Chapter 7 - Transient Heat Conduction PDF

10/1/2016 Chapter7.
TransientHeatConductionFundamentalsofHeatandMassTransfer
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
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Chapter 6. Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces (FINS) Chapter 8. Numerical Methods in Heat Conduction

Chapter 7
Transient Heat Conduction

7.1 Introduction
Inchapter3,wederivedthegeneraldifferentialequationforconductionandthenappliedittoproblemsofincreasingcomplexity,e.g.
first,westudiedheattransferinsimplegeometrieswithoutheatgenerationandthenwestudiedheattransferwhentherewasinternal
heatgeneration.Inalltheseproblems,steadystateheattransferwasassumed,i.e.thetemperaturewithinthesolidwasonlyafunction
ofpositionanddidnotdependontime,i.e.mathematically,T=T(x,y,z).However,alltheprocessequipmentsusedinengineering
practice,suchasboilers,heatexchangers,regenerators,etc.havetopassthroughanunsteadystateinthebeginningwhentheprocessis
started,and,theyreachasteadystateaftersufficienttimehaselapsed.Or,asanotherexample,abilletbeingquenchedinanoilbath,
goesthroughtemperaturevariationswithbothpositionandtimebeforeitattainsasteadystate.Conductionheattransferinsuchan
unsteadystateisknownastransientheatconductionor,unsteadystateconduction,ortimedependentconduction.Obviously,in
transientconduction,temperaturedependsnotonlyonpositioninthesolid,butalsoontime.So,mathematically,thiscanbewritten
asT=T(x,y,z,),whererepresentsthetimecoordinate.
Naturally,solutionsfortransientconductionproblemsarealittlemorecomplicatedcomparedtosteadystateanalysis,sincenow,an
additionalparameter,namelytime()isinvolved.
Typicalexamplesoftransientconductionoccurin:
1.heatexchangers
2.boilertubes
3.coolingofcylinderheadsinI.C.engines
4.heattreatmentofengineeringcomponentsandquenchingofingots
5.heatingofelectricirons
6.heatingandcoolingofbuildings
7.freezingoffoods,etc.
Twotypesoftransientconductionmaybeidentified:
1.periodicheatflowproblems,wherethetemperaturesvaryonaregular,periodicbasis,e.g.inI.C.enginecylinders,alternate
heatingandcoolingofearthduringa24hrcycle(bysun)etc.
2.nonperiodicheatflowproblems,wheretemperaturevariesinanonlinearmannerwithtime.
Tosolveagivenonedimensional,transientconductionproblem,onecouldstartwithoneoftherelevantgeneraldifferential
equationsdiscussedinchapter3andbysolvingitinconjunctionwithappropriateboundaryconditions,andgetthetemperature
distributionasafunctionofpositionandtime.Forexample,foronedimensionalconduction,inCartesiancoordinates,wehave:
However,thereisasetofproblemsencounteredinpractice,wherethetemperaturegradientswithinthesolidareverysmall,(i.e.the
internalresistancetoconductionisnegligible)whichcanbesolvedsimplybyapplyingtheenergybalanceprinciple.Considerfor
example,asmallbodymadeof,say,copper,atahightemperature,beingquenchedinamediumlikeoil.Then,thebodylosesheatto
themedium.Heatflowsbyconductionfromwithinthebodytothesurfaceandthen,byconvectiontothemedium.Whenthebodyis
verysmallorwhenthethermalconductivityofthematerialofthebodyisverylarge,temperaturegradientswithinthebodywillbe
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verysmallandmaybeneglected.Insuchacase,temperaturewithinthebodyisonlyafunctionoftimeandisindependentofspatial
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10/1/2016 Chapter7.TransientHeatConductionFundamentalsofHeatandMassTransfer
coordinates,i.e.thewholebodyactsaslumpandtemperaturesofallpointswithinthebodydecrease(orincreaseiftheobjectisbeing
heated)uniformlyenmass.Heattransferprocessfromthebody,inthiscase,iscontrolledbytheconvectionresistanceatthesurface
ratherthanbytheconductionresistanceinthesolid.Suchananalysis,wheretheinternalresistanceofthebodyforheatconductionis
negligibleandthewholebodymaybetreatedasalumpasfarastemperatureincreaseordecreaseisconcerned,isknownaslumped
systemanalysis.
Inthischapter,first,weshallstudythelumpedsystemanalysisthen,weshallpresentanalyticalandchartsolutionsforsomeofthe
practicallyimportanttransientconductionproblemsforthecasesofalargeslab,longcylinder,sphereandasemiinifinitemedium.
Finally,productsolutionmethodofsolvingmultidimensionaltransientconductionproblemswillbeexplained.
7.2 Lumped System Analysis (Newtonian Heating or Cooling)

Asmentionedabove,inlumpedsystemanalysis,theinternalconductionresistanceofthebodytoheatflow(i.e.L/(k.A))isnegligible
comparedtotheconvectiveresistance(i.e.1/(h.A))atthesurface.So,thetemperatureofthebody,nodoubt,varieswithtime,butat
anygiveninstant,thetemperaturewithinthebodyisuniformandisindependentofposition,i.e.T=T()only.Practicalexamplesof
suchcasesare:heattreatmentofsmallmetalpieces,measurementoftemperaturewithathermocoupleorthermometer,etc.,where
theinternalresistanceoftheobjectforheatconductionmaybeconsideredasnegligible.
Analysis:
Considerasolidbodyofarbitraryshape,volumeV,massm,density,surfaceareaA,andspecificheatCp.SeeFig.7.1.Tostartwith,at
=0,letthetemperaturethroughoutthebodybeuniformatT=Ti.Attheinstant=0,letthebodybesuddenlyplacedinamedium
atatemperatureofTa,asshown.Forthesakeofanalysis,letusassumethatTa>Tihowever,sameanalysisisvalidforTa<Titoo.
Then,heatwillbetransferredfromthemediumtothebodyandthetemperatureofthebodywillincreasewithtime.Letthe
temperatureofthebodyrisebyadifferentialamountdTinadifferentialtimeintervald,thusincreasingtheinternalenergyofthe
solid.
FIGURE7.1Lumpedsystemanalysis
Writinganenergybalanceforthissituation:
Amountofheattransferredintothebodyintimeintervald=
Increaseintheinternalenergyofthebodyintimeintervald
i.e.hA(TaT(t))d=mCpdT=CpVdT(7.1)
sincem=V
Now,sinceTaisaconstant,wecanwrite:
dT=d(T()Ta)
Therefore,
Integratingbetween=0(i.e.T=T)andany,(i.e.T=T()),
i.e.
Now,let:
where,tisknownasthermaltimeconstantandhasunitsoftime.
Therefore,Eq.7.3iswrittenas:
Nowdenoting=(T()Ta)wewriteEq.7.4compactlyas:
Eq.7.5givesthetemperaturedistributioninasolidasafunctionoftime,whentheinternalresistanceofthesolidforconductionis
negligiblecomparedtotheconvectiveresistanceatitssurface.
Eq.7.5isrepresentedgraphicallyinFig.7.2.
FromEq.7.5andFig7.2,wenote:
1.temperaturedistributionisexponential,i.e.temperaturechangesrapidlyinitiallyandapproachesthatofthemedium
exponentially.
2.eitherthetimerequiredbythebodytoreachacertaintemperatureorthetemperatureattainedbythebodyafteracertaintime
interval,canbefoundoutfromEq.7.5.
3.largerthevalueoftimeconstantt,longeristhetimerequiredforthebodytoreachaparticulartemperature.
4.timerequiredforthebodytoattain36.8%oftheappliedtemperaturedifferenceisindicatedintheFig.7.2(a).Thisisknownas
onetimeperiodandisofimportanceinconnectionwithmeasurementoftemperatureswiththermocouples.Largerthevalueof
timeconstant,largeristhetimeperiod.Weshallcommentonthislaterinthischapter.
FIGURE7.2(a)Temperaturevariationwithtimeinalumpedsystem
FIGURE7.2(b)Newtonianheatingandcooling
Instantaneousheattransfer:
Atanyinstant,heattransferbetweenthebodyandtheenvironmentiseasilycalculatedsincewehavethetemperaturedistribution
fromEq.7.4:
Atthatinstant,heattransfermustalsobeequalto:
Q()=hA(T(t)Ta),W(7.6b)
Totalheattransfer:
Totalheattransferredduring=0to=,isequaltothechangeininternalenergyofthebody:
Qtot=mCp(T()Ti),J(7.7a)
QtotmayalsobecalculatedbyintegratingEq.7.6a:
Maximumheattransferred:
Whenthebodyreachesthetemperatureoftheenvironment,obviously,maximumheathasbeentransferred:
Qmax=mCp(TaTi),J(7.8)
IfQmaxisnegative,itmeansthatthebodyhaslostheat,andifQmaxispositive,thenbodyhasgainedheat.
7.3 Criteria for Lumped System Analysis (Biot Number and Fourier Number)
Forthesimpleanalysismadeabove,wehadthefundamentalassumptionthattheinternalconductiveresistanceofthebodywas
negligibleascomparedtotheconvectiveresistanceatitssurface.Thiswasstatedinaratherqualitativeway.Now,letusstudythe
criteriarequiredforthelumpedsystemanalysistobeapplicable.
Consideraplaneslabinsteadystate,transferringheattoafluidonitssurfacewithaheattransfercoefficientofh,asshowninFig.7.3.
(Thecriterionarrivedatisreadilyextendedtotransientconditionslater.)
LetthesurfaceontheleftbemaintainedattemperatureT1andthesurfaceontherightisatatemperatureofT2 asaresultofheat
beinglosttoafluidattemperatureTa,flowingwithaheattransfercoefficienth.Writinganenergybalanceattherighthandsurface,
Rearranging,
FIGURE7.3(a)Biotnumberandtemperaturedistributioninaplanewall
Theterm,(hL)/k,appearingontheRHSofEq.7.9isadimensionlessnumber,knownasBiotnumber.
Biotnumberisameasureofthetemperaturedropinthesolidrelativetothetemperaturedropintheconvectivelayer.Itisalso
interpretedastheratioofconductiveresistanceinthesolidtotheconvectiveresistanceatitssurface.Thisispreciselythecriterionwe
arelookingfor.NotefromFig.7.3(a)thetemperatureprofileforBi<<1.Itsuggeststhatonecanassumeauniformtemperature
distributionwithinthesolidifBi<<1.
SituationduringtransientconductionisshowninFig.7.3(b).Itmaybeobservedthattemperaturedistributionisastrongfunctionof
Biotnumber.ForBi<<1,temperaturegradientinthesolidissmallandtemperaturecanbetakenasafunctionoftimeonly.Notealso
thatforBi>>1,temperaturedropacrossthesolidismuchlargerthanthatacrosstheconvectivelayeratthesurface.
Therefore,tofixthecriterionforwhichlumpedsystemanalysisisapplicable,letusdefineBiotnumber,ingeneral,asfollows:
FIGURE7.3(b)Biotnumberandtransienttemperaturedistributioninaplanewall
where,histheheattransfercoefficientbetweenthesolidsurfaceandthesurroundings,kisthethermalconductivityofthesolid,and
L c isacharacteristiclengthdefinedastheratioofthevolumeofthebodytoitssurfacearea,i.e.
WiththisdefinitionofBiandL c ,forsolidssuchasaplaneslab,longcylinderandsphere,itisfoundthattransienttemperature
distributionwithinthesolidatanyinstantisuniform,withtheerrorbeinglessthanabout5%,ifthefollowingcriterionissatisfied:
Inotherwords,iftheconductionresistanceofthebodyislessthan10%oftheconvectiveresistanceatitssurface,thetemperature
distributionwithinthebodywillbeuniformwithinanerrorof5%,duringtransientconditions.
L cforcommonshapes:
1.Planewall(thickness2L):
2.Longcylinder,radiusR:
3.Sphere,radius,R:
4.Cube,sideL:
Therefore,wecanwriteEq.7.3as:
Eq.7.12isimportant.Itsappliationtoagivenproblemisverysimpleandsolutionofanytransientconductionproblemmustbegin
withexaminingifthecriterion,Bi<0.1issatisfiedtoseeifEq.7.12couldbeapplied.
Now,theterm(hA)/(CpV)canbewrittenasfollows:
where,
Fouriernumber,likeBiotnumber,isanimportantparameterintransientheattransferproblems.Itisalsoknownas
dimensionlesstime.Fouriernumbersignifiesthedegreeofpenetrationofheatingorcoolingeffectthroughasolid.ForsmallFo,
largewillberequiredtogetsignificanttemperaturechanges.
WiththeaforesaiddefinitionsofBiotnumberandFouriernumber,now,wecanrewriteEq.7.12as:
Eq.7.13isplottedinFig.7.4below.OntheXaxis,(Bi.Fo)isplottedagainst/ionYaxis.Asexpected,thegraphisastraightline,
withanegativeslopewhentheYaxishaslogarithmicscale.Rememberthatthisgraphisforthecaseswherelumpedsystemanalysisis
applicable,i.e.Bi<0.1.
FIGURE7.4Dimensionlesstemperaturedistributioninsolidsduringtransientheattransfer,(Bi<0.1),forlumpedsystemanalysis
7.4 Response Time of a Thermocouple

