Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, Vol.

22(1): 1681 – 1688 2008

Impact of Cassava Mill Effluent (CME) on Soil Physicochemical and Microbial

Community Structure and Functions
1
Nwaugo, V.O.; * 2Etok, C.A., 3Chima, G.N and 4Ogbonna, C.E
1
Dept of Microbiology, Abia State University, Uturu
2
Dept of microbiology, University of Uyo, Uyo
3
Dept Geography and Planning, Abia State University, Uturu
4
Dept of Environmental Resource Management, Abia State University, Uturu

Abstract
Impact of Cassava Mill Effluent (CME) on soil physicochemical parameters microbial diversity and
enzyme activities were analyzed in Akaeze, an agrarian community of Ebonyi State Nigeria. Results
showed change in temperature (28.6-3260C), pH (7.2-10.3) and TOC (24.2-41.3mg/g). Highest values were
obtained nearest the waste pit while control soil had the least values. Total P, total N and C/N ratio were
also lowest nearest the pit but cyanogenic potential was highest nearest pit. The soil heavy and trace metals
(Hg, Cr, Pb andCd) were not affected except Ca which was highest near the pit and decreased away from
it. Total heterotrophic bacteria had a count range of 3.7x104-6.6x106 cfu/g, lipolytic bacteria, had 0.9x101-
24x103 cfu/g while nitrifying bacteria had 0.4-2.9x3.7x103 cfu/g. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria had a
range of 2.2x102-2.4x103 cfu/g. In all cases, highest values were obtained 100m from the waste pit,
followed by the control while the least was in the waste pit edge. Dehydrogenase activities followed the
pattern of THB-highest in 100m, control, 10m, 5m and pit edge was the least. Urease had the opposite trend
with highest nearest the pit (mg g-124-1) and least in control (2.2). Acid phosphatase had decreasing
activities towards the pit while alkaline phosphates had increasing activities in the same direction. This
trend was pH dependent. Results indicated adverse effects of the CME on soil parameters and calls for
regulations on the disposal of CME to avoid environmental degradation.

Keywords: Cassava, effluent, Bacteria, Enzyme, Soil , activities

*Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected]. Phone: 8063494654

INTRODUCTION and Odunfa 1992). The production and

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, consequent consumption of cassava have
synonymous with Manihot utilissima Rhol) increased extensively in recent times. This
belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is increased utilization of processed cassava
mainly a food crop whose tubers are products has equally increased the
harvested between 7-13 months based on the environmental pollution associated with the
cultivars planted (Cook, 1985; Taye, 1994). disposal of the effluents. The highly
The tubers are quite rich in carbohydrates offensive odour emanating from the
(85-90%) with very small amount of protein fermenting effluent calls for regulation in
(1.3%) in addition to cyanogenic gloucoside the discharge of the waste generated (Akani,
(Linamarin and Lotaustiallin) (Nwabueze et al., 2006,Adewoye, et al, 2005).
and Odunsi, 2007, Oyewole and Afolami, In most areas, cassava mills are
2001). This high carbohydrate content mainly on small scale basis, owned and
makes cassava a major food item especially managed by individuals who have no basic
for the low income earners in most tropical knowledge of environmental protection.
countries especially Africa and Asia (Desse Though on small scale basis, there are many
and Taye, 2001, Aderiye and Laleye, 2003). of them, which when put together, create
The edible tubers are processed into enormous impact on the environment. This
various forms which include chips, pellets, work therefore on the environment. This
cakes and flour. The flour could be fried to work therefore was aimed at assessing the
produce garri or steeped in water to ferment impact of cassava mill effluents on soil
to produce foofoo when cooked (Oyewole physicochemical and biological indices of

