+1 )ui,j+1/2 n+1 y x y
I 1 t uh nds udvV = i+1/2,j ui+1/2,j ( ) 2+ + i+1,j 1)ui+1/2,j vi,jx 1/2
Spatial 1/2,ji,j x(vi,j+1/2 ) =0
1 =0 ! x y udv i+1/2,j
= u i 2
x y = ( + )u i+1/2,j x y
ility
time derivative Iu = n+1 1 V u Snnds ! V Z i+1/2,j i+1/2,j i,j i+1,j
Z rh uVhn+1 rhhu n
un+1 u
=0
+h =t0 Anh + nh g 1 + Dnh + fhn Z 1 @ V 1 n+1 n+11 n+1 12 n n n
1 n+1 h n+1 S r h h
= rn+1 rp Z
udv = ( + )u ( + )u
1 h h1 h vdv
V @t= Vi,j+1/2 vi,j+1/2 2 i,j x y i+1,j = (i,j + i,j+121)ui,j+1/2
i+1/2,j i,j i+1,j
x y i+1/2,j
1 x y udv y(u ndsuut=i+1/2,j
= ui+1/2,j 0 ) +x x(v y! = (i,jn+1 +vi,jn+1 )u =0 x y
1/2 ) i+1/2,j vdv = i,j+1/2 vi,j+1/2 2 x y = (i,j + i,j+1 )ui,j+1/2 x y

Discretization
i+1,j
3. Find V n+1
y(u Vthe pressure
i+1/2,j
Sn+1 u n+1 i 1/2,j
) + neededx(v to
n+1 i,j+1/2 2 make v n+1 !
h
the
) = velocity
0
V Z 2
rh uh in r 1 1
i,j+1/2 1 i,j 1 1/2 Z1 @ V 1 1 n
1
x y Z i+1/2,j rh uh n+1
1/2,j
rrhhph1n+1 = rhh uh n 1 @ vdv 1 = Z (n+1 +1 n+1 n+1 1
n+1 )ui,j+1/2 ( n + 1ni,j+1 )uni,j+1/2
y(un+1field incompressible
vdv un+1
uh = uth + h t n+1
= ) + vx(v
i,j+1/2
h=Anh +
x yvn+1 = 1/2
h +trp
g1n+1
h()
n+1
= 0i,j+1
Dh V @t udvV =1 @(n+1 i,j 2udv+i,jn+1
i+1,j )ui,j+1
= (i+1/2,j n+1
+ n+1
(ni,jn+12+ i,j
n
i+1,j )ui+1/2,j
(ni,j + ni+1,j )uni+1/2,j
i+1/2,j i 1/2,j i,j+1/2i,j+1/2 h i,j i,j+ h )ui,j+1/2 x y V @t V 2 i,j 2
i+1,j )ui+1/2,j
x y ! 2 r h ph V @t V 2 2
erivative V n+1 1
uhg +1t 1n+1Dn
Z
Z Z n
A1unhh+rh= 1 @ 1 Zn+1 1 n
1 @ uh = uh +rh1t n+1 n+1 1 p
n+1 =h r
n+1 u1
h vdv =1 @ ( + n+11 n+1
)u n+1 n+1 ( n+1 + n
i,j+1 )u
1 n
n
ve udv = i+1/2,judv u = ( + n+1
h
h i,j )u
n+1 h h2 h n
t h )ui+1/2,j ( +xni+1,j n
y )ui+1/2,j V @t V i,j vdv i,j+1 = (i,j+1/2 + i,j+1 2 )u i,j ( + ni,j+1 )uni,j+1/2
i,j+1/2
V @t V i+1/2,j2 i,jh 2!i+1,j
x y = ( + i+1,j
find i+1/2,j
h 2 i,j V 2@t V 2 i,j i,j+1/2 2 i,j
V 1
Z 1 1 r p
udvZ= i+1/2,j1u@ i+1/2,j r xh y = ( ri,j p+
n+1 i+1,j
= h h x y
)utri+1/2,j uh 1
4. Correct
vdv =VDiscretization vdvthe = velocity
1 n+1
(2un+1
h h= hu
+ 1n+1 by
h
(i,j )u
adding
+ti,j+1/2
n+1
hn+1
i,j+1
the(pressuren
+ ny )ugradient:n
!
3 Spatial i,j+1/2 vi,j+1/22 hx i,jy = i,j+1
@t h )ui,j+1/2
2 i,j x i,j+1 i,j+1/2
V V 2find rh un+1 rh u 1
1 rhh ph
vdv = Zi,j+1/2 vi,j+1/2 x y u=h ( n+1
=i,j
uh+ i,j+1 t n+1 )ui,j+1/2 x y = rh rP
.1 1incompressibility
@ 1 2 h1 n t n+1
udv = (n+1 n+1
i,j + i+1,j )ui+1/2,j
n+1
I (i,j + ni+1,j )uni+1/2,j
Z V @t V 2 2
SpatialZ Discretization
1 find1 1 h
nu nds 2
1 1
udv = (n+1 + n+1 )un+1 V2 (Si,j +1i+1,j
n=0 n
)ui+1/2,j u = un + t An + n+1 G + n+1 Dn
t V1 @ 2 i,j 1 i+1,j n+1
i+1/2,j
n+1 n+1 n n n
incompressibility vdv = (i,j + i,j+1 )ui,j+1/2 ( + )ui,j+1/2
Z V @t
atial Discretization
V 1 21 2 i,j n+1i,j+1 n+1 !
n+1 y(un+1
n+1
i+1/2,j 1 ui (
I1n+1 n ) + n x(vi,j+1/2 vi,j 1/2 ) = 0
vdv = (n+1 +x y )u 1/2,j + )u n
1 1 !
t V 2 i,j i,j+1 i,j+1/2
2 u i,j nds =i,j+1 0 i,j+1/2
rh r P = n+1r u
ompressibility V S
n+1 h rh u t h rh u 1
I = rh rP
1 1 t n+1
DNSxofyMultiphase y(un+1 un+1
u nds = 0 x(vi,j+1/2 n+1 n+1
V Flows i 1/2,j ) + DNS of Multiphase Flows
i+1/2,j vi,j 1/2 ) = 0 r P
h
S
un+1 = u t nn+1 1 1
1 n+1 n+1 n+1 n+1
u = u + t An + n+1 G + n+1 Dn
time derivative y(u u ) + x(v v ) = 0
xZ y i+1/2,j i 1/2,j i,j+1/2 i,j 1/2 Start withfind the control
Select rectangular 1 !pi-1,j+1! ui-1/2,j+1! pi,j+1! ui+1/2,j+1! pi+1,j+1!
udv = i+1/2,j ui+1/2,j x y = (i,j + i+1,j )ui+1/2,j x y volume for the pressure. 1 1
e derivative control
V volume defined 2 r r P = r u
Z Z For incompressible flows h
n+1
h
t
h
by a structured
udvvdv = i+1/2,j
= i,j+1/2ui+1/2,j
grid.x y = 1 ( 1 + )u
vi,j+1/2 x y = i,j (i,ji+1,j
0.3+ i,j+1
Spatial Discretization
)ui,j+1/2
i+1/2,j x yx y the net inflow must be vi-1,j+1/2! vi,j+1/2! vi+1,j+1/2!
2 2 r
V V
hP
Z Z
1 n+1 10.3.1 incompressibility zero u n+1
= u t
Here1 @ we will assume
vdv = udv
1 n+1
=vi,j+1/2
( +x n+1 y = ( i,j + i,j+1 ()un
+ n x)uyn f n+1
i,j+1/2 i+1,j )u 2 i+1/2,j 2 i,j fi, j +1i+1,j i+1/2,j
i,j+1/2 I
V V @t V 2 i,j i +1, j +1
pi-1,j! ui-1/2,j! pi,j! ui+1/2,j! pi+1,j!
that Z Z all the control 1 find !y
1 @1 @ 1 n+1 1 n+1 n+1 n+1 1 n1 n n
u nds = 0
volumes udvvdv =are ( the
= i,j (+ same
n+1 n+1
+ )u )u ( i,j +
( +
i+1,j n
)u n
)u
i+1/2,j
n V S
V @tV V@t V 2 2 i,j i+1,ji,j+1 i+1/2,j i,j+1/2 2 2 i,j i,j+1 i,j+1/2
size 1 vi,j-1/2! vi+1,j-1/2!
n+1vi-1,j-1/2!
Z
1 @ 1 n+1
vdv = (i,j + n+1 n+1 1
(n + ni,j+1 )uni,j+1/2 f
0.3 Spatial Discretization
y(un+1 un+1
i 1/2,j ) +
n+1
x(vi,j+1/2 vi,j 1/2 ) = 0
i,j+1 )ui,j+1/2
2yi,j The discrete
x y i+1/2,j
V @t V 2 fi, j i +1, j
For second order version, using the
0.3.1 incompressibility y
pi-1,j-1! ui-1/2,j-1! pi,j-1! ui+1/2,j-1! pi+1,j-1!
approximations the y 0.3.2 time derivative midpoint rule is I
Z 1
average value is a x 1 !x
V
u nds = 0
udv = i+1/2,j ui+1/2,j x y = (i,j + i+1,j
S )ui+1/2,j
x x y
good approximation V 2
for the value in the Z 1
x y(un+1
1
i+1/2,j un+1
i 1/2,j
n+1
) + x(vi,j+1/2 n+1
vi,j 1/2 ) =0
center x y x y = (i,j + i,j+1 )ui,j+1/2 x y
vdv = i,j+1/2 vi,j+1/2
V 2
0.3.2 Z
1 @ time derivative
1 1 n
udv = (n+1 Z + n+1 n+1
i+1,j )ui+1/2,j ( + ni+1,j )uni+1/2,j
V @t V 2 i,j 2 i,j 1
udv = i+1/2,j ui+1/2,j x y = (i,j + i+1,j )ui+1/2,j x y
Z V 2
1 @ 1 n+1 n+1 n+1 1 n n n
 4 Diusion Terms-constant viscosity
I
1
h D = ru + (ru)T nds
DNS of Multiphase
V SFlows DNS of Multiphase Flows
Approximating the integral of the viscous fluxes around the boundaries of the velocity control volumes (equa-
Dmidpoint
??) by the value at the @ of each edge times the length of the edge results in:
= + u r = 0 ru=0
Define Dt
n separate
@t
(Dx )i+1/2,j =I
control volumes for each velocity
I Z I! Z
udv + component,
uu nds
1 =
(
shifted

