13.2 Biology Lesson

Lesson Overview Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
Lesson Overview
13.2 Ribosomes and
Protein Synthesis
THINK ABOUT IT
How would you build a system to read the messages that are coded in
genes and transcribed into RNA?
Would you read the bases one at a time, as if the code were a
language with just four wordsone word per base?
Perhaps you would read them as individual letters that can be

combined to spell longer words.
The Genetic Code

What is the genetic code, and how is it read?
The Genetic Code

What is the genetic code, and how is it read?
The genetic code is read three letters at a time, so that each word is
three bases long and corresponds to a single amino acid.
The Genetic Code

The first step in decoding genetic messages is to transcribe a nucleotide
base sequence from DNA to RNA.
This transcribed information contains a code for making proteins.

The Genetic Code

Proteins are made by joining amino acids together into long chains,
called polypeptides.
As many as 20 different amino acids are commonly found in

polypeptides.
The Genetic Code

The specific amino acids in a polypeptide, and the order in which they are
joined, determine the properties of different proteins.
The sequence of amino acids influences the shape of the protein, which
in turn determines its function.
The Genetic Code

RNA contains four different bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil.
These bases form a language, or genetic code, with just four letters:
A, C, G, and U.
The Genetic Code

Each three-letter word in mRNA is known as a codon.
A codon consists of three consecutive bases that specify a single amino

acid to be added to the polypeptide chain.
How to Read Codons

Because there are four
different bases in RNA, there
are 64 possible three-base
codons (4 4 4 = 64) in the
genetic code.
This circular table shows the

amino acid to which each of
the 64 codons corresponds.
To read a codon, start at the
middle of the circle and move
outward.
How to Read Codons

Most amino acids can be
specified by more than one
codon.
For example, six different

codonsUUA, UUG, CUU, CUC,
CUA, and CUGspecify leucine.
But only one
codonUGGspecifies the
amino acid tryptophan.
Start and Stop Codons

The genetic code has
punctuation marks.
The methionine codon AUG

serves as the initiation, or start,
codon for protein synthesis.
Following the start codon,

mRNA is read, three bases at a
time, until it reaches one of three
different stop codons, which end
translation.
Translation
What role does the ribosome play in assembling proteins?
Translation
What role does the ribosome play in assembling proteins?
Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino

acids into polypeptide chains.
Translation
The sequence of nucleotide bases in an mRNA molecule is a set of
instructions that gives the order in which amino acids should be joined to
produce a polypeptide.
The forming of a protein requires the folding of one or more polypeptide

chains.
Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino

acids into polypeptide chains.
The decoding of an mRNA message into a protein is a process known as

translation.
Steps in Translation
Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus and then enters the
cytoplasm for translation.
Translation begins when a
ribosome attaches to an
mRNA molecule in the
cytoplasm.
As the ribosome reads each

codon of mRNA, it directs
tRNA to bring the specified
amino acid into the ribosome.
One at a time, the ribosome

then attaches each amino acid
to the growing chain.
Each tRNA molecule carries
just one kind of amino acid.
In addition, each tRNA

molecule has three unpaired
bases, collectively called the
anticodonwhich is
complementary to one mRNA
codon.
The tRNA molecule for

methionine has the anticodon
UAC, which pairs with the
methionine codon, AUG.
The ribosome has a second
binding site for a tRNA molecule
for the next codon.
If that next codon is UUC, a

tRNA molecule with an AAG
anticodon brings the amino acid
phenylalanine into the
ribosome.
The ribosome helps form a
peptide bond between the first
and second amino
acidsmethionine and
phenylalanine.
At the same time, the bond

holding the first tRNA molecule
to its amino acid is broken.
That tRNA then moves into a
third binding site, from which it
exits the ribosome.
The ribosome then moves to

the third codon, where tRNA
brings it the amino acid
specified by the third codon.
The polypeptide chain
continues to grow until the
ribosome reaches a stop
codon on the mRNA
molecule.
When the ribosome reaches

a stop codon, it releases both
the newly formed polypeptide
and the mRNA molecule,
completing the process of
translation.
The Roles of tRNA and rRNA in

Translation
Ribosomes are composed of roughly 80 proteins and three or four
different rRNA molecules.
These rRNA molecules help hold ribosomal proteins in place and help
locate the beginning of the mRNA message.
They may even carry out the chemical reaction that joins amino acids
together.
The Molecular Basis of Heredity

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
The central dogma of molecular biology is that information is transferred

from DNA to RNA to protein.

Most genes contain instructions for assembling proteins.

Many proteins are enzymes, which catalyze and regulate chemical
reactions.
A gene that codes for an enzyme to produce pigment can control the
color of a flower. Another gene produces proteins that regulate patterns of
tissue growth in a leaf. Yet another may trigger the female or male pattern
of development in an embryo.
Proteins are microscopic tools, each specifically designed to build or

operate a component of a living cell.

Molecular biology seeks to explain living organisms by studying them at
the molecular level, using molecules like DNA and RNA.
The central dogma of molecular biology is that information is transferred

from DNA to RNA to protein.
There are many exceptions to this dogma, but it serves as a useful

generalization that helps explain how genes work.

Gene expression is the way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins are
involved in putting genetic information into action in living cells.
DNA carries information for specifying the traits of an organism.
The cell uses the sequence of bases in DNA as a template for making
mRNA.

The codons of mRNA specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Proteins, in turn, play a key role in producing an organisms traits.


One of the most interesting discoveries of molecular biology is the
near-universal nature of the genetic code.
Although some organisms show slight variations in the amino acids

assigned to particular codons, the code is always read three bases at a
time and in the same direction.
Despite their enormous diversity in form and function, living organisms

display remarkable unity at lifes most basic level, the molecular biology of
the gene.

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Lesson Overview Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

Perhaps you would read them as individual letters that can be

The Genetic Code

The Genetic Code

The Genetic Code

This transcribed information contains a code for making proteins.

The Genetic Code

As many as 20 different amino acids are commonly found in

The Genetic Code

The Genetic Code

The Genetic Code

A codon consists of three consecutive bases that specify a single amino

How to Read Codons

This circular table shows the

How to Read Codons

For example, six different

Start and Stop Codons

The methionine codon AUG

Following the start codon,

Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino

The forming of a protein requires the folding of one or more polypeptide

Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino

The decoding of an mRNA message into a protein is a process known as

As the ribosome reads each

One at a time, the ribosome

In addition, each tRNA

The tRNA molecule for

If that next codon is UUC, a

At the same time, the bond

The ribosome then moves to

When the ribosome reaches

The Roles of tRNA and rRNA in

The Molecular Basis of Heredity

The Molecular Basis of Heredity

The central dogma of molecular biology is that information is transferred

The Molecular Basis of Heredity

The Molecular Basis of Heredity

Proteins are microscopic tools, each specifically designed to build or

The Molecular Basis of Heredity

The central dogma of molecular biology is that information is transferred

There are many exceptions to this dogma, but it serves as a useful

The Molecular Basis of Heredity

DNA carries information for specifying the traits of an organism.

The Molecular Basis of Heredity

Proteins, in turn, play a key role in producing an organisms traits.

The Molecular Basis of Heredity

Although some organisms show slight variations in the amino acids

Despite their enormous diversity in form and function, living organisms

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