1681
Nwaugo et al., 2008 Nig. J. Microbiol. 22(1) 1681 - 1688

soil quality. This study will ascertain the method as described in APHA (1998)
health status of the cassava mill effluent methods.
impacted soil for human uses. Soil enzymes activities
Materials and methods The enzymes whose activities were
The study area was Akaeze, a rural assessed in this study include
agrarian community of Ebonyi State, dehydrogenase, urease, and the phosphatase
Nigeria. The community lies between (acid and alkaline). The soil was dried at
latitude 50531N and longitude 70371. It is a room temperature for 24 hours and passed
tropical climate area with typical Guinea through 0.5mm sieve . The sieved soil was
savanna vegetation characterized by very used for the analysis.
tall grasses and scattered trees. The people Dehydrogenenase activity was
are mainly farmers with rice, cassava and determined by the method involving the
yam being the main crops grown. reduction of TTC (Triphenyl tetrazolum
Sample collection chloride) to triphenyl formazon (TPF) after
Soil samples were collected using incubation of the TTC amended soil at 300C
Shiprek soil augar disinfected with cotton for six hours as described by Alef (1995).
wool soaked in 70% ethanol at 0-15 cm The urease activity was determined
depth. Four sampling areas of the mill were calorimetrically according to the method of
chosen. The areas sampled were the pit Kandeler and Gerber (1988). The soil was
edge, 5m, 10m and 100m away while the incubated for 24 hours at 370C with urea
sample from 25om away served as the amendment and the result was expressed as
control. At each sampling distance, three NH3-N dry soil. Activities of both acid and
samples were collected and pooled to give a alkaline phosphatases were determined as
composite sample for that particular area. described by Tabatabai (1997) which
Sterile universal bottles were used to collect involved the use of P-nitrophenyl phosphate
the soil samples for microbiological and and read at 410nm. While acid phosphatase
enzymatic studies. Clear amber coloured activity was determined at pH 6.8, that of
glass bottles, rinsed thrice in distilled water alkaline phosphatase was determined at Ph
solution, were used for the soil samples for 11.5.
physicochemical properties analysis. The Microbial diversity
biological indices (enzymes and bacterial The biological loads of various
diversity) were analyzed within 2-4 hours of groups of bacterial species were determined
collection while the physicochemical using the culture techniques involving
parameters were determined within 12-24 different selective culture media. Five
hours of collection. different soil samples were analyzed for the
Physicochemical properties bacteria diversity as described earlier in
The soil temperature was sample collection. Each sample was
determined in-situ using mercury in bulb inoculated particular the media using the
thermometer inserted into the soil and spread plate techniques as described by
allowed to stay for 5-10 minutes before Chessbrough (2001) after ten-fold serial
reading was taken. The pH was determined dilution. The bacterial groups were total
using Jenway multipurpose tester (HANNA heterotrophic bacteria (THB) whose
1910 Modei) The organic matter content presence was assessed with Tryptone Soy
was estimated using the loss of ignition Agar, lipoytic bacteria with Tributyrin Agar
method (UNEP, 2004). and nitrifying bacteria (NB), assessed with
The heavy metals whose modified mineral salt agar. The phosphate-
concentrations were analyzed include Pb, solubilizing Agar was used to assess the
Cr, Cu and Cd while the trace elements were phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) as
Mg, Ca, K and Na. The concentrations of described in US patent (2003).
these metals were determined using the AAS