Lumpedsystemanalysisisusefullyappliedinthecaseoftemperaturemeasurementwithathermometerorathermocouple.
Obviously,itisdesirablethatthethermocoupleindicatesthesourcetemperatureasfastaspossible.Ifthethermocoupleismeasuring
changingtemperatures,thenalso,itshouldfollowthetemperaturechangesataratefasterthantherateoftemperaturechange.
Responsetimeofathermocoupleisdefinedasthetimetakenbyittoreachthesourcetemperature.
ConsiderEq.7.12:
Forrapidresponse,theterm(hA)/(CpV)shouldbelargesothattheexponentialtermwillreachzerofaster.Thismeansthat:
1.increase(A/V),i.e.decreasethewirediameter
2.decreasedensityandspecificheat,and
3.increasethevalueofheattransfercoefficienth.
Asmentionedearlier,thequantity(CpV)/(hA)isknownasthermaltimeconstant,t,ofthemeasuringsystemandhasunitsoftime.
At=t,i.e.atatimeintervalofonetimeconstant,wehave:
FromEq.7.14,itisclearthatafteranintervaloftimeequaltoonetimeconstantofthegiventemperaturemeasuringsystem,the
temperaturedifferencebetweenthebody(thermocouple)andthesourcewouldbe36.8%oftheinitialtemperaturedifference,i.e.the
temperaturedifferencewouldbereducedby63.2%.
Timerequiredbyathermocoupletoattain63.2%ofthevalueofinitialtemperaturedifferenceiscalleditssensitivity.
Forgoodresponse,obviously,theresponsetimeofthermocoupleshouldbelow.Asathumbrule,itisrecommendedthatwhileusing
athermocoupletomeasuretemperatures,readingofthethermocoupleshouldbetakenafteratimeequaltoaboutfourtimeperiods
haselapsed.
Example7.1.Asteelballof5cmdiameterinitiallyatauniformtemperatureof450Cissuddenlyplacedinanenvironmentat
2 3
100C.Heattransfercoefficienth,betweenthesteelballandthefluidis10W/(m K).Forsteel,cp=0.46kJ/(kgK),=7800kg/m ,
k=35W/(mK).Calculatethetimerequiredfortheballtoreachatemperatureof150C.Also,findtherateofcoolingafter1hr.Show
graphicallyhowthetemperatureofthespherefallswithtime.[M.U.]
Solution.
Data:
First,calculatetheBiotnumber:
SinceBi<0.1,lumpedsystemanalysisisapplicable,andthetemperaturevariationwithinthesolidwillbewithinanerrorof5%.
ApplyingEq.7.12,weget:
i.e. where,tisthetimeconstant.
And,timeconstantisgivenby:
Therefore,wewrite:
where,isthetimerequiredtoreach150C
Rateofcoolingafter1hr.:
i.e.:=wehave
FromEq.7.12,wehave:
negativesignindicatesthatastimeincreases,temperaturefalls.
NotethatinMathcad,thereisnoneedtoseparatelydifferentiateandsubstitutethevalues.Allthatisdoneinonestepasshownabove.
Tosketchthefallintemperatureofspherewithtime:
TemperatureasafunctionoftimeisgivenbyEq.7.12:
i.e.
WewillplotEq.Aagainstdifferenttimes,:
WeuseMathcadtodrawthegraph.First,definearangevariable,varyingfrom0tosay,4hrs,withanincrementof0.1hrs.Then,
choosexygraphfromthegraphpalette,andfilluptheplaceholdersontheXaxisandYaxiswithandT(),respectively.Click
anywhereoutsidethegraphregionandimmediatelythegraphappears:
:=0,0.1,,4(definearangevariable,varyingfromzeroto4hrs,withanincrementof0.1hrs.)
FIGUREExample7.1Transientcoolingofasphereconsideredasalumpedsystem
NotefromtheFig.7.4howthecoolingprogresseswithtime.Afterabout4hrsduration,thesphereapproachesthetemperatureofthe
ambient.Youcanalsoverifyfromthegraphthatthetimerequiredforthespheretoreach150Cis1.616hrs,ascalculatedearlier.
Example7.2.A50cm50cmcopperslab,6mmthick,atauniformtemperatureof350C,suddenlyhasitssurfacetemperature
3
loweredto30C.Findthetimeatwhichtheslabtemperaturebecomes100C.Given:=9000kg/m ,cp=0.38kJ/(kgK),k=370
2
W/(mK),h=100W/(m K).Also,findouttherateofcoolingafter60seconds.
Solution.
Data:
3
L:=0.05mB:=0.05m(breadth):=0.006m(thickness):=9000kg/m cp:=380J/(kgK)
2
k:=370W/(mK)Ti:=350CTa:=30Ch:=100W/(m K)T:=100C
2 3
A:=2LB,m V:=LB,m
Therefore,wewrite:
where,isthetimerequiredtoreach100C
Rateofcoolingafter60s.
i.e.=60s
FromEq.7.12,wehave:
Negativesignindicatesthatastimeincreases,temperaturefalls.
Noteagain,thatinMathcad,thereisnoneedtoseparatelydifferentiateandsubstitutethevalues.Allthatisdoneinonestepasshown
above.
Example7.3.Acarbonsteel(AISI1010)shaftof0.2mdiameterisheattreatedinagasfiredfurnacewhosegasesareat1200Kand
2
provideaconvectioncoefficientof80W/(m K).Iftheshaftentersthefurnaceat300K,howlongmustitremaininthefurnaceto
3
achieveacentrelinetemperatureof900K?GiventhermophysicalpropertiesofAISI1010carbonsteel:=7854kg/m ,k=48.8
W/(mK),cp=559J/(kgK).
Solution.
Data:
First,calculatetheBiotnumber
Therefore,wewrite:
where,isthetimerequiredtoreach900K
Example7.4.Athermocouple(TC)junctionisintheformof8mmsphere.Propertiesofthematerialare:cp=420J/(kgK),=
3 2
8000kg/m ,k=40W/(mK),andheattransfercoefficient,h=45W/(m K).Find,ifthejunctionisinitiallyatatemperatureof28C
andinsertedinastreamofhotairat300C:
1.thetimeconstantoftheTC
2
2.TheTCistakenoutfromthehotairafter10sandkeptinstillairat30C.Assuminghinairas10W/(m K),findthe
temperatureattainedbythejunction15safterremovingfromhotairstream.
[M.U.]
Solution.
Data:
3 3
R:=410 m:=8000kg/m cp:=420J(kgk)k:=40W/(mK)Ti:=28CTa:=300C
2 2 2
h:=45W/(m K)A:=4R ,m
SeeFig.Example7.4(a).
FIGUREExample7.4(a)Temperaturemeasurement,withthermocoupleplacedintheairstream
Timeconstantisgivenby:
TemperatureofTCafter10s:
:=10s
(timedurationforwhichTCiskeptinthestreamat300C)
WeuseEq.7.12,i.e.
(b)Now,thisTCisremovedfromthestreamat300Candplacedinstillairat30C.So,thetemperatureof53.994Cbecomesinitial
temperatureTiforthiscase:
i.e.newTi: Ti:=53.994C (initialtemperaturewhentheTCisplacedinstillair)
And,new: :=15s (durationforwhichTCiskeptinstillair)
And,newTa: Ta:=30C (newtemperatureofambient)
And,newh: h:=10W/(m2K) (heattransfercoefficientinstillair.)
SeeFig.Example7.4(b).
And,newtimeconstant:
FIGUREExample7.4(b)Temperaturemeasurement,withthermocoupleplacedinstillair
7.5 Mixed Boundary Condition

Inthecasesstudiedsofar,transientconductionwasinducedinthesolidbysubjectingittoconvectiononallitssides.
FIGURE7.5Transientconductioninaslabwithmixedboundaryconditions
However,thisneednotbealwaysso.Transientconditionscanalsobeinducedinabodybyhavingradiationonanyofitssurfaces,or
bysubjectinganyofitssurfacestoelectricalheating,orbyinternalheatgenerationcausedbyflowofelectriccurrent.
Inthegeneralcase,wheretransientconditionsareinducedinabodybythecombinedeffectofconvection,radiationandheat
generation,thecontrollingdifferentialequationcanbederivedintheusualway,bywritinganenergybalanceonthebodytakenasa
controlvolume,i.e.netenergyenteringintothebodyresultsinanincreaseintheinternalenergyofthebody.However,theresulting
differentialequationwillbeanonlinearone,andisnotamenabletoexactanalyticsolution,andhastobesolvedbyapproximatefinite
differencemethods.
Letusanalyseoneparticularcase(whichisquitecommon),whereoneboundarysurfaceissubjectedtoauniformheatfluxandthe
otherboundarysurfaceissubjectedtoconvection.SeeFig.7.5.
2
AsshownintheFig.7.5,aslabofthicknessL,issubjectedtoauniformheatfluxq(W/m )atitsleftfaceandlosesheatbyconvection
onitsrightfacetoafluidatatemperatureTa,withaheattransfercoefficient,h.Then,applyingenergybalanceforthiscase,wewrite:
(EnergygoingintotheslabEnergyleavingtheslab)=Increaseininternalenergyoftheslab
Substituting:
Eq.7.15becomes:
Now,introducethetransformation:
then,
and,substitutingEq.ain7.16:
Seperatingthevariablesandintergratingfrom=0to=,(and,=ito=)
Substitutingnowforand:
i.e.
and,alsofromEq.7.19:
Notethatfor=,Eq.7.20reducesto:
Eq.7.22givesthesteadystatetemperatureintheslab.
3
Example7.5.Analuminiumplate(=2707kg/m ,Cp=0.896kJ/(kgC),andk=200W/(mC))ofthickness3cmisataninitial,
2
uniformtemperatureof60C.Suddenly,itissubjectedtouniformheatfluxq=8000W/m ,ononesurfacewhiletheothersurfaceis
2
exposedtoanairstreamat25C,withaheattransfercoefficientofh=50W/(m C).
1.Islumpedsystemanalysisapplicabletothiscase?
2.Ifyes,plotthetemperatureoftheplateasafunctionoftime,and
3.Whatisthetemperatureoftheplateinsteadystate?
Solution.SeeFig.Example7.5.
FIGURE7.5Example7.5Transientconductioninaslabwithmixedboundaryconditions
Data:
3
L:=0.03m:=2707kg/m Cp:=896J/(kgC)k:=200W/(mC)Ti:=60CTa:=25C
2 2
h:=50W/(m C)q:=8000W/m
First,claculatetheBiotnumber:
Toplotthetemperatureofplateasafunctionoftime:
Clearly,thisisacaseofmixedboundaryconditions,whereinattheleftsurfacethereisheatinputbyuniformheatfluximpingingon
thatsurface,andontherightsurface,thereisheatlossbyconvection.So,wecandirectlyapplyEq.7.20.
i.e.
Therefore,fromEq.7.20:
ToplotT()againsttime,letusdefinearangevariable,fromsay0sto10,000s,atanintervalof50s.Then,selectthexyplotfrom
thegraphpalette,andfilluptheplaceholdersonthexaxisandyaxiswithandT(),respectively.Clickanywhereoutsidethegraph
andimmediatelythegraphappears:SeeFig.Ex.7.5(b)
:=0,50,,10,000

(definearangevariable,suchthatinitialvalue=0,nextvalue=50andlastvalue=1000s.)
FigureExample7.5(b)
Temperatureofplateinsteadystate:
WedirectlyuseEq.7.22for=,i.e.steadystatecondition:
Notefromtheabovegraph,thatatlarge(=beyondabout8,000s),thetemperatureoftheplate,indeed,tendstoavalueof185C.
3
Example7.6.Ahouseholdelectricironhasanaluminiumbase(=2700kg/m ,Cp=0.896kJ/(kgC),andk=200W/(mC)),and
2
weighs1.5kg.Totalareaofironis0.06m anditisheatedwitha500Wheatingelement.Initially,theironisatambienttemp.of
25C.Howlongwillittakefortheirontoreach110Conceitisswitchedon?Takeheattransfercoefficientbetweenironandthe
2
ambientairas15W/(m K).
Solution.
Data:
2 3
A:=0.06m :=2700kg/m Cp:=896J/(kgC)k:=200W/(mC)Ti:=25CTa:=25C
2
h:=15W/(m C)T:=110CM:=1.5kgQ:=500W
Now,writingtheenergybalancefortheironatanytime,
RateoftotalheatgeneratedRateofheatlostbyconvection=Rateofincreaseofinternalenergy
Eq.bbecomes:
NotethatEq.cisthesameasEq.7.16,derivedearlier.And,thesolutionfortisobtainedasEq.7.21,withthedefinitionofaandbas
follows:
And,
i.e.=247.975stimerequiredforirontoreach110C.
7.6 One-dimensional Transient Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long Cylinders and Spheres when Biot Number > 0.1
Therearemanysituationsinpractice,wherethetemperaturegradientinthesolidisnotnegligible(i.e.Bi>0.1)andthelumped
systemanalysisisnotapplicable.Insuchsituations,westartwiththegeneraldifferentialequationfortimedependent,one
dimensionalconductionintheappropriatecoordinatesystemandsolveitinconjunctionwiththeboundaryconditions.
Inthissection,weshallanalyseonedimensionaltransientconductioninlargeplanewalls,longcylindersandsphereswhenBi>0.1.
7.6.1 One Term Approximation Solutions

