Mechanics is a branch of physical sciences that is concerned with the state of rest or motion of bodies that are subjected

to the
action of forces.

Three branches:
1. Rigid- body mechanics - in physics, a rigid body is an idealization of a solid body in which deformation is neglected.
2. Deformable body mechanics - any body that changes its shape and/or volume while being acted upon by any kind of external force.
3. Fluid mechanics study of fluids (liquid and gas).

Rigid body mechanics is divided into two areas:

1. Statics deals w/ equilibrium of bodies that are either at rest or move w/ a constant velocity.
2. Dynamics concerned w/ the accelerated motion of bodies.

7 Fundamental Quantities
1. Length (meter)
2. Mass (kilogram)
3. Time (second)
4. Electric current (ampere)

5. Thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)

6. Amount of substance (mole)

7. Luminous intensity (candela)

Scalar - is any physical quantity that can be completely specified by its magnitude.
Vector - is any physical quantity that requires both a magnitude and a direction.

Scalar quantities are easy to handle since they obey ordinary rules of addition and subtraction. We can add directly the masses of
two objects; 50kg added to 30 kg is equal to 80 kg. Vector quantities on the other hand do not follow ordinary rules.

Vector representation
The direction of the vector is often expressed in a counter clockwise angle of rotation.

Sample Problem.
1. A plane is travelling eastward at an airspeed of 500 km/h. But a 90 km/h wind is blowing south- ward. What are the direction
and speed of the plane relative to the ground? The plane's velocity relative to the ground is 508 km/h at 10 0 south of east.

2. A boat sails due west at a distance of 390 km. It then proceeds due north at a distance of 630 km. What is its displacement from
the starting point? D = 740.95, = 121.760
3. The equilibrant of two forces which are at an angle of 90 degrees with each other is 130 N, if one of the force is 120 newton, Find
the other force. 50 N

4. What is the equilibrant force of the following forces: 30 N east, 50 N north, and 30 N west. 50N, south

5. The screw eye is subjected to two forces F1 and F2. Determine the magnitude and direction of resultant force.

6. Three forces act simultaneously on an object. F 1 = 200N at 300, F2 = 250N at 1200, and F3 = 300N at 2000. Find the magnitude and
direction of the resultant. Ans. R = 316.81 N = 42.470

7. The resultant displacement is therefore 4.6 m at 101 0:

8. Add the following two force vectors by use of the parallelogram method: 30 N at 30 0 and 20 N at 1400.
By measurement, we find that R = 30 N at 720:
9. Four coplanar forces act on a body at point O as shown in. Find their resultant using component method.

Statics is the study of forces in equilibrium (in balance). For equilibrium it must be balance by an equal and opposite force acting
along the same straight line.

Equilibrant force a force applied equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the resultant.

Force is commonly defined as a push or pull exerted by one body on another.

Classification of Forces.
1. Line of Action
a. Parallel same direction or in opposite direction but the point of application is not the same
b. Concurrent are those forces that meet at a common point.
c. Coplanar are parallel forces lying on the same plane
Weight is essentially the force with which gravity pulls downward upon it. (Fw) or (W)
Tensile Force (FT) acting on string, cable, chain or cord (or indeed, on any structural member) is the applied force tending to stretch
it. The scalar magnitude of the tensile force is the tension.
Friction Force (Ff) is the tangential force acting on an object that opposes the sliding of that object across an adjacent surface with
which it is in contact. The friction force is parallel to the surface and opposite to the direction of motion or of
impeding motion.
Normal Force (FN) - is the component, perpendicular to the surface of contact, exerted on an object preventing the object from
penetrating the surface.

For three forces in the same plane to be in equilibrium:

a. They have their line of action passing through one point; (they must be concurrent).
b. They may be represented in magnitude and direction by the three sides of a triangle taken in order, (by a triangle of forces).

3 Forces in Equilibrium
Resultant-Equilibrant
o Select 2 forces and find their resultant.
o The remaining force is called an equilibrant if it is equal and opposite the resultant.
Triangle of Forces
o Three forces are in equilibrium if they can be arranged to form a triangle.
N Forces in Equilibrium
Polygon of Forces
o Three or more forces are in equilibrium if they can be arranged to form a polygon.
Components
o Resolve all forces into components in some convenient coordinate system.
o Combine the components along each axis.
(Add the components parallel to the axis and
subtract the components anti-parallel to the axis.)
o If the resultant along each axis is zero the object is in equilibrium.

First Condition of Equilibrium

The vector sum of all forces acting on a body must be equal to zero.

Space Diagram: A sketch showing the physical conditions of the problem.

Free-Body Diagram: A sketch showing only the forces on the selected particle.

1. A weight of 400N is suspended from the ceiling by a length of rope. The mass is pulled sideways by a horizontal force of 231 N until
the rope makes an angle of 30 with the vertical. The mass is now stationary. Determine the magnitude of the force in the rope.

2. A lamp of mass 2 kg hangs from the ceiling. In order to make it illuminate the required area, a string (F) is attached to its cord and
then attached to the ceiling. Find the tension on both cord and string.

3. A 30 N lantern is suspended by a string that is joined to two other strings. What is the tension in each of the two strings if both
make an angle of 250 with the horizontal support beam?

4. A load of 110 lb is hanging at the middle of a rope, which is stretched between two walls 30 ft apart. Under this load, the rope sags
4 ft in the middle. Find the tensions in two sections of the rope.
5. Calculate Ta and Tb.