1682
 Nwaugo et al., 2008 Nig. J. Microbiol. 22(1) 1681 - 1688

Cynogenic potentials of the impacted There were no significant changes

water. in the concentrations of the metals
Cyanogenic poyentials of the determined except in Ca (p=0.05). The
impacted water was determined using highest calcium concentration was observed
modified pricate paper kits method as in the pit edge (2.1mg/g) followed by the 5m
described by Bradburg et al., (1999). 2mls (1.97mg/g) while the least was at the control
of the water sample was put into 250ml soil (250m away).
conical flask containing 25ml distilled In analysis of bacterial diversity,
water. A strip of the test paper was soaked in results obtained indicated that THB had the
the alkaline sodium picrate solution and highest counts in all the soil samples
fixed into the conical flask with the cork analyzed. This group (THB) like all other
(stopper). The flask was allowed to stand at bacterial groups, increased from the pit edge
room temperature for 18-24 hours. The soil (3.7x104 cfu/g lowest) to 7.4x106
paper was removed and eluted in 60ml (highest) cfu/g in the 100m away soil. The
water. The absorbance of the water was read 100m away soil value of THB was more
at 540nm using spectrophotometer (Unican than the control soil values. The LB
He105y England). The results were (0.9x101-2.4x103 cfu/g) NB (0.4x101 -
recorded as mg HCN/L. 2.9x103 cfu/g) and PSB (2.2x102 -
Statistical analysis 2.4x104cfu/g) (Table 3) had similar
The results obtained in this study prevalence with distance away from the pit.
were subjected to standard statistical Though most of the bacterial groups had
analysis by the use of correlation analysis, higher prevalence in the 100m soil than
standard deviation and ANOVA. This was control soil sample, only that of THB was
to determine the significance of the results. statistically significant (p=0.05).
Results Table 4 shows the soil enzymes
The results of the physicochemical activities of the five soil samples analyzed.
properties are shown in Table 1. There were Though all the enzymes showed some form
two clear trends-either decreasing or of gradient in their activities, highest values
increasing gradients with distance away were obtained at the 100m away soil
from the waste pit. The pH with a range of samples. Urease (5.1 mg g-1 24-1) and
7.2-10.3 temperature (28.6-32.60C) and alkaline phosphatase (6.7 umol-p-
TOC (24.2-41.3 mg/g) were highest at the nitrophenol) had their highest activities in
pit edge but lowest in the control soil the waste pit edge which gradually
sample. Total P (1.78-5.61mg/g) and total N decreased till the lowest in the control soil
(2.10-3.07 mg/g) had a similar trend. The with 2.2 mg g-1 24h-1 and 2.7 umol-p-
100m away and control soil samples values nitrophenol respectively. Dehydrogenase
were not statistically different (P =0.05) and acid phosphatase activities were highest
where distance affected the other results in the 100m soil samples which gradually
significantly p=0.05). the C/N ratio decreased with distance to the waste pit. The
decreased significantly (p=0.05) away from lowest values of dehydrogenase was 16.10
the edge of the waste pit (Table 1). The while the highest was 39.40. Lowest acid
cyanogenic potential which was highest at phosphatase value was 0.41 umol-
the pit edge, decreased with distance away nitrop[henol. While dehydrogenase and acid
from the pit. phosphatase activities correlated positively
The results of the metal with THB urease correlated negatively with
concentrations of the various heavy metals THB but followed the trend of pH changes
and trace metals are shown in Table 2. and total organic carbon

1683
Nwaugo et al., 2008 Nig. J. Microbiol. 22(1) 1681 - 1688

TABLE 1: Physicochemical Parameters of Soil

Parameter Edge 5m 10m 100m Control
pH 10.3 10.1 8.4 7.6 7.2
Temp. 0C 32.6 30.1 29.2 28.7 28.6
TOC 41.3 35.0 30.8 24.4 24.2
P 1.78 2.12 2.73 5.19 5.61
N 2.10 2.16 2.28 3.91 3.07
C/N Ratio 19.48 15.30 13.12 8.01 7.87
Cyanogenic 5.21 4.66 3.22 0.92 0.62
NH3-N 5.2 4.3 2.7 0.79 0.72
Values are means of three times sampling

TABLE 2: Metal Concentration found in the Soil

Parameter Edge 5m 10m 100m Control
Pb mg/g 0.108 0.102 0.100 0.097 0.097
Cr mg/g 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01
Cdmg/g 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012
Cu mg/g 0.112 0.112 0.113 0.112 0.12
K mg/g 0.23 0.21 .27 0.39 0.42
Na mg/g 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09
Ca mg/g 2.1 1.97 1.61 1.42 1.47
Zn mg/g 1.41 1.61 1.51 1.35 1.37
Values are means of three times sampling results

TABLE 3: Bacteria diversity (cfu/g) of the various soil Samples.

Locations
Group Edge 5m 10m 100m Control
THB 3.7x104 3.9x104 3.9x105 3.4x106 6.7x106
1 1 2
LB 0.9x10 0.9x10 1.7x10 2.4x103 2.2x103
1 1 2
NB 0.4x10 0.4x10 0.4x10 2.7x103 2.9x103
PSB 2.2x102 2.4x102 2.1x103 2.x104 2.3x104
Values are means of three times sampling results
THB = Total Heterotrophic Bacteria
LB = Lipotytic Bacteria
NB = Nitrifying Bacteria
PSB = Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria

TABLE 4: Enzymatic activities evaluated in the soil samples

Enzyme Edge 5m 10m 100m Control
Dehydrogenase 16.10 20.30 28.75 39.40 37.50
mg g-16h-1