Fig.7.6showsschematicdiagramandcoordinatesystemsforalarge,planeslab,longcylinderandasphere.
FIGURE7.6Onedimensionaltransientconductioninsimplegeometries
Consideraplaneslabofthickness2L,showninFig.7.6(a)above.Initially,i.e.at=0,theslabisatanuniformtemperature,Ti.
Suddenly,at=0,boththesurfacesoftheslabaresubjectedtoconvectionheattransferwithanambientattemperatureTa,witha
heattransfercoefficientofh,asshown.Sincethereisgeometricalandthermalsymmetry,weneedtoconsideronlyhalftheslab,and
thatisthereasonwhywechosetheoriginofthecoordinatesystemonthemidplane.Then,wecanwritethemathematical
formulationoftheproblemforplaneslabasfollows:
Thesolutionoftheaboveproblem,however,isratherinvolvedandconsistsofinfiniteseries.So,itismoreconvenienttopresentthe
solutioneitherintabularformorcharts.
Forthispurpose,wedefinethefollowingdimensionlessparameters:
1.Dimensionlesstemperature:
2.Dimensionlessdistancefromthecentre:
3.Dimensionlessheattransfercoefficient:
4.Dimensionlesstime:
Nondimensionalisationoftheresultswiththeabovementioneddimensionlessnumbersenablesustopresenttheresultspractically
overawiderangeofoperatingparameters,eitherintabularorgraphicalforms.
Todealwithalongcylinderorasphere,wedoexactlywhatwedidwiththeplaneslab,i.e.startwiththeappropriatedifferential
equationforonedimensional,timedependentconductionincylindricalorsphericalcoordinates.Boundaryconditionswillbethe
sameasinEq.4.23exceptthatxisreplacedbyrandLisreplacedbyR.Again,resultsarenondimensionalisedwiththe
dimensionlessparametersasmentionedabovehowever,noteoneimportantdifferenceindefiningBiotnumbernow,
whileusingthetabularorchartsolutions:
CharacteristiclengthinBiotnumberistakenashalfthicknessLforaplanewall,RadiusRforalongcylinderand
sphereinsteadofbeingcalculatedasV/A,asdoneinlumpedsystemanalysis.
Forallthesethreegeometries,asmentionedearlier,thesolutioninvolvesinfiniteseries,whicharedifficulttodealwith.However,itis
observedthatforF 0>0.2,consideringonlythefirsttermoftheseriesandneglectingotherterms,involvesanerroroflessthan2%.
Generally,weareinterestedintimes,F 0>0.2.So,itbecomesveryusefulandconvenienttouseonetermapproximation
solution,forallthesethreecases,asfollows:
Planewall:
Longcylinder:
Sphere:
Intheaboveequations,A1,and1,arefunctionsofBiotnumberonly.
A1and1arecalculatedfromthefollowingrelations:
ForPlanewall:
ForLongcylinder:
ForSphere:
ValuesofA1and1aregiveninTable7.1(SeeAppendixattheendofthischapterforMathcadfunctionstocalculatetheseparameters).
FunctionJ0isthezerothorderBesselfunctionofthefirstkindandJ1isthefirstorderBesselfunctionofthefirstkind.ValuesofJ0
andJ1canbereadfromTable7.2.(ObtaineddirectlyfromMathcad).
Now,atthecentreofaplanewall,cylinderandsphere,wehavetheconditionx=0orr=0.Then,notingthatcos(0)=,J0(0)=,and
limitofsin(x)/xisalso1,Eq.7.24becomes:
atthecentreofplanewall,cylinderandsphere:
Therefore,firststepinthesolutionistocalculatetheBiotnumberoncetheBiotnumberisknown,constantsA1and1arefoundout
fromTables7.1and7.2,andthenuserelationsgiveninEqs.7.24and7.25tocalculatethetemperatureatanydesiredlocation.
Theonetermsolutionsarepresentedinchartforminthenextsection.But,generally,itisdifficulttoreadchartsaccurately.So,
relationsgiveninEqs.7.24and7.25alongwithTables7.1and7.2,shouldbepreferredtothecharts.
Calculationofamountofheattransferred,Q:
Manytimes,weneedtocalculatetheamountofheatlost(orgained)bythebody,Q,duringthetimeinterval=0to=,i.e.from
thebeginninguptoagiventime.Again,wenondimensionaliseQbydividingitbyQmax,themaximumpossibleheattransfer.
Obviously,maximumamountofheathasbeentransferredwhenthebodyhasreachedequilibriumwiththeambient,i.e.
Qmax=VCp(TiTa)=mCp(TiTa)(7.26)
whereisthedensity,Visthevolume,(V)isthemass,Cpisthespecificheatofthebody.
IfQmaxispositive,bodyislosingenergyandifitisnegative,bodyisgainingenergy.

Basedontheonetermapproximationdiscussedabove,(Q/Qmax)iscalculatedforthethreecases,fromthefollowing:
Planewall:
Cylinder:
Sphere:
Note:
1.RememberwellthedefinitionofBiotnumberi.e.Bi=(hL/k),whereLishalfthicknessoftheslab,andBi=(hR/k),whereR
istheouterradiusofthecylinderorthesphere.
2.ForegoingresultsareequallyapplicabletoaplanewallofthicknessL,insulatedononesideandsuddenlysubjectedto
convectionattheotherside.Thisissobecause,theboundaryconditiondT/dx=0atx=0forthemidplaneofaslabof
thickness2L(seeEq.7.23,b),isequallyapplicabletoaslabofthicknessL,insulatedatx=0.
3.Theseresultsarealsoapplicabletodeterminethetemperatureresponseofabodywhentemperatureofitssurfaceissuddenly
changedtoTs.Thiscaseisequivalenttohavingconvectionatthesurfacewithaheattransfercoefficient,
h=now,Taisreplacedbytheprescribedsurfacetemperature,Ts.
4.Again,rememberthattheseresultsarevalidforthesituationwhereFouriernumber,Fo>0.2.
TABLE7.1Transientheatconductioninaplanewall,longcylinderandspherecoefficientsforonetermapproximation
7.6.2 Heisler and Grober Charts
Theonetermapproximationsolutions(Eq.7.25)wererepresentedingraphicalformbyHeislerin1947.Theyweresupplementedby
Groberin1961,withgraphsforheattransferEq.7.27.ThesegraphsareshowninFig.7.7,7.8and7.9,forplanewall,longcylinderand
asphere,respectively.
TABLE7.2ZerothandfirstorderBesselfunctionsofthefirstkindx:=0,0.1,,3.2definerangevariablexfrom0to3.2,with
anincrementof0.1
x J (x) J (x)
0 1
0 1 0
0.1 0.9975 0.04994
0.2 0.99002 0.0995
0.3 0.97763 0.14832
0.4 0.9604 0.19603
0.5 0.93847 0.24227
0.6 0.912 0.2867
0.7 0.8812 0.329
0.8 0.84629 0.36884
0.9 0.80752 0.40595
1 0.7652 0.44005
1.1 0.71962 0.4709
1.2 0.67113 0.49829
1.3 0.62009 0.52202
1.4 0.56686 0.54195
1.5 0.51183 0.55794
1.6 0.4554 0.5699
1.7 0.39798 0.57777
1.8 0.33999 0.58152
1.9 0.28182 0.58116
2 0.22389 0.57762
2.1 0.16661 0.56829
2.2 0.11036 0.55596
2.3 0.05554 0.53987
2.4 0.00251 0.52019
2.5 0.04838 0.49708
2.6 0.0968 0.47082
2.7 0.14245 0.4416
2.8 0.18504 0.40971
2.9 0.22431 0.37543
3 0.26005 0.33906
3.1 0.29206 0.30092
3.2 0.32019 0.26134
Howtousethesecharts?
FirstchartineachofthesefiguresgivesthenondimensionalisedcentretemperatureT0.i.e.atx=0fortheslabofthickness2L,and
atr=0forthecylinderandsphere,atagiventime.Temperatureatanyotherpositionatthesametime,iscalculatedusingthenext
graph,calledpositioncorrectionchart.ThirdchartgivesQ/Qmax.
Procedureofusingthesechartstosolveanumericalproblemisasfollows:
(i)Firstofall,calculateBifromthedata,withtheusualdefinitionofBi,i.e.Bi=(h.L c /k,whereL c isthecharacteristicdimension,