pnds
@u +
up
@ufor
gdv + the ruvertical
+ (ru)T velocity
nds + fand
dv to the
S right xfor 2 2 y
V y the S horizontal
@x i+1,j V velocityStaggered
@x i,j
S Grid
V
I Z I ! )
1 1
u nds = 0+ @u +M@v= udv @u + @v A= u(u x n)ds (1)
S @y V V
@x i+1/2,j+1/2 @y V
@x i+1/2,j S1/2
I!
pi-1,j+1 ui-1/2,j+1! pi,j+1! Z ! pi+1,j+1!
ui+1/2,j+1 Z!
pi-1,j+1 ui-1/2,j+1! pi,j+1! ui+1/2,j+1! pi+1,j+1!

Predict the
1 1 1
rh P = pn nds F= f dv G= g dv
V S(Dy )i,j+1/2 = V V V V
I ( !
I Z
1 v
ru i-1,j+1/2
+ (ru)
!1 T n ds @v v @u !
+i,j+1/2 1v @v +!@u
rh u = i+1,j+1/2u @y

vi-1,j+1/2!
ndsi 1/2,j+1/2 u =y
1 vi,j+1/2!
udv
vi+1,j+1/2!

Velocities
V S x y @x @y i+1/2,j+1/2
V S@x V V
! )
- END ITALICS @v @v
+ 2 2 x (2)
pi-1,j! ui-1/2,j! pi,j! ui+1/2,j! @ypi+1,j!
i,j+1 @y !
pi-1,ji,j ui-1/2,j! pi,j! ui+1/2,j! pi+1,j!
0.3. SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION 3
ration in Time
The velocity derivatives are found using the standard second-order centered dierences. Doing so results in:
0.3. SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION 5
n
n
h
(Dx )i+1/2,jn+1
M!n+1
vi-1,j-1/2
= nh unh and h =
= n+1
( h uvhi,j-1/2. ! vi+1,j-1/2! vi-1,j-1/2! )0.3.2 time derivative
vi,j-1/2! vi+1,j-1/2!
1 un uni+1/2,j un uni 1/2,j Z
i+3/2,j i+1/2,j
@ x
2o
Mn+1 M
x h n
n+12n+1
u o
n n
u 1
( h hx udv = i+1/2,j ui+1/2,j x y= (i,j + i+1,j )ui+1/2,j x y
Mh ( h = h h
2
pi-1,j-1! @t uvi-1/2,j-1
1 ! 1 un ! p 1vt!n n
!t ui+1/2,j-1 ! Ay SPATIAL
! n ui-1/2,j-1! pi,j-10.3. uni+1/2,j-1!+ pVi+1,j-1!
pi,j-1
uni+1/2,j+1 i+1/2,j i+1,j-1i+1,j+1/2 pi-1,j-1
n
vi,j+1/2
n
DISCRETIZATION 3
+i,j+1/2o= 1 (n+1 + n+1 ) +2 (i,j+1 + i,j )vi,j+1/2 + t i,j+1/2
0.3. SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION 3
)Z
n+1 un+1 y n un 2 i,j+1 y i,j x
h h n n n n
h h
un = Ahun 1rh ph + vhn g + Dh +v nfh
) 1
t u-velocity! i+1/2,jn 1
v-velocity!
n 0.3.2 time vdv = i,j+1/2 vi,j+1/2
derivative x y = (i,j + i,j+1 )ui,j+1/2 x y
o
i+1/2,j
(i,j+1++ n i+1,j 1/2
)(g ) n i,j 1/2
+ D + (f ) n
(3) Z 2
n+1 n n y 2 i,j y
xi,j+1/2 0.3.2
y
time derivative
i,j+1/2 y i,j+1/2 V
1
uh uh 0.3. SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION Z udv = i+1/2,j ui+1/2,j x y = (i,j + i+1,j )ui+1/2,j x y 3
= Anh + nh g + Dnh + fhn Z 1 2
t
- DELETE FROM HERE - 1 udv
@ =ZVi+1/2,j1ui+1/2,j x y = ( i,j + i+1,j
1 )u i+1/2,j x y
n
(Dy )i,j+1/2 =
n+1 n+1 n+1 0.3.2 time derivative V udv = (n+1 n+1 2n+1
i,j + i+1,j )ui+1/2,j 1 (ni,j + ni+1,j )uni+1/2,j
(h uh h u h V
Z
Z
@t V vdv 2= i,j+1/2 v i,j+1/2 x y = ( 2
i,j + i,j+1 )ui,j+1/2 x y
= r(pnh 11 2
1 ui+1/2,j+1
n
t uni+1/2,j h vi+1,j+1/2 n
vi,j+1/2
vdv = Vi,j+1/2 vi,j+1/2 x yy = (
o n + n udv Z = Z u x = ( i,j + + i,j+1 )u
)u i,j+1/2 x x yy
x ui+1/2,j = ui+1/2,j y + t Ax i+1/2,jx + 1VV @ 1 @ i+1/2,j i+1/2,j
1 n+1 1 n+1 22
n+1
i,j
n+1 1
i+1,j
1 i+1/2,j
udv = ( n+1 + n+1 )u n (n + n n nn
DNS of Multiphase un rh uh Flows
n+1
)u)u
) 1ZV @@t V V @t VDNS
vdv = (i,jof2+
1 2 n+1 Multiphase Flows
=0 ) Z i,j+1 )u
i,j i+1,j i+1/2,j (i,j +i,j i+1,j i+1/2,j
i 1/2,j+1 uni 1/2,j

n
vi,j+1/2 vin 1,j+1/2
n+1 n+11
i,j+1/2 1 n2 2 n i,j+1 n
i,j+1/2
o
+
1y +1
( n
+ !
x n
)(g ) n
+ D
n
V @t vdvudv =Z (vi,j + i+1,j
=1 @i,j+1/2
2 i,j+1/2 1 x y)u= i+1/2,j(i,j +2( i,j +
i,j+1 )u
1
i+1,j )ui+1/2,j
i,j+1/2 x y
n+1 V 2
Wernow (h examine uh each
ri,j termini
) 2 1 nr pin the equations
! ) ui-1/2,j+1! pin detail and
x i+1/2,j x i+1/2,j
hu r1 n+1
v n 2h(i+1,j n+
n+1 i+1,j i,j V vdv = (n+1 + n+1 n+1
i,j+1 )ui,j+1/2 (n + ni,j+1 )uni,j+1/2
1 v=i,j+1/2 h vi,j+1/2
h h vi,j pi-1,j+1
n
i,j+1! ui+1/2,j+1 ZZ ! V @t V1
1! @@pi+1,j+1 2 i,j 2 i,j pi-1,j+1! ui-1/2,j+1! pi,j+1! ui+1/2,j+1! pi+1,j+1!
+ 2o t
i,j+3/2
derivey a discreteyapproximation, assuming 2 n+1
o
h
1/2
0.3.3 2D body
flow: forces
(4) 1 vdv = 1 (The
n+1 components
n+1 + n+1
n+1 )u n+1
n+1 of
11 the
( n
n +gravitational
n
)unni,j+1/2 term
y udv = ( i,j + i+1,j i,j+1 )u i,j+1/2 ( i,j + n i,j+1 )u
( ! V @t
V @t V 22 i,j Z
i+1/2,j 22 i,j i+1,j i+1/2,j
ON 1viscosity 0.3.3 body forces
V
1
We note that for u constant n uthese terms could ben simplified n considerably but we will not5do that here, Z !