Urease mg g-1241 5.1 4.8 3.6 2.4 2.2

Acid phosphatase umol-p- 0.41 1.2 2.7 3.3 3.6
nitrophenol

Alkaline phosphatase umol-p- 6.7 6.4 5.1 3.1 3.4

nitrophenol

1684
Nwaugo et al., 2008 Nig. J. Microbiol. 22(1) 1681 - 1688

Discussion and conclusion Observations in this study concerning

Results obtained in this study suggest metals suggest that cassava effluent did not
adverse effects of the impact of cassava mill cause much variation on heavy metals contents
effluent on soil physicochemical and biological of the soil. Most of these metals (heavy and
parameters. Analysis of these results showed trace) had no change or very slight negligible
that pH and temperature were hgighest very change in concentrations. However, only the
close to the waste pit. The same pit edge soil had calcium content of the soil was significantly
highest organic carbon and cyanogenic potential affected. This calcium change in soil impacted
but was lowest in P and Nwaugo et al, (2008a) with cassava waste had been reported by
and Akani et al, (2007) had reported similar Aderiye and Laleye (2003) and Adeyemo
situations in their studies. The TOC and low (2005). The observed increase could have
C/N ratio observed with increasing effects of the resulted from the impact of the cassava mill
cassava mill effluent (CME) could be attributed effluent (CME)
to the contents of the effluents. CME is known . In biological indices analyzed, results
to be high in organic carbon, which could then showed that the bioloads of all the bacteria
reduce the C/N ratio of impacted soil but groups increased with distance away from the
increased the TOC. Shanhinroknsar et al, (2008) waste pit suggesting adverse growth conditions
and Nattipong and Alissara (2006) agreed that towards the pit. However, values obtained at
soil impaction with organic matter results in 100m away were not statistically higher than
decreased C/N ratio especially if the impacting those from control. This observation suggests
material has low N content. This agrees well that the high content of cassava mill effluent
with this study, CME has very suppressed bacterial growth but at very low
low protein but high carbohydrate contents concentrations could be support bacterial
hence the observed low C/N ratio. growth. The high content of cyanogenic
The high cyanogenic potentials glycosides (linamarin and lotaustiallin) in the
observed near the waste pit agreed with studies CME was not metabolized by many
of Aderiye et al, (2005) and Nwabueze and microorganisms but when in low quantity, could
Odunsi (2007). These researchers had reported be easily metabolized by the few organisms
values of 2.91-4.11 and 2.17-5.0 mg HCN kg capable of doing so, while other bacterial
from cassava peels and tuber pastes respectively. species depend on the non-toxic intermediates
The high cynogenic potential had been attributed produced,. Nwaugo et al (2008a) and Karin
to the high cynogenic glucosides (Linamarin and (2006) reported that organic matter when added
lotaustain) contained in cassava. The values to the soil in small concentrations, encouraged
obtained by Aderiye et al, (2005) and Nwabueze bacterial growth. This observation agreed well
and Odunsi (2007) do not differ much from the with this study. Conditions and nutrients at
results obtained in this study, especially as it was 100m sampling point could have been optimum
cassava effluents that was studied too. The high for bacteria growth, hence the results obtained.
change in pH and temperature very close to the Several authors (Nwaugo et al, 2007,
waste pit could be attributed to the high Pelczar et al, 2003, Karin 2006, Onyeagba et al,
oxidative and reductive biochemical 2008) have stated that total heterotrophic
transformations taking place there. The break bacterial counts are in all cases higher than the
down of organic matter in the effluent was other specific bacterial groups in the soil.
exothermic, which caused the increase in Similarly, Nwaugo et al, (2008a) and Prescott et
temperature while the metabolism of the little al, (2001) reported that very slight change in
protein content released ammonia (NH3. The environmental factors affect nitrifying bacteria
ammonia dissolved in the available moisture to adversely. These observations are evident in this
cause the reported increase in pH value. A study. While THB were the most prevalent in all
similar observation had been reported by the soil samples analyzed, NB were trhe least.
Nwaugo et al, (2008a) and Chinyere (2001) in NB were the most adversely affected bacterial
similar studies on cassava effluent. group in the study. Some bacterial