givenas:L c =(V/A)i.e.L c =L,halfthicknessforaplanewall,L c =R/2foracylinder,andL c =R/3forasphere.IfBi<0.1,use
lumpedsystemanalysisotherwise,goforonetermapproximationorchartsolution.
FIGURE7.7Dimensionlesstransienttemperaturesandheatflowinaninfiniteplateofwidth2L
(ii)IfBi>0.1,i.e.ifwehavetogoforonetermapproximationorchartsolution,calculatetheBiotnumberagainwiththe
appropriatedefinition,i.e.Bi=(hL/k)foraplanewallwhereLishalfthickness,andBi=(hR/k)foracylinderorsphere,whereRis
2 2
theouterradius.Also,calculateFouriernumber,Fo=/L fortheplanewall,andFo=/R foracylinderorsphere.
(iii)Tocalculatethecentretemperature,usechart(a)fromFigs.7.7,7.8or7.9,dependinguponthegeometrybeingconsidered.
EnterthechartonthexaxiswiththecalculatedFoanddrawaverticallinetointersectthe(1/Bi)linefromthepointofintersection,
movehorizontallytothelefttotheyaxistoreadthevalueofo=(ToTa)/(TiTa).Here,Toisthecentretemperature,whichcan
nowbecalculatedsinceTiandTaareknown.
(iv)Tocalculatethetemperatureatanyotherposition,useFig.bofFig.7.7,7.8or7.9,asappropriate.Enterthechartwith1/Bion
thexaxis,moveverticallyuptointersectthe(x/L)or(r/R)curveasthecasemaybe,andfromthepointofintersection,movetothe
lefttoreadontheyaxis,thevalueof=(TTa)/(ToTa).Here,Tisthedesiredtemperatureattheindicatedposition.Wemultiply
andotoget:
i.e.
FIGURE7.8Dimensionlesstransienttemperaturesandheatflowforalongcylinder
FromEq.7.28,wecaneasilycalculateT,thedesiredtemperatureatthegivenposition,sinceTiandTaareknown.
(v)TofindouttheamountofheattransferredQ,duringaparticulartimeintervaltfromthebeginning(i.e.=0),useFig.cfrom
2
Figs.7.7,7.8or7.9,dependinguponthegeometry.Enterthexaxiswiththevalueof(Bi F o)andmoveverticallyuptointersectthe
curverepresentingtheappropriateBi,andmovetothelefttoreadontheyaxis,thevalueofQ/Qmax.Qistheneasilyfoundoutsince
Qmax=mCp(TiTa).And,Q=(Q/Qmax)Qmax.
Notethefollowinginconnectionwiththesecharts:
(i)ThesechartsarevalidforFouriernumberFo>0.2.
(ii)Specifically,rememberthatwhilecalculatingBiotnumber,characteristiclength(L c )usedisL,thehalfthicknessforaplanewall,
andouterradius,Rforthecylinderandthesphere(L c is,now,notequalto:(V/A)).
FIGURE7.9Dimensionlesstransienttemperaturesandheatflowforasphere
(iii)Inthesegraphs,(1/Bi)=0,correspondstohwhichmeansthatat=0,thesurfaceofthebodyissuddenlybroughttoa
temperatureofTaandthereaftermaintainedatTaatalltimes.
(iv)TocalculateQuptoagiventime,firstfindoutQ/QmaxfromtheGroberschartandcalculateQmaxfromQmax=mCp(TiTa).
(SeeEq.7.26).Then,Qiscalculatedas:Q=(Q/Qmax)Qmax.
(v)NotefromthepositioncorrectionchartsthatatBi<0.1(i.e.1/Bi>10),temperaturewithinthebodycanbetakenasuniform,
withoutintroducinganerrorofmorethan5%.Thiswaspreciselytheconditionforapplicationoflumpedsystemanalysis.
(vi)Asstatedearlier,itisdifficulttoreadthesechartsaccurately,sincelogarithmicscalesareinvolvedalso,thegraphsarerather
crowdedwithlines.So,useofonetermapproximationwithtabulatedvaluesofA1and1shouldbepreferred.However,thesegraphs
areextremelyusefulforaquickestimationofvaluesrequired.
Useofonetermapproximationsolutionsandthetransientconductionchartsisillustratedinthefollowingexamples.
5 2
Example7.7.Asteelplate(=1.210 m /s,k=43W/(mC)),ofthickness2L=10cm,initiallyatauniformtemperatureof
250CissuddenlyimmersedinanoilbathatTa=45C.Convectionheattransfercoefficientbetweenthefluidandthesurfacesis700
2
W/(m C).
1.Howlongwillittakeforthecentreplanetocoolto100C?
2.Whatfractionoftheenergyisremovedduringthistime?
3.Drawthetemperatureprofileintheslabatdifferenttimes.
Solution.
Data:
5 2
L:=0.05m:=1.210 m /sk:=43W/(mC)Ti:=250CTa:=45C
2
h:=700W/(m C)T0:=100C
Tocalculate:thetime,surfacetemperatureandfractionofheattransferredQ/Qmax.
max
First,checkiflumpedsystemanalysisisapplicable:
ItisnotedthatBiotnumberis>0.1so,lumpedsystemanalysisisnotapplicable.
WewilladoptHeislerchartsolutionandthenchecktheresultsfromonetermapproximationsolution.
Tofindthetimerequiredforthecentretoreach100C:
Forusingthecharts,Bi=hL/k,whichisalreadycalculated.
Fouriernumber:
Centretemperatureisgivenas100C.Therefore,calculate0:
Now,withthisvalueof0,entertheyaxisofFig.7.7,a.Movehorizontallytointersectthe1/Bi=1.229linefromthepointof
intersection,moveverticallydowntoxaxistoreadFo=2.4.
So,weget:Fo:=2.4
Surfacetemperature:
Atthesurface,x/L=1.EnterFig.7.7,bonthexaxiswithavalueof1/Bi=1.229,moveuptointersectthecurveofx/L=1,thenmove
tolefttoreadonyaxisthevalueof=0.7
Fractionofmaximumheattransferred,Q/Qmax:
WewilluseGroberschart,Fig.7.7,c:
2
WeneedBi Fotoenterthexaxis:
2
Weget:Bi Fo=1.59
Withthevalueof1.59,enterthexaxisofFig.7.7,c,moveverticallyuptointersectthecurveofBi=0.814,thenmovehorizontallyto
readQ/Qmax=0.8
i.e.fromFig.7.7c,weget:
i.e.80%oftheenergyisremovedbythetimethecentretamperaturereached100C.
Verifybyonetermapproximationsolution:
Timerequiredforthecentretoreach100C:
FromEq.7.25,a,wehave:
Centreofplanewall:
(x=0)
A1and1havetobefoundfromTable7.1,againstBi=0.814
Therefore,Eq.7.25,a,becomes:
ComparethisvaluewiththeonegotfromHeislerschart,i.e.500s.Theerrorisinreadingthechart.
Surfacetemperaturewhenthecentrehasreached100C:
Here,x/L=1,atthesurfaceoftheplate.So,weget:
Comparethiswiththevalueof83.5Cobtainedearlier.Theyarequiteclose.
Fractionofmaximumheattransferred,Q/Qmax:
i.e.75.9%oftheenergyisremovedbythetimethecentretemperaturehasreached100C.
Comparethiswiththevalueof80%obtainedearlieragain,theerrorisinreadingthecharts.
Note:Itisapparentfromthisexamplethattheerrorinvolvedinreadingthegraphscanbesubstantialthisisbecauselogarithmic
scalesareinvolvedandalsothelinesarerathercrowdedinthegraph.So,onetermapproximationwithtableofvaluesofA1and1
againstBishouldbepreferred.
Todrawtemperatureprofileintheplateatdifferenttimes:
Wehave,fortemperaturedistributionatanylocation:
BywritingFouriernumberasafunctionof,andincludingitinEq.Abelowasshown,itisensuredthatforeachnew,the
correspondingnewFoiscalculated.
Foragiven,wewillplotEq.Aagainstxthen,wewillrepeatfordifferenttimes,:
WeuseMathcadtodrawthegraph.First,definearangevariablex,varyingfrom0tosay,0.05m,withanincrementof0.001m.Then,
choosexygraphfromthegraphpalette,andfilluptheplaceholdersonthexaxisandyaxiswithxandT(x,30),respectively.Since
ouraimistoplotT(x,)fordifferentvaluesofxforgiven,startwith=30simmediately,thisgraphisdrawn,whenweclick
anywhereoutsidethegraphregion.Togetthegraphfornextvalueof=120,ontheyaxis,nexttotheearlierentry,typeacommaand
enterT(x,120)andclickanywhereoutsidethegraphregion.Repeatthisfordifferentvaluesof,asshown.SeeFig.Example7.7.
x:=0,0.001,,0.05
(definearangevariablexvaryingfromzeroto0.05m,withanincrementof0.001m)
FIGUREExample7.7Transientcoolingofalargeplate,onetermapproximationsolution
Note:
1.Notethattheabovegraphshowstemperaturedistributionforonehalfoftheplatefortheotherhalf,thetemperature
distributionwillbeidentical.
2.SeefromtheaboveFig.Example7.7howcoolingprogresseswithtime.Afteratimeperiodof25minthetemperaturesinthe
platearealmostuniformat45C.
3.Eq.AillustratesasmallpieceofMathcadprogramming.Itusestheifotherwisecondition,i.e.ifx=0,thetemperatureat
thecentreisgivenbyEq.7.25,aotherwise,temperaturedistributionisgivenbyEq.7.24,a.
3
Example7.8.Along,15cmdiametercylindricalshaftmadeofstainlesssteel304(k=14.9W/(mC),=7900kg/m ,Cp=477
6 2
J/(kgC),and=3.9510 m /s),comesoutofanovenatanuniformtemperatureof450C.Theshaftisthenallowedtocool
2
slowlyinachamberat150Cwithanaverageheattransfercoefficientof85W/(m C).
1.Determinethetemperatureatthecentreoftheshaft25minafterthestartofthecoolingprocess.
2.Determinethesurfacetemperatureatthattime,and
3.Determinetheheattransferperunitlengthoftheshaftduringthistimeperiod.
4.Drawthetemperatureprofilealongtheradiusfordifferenttimes.Solution.
Solution.
Data:
6 2 3
L:=1mR:=0.075m:=3.9510 m /sk:=14.9W/(mC)Cp:=477J/(kgC):=7900kg/m
Ti:=450CTa:=150Ch:=85W/(m2C):=1500s
Tocalculate:thecentretemperatureafertimet,surfacetemperatureandamountofheattransferredduringthisperiod.
Firstcheckiflumpedsystemanalysisisapplicable:
Tofindthecentretemperatureafteratimeperiodof1500s:
Forusingthecharts,now,rememberthatBiisdefinedas:
Now,withthevalueofFo=1.053,enterthexaxisofFig.7.8,a.Moveverticallyuptointersectthe1/Bi=2.337linefromthepointof
intersection,movehorizontallytoleft,toreadontheyaxis0=0.49.
Surfacetemperature:
Atthesurface,r/R=1.EnterFig.7.8,bonthexaxiswithavalueof1/Bi=2.337,moveuptointersectthecurveofr/R=1,thenmove
tolefttoreadonyaxisthvalueof=0.76
Amountofheattransferred,Q:
2
2
Weget:Bi Fo=0.193
readQ/Qmax=0.55
i.e.fromFig.7.8,c,weget:
Centretemperaturereachedafter25min:
FromEq.7.25,b,wehave:
Then,againfromEq.7.25,b:
Notethatthisvaluecompareswellwiththevalueof297CobtainedbyreadingHeislercharts.
Surfacetemperatureafter25min:
FromEq.7.24,b,wehave:
InEq.7.24,b,J0isthezerothorderBesselfunctionofthefirstkind.ItsvaluecanbereadfromTable7.2.However,whileusing
Mathcad,J0canbegotdirectlybytypingJ0(1)=.
i.e.J0(1)=0.817
And,whileusingMathcad,itisnotevennecessarytoseparatelyobtainthevalueofJ0(1).
SeebelowtheexpressionforT.WhilecalculatingtheexpressionforT,valueofJ0(1)isreturnedandsubstitutedautomatically,and
wegetthefinalvalueofTasshown.
Here,r/R=1,atthesurfaceofthecylinder.So,weget:
Comparethiswiththevalueof261.72Cobtainedearlierfromthecharts.Theerrorisinreadingthecharts.
FromEq.7.27,bwehave:
NoteagainthatthisvalueofQisquiteclosetothatobtainedfromGroberschart.
Todrawradialtemperaturedistributionatdifferenttimes:
Letusdrawradialtemperaturedistributionat=15min,25min,1hr.,etc.
Fouriernumberasafunctionof:
forcylinder
Foragiven,wewillplotEq.Aagainstrthen,wewillrepeatfordifferenttimes,
WeuseMathcadtodrawthegraph.First,definearangevariabler,varyingfrom0tosay,0.075m,withanincrementof0.001.Then,
choosexygraphfromthegraphpalette,andfilluptheplaceholdersonthexaxisandyaxiswithrandT(r,900),respectively.Since
ouraimistoplotfordifferentvaluesofrforgiven,startwith=900simmediately,thisgraphisdrawn,whenweclickanywhere
outsidethegraphregion.Togetthegraphfornextvalueof=1500,ontheyaxis,nexttotheearlierentry,typeacommaandenter
T(r,1500)andclickanywhereoutsidethegraphregion.Repeatthisfordifferentvaluesofasshown.SeeFig.Ex.7.8.
r:=0,0.001,,0.075
(definearangevariablervaryingfromzeroto0.075m,withanincrementof0.001m)
FIGUREExample7.8Transientcoolingofacylinder,onetermapproximationsolution
Note:
1.Seefromthefigurehowcoolingprogresseswithtime.Afteratimeperiodof2hrsthetemperaturesalongtheradiusarealmost
uniform,butisyettoreachambienttemperatureof150C.Afterabout3hrsthebodyhasalmostcometoequilibriumwiththe
ambient
2.Eq.AillustratesasmallpieceofMathcadprogramming.Itusestheifotherwisecondition,i.e.ifr=0,thetemperatureat
thecentreisgivenbyEq.7.25,botherwise,temperaturedistributionisgivenbyEq.7.24,b.
3.Observefromthegraphthatafter25min,temperatureatthecentre(r=0)is296.7Candatthesurface(r=0.075m),the
temperatureis269.9Casalreadycalculated.
Example7.9.Anapple,whichcanbeconsideredasasphereof8cmdiameter,isinitiallyatauniformtemperatureof25C.Itis
putintoafreezerat15Candtheheattransfercoefficientbetweenthesurfaceoftheappleandthesurroundingsinthefreezeris15
2 3
W/(m C).Ifthethermophysicalpropertiesofapplearegiventobe:=840kg/m ,Cp=3.6kJ/(kgC),k=0.513W/(mC),and=
7 2
1.310 m /s,determine:
1.centretemperatureoftheappleafter1hour,
2.surfacetemperatureofappleatthattime,and
3.amountofheattransferredfromtheapple.
4.drawthetemperatureprofilealongtheradiusfordifferenttimes.
Solution.
Data:
7 2 3
R:=0.04m:=1.310 m /sk:=0.513W/(mC)Cp:=3600J/(kgC):=840kg/m Ti:=25C
2
Ta:=15Ch:=15W/(m C):=3600s
Tocalculate:thecentretemperatureaftertime,surfacetemperatureandamountofheattransferredduringthisperiod.
Tofindthecentretemperatureafteratimeperiodof3600s:
Forusingthecharts,now,rememberthatBiisdefinedas:
Now,withthevalueofFo=0.292,enterthexaxisofFig.7.9,a.Moveverticallytointersectthe1/Bi=0.855linefromthepointof
intersection,movehorizontallytoleft,toreadontheyaxis0=0.45
So,weget:
Surfacetemperature:
Atthesurface,r/R=1.EnterFig.7.9,bonthexaxiswithavalueof1/Bi=0.855,moveuptointersectthecurveofr/R=1,thenmove
tolefttoreadonyaxisthevalueof=0.6
2
2
WegetBi Fo=0.4
readQ/Qmax=0.56
i.e.fromFig.7.9,c,weget:
Centretemperaturereachedafter1hr:
FromEq.7.25,c,wehave:
Then,again,fromEq.7.25,c:
Comparethisvaluewiththevalueof3Cobtainedbyreadingthegrapherrorisduetotheerrorinreadingthegraph.
Surfacetemperatureafter1hr:
Here,r/R=1,atthesurfaceofthesphere.So,weget:
Comparethisvaluewiththevalueof4.2Cobtainedbyreadingthegrapherrorisduetotheerrorinreadingthegraph.
4
NoteagainthatthisvalueofQcompareswellwith1.81110 J,obtainedfromGroberschart.
Todrawtemperatureprofilealongtheradiusatdifferenttimes:
Foragiven,wewillplotEq.Aagainstrthen,wewillrepeatfordifferenttimes,
WeuseMathcadtodrawthegraph.First,definearangevariabler,varyingfrom0tosay,0.04m,withanincrementof0.001.Then,
choosexygraphfromthegraphpalette,andfilluptheplaceholdersonthexaxisandyaxiswithrandT(r,1800),respectively.
Sinceouraimistoplotfordifferentvaluesofrforgiven,startwith=1800simmediately,thisgraphisdrawn,whenweclick
anywhereoutsidethegraphregion.Togetthegraphfornextvalueof=3600,ontheyaxis,nexttotheearlierentry,typeacomma
andenterT(r,3600)andclickanywhereoutsidethegraphregion.Repeatthisfordifferentvaluesoftasshown.SeeFig.Ex.7.9.
r:=0,0.001,,0.04
(definearangevariablervaryingfromzeroto0.04m,withanincrementof0.001m)
Note:
1.SeefromtheFig.Example7.9howcoolingprogresseswithtime.Afteratimeperiodof5hrsthetemperaturealongtheradiusis
almostuniform,butisyettoreachambienttemperatureof15C.
2.Eq.AillustratesasmallpieceofMathcadprogramming.Itusestheifotherwisecondition,i.e.ifr=0,thetemperatureat
thecentreisgivenbyEq.7.25,cotherwise,temperaturedistributionisgivenbyEq.7.24,c.
Example7.10.Alargeconcreteslab,onesideofwhichisinsulated,is60cmthickandisinitiallyat70C.Theothersideis
2
suddenlyexposedtohotcombustiongasesat1000Cwithaheattransfercoefficientof30W/(m C).Determine:
1.timerequiredfortheinsulatedsurfacetoreach500C
2.temperaturedistributioninthewallatthatinstant
3.amountofheattransferredduringthattimeperiod.
Takeaveragepropertiesofconcreteasfollows:
3 5 2
=500kg/m ,Cp=837J/(kgC),k=1.25W/(mC),anda=0.310 m /s.
Solution.
Data:
5 2 3
L:=0.6m=0.310 m /sk=1.25W/(mC),Cp=837J/(kgC),:=500kg/m Ti:=70C
2
Ta:=1000Ch:=30W/(m C)T0:=500C
Tocalculate:thetime,atwhichtemperatureofinsulatedsurfacewillreach500C,temperaturedistributionintheslabatthat
instant,andamountofheattransferredduringthisperiod.
FIGUREExample7.9Transientcoolingofasphericlapple,onetermapproximationsolution
Timerequiredfortheinsulatedsurfacetoreach500C:
Firstofall,recognisethatboundaryconditionattheinsulatedsurfaceisthesameasatthemidplaneofaslabofhalfthickness,Li.e.
dT/dxatx=0iszero.
Therefore,forthepresentcase,wetakethethicknessoftheslabasL.
Wewillsolvethisproblembyonetermapproximationsolution:
Eq.7.25,aisalsovalidfortheinsulatedsurfaceofawallofthicknessL,asexplainedabove.
Therefore,Eq.7.25,abecomes:
Toplotthetemperaturedistributionintheslabwhen=13.417hrs:
Wehavetodrawtemperatureasafunctionofposition(i.e.x)forgivenof13.417hrs.
WeuseEq.7.24a,i.e.
Therefore,wewrite:
ToplottheT(x,)usingMathcad,wefirstdefinearangevariablexfromzerotoL=0.6m,andthenselectthexygraphfromthe
graphpalette.Ontheplaceholderonthexaxis,fillinxandontheplaceholderontheyaxis,fillinT(x,).Clickanywhereoutside
thegraphregionandthegraphappears.
x:=0,0.01,,0.6
(rangevariablexfromzeroto0.6mwithanincrementof0.01m)
FIGUREExample7.10Transienttemperaturedistributioninaninsulatedslabattheinstant=13.417hrs
Remember:xismeasuredfromtheinsulatedsurface.
Amountofheattransferredperunitsurfacearea,Q:
FromEq.7.27a,wehave:
PositivevalueofQindicatesthatheatistransferredintotheslab.
7.7 One-dimensional Transient Conduction in Semi-infinite Solids