h = n+1 vi,j+1/2
n
h h + = tvi,j+1/2
n A n
h + +h gt + DA nn
h y+ fh vi-1,j+1/2 +! vthis
i,j+1/2 ! 1 @vi+1,j+1/2 1 nh g = gdv
1
Z
1 vi-1,j+1/2! vi,j+1/2! vi+1,j+1/2!
h
the goal is to let the viscosity vary and well will introduce the necessary
i,j+1/2modifications 0.3.3 body forces
later in document. nV
vdv = (n+1 + n+1i,j+1 )u
n+1
g =v
i,j+1/2 (n + ni,j+1 )uni,j+1/2
gdv
! ) V @t V 2 i,j Zh V v2 i,j
( In component
5 Predicted velocities 1form: 1
1 1 n
r u h + n n n
arediscretized
n 1 as 1
rh + n+1 r h ph = n+1 t 2h(i,j+1 i,j )(gy )i,j+1/2 + Dy i,j+1/2 1 n h g n= gdv
n h12 (( n+1
i,j+1 + i,j )
pi-1,j! 0.3.3 ui-1/2,j! body
pi,j! ui+1/2,j!
forces pi+1,j!n
h g x = ( i+1,j + n i,j
Vx v 1 n
)g hn gy = n(ni,j+1 + ni,j )gpi-1,j y ! ui-1/2,j! pi,j! ui+1/2,j! pi+1,j!
2 i+1/2,j gx = (i+1,j + 2 i,j )gx
2+ t Ay i,j+1/2 + 1 1 n n
Z 2
ui+1/2,j = 1 n+1 ( + r n
p )u n
hi,j h i+1/2,j + t A x +
2 h i+1,j nn 1 1n
n+1
n+1 i+1/2,j
SPATIAL-
DISCRETIZATION DELETE
2 ( i+1,j +uhi,jUNTIL
)= u HERE t n+1 - ) 5 1
1 h ) ni+1/2,j gxh= g =(gy = gdv +(ni,j+1 n
i,j )gx+ i,j )gy
n n n 1 n
(i,j+1 + i,j )(gy )i,j+1/2 + + D n
n
n + (f n n
)i,j+1/2 v !
i-1,j-1/2 n 0.3.4 Advection
vi,j-1/2 ! vi+1,j-1/2!
Terms 2 Vi+1,j
i,j+1/2
v 2 vi-1,j-1/2! vi,j-1/2! vi+1,j-1/2!
+1 (i+1,j i,ji,j+1/2
y
find )(g
) + yD + (f )
) 0.3.6
2 Corrected2 velocitiesh x i+1/2,j x i+1/2,j x i+1/2,j 1 nI
( t pi+1,ju pi,j! p !
n
The
i,j+1/2 g y body
= (
12 n 1 force
i,j+1 + n
term
i,j )g y are left
1 u1n+1 = u)v n
n pi-1,j+1! ui+1/2,j+1! pi+1,j+1 !
ni+1/2,j gA
x = h = (i+1,j (fxu(u
+ ni,j )gn)ds
)ni+1/2,j pi-1,j+1! ui-1/2,j+1! pi,j+1! ui+1/2,j+1! pi+1,j+1
ties

al Discretization
vi,j+1/2 = 1 n+1
( + n+1
) 2
(ni,j+1 + ni,ji+1/2,j
i+1/2,j 1 n+1 Ay n+1 +
i,j+1/2 + (ti+1,j
2 +! i,j+1/2
pi-1,j-1 ) ! pxi,j-1!
i,jui-1/2,j-1
i-1/2,j+1 i,j+1
ui+1/2,j-1! pi+1,j-1! unspecified 2 V Sas n
x
pi-1,j-1! ui-1/2,j-1! pi,j-1! ui+1/2,j-1! pi+1,j-1!
2 i,j+1 i,j 1 (fy )i,j+1/2
t pi+1,j pi,j ) n
i,j+1/2 n n
n+1
= ui+1/2,j
mpressibility 1 n v n+1 =n v
n
t pi,j+1that
using pi,ju n = u on the left and rightgyside =x )and
(f n(i,j+1 + i,j )gy
2i+1/2,j u n = v on the top and the bottom
+1/2,j 1 n+1 ( n+1
2 (i+1,j
2 +i,j+1
i,j
n
+ i,j+1/2
)(gy )i,j+1/2
I ) i,j
+ Dy i,j+1/2
x i,j+1/2 1 n+1 + (fy )i,j+1/2
n+1vi-1,j+1/2 n
u-velocity!
! y0.3.4 vi,j+1/2 ! vi+1,j+1/2! u-velocity!
vi-1,j+1/2 ! vi,j+1/2! vi+1,j+1/
2 (i,j+1 + i,j ) Advection Terms (fy )ni,j+1/2
n+1 t
1
u pnds
i,j+1= 0 p i,j 1 n+1 and Z
)nA = 1
I
n n)ds
- = Here
vDELETE
DISCRETIZATION
,j+1/2 we have
i,j+1/2
FROM used
1 n+1
HERE linear
n+1Sinterpolation where =
V - n+1 quantities
( are
+ notn+1
i,j ) 3n 1 (f h
x i+1/2,j u(u
defined, 2 (as for:+ i,j ) y i+1/2,j 2 i+1,j 0.3.4 Advection Terms (A x )pi+1/2,j = u(u Vn)dv =
1 such ! ! ! ! ! pi-1,j! ui-1/2,j! pi,j! ui+1/2,j! pi+1,j!
i,j+1 S
n+1 (
p i-1,j u i-1/2,j p i,j u i+1/2,j i+1,j V (f ) n
Iside and u n i+1/2,j
y(un+1 n+1 n+1
using that u n = u on the left n and rightyVi,j+1/2 = v on the top and the bottom
x y 1 n+1 ui 1/2,j
i+1/2,j ) + x(vi,j+1/2 vi,j 1 1/2 ) =0
1
ection Terms n+1
i+1/2,j = = (
ui+1/2,j i+1,j +
uni+1/2,j
n+1
t ) Aand
+ i,j
n
n+1
+ = ( n+1
+ n+1
) 1 A h = u(u n)ds
2 x i+1/2,j i,j+1/2
I 2 i,j+1 i,j (uu)V i+1,jSZ
(uu)i,j y +
1 0.3.4
) ! Advection v= ! Terms x yn
vi+1,j-1/2! x )i+1/2,j 1 n
o bottom vi-1,j-1/2! vi,j-1/2! vi+1,j-1/
1 1h =
A u(u n)ds vi-1,j-1/2
using that u n u
i,j-1/2 on the left and right
(A side = Iu n u(u
and = v on the top and
n)dv =the
+ 1 n+1 ( n
V + n
)(g x ) n
+ D x
n
(uv)Ai+1/2,j+1/2 1 V V (uv) i+1/2,j x
( + n+1
) 2 i+1,j Si,j i+1/2,j i+1/2,j
h = n u(u n)dsi+1/2,j 1/2
2 i+1,j i,j 0.3. SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION 1Z V S
u n = u on the left and right side and u n = v on the top and the bottom n 1 x y (uu)
i+1,j n (uu)i,j y+
( using
pi-1,j-1 ! that u! n p=
ui-1/2,j-1 ! on uthe
i,j-1u
(A x!)i+1/2,j
left
i+1/2,j-1 and ! = Vside
right
pi+1,j-1
V
u(u
and un n)dv= v on the =
i+1/2,j
top and the bottom
o
pi-1,j-1! ui-1/2,j-1! pi,j-1! ui+1/2,j-1! pi+1,j-1!
n
+ tZ Ay i,j+1/2 + n
n 0.3.3 Advection Terms
n (uv)i+1/2,j+1/2 (uv) x
vi,j+1/2 = vi,j+1/2
1 n 1 Z
i+1,j (uu)i,j i+1/2,j 1/2
I
(Ax )ni+1/2,j = u(u n)dv = )
(Axv-velocity!
)i+1/2,j = n x y 1(uu) n y+ 1 v-velocity!
V 1 V Flows "(Ax )i+1/2,j = u(u n)dv = Ah = V u(u n)ds #
TIZATION DNS of
+ 1 n+1
Multiphase
1 i+1/2,j
n (i,j+1 + i,j )(gy )i,j+1/2 + Dy i,j+1/2
n n n n