1685
Nwaugo et al., 2008 Nig. J. Microbiol. 22(1) 1681 - 1688

species in the specialized group (LB, NB and 6.8. the optimum pH of activities of these
PSB) may equally be found in the THB, making enzymes could have been the major cause in the
the THB more abundant than any other group. observed variations in the rates of activities
Results from the enzyme activities especially as they had similar rates in the
analyzed showed some of the biogeochemical control-soil and 100m away soil.
transformations taking place in the soil more In conclusion, this study revealed
vividly. The results correlated well with the adverse environmental effects of cassava mill
findings in the bioloads of various bacteria effluents on soil physicochemical and biological
groups. Dehydrogenase ,which is found in intact parameters. Again, it also calls for serious
bacterial cell, had its highest activities in the rehabilitation, if the soil will be used for
100m soil sample and lowest in the most agricultural and other purposes as the factors
impacted soil (pit edge). This was exactly the important in soil health are negatively affected.
case of the THB bioload with 3.7x104 at the pit In addition, this study revealed absence of
edge but 7.4 x 106 at the 100m sample spot. proper regulation in the disposal of wastes and
Olivera and Pampulha (2006), Lee et al, (2002) industrial effluents and so calls for introduction
and Nwaugo et al (2008b) had reported a similar of such regulations to control the disposal of
observation with dehydrogenase. Since wastes generated from such industries. This
dehydrogenase is found in living bacterial cells, becomes more glaring as most of these cassava,
it therefore follows that the more the bacterial mills are sited near residential areas.
cells, the higher the production and consequent
activities of the enzyme. References
The activities of urease were also Aderiye, B.I and Laleye, S.A. (2003). Relevance
significant in this study. Urease has its highest of fermented food products in southwest
activities in the most impacted soil (pit edge) Nigeria. Plant foods Hum. Nutria 58:1-16
which had the highest TOC content and low N Adewoye, S.O; Fawole O.O.; Owplabi, O.D. and
content. Shahinrokhsar et al, (2008) stated that Omotosho, J.S (2005) Toxicity of Cassava
high TOC stimulated urease activities while Waste Water Effluents to African
Cookson and Lepiece (1996) reported increased Catfish,Clarias gariepinus-Burchell,
urease activities in N-content soil. The increased 1822.E thiop. J.Sc 28 (2): 180194.
metabolism of TOC resulted in the release of Akani, N.P, Nmelo, S.A. and ihemanandu, I.N
high amount of NH3 which impacted the (2006). Effects of cassava processing
characteristic urine (NH3) odour around cassava effluents on the microbial population and
mills. physiochemical properties of loamy soil in
Activities of acid and alkaline Nigeria. 10th Annal. Conf. Nig Soc. For
phosphatase were in opposite direction. While microbial, Keffi, 10-14th October, 2006.
alkaline phosphatase activities increased towards .APHA, (19980. Standard methods for
the pit edge that of acid phosphatase decreased examination of water and waste water 18th
in that direction but increased in the opposite. edition. American Public Health
This observation agreed very well with the Association, Washington, D.C.
prevailing environmental conditions especially Cassida, L.E; Klein, J.O and Snatoro, D. (1964).
the pH. Soil pH towards the waste pit was Soil Dehydrogenase activity Soil Scio.
alkaline. The break down of the little protein 98:371-374.
content in the effluent which resulted in the Chinyere, G.C (2001). Effects of Effluents from
production of NH3 and consequent increase in cassava processing plants on soil cyanide
soil pH made conditions favourable for alkaline levels. A case study of Okigwe in Imo
phosphatase activities but unfavourable for acid State, Nigeria. J Hith Vis Sci. 3:38-93.
phosphatase. Alkaline phosphatase operated best Chessbrough, m. (2003). Laboratory Manuel for
at the pH of 11.5 while acid phosphatase acts Tropical countries Vol. 11.
better at pH microbiology Tropical Health
Technology. ELBS London.