Asolidwhichhasoneexposedsurfaceandextendstoinfinityinotherdirectionsisknownasasemiinfinitesolid.So,changein
boundaryconditionattheexposedsurfaceinitiatestemperaturetransientsinthesolid.Onedimensionaltransientheatconductionin
semiinfinitesolids,withoutheatgeneration,isofinterestbecauseofmanypracticalapplications.Commonexampleisthatofearths
surfacesubjectedtochangesintheambientconditions,thuscausingtransientconditionsinthesoilatsomedepthfromthesurface
or,inthecaseofathickslab,whentheexposedsurfaceissubjectedtoatemperaturevariation,intheearlystageswhentheeffectisnot
feltatthedistantsurface,itcanbeidealisedasasemiinfinitesolid,tosolvethetransientconditionsnearthesurface.
Considerasemiinfinitesolid,extendingfromx=0tox=.initiallyatauniformtemperature,Ti.Thereisnointernalenergy
generation.Now,ifthereisachangeinthethermalconditionsattheexposedsurfaceatx=0,transientconditionswillbeinducedin
thesolid.Fig.7.10illustratesthreepossibleboundaryconditionsatthesurface:
Case(i):Constantsurfacetemperature:
SeeFig.7.10(a).ThesolidisinitiallyatauniformtemperatureTiandfortimes>0,theboundarysurfaceatx=0ismaintainedat
temperatureTo.StartingwiththedifferentialEq.foronedimensional,timedependentconduction,fortheseboundaryconditions,the
nondimensionaltemperaturedistributioninthesolidisobtainedas:
where,erf()istheGaussianerrorfunctiondefinedas:
FIGURE7.10Onedimensionaltransientconductioninsemiinfinitesolids
TABLE7.3Valuesoferrorfunction
Errorfunctionisastandardmathematicalfunction.ItisintegratednumericallyandthevaluesaretabulatedinTable7.3
GaussianerrorfunctionisalsoshownplottedinFig.7.11.
FIGURE7.11Gaussianerrorfunctionerf()vs.
RememberagainthatinFig.7.11,quantitiesplottedonxaxisandyaxisarerespectivelyanderf(),withthedefinition:
fromEq.7.29
Then,fromEq.7.29,wehavethetemperaturedistributionas:
Oncethetemperaturedistributionisknown,heatfluxatanypointisobtainedbyapplyingFourierslaw,i.e.
PerformingthedifferentiationonT(x,)givenbyEq.7.31byLeibnitzsrule,weget,
SubstitutingthisinFourierslaw,weget:
Heatflowrateatthesurface(x=0):
Puttingx=0inEq.7.32,
Totalheatflowduring=0to=:
ThisisobtainedbyintegratingEq.7.33from=0to=.
Criteriontoapplytheserelationsforafiniteslab:
ForaslaboffinitethicknessL,aboverelationsforasemiinfiniteslabcanbeappliedif:
Penetrationdepthandpenetrationtime:
Penetrationdepthisthedistancefromthesurfacewherethetemperaturechangeiswithin1%ofthechangeinthesurface
temperature,i.e.
FromTable7.3,thiscorrespondsto:
i.e.penetrationdepth,disgivenby:
Penetrationtimeisthetimetakenforthesurfaceperturbationtobefeltatthatdepth.Therefore,
Case(ii):Constantsurfaceheatflux:
SeeFig.7.10(b).ThesolidisinitiallyatauniformtemperatureTi,andfortimes>0,theboundarysurfaceatx=0issubjectedtoa
2
constantheatfluxqo.(W/m ).Then,thetemperaturedistributioninthesolidisgivenas:
where,erfistheerrorfunctiondefinedealier.
Case(iii):Convectionattheexposedsurface:
SeeFig.7.10(c).ThesolidisinitiallyatauniformtemperatureTi,andfortimes>0,theboundarysurfaceatx=0issubjectedto
convectionwithafluidattemperatureTaandheattransfercoefficient,h.
Then,anenergybalanceatthesurfacegives:
and,thenondimensionaltemperaturedistributioninthesolidisgivenas:
TorepresentEq.7.36ingraphicalform:
then and,Eq.7.36canbewrittenas:
Letusplot(,)againstzforvariousvaluesof
WeuseMathcadtodrawthegraph.First,definearangevariablevaryingfrom0tosay,1.8,withanincrementof0.05.Then,choose
xygraphfromthegraphpalette,andfilluptheplaceholdersonthexaxisandyaxiswithand(0.05,),respectively.Sinceour
aimistoplot(,)fordifferentvaluesofforgiven,startwith=0.05immediately,thisgraphisdrawn,whenweclickanywhere
outsidethegraphregion.Togetthegraphfornextvalueof=0.1,ontheyaxis,nexttotheearlierentry,typeacommaandenter
(0.1,),andclickanywhereoutsidethegraphregiontogetthenextgraph,Repeatthisfordifferentvaluesofasshown.
:=0,0.05,,1.8
(definearangevariablevaryingfromzeroto1.8,withanincrementof0.05)
FIGURE7.12Nondimensionaltemperatureforasemiinfinitesolidwithconvectiononitssurface
Rememberagain,thatintheabovegraph,definitionofandareasfollows:
Theuppermostcurveinthegraphisforverylarge,andcanbetakenasfor=Itsignifiesh=andthisimpliesthatconvection
resistanceisequaltozeroandthetemperatureofthesurfaceisequaltothatofthefluidinotherwords,thiscaseisequivalenttothe
case(i)alreadystudied,wheresurfacetemperaturewassuddenlychangedtoTo,andthenmaintainedatthattemperatureforalltimes
>0.
4 2
Example7.11.Athickcopperslab(=1.110 m /s,k=380W/(mC))isinitiallyatauniformtemperatureof250C.Suddenly,
itssurfacetemperatureisloweredto60C.
1.Howlongwillittakethetemperatureatadepthof3cmtoreach100C?
2.Whatistheheatfluxatthesurfaceatthattime?
3.Whatisthetotalamountofheatremovedfromtheslabperunitsurfaceareatillthattime?
Solution.
Data
4 2
:=1.110 m /sk:=380W/(mC)Ti:=250CT0:=60Cx:=0.03mT:=100C
Tofindthetimerequiredtoreach100Catadepthof0.03m,surfaceheatfluxandamountofheattransferredduringthisperiod.
Timerequiredtoreach100Catadepthof3cmfromthesurface:
Sincethisisaverylargeslab,wewillconsideritasasemiinfinitemedium,withthesurfacesuddenlybroughttoandmaintainedata
constanttemperature,To.Thisbelongstocase(i),refertoFig.7.10(a).
So,Eq.7.29isapplicable,togettemperaturevariationasfunctionofpositionandtime,i.e.
Now,weget: sincealltemperaturesaregiven.
FromTable7.3forvaluesoferrorfunction,orfromFig.7.11,itisseenthat:
Heatfluxatthesurface:
ThisisobtainedfromEq.7.33,i.e.
Note:negativesignindicatesthatenergyisleavingthesurface,whichistrue,sincetheslabisbeingcooled.
Totalamountofheatremoved,perunitsurfacearea:
ThisisobtainedbyintegratingEq.7.33from=0to=,andisgivenbyEq.7.34,i.e.
Note:again,negativesignindicatesthatheatisleavingtheslab.
5 2
Example7.12.Alargeblockofsteel(=1.410 m /s,k=45W/(mC))isinitiallyatauniformtemperatureof25C.Suddenly,
5 2
itssurfaceisexposedtoaconstantheatfluxof310 W/m .Calculatethetemperatureatadepthof3cmafteraperiodof1min.
Solution.
Data:
5 2 5 2
:=1.410 m /sk:=45W/(mC)Ti:=25Cq0:=310 W/m x:=0.03m:=60s

Tofindthetemperatureafteraperiodoftime=60s,atadepthof0.03m.
Temperatureatadepthof3cm,afteratimeperiodof60s:
Thisisthecaseofasemiinfiniteslab,withconstantheatfluxconditionsatitsexposedsurface.So,thisiscase(ii),referFig.7.10(b).
Substitutingandcalculating,weget,
Substitutingandcalculating,weget,
i.e.T(x,)=98.949C
(temperatureatadepthof3cm,afteratimeperiodof60s.)
Note:InMathcad,thereisnoneedtoseparatelyfindouterf()andsubstitute,etc.Allcalculationsaredoneinonestep,sinceerror
functionisoneofthebuiltinfunctionsinMathcad.
7 2
Example7.13.Athickconcreteslab(=710 m /s,k=1.37W/(mC))isinitiallyatauniformtemperatureof350C.Suddenly,
2
itssurfaceissubjectedtoconvectivecoolingwithaheattransfercoefficienth=100W/(m C)intoanambientat30C.Calculatethe
temperature8cmfromthesurface,1hafterthestartofcooling.
Solution.
Data:
7 2 2
:=710 m /sk:=1.37W/(m.C)Ti:=350CTa:=30Ch:=100W/(m C)
x:=0.08m:=3600s
Tofindthetemperatureafteraperiodoftime=3600s,atadepthof0.08m.
Temperatureatadepthof8cm,afteratimeperiodof3600s:
Thisisthecaseofasemiinfiniteslab,withconvectionconditionsatitsexposedsurface.So,thisiscase(iii),referFig.7.10(c).
Therefore,
i.e.T(x,)=287.811C
(temperatureatadepthof8cm,afteratimeperiodof3600s.)
Again,notetheeasewithwhichaboveexpressioniscalculatedinMathcad.
Exercise:CheckthisresultfromFig.7.12.
Toshowgraphicallytheprogressofcoolingatvarioustimes:
Itisinterestingtoseehowthecoolingoftheslabprogresseswithtime.So,letuscalculatethetemperaturesreachedbythesamepoint,
i.e.atadepthof8cmfromthesurface,fordifferenttimeperiods:
:=0.1,0.2,,15

