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Building Utilities 1

The document discusses the key components of sanitary and drainage systems including pipes for conveying sewage and drainage (soil pipes, waste pipes, branches), traps to prevent gases from escaping fixtures, and vents to allow air flow. It also covers valves and fittings used in plumbing, describing common types like gate valves, ball valves, globe valves, and fittings that join pipes. Fixture units are defined which relate to required drainage capacities from plumbing fixtures.

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Mark Estrella
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392 views42 pages

Building Utilities 1

The document discusses the key components of sanitary and drainage systems including pipes for conveying sewage and drainage (soil pipes, waste pipes, branches), traps to prevent gases from escaping fixtures, and vents to allow air flow. It also covers valves and fittings used in plumbing, describing common types like gate valves, ball valves, globe valves, and fittings that join pipes. Fixture units are defined which relate to required drainage capacities from plumbing fixtures.

Uploaded by

Mark Estrella
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BUILDING UTILITIES 1:

SANITARY AND DRAINAGE


SYSTEM
MATERIALS AND METHOD

DRAINAGE SYSTEM- All the piping within the private and public premises
which conveys sewage, rainwater and other liquid waste to a point of
disposal. A drainage system does not include the mains of public sewer
systems or a private or a public sewage treatment or disposal plant.
STACK- A general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste or vent
piping.
SOIL PIPE- A pipe that conveys the discharge of water closets or similar
fixtures containing fecal matter, with or without the discharge of other
fixtures to the building drain or building sewer.
WASTE PIPE- A pipe that conveys only liquid waste free of fecal matter.
A waste pipe is generally smaller than a soil pipe because of the nature
of matter being discharged into the system.
BRANCH- Any part of the piping system other than the main, riser or
stack.
BUILDING/HOUSE DRAIN- That part of the lowest horizontal piping of a
plumbing system which receives the discharge from soil, waste and
other drainage pipes inside a building and conveys it to the building
sewer/house sewer.
PRIVY- The oldest form of disposal of organic waste It consists of a
water tight vault constructed of concrete for the collection of raw
sewage and a wooden shelter. It must be 50 to 150 (15m to 45 m)
away from the water supply The vault should be supplied with
ventilation It should be screened and protected from vermin and
flies.
Septic Tank and Seepage Pit In this type of sewage disposal, the
cycle is completed below ground and within the property. Liquid
wastes are purified due to the action of anaerobic bacteria through
precipitation in the digestion chamber and effluent is discharged in
the leaching chamber by natural percolation.
HOUSE DRAIN- The horizontal main into which the vertical soil and
waste stacks discharge. It connects directly to the house sewer.
SOIL AND WASTE STACKS The soil and waste stacks collect the sewage
from the fixtures through their branches.
TRAPS- Traps catches water after each discharge from a fixture so as
not to allow unpleasant ad obnoxious gases in a sanitary drainage
system to escape through the fixture.
VENTS- Vents are the extension of soil and waste stacks through the
roof and a system of pipes largely paralleling the drainage system for
the admission of air and discharging of gases.
INTERCEPTORS- device designed and installed so as to separate and
retain deleterious, hazardous, or undesirable matter from normal
waste and permit normal sewage or liquid waste to discharge into the
disposal terminal by gravity.
SUMP AND EJECTORS- A sump is a tank or a pit which receives sewage
or liquid waste, located below the normal grade of the gravity system
and must be emptied by a mechanical means Sewage ejectors may
be motor-driven centrifugal pumps or they may be operated by
compressed air.
VALVES AND FITTINGS

In plumbing domain, valves can be defined as a device that


regulates the flow of a fluid by opening, closing or partially resisting
various gateways.

We need valves for water supply regulation, controlling or mending


pressures and flow obstructions.