6. The pulleys are frictionless and the system hangs at equilibrium. If F w3 is 200 N, what are the values of Fw1 and Fw2? 260N, 150N

7. If Fw = 40N in the equilibrium situation shown in the figure, find F T1 and FT2. 58N, 31N

Moment of a Force

Moment the turning effect of a force.

- the moment of a force about a point O is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance of its line of action from
point O. (moment arm of the force)

Torque is a movement force. Moment is a static force. Torque is often presented as Nm/revolution and moment is typically
presented as Nm. The words "torque" and "moment" (of force) mean the same.

However, "torque" tends to be used when there is an axle or pivot to be turned around, while "moment" tends to be used in
essentially non-rotational situations, such as analysis of forces on a beam.

Sample:

1. Determine the moment about point O.

1. Determine the moment of the force about a point O.

2. Determine the tension in cables BA and BC necessary to support the 60-kg cylinder

Resultant Moment of a System of Forces

Moment Produced by a Couple

Couple a pair of equal and opposite parallel forces which do not act in the same straight line, form a couple.

Second Condition of Equilibrium (Torque Condition)

The vector sum of all moments about any axis must be zero.

Center of Gravity is the point at which the entire weight of the object may be considered concentrated. (Geometric centre)

Sample Problem:
1. A uniform bar 4 m long weighs 90 N. A 120 N weight is hung at one end of the bar. How far from the free end must the bar be
supported for it to remain horizontal?

2. A uniform bar, 9 ft long and weighing 5 lb is supported by a fulcrum 3 ft from the left end. If a 12-lb load is hung from the left end,
(a) what downward pull at the right end is necessary to hold the bar in equilibrium? (b) With what force does the fulcrum push
against the bar?

Fulcrum a support on which the lever pivots.

Lever is a bar or rod that rotates about a fixed point called fulcrum.

3. A centre of gravity of a 100 gram meter stick is located at 50 cm and the stick is supported at 60 cm. Where must a 190 gram load
be hung in order to have equilibrium?

4. A uniform pole 20 ft long and weighing 80 lb is supported by a boy 2 ft from end A and a man 5ft from end B. At what point should
a load of 100lb be placed so that the man will support twice as much as the boy?
Quiz # 2 (MIDTERM)

Solve the following problem using the velocity-time graph. Show your graph.

1. A car has an initial speed of 25 m/s and a constant deceleration of 3m/s2.

Determine the velocity of the car when t = 4s. What is the displacement of the car
during the 4-s time interval? How much time is needed to stop the car?

2. A truck starts from rest and moves with a constant acceleration of 5.0 m/s2. Find its
speed and distance travelled after 4.0s has elapsed.

3. A body with initial velocity of 8.0 m/s moves along a straight line with constant
acceleration and travels 640 m in 40 s. For the 40 s interval, find (a) the average
velocity, (b) the final velocity, and (c) the acceleration.

4. A motorist enters a freeway at 45 km/h and accelerates uniformly to 99 km/h. From

the odometer in the car, the motorist knows that she travelled 0.2 km while
accelerating. Determine (a) the acceleration of the car, (b) the time required to reach
99 km/h.

Relative Velocity
- is the velocity of the moving objects with respect to other moving or stationary object.

Vrelaltive=Vobject -Vobserver

1. You are walking backward in a bus at a rate of 1 m/s. Relative to the earth, the bus is moving
forward at 19 m/s. What is your velocity relative to the bus (and other passengers on the bus)? What is
your velocity relative to an observer on the side of the road?
2. You are driving North at 55 mph. A driver in the southbound lane approaches you at 45 mph.

What is your velocity relative to the other driver?

What is your velocity relative to an observer on the side of the road?

2. An aircraft travelling due west at 600 km/hr just passes over another aircraft travelling north at the
same speed. What is the velocity and direction of the first aircraft relative to the second?

3. A train travels at a constant speed of 60 mi/h, crosses over a road as shown in Fig. 12-
43a. If the automobile A is travelling at 45 mi/h along the road, determine the magnitude
and direction of the velocity of the train relative to the automobile.

Let's say you're walking along a road, heading west at 8 km/hr. A train track runs parallel to the road and a train is passing
by, traveling at 40 km/hr west. There is also a car driving by on the road, going 30 km/hr east. How fast is the train
traveling relative to you? How fast is the car traveling relative to you? And how fast is the train traveling relative to the
car?

The train still moves at 40 km/hr west, but the car turns on to a road going 40 south of east, and travels at 30 km/hr.
What is the velocity of the car relative to the train now?
 A truck starts from rest and moves with a constant acceleration of 5.0 m/s2. Find its speed and distance
travelled after 4.0s has elapsed.

A body with initial velocity of 8.0 m/s moves along a straight line with constant acceleration and travels
640 m in 40 s. For the 40 s interval, find (a) the average velocity, (b) the final velocity, and (c) the
acceleration.

A motorist enters a freeway at 45 km/h and accelerates uniformly to 99 km/h. From the odometer in the
car, the motorist knows that she travelled 0.2 km while accelerating. Determine (a) the acceleration of
the car, (b) the time required to reach 99 km/h.

1. Two train approaches each other on parallel tracks. Each has a speed of 80 kph with respect to the earth. If
they are initially 10km apart, how long will it be (in minutes) before they pass each other?

2. A cat walks at a speed of 1.8m/s along the deck toward the front of a boat that is travelling at 6.6 m/s with
respect to the water. What is the velocity of the cat with respect to the water? What if the cat were walking
toward the back of the boat?