(definearangevariable,varyingfrom0.1hrtosay,15hratanintervalof0.1hr)
FIGUREExample7.13SemiinfiniteslabwithconvectionatitssurfaceTemperatureofapoint8cmbelowthesurfaceforvarious
timeperiods,
Note:Seefromtheabovegraphthatafterabout15hrsthetemperatureofthepoint8cmbelowthesurfaceisapproachinga
temperatureof100C.
Example7.14.Inareaswhereambienttemperaturedropstosubzerotemperaturesandremainssoforprolongedperiods,freezing
ofwaterinundergroundpipelinesisamajorconcern.Itisofinteresttoknowatwhatdepththewaterpipesshouldbeburiedsothat
thewaterdoesnotfreeze.
Ataparticularlocation,thesoilisinitiallyatauniformtemperatureof15Candthesoilissubjectedtoasubzerotemperatureof
20Ccontinuouslyfor50days.
1.Whatistheminimumburialdepthrequiredtoensurethatthewaterinthepipesdoesnotfreeze?,i.e.pipesurfacetemperature
shouldnotfallbelow0C.
2.Plotthetemperaturedistributionsinthesoilfordifferenttimesi.e.after1day,1week,etc.Propertiesofsoilmaybetakenas:
6 2 3
=0.13810 m /s,=2050kg/m ,k=0.52W/(mK),Cp=1840J/kg.K.
Solution.
Data:
6 2
:=0.13810 m /sk:=0.52W/(mC)Ti:=15CT0:=20CT:=0.0C:=50243600s
6
i.e.=4.3210 s(timedurationofexposureofsoiltosubzerotemperature)
Tofindthedepthxrequiredtoreach0Cundertheseconditions.
Depthatwhichtemperaturereaches0C:
Weshallconsiderearthssurfaceasasemiinfinitemedium,withthesurfacesuddenlybroughttoandmaintainedataconstant
temperature,To.Thisbelongstocase(i),refertoFig.7.10(a).
Now,weget: sincealltemperaturesaregiven.
FromTable7.3forvaluesoferrorfunction,orfromFig.7.11,itisseenthat:
Toplotthetemperaturedistributionsinthesoilatadepthof1mfordifferenttimes,:
Again,weuseEq.7.29.Fromthisequationtemperatureasafunctionofxandtiswrittenas:
ToplotEq.Aagainstxfordifferentt,inMathcad,firstofalldefinearangevariablexvaryingfrom0to1matanintervalof,say,0.01
m.Then,selectxygraphfromthegraphpaletteandfillintheplaceholderonthexaxiswithxandtheplaceholderontheyaxiswith
T(x,1),T(x,2 ),T(x,3 )etc.where1,2 aredifferenttimes,asdesired.Takecarethatisenteredins.Thenclickanywhere
outsidethegraphregionandthegraphappearsimmediately.
x:=0,0.01,,1
(definearangevariablex,varyingfrom0to1m,withanincrementof0.01m)
NotefromtheFig.Example7.14that:
1.evenafteraperiodof50daysofexposureofthesurfacetoanambientat20C,temperatureatadepthof1mhasreachedonly
about2.5C.
2.after50days,freezingtemperatureof0Cisreachedatadepthof0.863m,ascalculated.
3.slopeofthetemperaturecurve,dT/dx,atthesurface(i.e.atx=0)decreasesastimeincreasesthismeansthat,heatextracted
fromthesurfacedecreasesastimeincreases.
FIGUREExample7.14SemiinfinitemediumTemperaturevariationin1mdepthforsuddenchangeinsurfacetemperatureafter
differenttimes
7.8 Transient Heat Conduction in Multi-dimensional Systems Product Solution

Insections7.6and7.7weconsideredonetermapproximatesolutionsandHeislerchartsolutionsforinfiniteplates,longcylinders,
spheresandalsoforasemiinfinitemedium.Underlyingassumptionsthroughoutwere:onedimensionalconductionandnointernal
heatgeneration.However,therearemanypracticalcaseswhereassumptionofonedimensionalconductionmaynotbevalid,i.e.
temperaturegradientsmaybesignificantinmorethanonedimension.Forexample,inashortcylinderwhoselengthiscomparable
todiameter,itisintuitivelyclearthattemperaturegradientswillbesignificantinboththelongitudinalandradialdirections,i.e.the
heattransferwillbetwodimensional.Similarly,foralongrectangularbar,itisreasonabletosaythatheattransferwillbesignificant
inboththexandydirections,andinaparallelepiped,heattransferwillbethreedimensional.
7.8.1 Temperature Distribution in Transient Conduction in Multi-dimensional Systems

Someofthecommontwodimensionalgeometriesofinterestare:ashortcylinder,semiinfinitecylinder,infiniterectangularbar,etc.
Thesegeometriescanbeimaginedtobeobtainedbytheintersectionofanytwooftheonedimensionalsystemsstudiedaboveandfor
whichonetermapproximatesolutionsorchartsolutionsareavailable.Justtogiveanexample,ashortcylinderofradiusRandlength
2LcanbeimaginedtobeobtainedbytheintersectionofalongcylinderofradiusRandaninfiniteplateofthickness2Laninfinite
rectangularbarofsides2L 1and2L 2 isobtainedbytheintersectionoftwoinfiniteplatesofthickness2L 1and2L 2 respectively,etc.
Now,insuchcases,ithasbeenshown(proofisbeyondthescopeofthisbook)thatforatwodimensionalsystem,withnointernal
heatgeneration,itispossibletoconstructthesolutionsfordimensionlesstemperaturedistributionintransientheatconduction,by
combiningthesolutionsofdimensionlesstemperaturedistributionsobtainedforonedimensionaltransientconduction,i.e.the
desiredtwodimensionalsolutionisgivenasaproductoftheonedimensionalsolutionsoftheindividualsystemswhichformthe
twodimensionalbodybytheirintersection.So,ingeneral,wewrite:
LHSofEq.7.38referstothetwoorthreedimensionalbodyunderconsiderationandsystem1,system2etc.aretheonedimensional
systemswhichbytheirintersectionformthebody.(/i)isthedimensionlesstemperaturedistributionoftheonedimensional
system,whichisavailablefromHeislerchartsoronetermapproximationsolutions.
SomeofthecombinationsofsuchonedimensionalsystemsandtheresultingtwodimensionalbodiesareshowninFig.7.13.
Rememberthatforasemiinfinitesolid,xcoordinateismeasuredfromthesurface,andfortheplanewall,itismeasuredfromthe
midplane.InFig.7.13,forconvenience,weusethefollowingnotations:
Withthisnotation,twodimensionalsolutionforalong,rectangularbarisgivenby:
And,twodimensionalsolutionforashortcylinderisgivenby:
FIGURE7.13(a)Semiinfiniteplate
FIGURE7.13(b)Infiniterectangularbar
FIGURE7.13(c)Semiinfiniterectangularbar
FIGURE7.13(d)Rectangularparallelepiped
FIGURE7.13(e)Semiinfinitecylinder
FIGURE7.13(f)Shortcylinder
ImportantNote:
1.Dimensionlesstemperaturesfortheonedimensionalsystemsusedtoformtheproductsolutionforthetwo/threedimensional
body,mustbechosenatthecorrectlocations.Indoingso,alwaysrememberthatforasemiinfiniteplate,xismeasuredfrom
thesurfaceandforaninfiniteplate,xismeasuredfromthemidplane.
2.Iftemperatureistobecalculatedafteragiventimeforthemultidimensionalbody,thesolutionisstraightforward,asshown
however,ifthetimeistobecalculatedtoattainagiventemperature,then,atrialanderrorsolutionwillberequired.
7.8.2 Heat Transfer in Transient Conduction in Multi-dimensional Systems

IthasbeenshownthatheattransferinamultidimensionalbodyintransientconductioncanbeobtainedbyusingtheGrobercharts
(seeFigs.7.7,7.8and7.9)forQ/Qmaxfortheonedimensionalsystemsconstitutingthegivenmultidimensionalbody.
Forabodyformedbytheintersectionoftwoonedimensionalsystems1and2,wehave:
Forabodyformedbytheintersectionofthreeonedimensionalsystems1,2and3,wehave:
5 2
Example7.15.Arectangularaluminiumbar8cmx5cm(=8.410 m /s,k=200W/(mC),Cp=890J/(kgC),=2700
3
kg/m ),isinitiallyatauniformtemperatureofTi=200C.Suddenly,thesurfacesaresubjectedtoconvectivecoolingintoanambient
2
atTa=20C,withtheconvectionheattransfercoefficientbetweenthefluidandthesurfacesbeing300W/(m C).Determinethe
centretemperatureofthebarafter1minfromthestartofcooling
Solution.Recognisethatthisisthecaseofaninfiniterectangularbar(Fig.7.13b),formedbytheintersectionoftwoinfiniteplates,
oneofthickness2L 1=8cmandtheother,2L 2 =5cm.
Therefore,productsolutioncanbeadoptedtogetdimensionlesstemperaturedistribution.
Data:
5 2 3
L 1:=0.04mL 2 :=0.025m:=8.410Enjoy Safari? Subscribe Today
m /sk:=200W/(mC):=2700kg/m
2
2
Cp:=890J/(kgC)Ti:=200CTa:=20Ch:=600W/(m C):=60s
Tofind:thecentretemperatureT0,aftertime,surfacetemperatureandamountofheattransferred
Centretemperatureoftheslab:
Solutionisgivenastheproductofthesolutionsfortwoinfiniteslabs1and2:
Fordimensionlesstemperatureatthecentreofthewall,weuseEq.7.25,a:
Fordimensionlesstemperatureatthecentreofthewall,weagainuseEq.7.25,a:
Therefore,dimensionlesscentretemperatureforthetwodimensionalslabisgivenbytheproductsolution:
Exercise:Findouttheamountofheattransferredpermetrelength,Q.Alsosolvethisproblem,usingHeislerandGrobercharts.see
Fig.7.7.
5
Example7.16.Ashort,brasscylinder(k=110W/(mC),=8530kg/m3,Cp=389J/(kgC),and=3.3910 m2/s),of8cm
diameterandheight15cmisinitiallyatauniformtemperatureofTi=200C.Thecylinderisplacedinaconvectiveenvironmentat
2
40Cforcoolingwithanaverageheattransfercoefficientof500W/(m C).
1.Determinethetemperatureatthecentreofthecylinder2minafterthestartofthecoolingprocess.
2.Determinethecentretemperatureofthetopsurfaceatthattime,and
3.Determinetheheattransferfromthecylinderduringthistimeperiod.
4.Drawthetemperaturetimehistoryforthecentreoftheshortcylinder
Solution.
Data:
5 2
L:=0.075mR:=0.04m:=3.3910 m /sk:=110W/(mC)Cp:=389J/(kgC)
3 2
:=8530kg/m Ti:=200CTa:=40Ch:=500W/(m C):=120s
RecognisethatthisshortcylindercanbeconsideredtobeformedbytheintersectionofalongcylinderofradiusR=4cmandaplane
wallofthickness2L=15cm.SeeFig.7.13(f).
Therefore,productsolutioncanbeused.WeapplyEq.7.41,i.e.
Temperatureatthecentreofcylinder:
(0,0,)=wall(0,)cyl(0,)
Fordimensionlesscentretemperatureofplanewall:
Fordimensionlesstemperatureatthecentreofthewall,weuseEq.7.25,a:
Centreofplanewall:
Fordimensionlesscentretemperatureofcylinder:
Temperatureatthecentreoftopsurfaceofcylinder:
(0,L,)short_cyl=wall(L,)cyl(0,)
Notethatcentreoftopsurfaceoftheshortcylinderisstillatthecentreofthelongcylinder(r=0)andattheoutersurfaceof
intersectingplanewall(x=L).First,findthesurfacetemperatureoftheplanewall:x=L=0.075m
Now, and,weuseEq.7.24,a:
Heattransferfromtheshortcylinder:
WeuseEq.7.42: Enjoy Safari? Subscribe Today
First,determineQmax:
Now,dimensionlessheattransferratioQ/Qmaxisdeterminedforboththegeometriesfromeqns.(7.27),orfromGroberscharts,i.e.
Figs.7.7(c)and7.8(c).
Fortheplanewall:
Now,applyEq.7.42:
Exercise:WorkoutthisproblemusingtheHeislercharts&Groberscharts.
Todrawtemperaturetimehistoryforcentreofshortcylinder:
Letusrewritethevaluesof1andA1forwallandcylinderasfollows:
Forinfinitewall:
Bi:=0.34091
Therefore:wall:=0.55107
and,Awall:=1.05033
Forinfinitecylinder
Bi:=0.18182
Therefore:cyl:=0.58545
and,Acyl:=1.04403
Fouriernumberofwallasafunctionof:
Fouriernumberofcylinderasafunctionof:
Wehavefordimensionlesscentretemperatures:
Then,centretemperatureoftheshortcylinderisgivenasafunctionoftimeasfollows:
FIGURE7.16Example7.16Temperaturetimehistoryforcentretemperatureofashortcylinder
Note:
1.Notefromthegraphthatcentretemperaturereachestheambienttemperatureafterabout600s.
2.Eq.AisapieceofMathcadprogramming.LHSdefinesthefunctionT()ontheRHS,thereare4lines.Firstlinedefines
dimensionlesscentretemperatureofinfinitewall,nextlinedefinesdimensionlesscentretemperatureoflongcylinderthird
linedefinesdimensionlesscentretemperatureofshortcylinderandthelastlinedefinesthetemperatureatthecentreofshort
cylinder.
3.BydefiningFouriernumberasafunctionofweensurethatforeachnew,newvaluesofFoarecalculatedforthewallaswell
asthecylinder.
4.Abovegraphisimportant,particularlywhentheproblemistofindthetimerequiredforthecentreoftheshortcylinderto
reachagiventemperature.Then,constructtheabovegraphandthenreadoffthevalueoftimeagainstthedesiredtemperature.
Forexample,fromthegraph,weseethattimerequiredforthecentretemperaturetoreach85Cisabout150s.
5.Wecanalsousethesolveblocktofindaccuratelythetimerequiredforthecentretemperaturetoreach85C,asshownbelow.
6.Intheabovegraph,a=0,centretemperatureisshownas215.5Candnot200Cthiserrorisduetothefactthattwoone
termapproximationsolutionsaremultipliedtogether.
InterpolationwithMathcad:
Inalltheaboveexamples,A1and1forgivenBiwerefoundoutbymanualinterpolationfromTable7.1.However,thisinterpolation
canbedoneeasilyandaccuratelyinMathcad,asfollows:First,prepareTable7.1asanASCIIfile,withthename:Coeff.prn.Then,read
thisfileintoamatrixMbythecommandREADPRN,asfollows:
M:=READPRN(Coeff.prn)
Then,extractthecolumnsofthismatrixtogetBiotnumberandvaluesof1andA1forplanewall,cylinderandsphere.Rememberthat
columnsofthematrixaregenerallynumberedstartingfromzero.MatrixMhas7columns:0,1,6.0thcolumngivesavectorofBiot
numbers,1stcolumngivesvaluesforwall,2ndcolumngivesA1valuesforwall,3rdand4thcolumnsgive1andA1valuesforcylinder
and,5thand6thcolumnsgive1andA1valuesforsphere,respectively.
Then,usethelinterpfunctionforlinearinterpolation.Here,eachcolumnmusthavethesamenumberofvalues.Iftherearetwo
vectorsXandYgivingaseriesofxandyvalues,foranygivenxvalue,yvalueisobtainedby:linterp(X,Y,xvalue).Thiscommand
performsthelinearinterpolationtogivetheyvaluecorrespondingtodesiredxvalue.
Letusdefinefunctionstoquicklyget1andA1forwall,cylinderandsphere,forgivenBiotnumber:
CompactMathcadprogramtofindthecentretemperatureofshortcylinder:
AboveproblemcanbesolvedinasinglestepbythefollowingMathcadprogram:
LHSoftheaboveprogramdefinesthecentretemperatureoftheshortcylinderasafunctionofthevariablesL,R,h,k,Ti,Ta,and.
RHShas12lines.FirsttwolinesdefinetheBiotnumberforwallandcylinder,respectively.In3rdand4thlines,wegetthe1andA1
forthewallusingtheinterpolationfunctionsdefinedearlier.In5thand6thlines1andA1arecalculatedforthelongcylinder.In7th
and8thlines,Fouriernumbersarecalculatedforwallandcylinder,respectively.Centretemperaturesofwallandlongcylinderare
calculatedinlines9and10,respectively.In11thline,dimensionlesscentretemperatureofshortcylinderiscalculatedasaproduct
solution.Finally,thelastlinegivesthetemperatureatthecentreoftheshortcylinder.
Advantageofthisprogramisthatitisquickandgivesaccuratecalculationofthefinalresult,i.e.thecentretemperatureoftheshort
cylinder.However,thedisadvantageisthatvaluescalculatedintheintermediatestepsarenotavailableoutsidetheprogram.
Fortheaboveproblem:
5 2
5 2
L:=0.075mR:=0.04m:=3.3910 m /sk:=110W/(mC)Ti:=200CTa:=40C
2
h:=5000W/(m C):=120s
Therefore,weget:
Comparethiswiththevalueof98.93Cobtainedearlier.Differenceisduetothetruncationerrorscreptintothesolutioninthe
earliercase.
7.9 Summary of Basic Equations