n1
DNS
n V of Multiphase
3n + ui+1/2,j(uv)
ui+3/2,j V n 2
Flows

i+1/2,j n o n S
ui+1/2,j + ui 1/2,jp 2 ! u
top! and ! bottom
DISCRETIZATION 1 n+1 2 (Ax )i+1/2,j =using3 (uv) n = u on the lefti+1/2,j right x and u n =i-1,j+1 pi,j+1 ui+1/2,j+1! pi+1,j+1!
2 (i,j+1 + i,j ) (uu) i+1,j "1that u(uu) i,j
and v on#+
i+1/2,j+1/2 1/2 side thei-1/2,j+1 the
i+1,j (uu)i,j y +
x y x n2 i+1,j n(uu)i,j y + n 2
1 x y u + u 2 ui+1/2,j + uni 1/2,j 2
- DELETE Discretization
UNTIL HERE of the advection terms:i-1,j+1
- p ! o u ! p ! u
i,j+1 " i+1/2,j+1 ! p ! i+1,j
i+3/2,j i+1/2,j
i,j Z o
Terms n ++
i-1/2,j+1 i+1,j+1
ection Terms (uv)i+1/2,j+1/2I (uv)i+1/2,j 1/2 x + x(uv) i+1,j+1
n
2 u(uv) 1 x 2vi+1,j+1/2
+ uni+1/2,j n n
vi,j+1/2
(Ax1)i+1/2,j = "i+1,j + i,j+1 + vi-1,j+1/2! vi,j+1/2! vi+1,j+1/2!
n
6 Corrected velocities
I 1 i,j Advection
i+1/2,j+1/2 termsDetailed
i+1/2,j+1n
(Ax )i+1/2,j
i+1/2,j =1/2 discretization
u(u n)dv =
1
Ah = u(u u(u n)ds y 1
" + 4 + + u n
2 + V u n V v n#
2
i+1/2,j
+ v n
un+1
A h = V tn)ds p i+1,jv p i,j ! vi,j+1/2! 1v
i,j i+1,j
n of the
i,j+1
! ui+3/2,j + ui+1/2,j n horizontal

i+1,j+1
2 component
i+1/2,j+1
n n n using
i+1/2,j
u1i+1/2,j + ui 1/2,j 2 the
i+1,j+1/2
mid i,j+1/2
#
" V S 1 (Sn+1
i+1/2,j = ui+1/2,j
+ n+1
i-1,j+1/2
n #+
y i+1,j+1/2
i+1,j 4 uand n i,j + un 2 (uu) n (uu)
vi+1,j + i,j 2v ny +
1/2! +not
x + i+1,j 1point + 2i,j rule averages 2for
1 quantities
i+1,j
i,j ) x x i+1/2,j
y
n = u onn the left and 1 right side unand2 ui+1,j + n u =n v on the
2 top andu n the bottom
+ (A
u nx) i,j
i+1/2,j 2 = i+1,j

1 i+1/2,j
n n n p i-1,j
i,j
un
1/2
i-1/2,j!
#pi,j!
o ui+1/2,j! pi+1,j!
2(uv)
ui+1/2,j + ui+1/2,j 1 vi+1,j 2n + vi,j1/2
i+3/2,j ti+1/2,j i+1/2,j i 1/2,j
x )Approximate the integral by the
n the(A left and rightn+1side and u n = v on thepmidpoint
top pand rule
the bottom " "
i,j + 4i+1,jn + defined + ati,jn the # 1/2
i+1/2,j = vi,j+1/2
x
i+1,j
= v 2
i,j+1 i,j i,j
2 1 + 1 + ui+3/2,j
+
i+1,j 1 n
+ ui+1/2,j 1
ui+1/2,j+1
2
midpoint
nn
+uui+1/2,j n n
+ uivi+1,j+1/2
i+1/2,j+1/2 (uv)
2 + vi,j+1/2
i+1/2,j 1/2
x
i,j+1/2
Z
1 n+1
(
2 i,j+1 + n+1
i,j ) y
p !
i-1,j u i-1/2,j! p !
i,j u i,j
i+1/2,j ! p
i+1,j

i+1,j! i,j+1 4 i+1,j+1
2
i+1/2,j 1/2,j
+ 2
" 1 n y x 4 2
i+1,j
2 2
i,j
2v
Z i+1,j(A+x)ni+1/2,j 1n n+1 + un = vi+1,j+1/2 n n i-1,j-1/2! vi,j-1/2! vi+1,j-1/2!
+ i,j+1 += n+1 =ui+1/2,j+1
u(u n)dv + vi,j+1/2
1 nn+1 Z n1 nZ
(i+1,j + i,j ) i+1/2,j #
i,j ni+1,j+1
V i+1/2,j
V 2 1 i+1/2,j " nn 1

uu n
+ ui+1/2,j
+ u n
n
n n n
vi+1,j
v ++vi,jnn
v
= u(u 4n)dv n = 2 (uu) (uu) 2 1 y
+ + + + + +
(A+
) = v(u n)dv =
! i,jvi,j-1/2! i,ji,j i+1,j
i+1,j
(A! y )i,j+1/2yx =
i+1,jn
i,j+1 1(A ) i,j
i+1,j+1 1 = i+1/2,j
i+1/2,j+1 1
i+1/2,j 1/2
i+1,j+1/2 1/2
i,j+1/2
y i,j y + i-1,j-1/2 n
1 i+1/2,j i+1,j
v vi+1,j-1/2 i,j+1/2
i+1/2,j Vv(u n)dv =
V
+ V (uu)i+1,j x (uu) ny
# 44 V "V 2 2 ni,j+1/2 i,j+1/2
22 #
i+1,j + i+1,j x 1 + y i,j 1 uni+1/2,j + uni+1/2,j 1 vi+1,j 1/2 + vi,j 1/2o
n 1 n V
1 u n
i+3/2,j + ui+1/2,j 2 p ! uni+1/2,j n
# +! ui p1/2,j
ui-1/2,j-1 i,j-1!
2
ui+1/2,j-1! pi+1,j-1!
i,j
o p ! u 1 (uv)
i+1,j n (uv)i n y + i-1,j-1 +
(uv) (uv)2
(uv) i-1/2,j+1! x +! i+1,j
i,jpi,j+1 ui+1/2,j+1
+ i+1,j! pi+1,j+1 x! i,j
(uv)
i+1/2,j+1/2
n
Z1 ui+1/2,j
y i+1/2,j+1/2 x + ui+1/2,j
(uv)
1/2,j+1/2
1 2 vi+1,jy 1/2
n
i,j
+ + vi,j 1/2 2
4 (uv)i+1/2,j+1/2 i+1/2,j+1/2 i-1,j+1 2 1/2
i+1/2,j 1+ i 1/2,j+1/2
i+1/2,j 1/2pi-1,j-1!x ui-1/2,j-1! pi,j-1! ui+1/2,j-1! pi+1,j-1! xn y 1" n o
4
(Ay )i,j+1/2 =1 v(u + n)dv
2
+ (vv)+ = (vv)
i,j+1 i,ju x
n o 2 +u n u-velocity!
v n
+ vn
V Vi,j i+1,j
(vv)i,j+1
i,j+1/2 i+1,j+1
(vv)i,j x
i+1/2,j+1 i+1/2,j i+1,j+1/2 i,j+1/2
i,j+1
1
Z n u-velocity!
vi-1,j+1/2! vi,j+1/2! 1 n
vi+1,j+1/2 ! y Z
4 2 2
" n "
(Ay )i,j+1/2= n un v(u n+ n)dv # # (uv) 1 (uv) n y + #
ui+3/2,j + ui+1/2,j 22 = uunni+1/2,j ++uuni n1/2,j 2 2
uni+1/2,j (Axy )ni,j+1/2
y
i+1/2,j+1/2
= i,j + v(u n)dv
i 1/2,j+1/2
= un n n n
n (Ax=
n 1
)i+1/2,j =
1