Valves are primarily used in piping systems to stop, divert, or


regulate the flow of fluids.
ISOLATION VALVES

These valves are primarily used to stop the flow of downstream by


isolating the system till desired.
The basic design of isolation valves offers minimum resistance to flow
when opened and tightly shut off characteristics when closed.
These valve types are used to stop the flow or isolate a portion of the
system until it is required to provide flow downstream of the valve.
The basic design requirement of stop valves is to offer minimum
resistance to flow in its fully open position and to provide tight shut-
off when fully closed.
GATE VALVES

A gate valve is designed to turn the flow of liquid through pipes on


and off. It is generally used on a valve that is not used frequently.
BUTTERFLY VALVES

a valve consisting of a disk rotating on an axis across the diameter of


a pipe to regulate the flow, as in the throttles of many engines.
a valve consisting of a pair of semicircular plates that are attached
to a spindle across a pipe and hinged to allow flow only one way.
PLUG VALVES

Plug valves are valves with cylindrical or conically tapered "plugs"


which can be rotated inside the valve body to control flow through
the valve. The plugs in plug valves have one or more hollow
passageways going sideways through the plug, so that fluid can flow
through the plug when the valve is open.
BALL VALVES

a one-way valve that is opened and closed by pressure on a ball that


fits into a cup-shaped opening.
REGULATING VALVES

Regulating valves are used in piping systems to regulate the flow of


fluid. Flow is varied depending on the signal send based on required
parameters like pressure, flow rate or temperature.
GLOBE VALVES

A Globe valves is a linear motion valve and are primarily designed to


stop, start and regulate flow. The disk of a Globe valve can be totally
removed from the flowpath or it can completely close the flowpath.
NEEDLE VALVES

needle valve uses a tapered pin to gradually open a space for fine
control of flow. The flow can be controlled and regulated with the use
of a spindle. A needle valve has a relatively small orifice with a long,
tapered seat, and a needle-shaped plunger on the end of a screw,
which exactly fits the seat.
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES
DIAPHRAGM VALVES

Diaphragm valves (or membrane valves) consists of a valve body with


two or more ports, a diaphragm, and a "weir or saddle" or seat upon
which the diaphragm closes the valve. The valve is constructed from
either plastic or metal. Originally, the diaphragm valve was developed
for use in industrial applications.
FITTINGS

Fittings are used to join two or more pipes, a pipe to a device, or a


pipe to a cap or plug.
OFFSET- Fitting joining two pipes so that the pipe can bypass an
obstacle.
U-BEND- Fitting joining two pipes in order to change their direction by
180.
TRAP- U-shaped pipe beneath a fixture containing a quantity of water
to prevent sewage gases from escaping.
Y-BRANCH- Fitting joining three pipes, one of which is oblique to the
other two.
TEE- Fitting joining three pipes, one of which is perpendicular to the
other two.
90 ELBOW- Fitting for joining two pipes in order to change their
direction.
45ELBOW- Fitting for joining two pipes in order to change their
direction by 45.
UNION- Formed by using a nut to tighten a male union nut in a female
union nut; leakage is prevented by placing a gasket where the two
tubes meet.
COUPLING- Threaded fitting with two female ends; it is used to join
two pipes of the same diameter.
REDUCING COUPLING- Fitting joining two pipes of different diameters
in order to reduce the diameter of a pipe run.
HEXAGON BUSHING- Fitting with a hexagonal head. It joins two pipes
of different diameters: one pipe is screwed onto the male end, and
the other into the female end.
FLUSH BUSHING- Fitting joining two pipes of different diameters. The
larger pipe screws onto the male end and the smaller pipe screws into
the female end.
SQUARE HEAD PLUG- Cap screwed into the end of a threaded female
pipe to close it off.
THREADED CAP- Plug screwed onto the end of a male threaded pipe to
close it off.
CAP- Plug screwed onto the end of a male threaded pipe to close it
off.
NIPPLE- Threaded fitting having two male ends; it is used to join two
pipes of the same diameter.
FIXTURE UNITS

DFU (Drainage Fixture Unit Values) is defined by the the Uniform


Plumbing Code (UPC) and can be used to determine required drainage
capacities from fixtures and their service systems.

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