BasicrelationsderivedinthischapteraresummarisedbelowinTable7.4,forconvenienceandreadyreference.
TABLE7.4Basicrelationsfortransientconduction
Relation Comments
Governingdifferential
equationinCartesiancords.
foronedimensional,
transientcond.withoutheat
generation.
Lumpedsystemanalysis,
Fouriernumber,
orrelativetime
Timeconstant(seconds)
Instantaneousheattransfer
rate
Totalheattransferfromtime
=0to
Qmax=mCp(TaTi),J Maximumheattransfer
Temperaturedistribution
whentransientconditionis
inducedbymixedB.C.(e.g.a
slabwithconstantheatflux,
q,atonesurfaceand
convectionattheother
surface)
Timerequiredtoattaina
giventemperatureinthe
abovecase
Steadystatetemperaturefor
theabovecase(obtainedby
putting=,inEq.7.20
Onetermapproximation
solutionforplanewall
solutionforlongcylinder
solutionforasphere
centretemperatureforplane
wall
centretemperatureforlong
cylinder
centretemperaturefor
sphere
Dimensionlessheattransfer
forlarge,planewall
forlongcylinder
forasphere
Semiinfiniteslab:
Dimensionlesstemperature
distributioninasemi
infiniteslab,surface
temperaturesuddenly
changedtoT0
Temperaturedistributionin
asemiinfiniteslab,surface
temperaturesuddenly
changedtoT0
Heatflowrateatthesurface,
forabovecase
Totalheatflowduringtime
periodfortheabovecase
Semiinfiniteslab:
Temperaturedistributioninasemiinfiniteslab,surfaceissubjectedtoconstantheatflux,q0:
Semiinfiniteslab:
Temperaturedistributioninasemiinfiniteslab,surfaceissubjectedtoconvectionatitssurface:
Multidimensionaltransientconduction:
Temperaturedistributionforabodyformedbyintersectionofthreebodies:
Temperaturedistributioninlong,rectangularbar:
Temperaturedistributioninshortcylinder:
Heattransferintwodimensionaltransientconduction:
Heattransferinthreedimensionaltransientconduction:
7.10 Summary
Inthischapter,wedealtwithtransientconduction,i.e.timedependentconduction,forthreeimportant,simplegeometries,namely,
planeslab,longcylinderandsphere.Ingeneral,intransientconduction,temperaturewithinthebodydependsbothontimeand
spatialcoordinates.However,whentheresistanceforconductionwithinthebodyisnegligibleascomparedtotheconvective
resistanceatthesurfaceofthebody,analysisbecomessimplerandweadoptlumpedsystemanalysis,i.e.thewholebodyheatsupor
coolsdownasalump,andthetemperaturewithinthebodyisuniform,andisafunctionoftimeonly.Thisischaracterisedbythe
valueofnondimensionalBiotnumber(Bi)beinglessthan0.1.WhenBiotnumberismorethan0.1,resultsfortemperature
distributionbecomemorecomplicatedandareobtainedasinfiniteseries.However,ifthenondimensionaltime,Fouriernumber
(Fo)ismorethan0.2,itisfoundthatconsideringonlythefirsttermoftheinfiniteseriesandneglectingrestoftheterms,introduces
anerrorofnomorethan2%.Suchanapproximatesolutionisknownasonetermapproximation.Coefficientsforuseintheone
termapproximationhavebeentabulated.Now,thesameresultsarepresentedingraphicalformtoo,knownasHeislerchartsforall
thethreegeometriesconsidered.However,thesegraphsaresubjecttoreadingerrorsand,wheneverbetteraccuracyisdesired,
relationsforonetermapproximationshouldbeused.
Dimensionlessheattransferduringtransientconductionmaybeobtainedeitherfromonetermapproximaionsolutions,orfromthe
Groberscharts,alsogivenforthethreegeometries.
Productsolutionwasexplainedformultidimensionaltransientconduction,whenthetemperaturevariationinagivenbodycannot
beconsideredasonedimensional,ifthebodyinquestioncouldbeconsideredashavingbeenformedbytheintersectionoftwoor
moreonedimensionalsystemsforwhichsolutionsareavailable.
Justasinthecaseofsteadystateconduction,intransientconductiontooanalyticalmethodshavetheirlimitation,i.e.difficultyin
takingintoaccountcomplexshapeofthebody,varyingboundaryconditions,oraccountingforvaryingthermophysicalpropertiesand
heattransfercoefficients.Insuchcases,numericalmethodsshouldbepreferredsinceitissimpletohandlesuchproblemswith
numericalmethods.
Inthenextchapter,weshallstudynumericalmethods,asappliedtosteadystateandtransientconduction.
Questions
1.Differentiatebetweentransientconductionandsteadystateconduction.
2.Whatdoyouunderstandbylumpedsystemanalysis?Whataretheunderlyingassumptions?Whatisthecriteriontoapply
lumpedsystemanalysis?
3.Explaintheimportanceandphysicalsignificanceof:BiotnumberandFouriernumber,intransientconduction.
4.Inwhichsituationislumpedsystemanalysislikelytobeapplicableinwaterorinair?Why?
5.Withusualnotations,showthattemperaturedistributioninabodyduringNewtonianheatingorcoolingisgivenby:
6.Fortransientconductionwithnegligibleinternalresistance,provethat:
7.DiscusstheeffectofBiotnumberandFouriernumberontimeconstantofathermocouple.[M.U.]
8.WhatareHeislercharts?Explaintheirsignificanceinsolvingtransientconductionproblems.[V.T.U.]
9.Whatismeantbyonetermapproximationsolution?Whenisitapplicable?
10.WhatistheuseofGroberscharts?
11.Whatdoyoumeanbyasemiinfinitemedium?Inwhatsituationstheassumptionofsemiinfinitemediumappropriate?
12.Explaintheproductsolutionmethodformultidimensionaltransientconductionproblems.Whatisthemainprecautiontobe
takenwhileusingthismethod?
Problems
Lumpedsystemanalysis:
1.Alargecopperslab,5cmthickatauniformtemperatureof350C,suddenlyhasitssurfacetemperatureloweredto30C.Find
3
thetimeatwhichtheslabtemperaturebecomes100C.Given:p=9000kg/m ,Cp=0.38kJ/(kgK),k=370W/(mK),h=100
2
W/(m K).Also,findouttherateofcoolingafter60seconds.

3
2.Analuminiumplate(=2707kg/m ,Cp=0.896kJ/(kgC),andk=200W/(mC))ofthickness3cmisataninitial,uniform
2
temperatureof40C.Suddenly,itissubjectedtouniformheatfluxq=7000W/m ,ononesurfacewhiletheothersurfaceis
2
exposedtoanairstreamat20C,withaheattransfercoefficientofh=60W/(m C).
1.Islumpedsystemanalysisapplicabletothiscase?
2.Ifyes,plotthetemperatureoftheplateasafunctionoftime,and
3.Whatisthetemperatureoftheplateinsteadystate?
3
3.Ahouseholdelectricironhasanaluminiumbase(=2700kg/m ,Cp=0.896kJ/(kgC),andk=200W/(mC)),whichweighs
2
1.4kg.Totalareaofironis0.05m andisheatedwitha500Wheatingelement.Initially,theironisatambienttemperatureof
20C.Howlongwillittakefortheirontoreach120Conceitisswitchedon?Takeheattransfercoefficientbetweenironandthe
2
ambientairas18W/(m K).
4.Acopperballof8cmdiameter,initiallyatauniformtemperatureof350Cissuddenlyplacedinanenvironmentat90C.Heat
3
transfercoefficienth,betweentheballandthefluidiscopper,Cp=0.383kJ/(kgK),=8954kg/m ,k=386W/(mK).Calculate
thetimerequiredfortheballtoreachatemperatureof150C.Also,findtherateofcoolingafter1hr.Showgraphicallyhowthe
temperatureofthespherefallswithtime.
5.A12mmdiameter,mildsteelsphereinitiallyatauniformtemperatureof540Cissuddenlyplacedinanairstreamat27C,with
2 3
aheattransfercoefficienthof114W/(m C).Formildsteel,cp=0.475kJ/(kgK),=7850kg/m ,k=42.5W/(mK),a=0.043
2
m /hr.
1.Calculatethetimerequiredfortheballtoreachatemperatureof95C.
2.Also,findtheinstantaneousheattransferratetwominutesafterthecommencementofcooling.[V.T.U.]
6.Asteelbarofdiameter6cmistobeannealedbycoolingitslowlyfrom850Cto150Cinanambientat30C.Heattransfer
2
coefficientbetweenthesurfaceofthebarandtheambientis40W/(m C).Determinethetimerequiredforannealing.Forsteel,cp
3
=0.5kJ/(kgK),=7800kg/m ,k=50W/(mK).
7.Aneggwithameandiameterof40mmandinitiallyat20Cisplacedinboilingwaterfor4minandfoundtobeboiledtothe
consumerstaste.Forhowlongshouldasimilareggforthesameconsumerbeboiledwhentakenfromarefrigeratorat5C?Take
3
thefollowingpropertiesfortheegg:Cp=2.0kJ/(kgK),=1200kg/m ,k=10W/(mK).
2
Takevalueofheattransfercoefficienth=100W/(m C).
[M.U.]
8.Athermocouplejunctionisintheformof4mmdiametersphere.PropertiesofthematerialareCp=420J/(kgK),=8000
3 2
kg/m ,k=40W/(mK),Thisjunction,initiallyat40C,isinsertedinastreamofhotairat300C,withh=45W/(m K).Find:
1.timeconstantofthethermocouple.
2.thermocoupleistakenoutfromhotairafter10secandiskeptinstillairat30C
2
2
Assumingheattransfercoefficientinairas10W/(m K),findthetemperatureattainedbythejunction20secafterremovingfromhot
airstream.
[M.U.]
9.Athermocouplejunctionisintheformof3mmdiametersphere.Propertiesofthematerialare:Cp=400J/(kgK),r=8600
3
kg/m ,k=30W/(mK).Thisjunction,isinsertedinagasstreamtomeasuretemperature,withaheattransfercoefficientofh=45
2
W/(m K).Howlongwillittakeforthethermocoupletorecord98%oftheappliedtemperaturedifference?
OnetermapproximatesolutionandHeislercharts:
10.Alargeplateofaluminium5mthick,isinitiallyat250C,anditisexposedtoconvectionwithafluidat75Cwithaheat
2
transfercoefficientof500W/(m K).Calculatethetemperatureatadepthof1.25cmfromoneofthefaces,oneminuteafterthe
plateisexposedtothefluid.Whatistheamountofheatremovedfromtheplateduringthistime?
3 5 2
Takethemophysicalpropertiesofaluminiumas:Cp=0.9kJ/(kgK),=2700kg/m ,k=215W/(mK),=8.410 m /s.

5 2
11.Asteelplate(=1.210 m /s,k=43W/(mC)),ofthickness2L=8cm,initiallyatauniformtemperatureof200Cis
suddenlyimmersedinanoilbathatTa=40C.Convectionheattransfercoefficientbetweenthefluidandthesurfaceis700
2
W/(m C).Howlongwillittakeforthecentreplanetocoolto90C?Whatfractionoftheenergyisremovedduringthistime?