V Vi+3/2,j i,j+1/2
i+1/2,j i 1/2,j V i+1,j

+ i+1,ji,j+1/21 + i,j 1
o i+1/2,j + ui+1/2,j 1 vi+1,j 1/2 + vi,j 1/2
i+1,j
nx i+1,j i,j
i,j
n
V

"
i+1/2,j
x1 (uv)i+1/2,j+1/2 2 2(uv)i 1/2,j+1/2 y +pi-1,j! 22 ui-1/2,j! pi,j! ui+1/2,j1! pi+1,j ! i+1/2,j+1/2 (uv)
(uv)
4
(vv)i,j+1 (vv)i,j x
y+
2 2
+ x y n n n n x y
i 1/2,j+1/2
i,j i+1,j + i,j+1 + i+1,j+1 un ui+1/2,j+1 + ui+1/2,j vni+1,j+1/2
+ uni+1/2,j v o + vi,j+1/2
n
+ vi,j+1/2 Z o
i+1,j + i,j+1 +4i+1,j+1 (vv)i,j+1
i+1/2,j+1 2 (vv)i,j i+1,j+1/2
x 2 (vv) n (vv)1i,j xv(u n)dv n
(Ai,j+1
y )i,j+1/2 = =
v ! v # ! v !
+ 4 + 2 n 2n
i-1,j-1/2 i,j-1/2 i+1,j-1/2 V V i,j+1/2
u n
+ u v n
+ v n
i,j i+1,j i+1,j 1 + i,j 1 i+1/2,j i+1/2,j 1 i+1,j 1/2 i,j 1/2 # 1
un n v n n (uv)i+1/2,j+1/2 (uv)i 1/2,j+1/2 y +
+1,j n+ i+1,j 4+ i+1/2,j + u 2
i+1/2,j 1 i+1,j 1/2 2 + v i,j 1/2 x y
Ay )i,j+1/2 = 1 i,j 1
pi-1,j-1! u ! p ! ui+1/2,j-1! pi+1,j-1! o
"
4 n 2 n n 2 ni-1/2,j-1 i,j-1 (vv)i,j+1 (vv)i,j x
 un n un + uni 2
1 i+3/2,j + ui+1/2,j 2 i+1/2,j 1/2,j
i+1,j i,j +
x 2 2
"
1 i,j + i+1,j + i,j+1 + i+1,j+1 ui+1/2,j+1 + ui+1/2,j vi+1,j+1/2 + vi,j+1/2
n n n n

y 4 2 2
#
+ un n v n n
DNS of Multiphase
i,j i+1,j + i+1,j Flows
1 + i,j 1 i+1/2,j + ui+1/2,j 1 i+1,j 1/2 + vi,j 1/2 DNS of Multiphase Flows
4 2 24

0.3. SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION

0.3.4 Diusion
The diffusion term is:
Terms-constant viscosity pi-1,j+1! ui-1/2,j+1! pi,j+1! ui+1/2,j+1! pi+1,j+1! 5
Z
Advection termsDetailed
n 1 n
discretization p ! u ! p ! u ! p ! 1
I
(Ay )i,j+1/2 = v(u n)dv =i-1,j+1 i-1/2,j+1 i,j+1 i+1/2,j+1 i+1,j+1
Dh = ru + (ru)T nds
V V 0.3. SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION 5
using the mid 0.3.5 0.3. Diusion Terms-constant viscosity
i,j+1/2 V S
of the vertical1component
n vi-1,j+1/2! control volumes
vi,j+1/2! 5 vi+1,j+1/2!
Approximating the integral of the viscous fluxesIaround the boundaries of the velocity
SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION (equa-
point rule andx averages(uv) i+1/2,j+1/2 (uv)
for quantities notvi-1,j+1/2!
i 1/2,j+1/2 y +
tion ??)! by theDiusion
0.3.5 InTerms-constant
value vati+1,j+1/2
the ! component
midpoint 1form
of each edge the rateof the
viscosity
times of deformation
y vi,j+1/2 Dh = the
rulength
+ (ru)T edge results in:
nds
o tensor for two-dimensional
V S1 I nflow is:
defined at the midpoint (vv)i,j+1 (vv)i,j x 0.3.5 Diusion Terms-constant viscosity (Dx )i+1/2,j =
T
Dh(=I 0 ru + (ru) nds ! pi-1,j ! ui-1/2,j! pi,j! ui+1/2,j! pi+1,j!
4 1 1 V @u @u T @u@u @v 1
2 ru + 2 @y + @x
S
pi-1,j! ui-1/2,j! pi,j! ui+1/2,j! pi+1,j! Dh = @x2 nds
(ru) y
x yV T 0 1
S = ru + (ru)S =@x@i+1,j 2 @u @x
@x i,j
!
@u
@y +)@x
@vA
n
(Ay )i,j+1/2 = 0.3.4 Diusion Terms-constant @u @v S = ruviscosity @uT0 @u @ @v @u @v1 A! vi,j-1/2! vi+1,j-1/2!
+ +
+ (ru)
I +
=@y@v 2 +
@u
@x @x @v @y + 2 @v
@y
@x x@v
v i-1,j-1/2 (1)
" @y @x 1 T @y
@u
+ @x 2 @y
! vi,j+1/2 i,j-1/2! vi+1,j-1/2! S =i+1/2,j+1/2
ru + (ru) = @ @x @y i+1/2,j 1/2 A
1 i,j + i+1,j + i+1,j+1 + i,j+1 ui+1/2,j + ui+1/2,j+1
n n vi-1,j-1/2 n n
+ vi+1,j+1/2 Dh = ru + (ru) T
nds
and For the horizontal Z V velocity
S
@u
@y + @x the
@v
Z integral
@v
2 @y is:
AL DISCRETIZATION
x 4 2 2
5#
Approximating the nintegral of 1the viscousZfluxes around the boundaries n
Z pof !
the ui-1/2,j-1! control
velocity pi,j-1! volumesui+1/2,j-1 ! pi+1,j-1!
(equa-
(Dx )i+1/2,j =n 1 S1,1S nx i+1 dy + (D ) S= i-1,j-1
1,1 nnx i dy
+ un n n n the value (Dxmidpoint
)i+1/2,j =ofZeach edge 1,1 nx the dy y
Z +i,j+1/2 S dy
i,j i,j+1 + i 1,j+1 + i 1,j i 1/2,j+1 + ui 1/2,j pi-1,j-1! vi,j+1/2
ui-1/2,j-1+ ! vition
pi,j-1 ! ??) by
1,j+1/2 ui+1/2,j-1! pi+1,j-1 at!( the V V y times i+1 length
y of the !edge
1,1 x results i in:
1(D )n @v = @u 1 y @v @u y
iusion Terms-constant viscosity 4 2 2 n Z +
x i+1/2,j S1,1 nx i+1 dy
+Z+ Z S1,1 nx iydy !!u-velocity!
x (D y x )i+1/2,j @x =@y V Z i+1/2,j+1/2y @x @y i y1/2,j+1/2
I " # ( !
1 1 vn T + v n 2 v n v-velocity!+ v n 2 + Z +
S 1,2 nSy 1,2 ny
@v @u
j+1/2
dx
j+1/2 + dx
Z + SS
x@v 1,2 !nn
1,2 y y )j 1/2
j 1/2
!dx dx
Dh = + ru + (ru) i,j+3/2 nds i,j+1/2 i,j+1/2 i,j 1/2 1 @ux
V S y i,j+1 2
i,j
2 + x2 S1,2+ny 2j+1/2 2 dx + 2x Sy 1,2 ny j x1/2.dx (2)
4 x y x @x i+1,j @y @x i,j+1 i,jx @y i,j
mating the integral of the viscous fluxes around the boundaries of the velocity control volumes (equa- (nx )i+1
since (nx )i+1 = 1; (nx )i = 1; (ny )j+1/2 = 1; (ny )j !1/2 = ) 1;
The velocity derivatives are = 1;
found @uusing
(nxthe ) = 1; second-order
@v i standard
(ny )j+1/2 centered
@u =@v
= 1; (n y )j 1/2 Doing
dierences. = 1;so results in:
the value atTerms-constant
Diusion the midpoint of eachviscosity edge times the length of the edge results in: 0.3.4 Diusion(n+Terms-constant x )i+1 = 1;+ (nx )i =viscosity 1; (ny)j+1/2 + 1; (ny )j 1/2 = x1; (1)
I @y @x i+1/2,j+1/2 I @yx )ni+1/2,j
(D @x i+1/2,j= 1/2
n 1 ( Z 1 TZ )
(Dx )i+1/2,j = Dh = ru + (ru) nds T n 1 D nh = ru
n+ (ru) n nds
1(Dy ) ui+3/2,j
n Z Z ui+1/2,jS
= V 2,1 S nx
ui+1/2,jZ+ ui 1/2,j
Z S2,1 nx i 1/2 dy
( V S ! on 1
2i,j+1/2 2o i+1/2 dy
@u @u n xn(Dintegral
y )i,j+1/2 =V xviscous
1of the dy++ x S
y fluxes around the boundaries y
of the velocity control volumes (equa- (Dy )i,j+1/2 = S nnxx i+1/2dy S
1 Approximating (Dythe 2,1 of n
2,1 the velocity dycontrol volumes (equa-
imating the integral of the 2 viscous fluxes2 around the boundaries
y )i,j+1/2 ( ( = S Z nedgex i x1/2 i dy !
1/2 !
tion ??) by the value at theVmidpoint
2,1 Z i+1/2 2,1
Vun y of
y each edge times nthelength y y of n the
results in:
@u +ui+1/2,jS vi+1,j+1/2
n
y the value at the x midpoint
y @x
of each i+1,j edge times @x the i,j length of the edge results in: 1 1 @v @v vi,j+1/2
@u
y !
i+1/2,j+1
! ) + n + Z Zy + 2,2 ny j+1 dx +Z + Z S2,2 ny !dx
@x x @y i x1/2,j+1/2 j
o
n @u @u @v x (D yyx )i+1/2,j@x = @y i+1/2,j+1/2 x
(D
+ x )i+1/2,j + = @v + x (1) ( ++un S S2,22,2 nyny j+1
n !dx++n
dx S )Sn2,2
2,2 y ! dx dx
jny j)
Diusion Terms-constant viscosity @y !@x i+1/2,j 1/2 u n v v x

