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Radiation Fundamentals - 1 PDF

This document discusses radiative heat transfer and thermal radiation. It defines thermal radiation as the stream of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a material due to its temperature. Thermal radiation can occur in a vacuum and is generated when heat from atomic electron movement is converted to electromagnetic radiation. The document covers topics such as the emission and spectrum of thermal radiation, the solid angle concept, and the calculation of spectral intensity, heat flux, emissive power, and their relationships.

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112 views14 pages

Radiation Fundamentals - 1 PDF

This document discusses radiative heat transfer and thermal radiation. It defines thermal radiation as the stream of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a material due to its temperature. Thermal radiation can occur in a vacuum and is generated when heat from atomic electron movement is converted to electromagnetic radiation. The document covers topics such as the emission and spectrum of thermal radiation, the solid angle concept, and the calculation of spectral intensity, heat flux, emissive power, and their relationships.

Uploaded by

jaimin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER

Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Delhi

MECH/IITD
Introduction

MECH/IITD
Thermal Radiation
Radiation heat transfer can take p place in a vacuum. It
does not need a medium unlike conduction/convection
Thermal radiation is the stream of electromagnetic
radiation
di ti emitted
itt d by
b a material
t i l entity
tit on accountt off its
it
finite absolute temperature
Infrared radiation from a common household radiator or
electric heater is an example of thermal radiation, as is
the light emitted by a glowing incandescent light bulb.
Thermal
Th l radiation
di ti iis generatedt d when
h h heatt ffrom th
the
movement of electrons within atoms is converted to
electromagnetic
g radiation
Dominant in high temperature applications
MECH/IITD
Spectrum of Electro-magnetic
Radiation

Thermal radiation falls in the range of 10-1-102 m of the Electro-magnetic spectrum.


MECH/IITD
Emission Process

Volumetric Phenomenon Surface phenomenon


MECH/IITD
Emission by
y a surface

Gray Diffuse
MECH/IITD
Solid angle
g

Plane Angle Solid Angle

MECH/IITD
MECH/IITD
Solid angle
g

d= dAn/r2 = (r2 sin d d)/r2 =sin


d sin d d

MECH/IITD
Solid Angle
g for a Hemisphere
p
2 / 2 / 2

dw
h
d = sin
0
i dd = 2 sin
0 0
i d = 2 sr

MECH/IITD
Spectral
p Intensity
y
I,e(,,)=dq/(dA1cos .d.d)
I,e is the rate at which radiant energy is emitted at the wave length
in the (, ) direction, per unit area of emitting surface normal to this
direction, per unit solid angle about this direction and per unit
wavelength interval d about .

MECH/IITD
Heat Flux
dq=dq/drate at which radiation of wavelength leaves dA1 and
passes through dAn (unit: W/m)
dq= I,e(,, ) dA1cos d
Spectral radiation flux associated with dA1is
dq " = I ,e (, , ) cos sin dd
S
Spectral heat flux
f associated with emission into hypothetical
hemisphere above dA1 is
2 / 2
q " ( ) = I
0 0
,e (, , ) cos sin dd

Total heat flux associated with emissions in all directions and


at all wavelengths is then

q " = q " ()d
MECH/IITD 0
Emissive Power

Emissive power is the amount of radiation


emitted per unit surface area
Spectral , hemispherical emissive power
2 / 2
E()(W/m2.m)= I
0 0
,e (, , ) cos sin dd

E based on actual surface area


I,e
e based on p
projected
j surface area

Total hemispherical Emissive power:



E =
0
E ( ) d
MECH/IITD
Relation between Emissive Power
and Intensity
2 / 2

E = I
0 0
,e ( , , ) cos sin dd

For a diffuse surface, I(,,)= I()


2 /2
E = I ,e ( ) cos sin d d
0 0

E= I,e() Spectral basis

E=I
E Ie Total basis

MECH/IITD

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