3
12.Along,15cmdiametercylindricalshaftmadeofstainlesssteel304(k=14.9W/(mC),p=7900kg/m ,Cp=477J/(kgC),and
6 2
=3.9510 m /s),isinitiallyatatemperatureof250C.Theshaftisthenallowedtocoolslowlyinanambientat40C,withan
2
averageheattransfercoefficientof85W/(m C).
1.Determinethetemperatureatthecentreoftheshaft15minafterthestartofthecoolingprocess.
2.Determinethesurfacetemperatureatthattime,and
3.Determinetheheatlostperunitlengthoftheshaftduringthistimeperiod.
5 2
13.Asolidbrasssphere(k=60W/(mC),=1.810 m /s)of18cmdiameterisinitiallyat150C.Itiscooledinan
2
environmemtat20Cwithaheattransfercoefficientof600W/(m C).
1.Howlongwillittakeforthecentreofthespheretoreach50C?
2.Also,calculatethefractionofenergyremovedfromthesphereduringthistime.
3.Drawtheradialtemperatureprofileafterdifferenttimedurationsatintervalsof15min.
14.Aheavilyinsulatedsteelpipelineis1mindiameterandis40mmthick.Initially,thewallisatauniformtemperatureof15C.
2
Suddenly,ahotfluidat75Centersthepipewithaheattransfercoefficientof600W/(m C)betweenthefluidandtheinner
surface.
1.Calculatethetemperatureonoutermetalsurface10minafterthehotfluidisletintothepipe.
2.Whatistheheatfluxfromthefluidtothepipeatthattime?,and
3.Howmuchenergyistransferredpermetrelengthofpipeduringthistimeinterval?
[Hint:Sincediameter>>thicknessofpipe,thepipewallmaybeconsideredasaplaneslab.ThisisaplaneslabofthicknessL,
insulatedatonesurfacetherefore,itsinsulatedsurfaceisequivalenttothemidplaneofaplaneslabofthickness2L.(SeeExample
7.10)FindBiandF oandapplytheonetermapproximationsolutionformulasfortemperaturedistibutionandheattransferred.Heat
fluxattheinnersurfaceisobtainedbyfirstcalculatingthetemperatureTiattheinnersurface(i.e.atx/L=1),andthen,byNewtons
equationi.e.q=h(TiTa).YoumayalsocheckyourresultsbyHeislerandGrobercharts.]
Semiinfinitemedium:

5 2
15Athickaluminiumslab,(=8.410 m /s,k=200W/(mC))initiallyat250C,hasitssurfacetemperaturesuddenlylowered
toandmaintained40C.
1.Howlongwillittakethetemperatureatadepthof4cmtoreach100C?
2.Whatistheheatfluxatthesurfaceatthattime?
3.Whatisthetotalamountofheatremovedfromtheslabperunitsurfaceareatillthattime?
7 2
16.Athickconcreteslab,(=710 m /s,k=1.37W/(mC))initiallyat350C,hasitssurfacesuddenlyexposedtoaconvection
environmentat30C,withaisthetemperatureatadepthof8cmfromthesurfaceafteraperiodof1hour?

5 2
5 2
17.Alargeblockofsteel(=1.410 m /s,k=45W/(mC))isinitiallyatauniformtemperatureof20C.Suddenly,itssurfaceis
5 2
exposedtoaconstantheatfluxof3.510 W/m .Calculatethetemperatureatadepthof4cmafteraperiodof2min.
18.Inareaswhereambienttemperaturedropstosubzerotemperaturesandremainssoforprolongedperiods,freezingofwaterin
undergroundpipelinesisamajorconcern.Itisofinteresttoknowatwhatdepththewaterpipesshouldbeburiedsothatthewater
doesnotfreeze.
Ataparticularlocation,thesoilisinitiallyatauniformtemperatureof15Candthesoilissubjectedtoasubzerotemperatureof
15Ccontinuouslyfor60days.
1.Whatistheminimumburialdepthrequiredtoensurethatthewaterinthepipesdoesnotfreeze?(i.e.pipesurfacetemperature
shouldnotfallbelow0C.)
2.Plotthetemperaturedistributionsinthesoilfordifferenttimesi.e.after1day,1week,etc.
6 2 3
Propertiesofsoilmaybetakenas:=0.13810 m /s,=2050kg/m ,k=0.52W/(mK),Cp=1840J/kgK.

2
19.Amotorcarweighing1350kgismovingataspeed,u=50km/h.Itisstoppedin5secby4brakeswithbrakebandsof250cm
areaeach,pressingagainststeeldrums.Assumingthatthebrakeliningandthedrumsurfacesareatthesametemperatureandthat
theheatisdissipatedbyflowingacrossthesurfaceofthedrums(assumedtbeverythick),findthemaximumtemperaturerise.
2
[Hint:K.E.ofthevehicle,{(1/2)m.u )isdissipatedinatimeoft=5sec.i.e.heatflowrateQ={(K.E.)/t}isknown.Then,considering
thedrumsurfaceassemiinfiniteslab,applyEq.7.33toget(ToTi)].
Productsolution:

5 2 3
20.Arectangularaluminiumbar6cmx3cm(=8.410 m /s,k=200W/(mC),Cp=890J/(kgC),p=2700kg/m ),is
initiallyatauniformtemperatureofTi=150C.SuddenlythesurfacesaresubjectedtoconvectivecoolingintoanambientatTa=
2
20C,withaconvectionheattransfercoefficientbetweenthefluidandthesurfacesbeing250W/(m C).
1.Determinethecentretemperatureofthebarafter1minfromthestartofcooling
2.Whatistheheattransferredpermetrelengthofthebarduringthisperiod?
3 5 2
21.Ashortaluminiumcylinder(k=200W/(mC),=2700kg/m ,Cp=890J/(kgC),and=8.410 m /s),of8cmdiameter
andheight4cmisinitiallyatauniformtemperatureofTi=200C.Thecylinderissubjectedtoconvectivecoolingwithafluidat
2
20C,withanaverageheattransfercoefficientof300W/(m C).
1.Determinethetemperatureatthecentreofthecylinder1minafterthestartofthecoolingprocess.
2.Determinethecentretemperatureofthetopsurfaceatthattime,and
3.Determinetheheattransferfromthecylinderduringthistimeperiod.
5 2 3
22.A20cmlong,15cmdiameteraluminiumblock(=9.7510 m /s,k=236W/(mC),Cp=896J/(kgC),=2700kg/m ),is
initiallyatauniformtemperatureof25C.Theblockisheatedinafurnaceat1100Ctillthecentretemperaturereaches250C.If
2
theheattransfercoefficientonallsurfacesoftheblockis60W/(m C),determinehowlongtheblockshouldremaininthefurnace.
[Hint:Thisshortcylinderisconsideredasobtainedbytheintersectionofaninfiniteplateandaninfinitecylinder.Solutioninvolves
trialanderrormethod:Forarangeoftimes,calculatethecentretemperatureoftheshortcylinderandplotagraphoftimevs.centre
temperature.Fromthisgraph,readthetimecorrespondingtoacentretemperatureof250C.Whileselectingthetimerange,be
carefultoseethatthedesiredcentretemperatureof250Cisbracketedbytheresultsobtainedforthetimerange.]
23.Asolidleadcylinder0.5mindiameterand0.5minlength,initiallyatauniformtemperatureof150C,isdroppedintoa
2
mediumat20Cinwhichtheheattransfercoefficientis1200W/(m C).Plotthetemperaturetimehistoryofthecentreofthis
cylinder.
Appendix
MathcadfunctionsforTransientconductionforSab,CylinderandSphereOnetermapproximation(Fo>0.2):
1.Planewall:
Valuesof1:
1:=1.5(guessvalue)
Given
ValuesofA 1
Centretemp.ofplanewall:
Temp.atanylocationinaplanewall:
Heattransferinaplanewall:
ExampleA7.1.AnAluminiumslab10cmthick,isinitiallyatanuniformtemperatureof600C.Itissuddenlyimmersedinaliquid
2
at90Candheatistransferredwithaheattransfercoeff.of1100W/(m .K).Determine
1.temperatureatthecentrelineafter1min.
2.temperatureatthesurfaceafter1min.
3.totalenergyremovedperunitareaoftheslabduringthistimeperiod
5 2 3
ThermophysicaldataforAluminiumare:=8.8510 m /s,k=215W/(m.K),=2700kg/m ,Cp=900J/(kg.K)
Solution.
Date:
Tocalculate:thecentrelinetemp.,surfacetemp.andenergytransferredperunitsurfaceareaofslab.
ItisnotedthatBiotnumberis>0.1so,lumpedsystemanalysisisnotapplicable.Wewilladoptonetermapproximation
solution.
Tofindthecentrelinetemp.:
Surfacetemperature:
Wehave:
Amountofheattransferred,Q,inoneminute:
Wehave:
2.InfiniteCylinder:
Valuesof1
ValuesofA 1
Centretemp.oflongcylinder:
Temp.atanyradiusinalongcylinder:
Heattransferinalongcylinder:
ExampleA7.2.Alongstainlesssteelshaft10cmindiameterisinitiallyatanuniformtemperatureof25C.Itisplacedinafurnace
2
at950Candtheheattransfercoeff.is150W/(m .K).
1.Calculatethetimerequiredfortheaxistemperaturetoreach700C
2.whatisthetemperatureataradialpositionof3cmfromthecentreatthattime?
3.whatistheamountofheattransferredperunitlengthduringthistimeperiod?
6 3
Forsteel,=3.95410 m2/s,k=14.9W/(m.C),=7900kg/m ,Cp=477J/(kg.C)
Solution.
Data:
Tocalculate:thetime,temp.atarad.of3cm,andamountofheattransferredduringthisperiod.
solution.
Tofindthetimereqd.forthecentrelinetemp.toreach700C:
Foronetermapproximation,nowrememberthatBiisdefinedas:
Wehave:
i.e.thefunction0cylisequalto0.27027.Letuscalculatethefourierno.tosatisfythisrequirement.WeusetheSolveblockof
Mathcad:
F o:=0.2(guessvalues)
Given
Note:ObservetheeasewithwhichabovecalculationisperfomedwithMathcad.
Temperatureataradialdistanceof3cmfromcentre:
3.Spheres
Valuesof1:
1:=2.5(guessvalue)
Given
ValuesofA 1
Centretemp.ofSphere:
Temp.atanylocationinasphere:
Heattransferinasphere:
ExampleA7.4.Astainlesssteelsphere,10mmindiameterisinitiallyatanuniformtemperatureof450C.Itissuddenlyplacedina
2
waterbathat25Candtheheattransfercoeff.is6000W/(m .K).
1.Calculatethetimerequiredforthecentretemperaturetoreach50C
2.whatisthetemperatureatthesurfaceofthesphereatthattime?
3.whatistheamountofheattransferredduringthistimeperiod?
6 2 3
Forsteel,=3.95410 m /s,k=14.9W/(m.C),=7900kg/m ,Cp=477J/(kg.C)
Solution.
Data:
Tocalculate:thetime,temp.atthesurface,andamountofheattransferredduringthisperiod.
Firstcheckiflumpedanalysisisapplicable:
solution.
Tofindthetimerequiredforthecentretoreach50C:
Foronetermsolution,now,rememberthatBiisdefinedas:
Wehave:
i.e.thefunction0sphisequalto0.05882.LetuscalculatetheFourierno.tosatisfythisrequirement.WeusetheSolveblockof
Mathcad:
Note:ObservetheeasewithwhichabovecalculationisperformedwithMathcad.
Temperatureatthesurfaceofsphere:
Wehave:
Wehave:
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10/1/2016 Chapter7.

Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer

Transient Heat Conduction

7.2 Lumped System Analysis (Newtonian Heating or Cooling)

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7.4 Response Time of a Thermocouple

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i.e.newTi: Ti:=53.994C (initialtemperaturewhentheTCisplacedinstillair)

And,new: :=15s (durationforwhichTCiskeptinstillair)

And,newTa: Ta:=30C (newtemperatureofambient)

And,newh: h:=10W/(m2K) (heattransfercoefficientinstillair.)

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7.5 Mixed Boundary Condition

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7.6.1 One Term Approximation Solutions

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7.6.2 Heisler and Grober Charts

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0.1 0.9975 0.04994

0.2 0.99002 0.0995

0.3 0.97763 0.14832

0.4 0.9604 0.19603

0.5 0.93847 0.24227

0.6 0.912 0.2867

0.7 0.8812 0.329

0.8 0.84629 0.36884

0.9 0.80752 0.40595

1.1 0.71962 0.4709

1.2 0.67113 0.49829

1.3 0.62009 0.52202

1.4 0.56686 0.54195

1.5 0.51183 0.55794

1.6 0.4554 0.5699

1.7 0.39798 0.57777

1.8 0.33999 0.58152

1.9 0.28182 0.58116

2.1 0.16661 0.56829

2.2 0.11036 0.55596

2.3 0.05554 0.53987

2.4 0.00251 0.52019

2.5 0.04838 0.49708

2.6 0.0968 0.47082

2.7 0.14245 0.4416

2.8 0.18504 0.40971

2.9 0.22431 0.37543

3.1 0.29206 0.30092

3.2 0.32019 0.26134

(i)Firstofall,calculateBifromthedata,withtheusualdefinitionofBi,i.e.Bi=(h.L c /k,whereL c isthecharacteristicdimension,

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