@v (ny )j = 1;
@y( @x i+1/2,j+1/2 1 i+1/2,j @ui+1/2,j @u j+1
@u @u (nxo )i+1/2 2=1; (n x xx )i 11/2 2+ = @v
i+1,j
1; 1/2(n )i,j 1/2 x 1;
=
DNS 1 of Multiphase I Flows DNS x of y Multiphase @xy i+1,j +Flows 2@x i,j xyy j+12 x (3)
(2)
2 D = 1 2 ru + (ru)T y nds @y i,j+1 @y ! i,j
) 1;
x y @x i+1,j
h @x i,j Approximating the integral (n ) =
x i+1/2 of the viscous1; (n
)
x i 1/2 =
fluxes around1;
(n )
y the =
j+1boundaries

1; (n y )of
j = the velocity control volumes (equa-
V S
! ) and (nx )i+1/2 = 1; @u (n@v x )i 1/2 = 1; @u(ny @v )j+1 = 1; (ny )j = 1;
n tion
The??) by thederivatives
value at the +are midpoint of each edge times the length of the edge results in: Doing so results
(Dintegral
y )i,j+1/2
@u of = velocity of found + using the standard the +boundaries
second-order centered xdierences. (1) in:
roximating the
Using
) by the value at+the
the
( midpoint
the@v viscous
+ midpoint rule @u
fluxes around
for +each
@v component:
the boundaries of the velocity control volumes (equa-
pi-1,j+1! ! ui-1/2,j+1! pi,j+1 ! tion Approximating
ui+1/2,j+1! (1)
Approximating pi+1,j+1
the integral
! integral
thevalue Similarly
ofmidpoint
the
the @yfor
n viscous
viscous
@xthe fluxes
vertical
i+1/2,j+1/2
fluxes
edge around
around
times thethe
velocity:
@y n@x i+1/2,j
(Dy )boundaries
of the velocity control volumes (equa-
= 1/2of the velocity control volumes (equa-
1 @v
@y
of each edge timesthe
@x@ui+1/2,j+1/2 length
@y @v @x @u
of the edge1/2
i+1/2,j
resultsxin: ??) by the at the
(D(D )
n(
x ) =
of each
= length i,j+1/2 of the edge results in:
1 ofui+1/2,j+1 theedge results
x i+1/2,ji+1/2,j n
n tion ??) by the value at the midpoint ny )n( o (
each edge un times the n
length
vi+1,j+1/2 ! vof
n
in:
x (D y x )i+1/2,j@x = + @y i+1/2,j+1/2 @x + @y i 1/2,j+1/2 y
(Dx(D =
i+1/2,j i,j+1/2 )
@u y uni+1/2,j @u uni+1/2,j
+
( ! )i+1/2,j 1( = uni+3/2,j
1x i,j+1/2 x uni 1/2,j !