1686
Nwaugo et al., 2008 Nig. J. Microbiol. 22(1) 1681 - 1688

Cook, K. (1985). A New potential for neglected River, Egbema Rivers State. Int. J
crops. Westview Press, Boader Co. USA. Biotechnol and Allied Sci. 3(1):346-353.
Cookson, P. and G.L Lepiece (1996). Urease Nwaugo, V.O; Chinyere, G.C. and Inyang, C.U.
enzyme activity of soils of the Bantinah 2008). Effects of palm oil mill effluent
rgon of Sultanate of Oman. J Arid. (POME) on soil bacterial flora and
Environ. 32225-238. enzyme activities in Egbema River State.
Desse, G and Tay M. (2001). Microbial loads Plant Prod Res. J. 12:10-3.
and Microflora of cassava (Manihot Nwaugo, V.O; Onyeagba, R.A.; Akubugwo, I.E
esculenta Grantz) and effects of cassava and Ugbogu, O.C (2008c). soil bacterial
juice on some food borne pathogens. J flora and enzymatic
Food Tech. Afri. 6(1):21-24. activites in heavy metals (Pb and Zn)
Karin, N. (2002). Impact of organic waste contaminated soil for Ishiagu, Ebonyi
residue on structure and function of soil state. Biokemistri 20(2):77-84.
bacterial communities. Ph.D Thesis. Oliveira, A and Pampulha, ME.E. (2006).
Swedish University of Agricultural Effects of Long-term heavy metal
Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. contamination on soil microbial
Kandeler, E. and Gerber, H. (1988). Short term characteristics. J. Biosc. Bioeng
assay of urease activity using colorimetric 102(b)157-101.
determination of ammononium salt. Boil . Onyeagba, R.A; Nwaugo, C.E and Verla, A.W.
fert. Soils 6:68-72. (2008). Phytoremediation OF Pb and Zn
Lee, I. Kin, K Chang, Y. Bac, B. Kin, H.H and Polluted soil with Chromolana odaranta
Baek K.(2002) Heavy metal and Talinum Triangulare in Ishiagu,
concentrations and enzyme activities in Mining area, Ebonyistate University,
soil from a contaminated Korean shooting Uturu, 10-13th October 2008.
range. J. Biose. Biomin 94:406-411. Oyewole, O.B and Odunfa, S.A. (1992).
Li, H. Zhang, y. Zhang, C.g. AND chen, G. X. Characterization and distribution of lactic
(2005). Effects of petroleum containing bacteria in cassava fermentation during
waste water-irrigation on bacterial fufu production. J. Appl. Bacterial,
diversities and enzymatic activities in a 68:148-152.
paddy soil irrigation area. J. environ. Oyewole, O.B Afolami, O.A (2001). Quality and
Qual. 34:1073-1080. Preference of different cassava varieties
Nattipong, K and Alissara, K. (2006). Effects of for Lafun production. J Food Tech. Afr.
cassava Pulp and swine manure compost 6:27-29.
on growing plants in greenhouse J. Water Prescott, L.M: Klein, D.A and harley, J.P.
Environ. Technol. 4 (1):9-32. (2005). Microbiology. 6TH Edition.
Nwabueze, T.U and Odunsi, F.o (2007). McGraw Hill Education Books. USA 316-
Optimization ofprocess conditions from 386.
cassava (manihot esculenta) Lafun Shanhinrokhsar, P.; Vahed, H.S. and Haghuadl
production. Afri J. Biotech. 6(5):603-611. A. (2008). Evaluation of paddy soils
Nwaugo, V.O; Onyeagba, R.A.; Chima, G.N. properties on urease enzymes activity.
and Umeham, S.N. (2007). Effects of Conference on international research on
discharge of petroleum produced water on Food security, National resource
the physicochemical and potential flora of Management and Rural Development,
Nkissa River, University of Hoheheim, October, 7-9,
Egbema, Rivers State. Int. J. Biotechnol. Allied 2008
Sci. 2 (2):126-130. Tabatabai, M.A (1997). Soil enzyme. In: page,
Nwaugo, V.O;; Chima, G.N: Ekot C.A and A.L Millers, R.H and Kenny D.R. (eds)
Umeham, S.N (2008a). effects of cassava Methods of soil analysis Part II: Chemical
effluents on the physiochemical and Microbiological Properties. Soil
parameters and microbial flora of Nkissa Science society of America Madison W.I.

1687
Nwaugo et al., 2008 Nig. J. Microbiol. 22(1) 1681 - 1688

Taye, M. (1994). Cassava in Southern and U.S. Patient Storm 6638730 (2003).
Southwestern Ethiopia. Cassava News Composition for qualitative screening of
Letter, 18:6-9 CIAT. Columbia. phosphate solubilizing microorganisms.
Issued October, (microorganisms and
qualitative 2003.

1688