n
(Dy )i,j+1/2
= @u
!
vi-1,j+1/2 ! ) vi,j+1/2! vi+1,j+1/2(D ! x) n ( 2 2
@u x
2
@uv n@x2
!
@v y ) pi-1,j+1! ui-1/2,j+1! pi,j+1! ui+1/2,j+1! pi+1,j+1
11x= x yuon @v
1 @u
@v y @v @x o
i,j n@u x
( 2 2 !x i+1/2,j @u+ ui+1,j
n
+v 1,j+1/2 y
x y @x i+1,j + 2@x i,j 2 (2) (x yo 2i(1/2,j+1 @x @y i 1/2,j
2 + i,j+1/2!
i+1/2,j+1/2 @x y i @y i 1/2,j+1/2 ! )
1 @v @u @y @v i,j+1 @u @y! i,j ) x
1 ( + 1 @u y @u @v
@x
n
y
i+1,j
ui+1/2,j+1 u @xn i,j x n
v @v n
v! )
+ @v + y @ui+1/2,j@u + +yi+1,j+1/2 @v) !i,j+1/2
x + y @u@x @v @y i+1/2,j+1/2 @u @x @y i 1/2,j+1/2 +2 @y +o@x 2 y vn@v@y ) x (1)
x 1 y 2 @u v ny
i,j @v v@x
i,j x 1/2 x vi-1,j+1/2! (2)!
n i+1/2,j+1/2 n
)! pi,j!
+ + p ! x! ui-1/2,j (1)!
ui+1/2,j pi+1,j! @x
i,j+3/2 @v i+1,j vi,j+1/2 + @x 2 @u i,j+1/2 2 1/2i+1/2,j vi,j+1/2 vi+1,j+1/
city derivatives are found @y using@x i+1/2,j+1/2
the standard @y @x i+1/2,jcentered
second-order 1/2i-1,j dierences. Doing so results in: + + + 2o @y + i,j+1 @y .
i,j x (4) (1)
@v @v y
o
y y ! ) )
+ 2 2 x (2) velocity derivatives @u @y @x
uni+1/2,j
i+1/2,j+1/2 uni+1/2,j @ysecond-order
1
@x n i+1/2,j 1/2n
vi+1,j 1/2 vi,j 1/2
(D(D
nn
@y i,j+1 @y i,j The n @v
are found
these using the standard@u + @v centered dierences. Doing so results in: (3)
x )yi+1/2,j
)i,j+1/2 = = We note that for + viscosity
constant (Dy+ )i,j+1/2 o
= terms could y besimplified + considerably x but we willxnot do that here, (1)
Substituting
(( for the
un usingthe n
derivatives:
second-order
@v un
vi-1,j-1/2
!! ) vi,j-1/2! since the goal vi+1,j-1/2 Substituting
is to!let the viscosity @y n (
@xandi+1/2,j+1/2
vary well for willtheintroduce derivatives:
@y necessary
the @x n
i+1/2,j = 1/2 later
modifications
(Dx )i+1/2,j p!i-1,j ui-1/2,j!
in! this document. pi,j! ui+1/2,j! pi+1,j!
ocity derivatives 1 are found @vi+3/2,j @u ui+1/2,j standard @u centered
i+1/2,j uni 1/2,j dierences. Doing so and results in: (Dy )1i,j+1/2 ( = @v
@u n @v @u n )
2o + 2
o + y (1 ui+3/2,j
n + ui+1/2,j
ui+1/2,j
n + u ! y
x xny @x @y x @x @y i 1/2,j+1/2 x 0.3.5 Predicted velocities 1(D x)n xy 2 @x @y i+1/2,j+1/2 @v @x@u @y i i 1/2,j
i+1/2,j+1/2 1/2,j+1/2
@v 2
(Dx )i+1/2,j(= = + @u
o o
! ) n y i,j+1/2 = ( x + x !y )
( n
1 un ui+1/2,j+1
n @v
u n
p n ! u )
! p ! u ! p ! (D ) v i-1,j-1/2! vi,j-1/2! vi+1,j-1/
n vi+1,j+1/2
n v
@v i-1,j-1
un i,j+1/2 x i-1/2,j-1 i,j-1 i+1/2,j-1 i+1,j-1 y xi,j+1/2
y @x
(( @ynn i+1/2,j+1/2n n @x @v n n@y i 1/2,j+1/2 n @vn
1+ o i+3/2,j ui+1/2,j + 2i+1/2,j + ui+1/2,j 2
@y xi,ji 1/2,j
(2)
ui+1/2,j =( un 1 A uui+1/2,j+1
n
+ +
ui+1/2,j
ui+1/2,j2 vi+1,j+1/2 vi+1,j+1/2 2 v ! )
vi,j+1/2 !x (2)
@y2i,j+1 +1 t
+
2 i,j+1/2
x y o
x y o
x 1
i+1/2,j @vx y @u oo x i+1/2,j+1
i+1/2,j
@v @v +@y + i,j+1
@u x@v x @y i,j
yy
( unusing ) u-velocity! + + 2 + 2 x ) y (2)
n 1/2 i,j ) )
velocity derivatives are found the standard
uni+1/2,j second-order
n centered n dierences. Doing so results in:
uni+1/2,j+1 uni+1/2,j vi+1,j n 1/2 vi,j x y 1 @xare1 ( n@y
unnusing
i+1/2,j+1/2 uni+1/2,j @y v@x i,j+1
n n @y v@y incentered
n1/2,j+1/2 pi-1,j-1! ui-1/2,j-1! sopi,j-1 ! ui+1/2,j-1! pi+1,j-1!
+ + vi+1,j+1/2 vi,j+1/2
i+1/2,j 1 The
1
+ o o (3)velocity
+ 1 derivatives found + n
ui+1/2,j the standard
n
uni 1/2,j
i,j )(gx )i+1/2,j
1+ D second-order
+ xvi+1/2,j
i+1,jn 1/2 +vi,j
(f n
)1/2
i+1/2,j!
dierences. Doing results in:
y y
n
(Dx )i+1/2,jx = n+1
2 (i+1,j + i,j )
n+1 2 oi+1,ji 1/2,j+1 y +
i,j+1/2
x
i x1,j+1/2 ) (3)
( y x ) The velocity derivatives are o
nfound using the standard y second-order
@v x @v dierences. Doing so results in:
centered
un un (Dx )i+1/2,j =
1
2o un
i+3/2,j uni+1/2,j
uni+1/2,j21o i+1/2,j n
vi+1,j
uni 1/2,j n
vi,j
)
and (( + 2 2 )) x v-velocity! (2)
x i+1/2,jx 1/2
x 1/2 n
(Dx )i+1/2,j 1 1 =
nn
vi,j+3/2
ui+3/2,j vi,j+1/2 nn
ui+1/2,j @y i,j+1 vnun @y
v nuni 1/2 i,j
o + (3) + ( 22 22
i,j+1/2
i+1/2,j i,j 1/2,j
(4)
( y x y x un
oo
yx
o o(D )n = )
(Dy )i,j+1/21 = ui+1/2,j+1 ui+1/2,j vi+1,j+1/2 vi,j+1/2
n n n n n
uni+1/2,j un y i,j+1/2 uyni x1/2,j
+ ( o + The velocity derivatives are1found 2o1 using
(i+3/2,j
( the u n standard
uni+1/2,jsecond-order
2o vi+1,j+1/2
i+1/2,j
n centered
vn dierences. Doing so results in:
y n y n n x n We note that for constant x viscosity 1
i+1/2,j+1
these uxn
terms could uni+1/2,j
be +simplified
n
vi+1,j+1/2 x i,j+1/2
considerably
n
vi,j+1/2 but we will not do that here,
1 u i+1/2,j+1 u i+1/2,j v i+1,j+1/2 v )
i,j+1/2 + x
o

i+1/2,j+1
y + x
=1 ( vary
oun n+ nthe viscosity o
n
(Dy )i,j+1/2 uni+1/2,j 1 vi+1,j n
vi,j since the goal is(D to xlet
)i+1/2,j y uand well willunintroduce
y the
n necessarynx modifications
) later in this document.
x =o i+1/2,j y +
1/2 x1/2
(3)
n
v v
( y n x ) ( + n o ui n1/2,j+1 i+1/2,j+1
n
ui 1/2,j +vi,j+1/2 vi 1,j+1/2
ni+1/2,j n i+1,j+1/2 n i,j+1/2

))
n n
u ui+1/2,j+1 u ui+1/2,j v vi+1,j+1/2 n
vi,j+1/2 y
ui+3/2,j i+1/2,j u n
ui+1/2,j y u
n + vnn
x vnn

y i+1/2,j 1 +ui+1/2,j i+1,j x1/2 ui i,j1/2,j
1 n n n n o
vi 1,j+1/2 0.3.5 Predicted 1 velocities 1/2
x o
o i 1/2,j+1 i 1/2,j
++
i,j+1/2
2o ( no n y 2on nx ))
(3)
y y x x x 1 uvi+1/2,j
n
( x vui,j+1/2 n
i+1/2,j 1 vi+1,j
v n
1/2 vv nx
i,j 1/2 1/2
( n )) i,j+3/2 + i,j+1/2 i,j (3)
vnui 1/2,j+1
n
n ui
n (Dny )i,j+1/2
n
vi,j+1/2 vi=n1,j+1/2
n + ( y
2 o o yn 2 o xy . (4)
1 of( vi,j+1/2 1/2,j
+ v n vi,j+1/2 v nvi,j 1/2 ui+1/2,j = u1ni+1/2,j unt
+ Axy i+1/2,j n +
uFlows n
vi+1,j+1/2 n
vi,j+1/2
DNS
+ 2oMultiphase
o i,j+3/2
un Flows
i+1/2,j+1 y ui+1/2,j
n 2 o i+1,j+1/2 x i,j+1/2 (4) +DNS of Multiphase
i+1/2,j+1 i+1/2,j
+
y 1 y y We note that for constant o
viscosity these terms could be simplified considerably but we will) not do that 7here,
(x o n + ) 0.3. y SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION y x
1 v ny
vi,j+1/2 vn x n
vi,j since the goal is to let the 1 viscosityvary 1 nand well will introduce the necessary n

modifications n) later in this document.
Since
i,j+3/2 i,j+1/2 )
1/2 + Collecting un 2 the ( i+1,jterms,+ n
)(g the) n
predicted
+ D velocity + (f ) is:
y the
2o viscosity uniis1/2,j
constant, we ycan
pi-1,j+1! simplify the viscous x
that for constant + viscosity n
uthese terms
i 1/2,j+1 y could be2 no
vsimplified
i,j+1/2 vinconsiderably
1,j+1/2 ubut ! will
we
i-1/2,j+1 pi,j+1!not that !here,
doui+1/2,j+1 pi+1,j+1! 1 (n+1
(4) n+1
2 i+1,j + i,j )i+1/2,j (
uni+1/2,j
i,j x
1
i+1/2,j n
vi+1,j x i+1/2,j
1/2 vi,jn
1/2
i+1/2,j
o + 0.3.5 Predicted velocities o + (3)
al is to let theterms
viscosityslightly,
vary and wellusing will
y introduce
the the necessary
incompressibility x modificationscondition later in this document. 1 1 n
ui+1/2,j = 1 n+1 y
( + n
)u n
+ t x
e that for constant ( viscosity
v n these terms
v n could
besimplified
v n considerably
v n
) but we will not do that here, 2 (i+1,j + i,j
n+1
() 2
i+1,j i,j i+1/2,j

1 i,j+3/2 i,j+1/2 i,j+1/2 i,j 1/2 " #

oal is to let the+viscosity 2ovary andwell will introduce
uyni+3/2,j 2uni+1/2,j + uni y1/2,jvi-1,j+1/2!
2o the necessary modifications
. later in!this document.
vi,j+1/2 (4) vi+1,j+1/2! u n 1 un + un n
i+1/2,j 2+
un n
i+1/2,j + ui 1/2,j 2

y n i+1/2,j = ui+1/2,ji+1,j + t i+3/2,jAx i+1/2,j i,j
x 2 2
(Dx )i+1/2,j = o "
x2 n)
+ i,j+1 + i+1,j+1 ui+1/2,j+1 + ui+1/2,j v n
n n
Predicted velocities
note that for constant viscosity these terms
uni+1/2,j+1
could be simplified
2uni+1/2,j
considerablybut we will not do that here,
+ uni+1/2,j 1 1 i,j+ 1 i+1,j n
i+1,j+1/2 + vi,j+1/2

e goal is to let the viscosity vary and+well will introduce the necessary modifications
1 later in this document. + 1 n+1 yn+1 (ni+1,j 4+ ni,j )(gx )ni+1/2,j + Dx2 i+1/2,j + (fx )ni+1/2,j 2
(
y2
p !
i-1,j u i-1/2,j! p !
i,j u i+1/2,j ! (5)
p i+1,j! (
2 i+1,j i,j + ) 2 #
i,j + i+1,j + i+1,j 1 + i,j 1 ui+1/2,j + ui+1/2,j 1 vi+1,j 1/2 + vi,j 1/2
n n n n
1
n + (ni+1,j + ni,j )(gx )ni+1/2,j
ui+1/2,j = velocities
Predicted uni+1/2,j + t Ax i+1/2,j + 4 2 2 2
)
un 2uni+1/2,j + uni 1/2,j uni+1/2,j+1 2uni+1/2,j + uni+1/2,j 1
( vi+1+1/2,j
n
2v n
+ v n ) i+3/2,j n

(D )
n =
1y ni,j+1/2+ 1 t on A n n + n
i,j+1/2 i 1,j+1/2
n
v
i-1,j-1/2! v i,j-1/2 ! vi+1,j-1/2 ! + o
x 2
+
y 2
+ (f x ) i+1/2,j

+ui+1/2,j
1 n+1
=u i+1/2,j
n+1 (i+1,j x+i+1/2,j
i,j )(gx )i+1/2,j x2 + Dx i+1/2,j + (fx )ni+1/2,j
2 (i+1,j + i,j )
2 n vn nn n
n (
v i,j+3/2,j 2v2v i,j+1/2 + +v vi,j 1/2 )
(D ) 1
n
= 1(
i+1+1/2,j
+ i,j+1/2
2 n
i 1,j+1/2 pi-1,j+1! ui-1/2,j+1! pi,j+1! ui+1/2,j+1! pi+1,j+1vi,j+1/2
(6) ! = 1 (n+1 1+ n+1) 12 (ni,j+1 + ni,j )vi,j+1/2
n
+ t
+ 1 yn+1i,j+1/2 on + n
)(g ) n
+ y 2
D p
x i+1/2,j x x i+1/2,j i-1,j-1 x i+1/2,j+ !
(f ) n
u ! p ! u ! p ! 2 i,j+1 i,j
n+1 i+1,j i,j i-1/2,j-1 i,j-1 i+1/2,j-1 i+1,j-1 "
( + ) 2 1 i,j + i+1,j + i+1,j+1 + i,j+1 ui+1/2,j + ui+1/2,j+1 vi,j+1/2 + vi+1,j+1/2
n n n n
2 i+1,j i,j n
vi,j+3/2,j n
2vi,j+1/2 n
+ vi,j
edicted where
velocities 1/2 x 4 2 2
we have used
+ u-velocity!
!
vi-1,j+1/2 vi,j+1/2! vi+1,j+1/2! #
y2 +
i,j +
i,j+1 +i 1,j+1
un + un
i 1,j
v n
i 1/2,j+1 + vni 1/2,j

i,j+1/2 i 1,j+1/2
( 4 2 2
1 n " #
n
ui+1/2,j no
=u ( un+ ni,j )uni+1/2,j
n + t
vi,j+1/2 v nAx + 1 vn + n
vi,j+1/2 2 vn + n
vi,j
1/2 2 1
2 i+1,j
i,j+3/2 i,j+1/2
i+1/2,j i 1/2,j i+1/2,j
i,j 1/2 i,j+1 i,j + (ni,j+1 + ni,j )(gy )ni,j+1/2
+ = 0)pi-1,j! ui-1/2,j! pi,j! ui+1/2,j! pi+1,j! y 2 2 2
)
x y vn n
2vi,j+1/2 + vin 1,j+1/2 n
vi,j+3/2,j n
2vi,j+1/2 n
+ vi,j
1 n n + o
i+1+1/2,j
+
1/2
+ (fy )ni,j+1/2
( + ni,j )(gx )ni+1/2,j + Dx + (fx )ni+1/2,j x2 y2
2 i+1,j i+1/2,j
ted velocities vi-1,j-1/2! vi,j-1/2! !
vi+1,j-1/2
0.3.8 Corrected velocities
t pi+1,j pi,j
(
( un+1
i+1/2,j = ui+1/2,j 1 n+1
+ n+1
1 1 n n
2 (i+1,j i,j )
x

vi,j+1/2
= 1 n+1 1 n+1 (i,j+1 n n
n + ni,j )vi,j+1/2 + t A n i,j+1/2 + u
pi-1,j-1!+ pi,j-1! pi+1,j-1!
i-1/2,j-1! ui+1/2,j-1!
n t pi,j+1 pi,j
ui+1/2,j2 (
=i,j+1
o + ( )
i,j i+1,j
2+ i,j )u i+1/2,j + t Ax yi+1/2,j n+1
vi,j+1/2
= vi,j+1/2 1 n+1
+ n+1 y
2 ) 2 (i,j+1 i,j )
DNS of Multiphase Flows

The code to find the predicted velocities:

for i=2:nx,for j=2:ny+1 % TEMPORARY u-velocity
ut(i,j)=(2.0/(r(i+1,j)+r(i,j)))* ( 0.5*(ro(i+1,j)+ro(i,j))*u(i,j)+ dt* (...
-(0.25/dx)*(ro(i+1,j)*(u(i+1,j)+u(i,j))^2-ro(i,j)*(u(i,j)+u(i-1,j))^2) ...
-(0.0625/dy)*( (ro(i,j)+ro(i+1,j)+ro(i,j+1)+ro(i+1,j+1))*...
(u(i,j+1)+u(i,j))*(v(i+1,j)+v(i,j)) ...
-(ro(i,j)+ro(i+1,j)+ro(i+1,j-1)+ro(i,j-1))*(u(i,j)...
+u(i,j-1))*(v(i+1,j-1)+v(i,j-1))) ...
+ 0.5*(ro(i+1,j)+ro(i,j))*gx ...
+m0*((u(i+1,j)-2*u(i,j)+u(i-1,j))/dx^2+ (u(i,j+1)-2*u(i,j)+u(i,j-1))/dy^2)) );
end,end

for i=2:nx+1,for j=2:ny % TEMPORARY v-velocity

vt(i,j)=(2.0/(r(i,j+1)+r(i,j)))*( 0.5*(ro(i,j+1)+ro(i,j))*v(i,j)+ dt* ( ...
-(0.0625/dx)*( (ro(i,j)+ro(i+1,j)+ro(i+1,j+1)+ro(i,j+1))*...
(u(i,j)+u(i,j+1))*(v(i,j)+v(i+1,j)) ...
- (ro(i,j)+ro(i,j+1)+ro(i-1,j+1)+ro(i-1,j))*...
(u(i-1,j+1)+u(i-1,j))*(v(i,j)+v(i-1,j)) ) ...
-(0.25/dy)*(ro(i,j+1)*(v(i,j+1)+v(i,j))^2-ro(i,j)*(v(i,j)+v(i,j-1))^2 ) ...
+ 0.5*(ro(i,j+1)+ro(i,j))*gy ...
+m0*((v(i+1,j)-2*v(i,j)+v(i-1,j))/dx^2+(v(i,j+1)-2*v(i,j)+v(i,j-1))/dy^2)) );
end,end