Rectangular Coordinate or Cartesian System A= [ ]

y A = 3 square units

P(x,y) Division of Line Segment

x Let P (x, y) be a point on the line joining P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2,y2) and located in
y such a way that segment P1P is a given fraction k of P1P2 that is P1P =
o x
y
Point is denoted by the ordered pair x and y as (x,y)
X-coordinate called abscissa P2(x2,y2)
The distance from the origin to the projection of the point unto the x- P(x,y)
axis
Y-coordinate called ordinate P1(x1,y1)
o x
The distance from the origin to the projection of the point unto the y-
axis
Origin The intersection of x and y-axis If k = then the formula above becomes midpoint formula
X0 = (x1 + X2) y0 = (y1 + y0)
Distance between Two Points P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2,y2)
Sample Problem:
y P2(x2,y2) Find the coordinate of the point which is of the way from a (1, -1) and B(7, 5)
Solution:
d x = x1 + k (x2 x1) y = y1 + k (y2 y1)
x = 1 + 1/3(7 1) y = -1 + 1/3(5+1)
x=3 y=1
o P1(x1,y1) x Thus, point required is P(3, 1) Answer

d= x x y y

Area of Polygon (Non-overlapping) of n-sides Given Vertices Projections of a Line Segment on the Coordinate Axes
Given vertices (x1,y1), (x2,y2), . . . ,(xn,yn) oriented counter clockwise
- - - y
x x x x
A = *y y y y + B2(0,y2) P2(x2,y2)
A= [ x y x+ y +x y + x y y x yx y x y x ]
B1(0,y1)
P1(x1,y1)
Sample Problem: o x
Find the area of polygon joining the points (3, 0), (2, 3), (-1, 2), (-2, -1) and (0, - A1(x1,0 A2(x2,0)
2) The direction segment, A1A2 is the projection of the segment P1P2 on the
P2(x2,y2)
Solution: x-axis
) direction segment, B1B2 is the projection of the segment P1P2 on the
The
Note: The points are given already in counter clockwise orientation
Thus: y-axis
Obviously, A1A2 = x2 x1
A= ( ) B1B2 = y2 y1
Sample Problem:
Given two points P1(2, -1) and P2((6, 5) find the projections of P1P2 on the x If the line L is inclined to the right,
and y axis
Solution:
a) Projection on x-axis = x2 x1 y m>0
=62=4
b) Projection on y-axis = y2 y1
= 5 (-1) = 6

Slope, Parallel and Perpendicular Lines x

L
y
If the line is parallel to the x-axis, d
P2(x2,y2)
y
P1(x1,y1) m=0
x L

If the line is parallel to the y-axis, and m is undefined

Definition:
The Inclination ( of a line L is defined as the least positive angle made y
by the line with the positive x-axis
The slope (m) of a line is defined as the tangent of its inclination

m = tan m= =
Condition for Parallelism x Angle Between two
Two lines L1 and L2 are perpendicular if their slopes are equal (m1 = Concurrent Lines
m2) L Let d be the
Condition for Perpendicularity inclinations of L1 and L2
Two lines L1 and L2 are perpendicular with each other if the slope to the respectively and let be the angle between the two lines
reciprocal of the slope of the other
y
m= or m1m2 = L1
Notes: L2
If the line L is inclined to the left,

y
m<0 x

Sample Problem:
Given three points A(-1, 1), B(5, -1), C(4, 3), find the angle made by segments
AB and AC.
x
L
 Solution:
First, find the slope of AB and AC Standard Equation of a Line
mAB = mAC = 1. Two Point Form
y
tan =
( )
P2(x2,y2) By similarity of triangles

tan = P(x,y) y y1 =
(x x1)

=t Answer P1(x1,y1) x
Supplementary Problems 2. Point-Slope Form
1. A point P(x, 3) is equidistant from points A(1, 5) and B(-1, 2). Find x. y
Ans: In (1) replacing by m,

2. Find the locus of the point P(x, y) such that the distance from P to (3, 0) P(x,y)
is twice its distance from (1, 0). Ans: x y x y y1 = m (x x1)
3. Find the length of the segment joining the two midpoints of the sides of
x
the triangle if the length of the third side opposite to it is 30cm. Ans:
15cm
4. A line from P(1, 4) to Q(4, -1) is extended to a point R so that PR = 4PQ. t
Find the coordinate of R. Ans: R(13, -16)
5. Two vertices of a triangle are (0, -8) and (6, 0). If the medians intersect
at (9, 3), find the third vertex of the triangle. Ans: (-3, -1) 3. Slope-Intercept Form y
6. The area of a triangle with vertices (6, 2), (x, 4), and (0, -4) is 26. Find x. y = mx +b
Ans: d where m = slope (0, b)
b = y intercept P(x,y)
7. Find the length of the median from A to the triangle ABC given vertices
A(1, 6), B(-1, 3) and C(3, -3). Ans: 6 x
8. If the midpoint of a segment is (5, 2) and one endpoint is (7, -3), what
are the coordinates of the other end? Ans: (3, 7)
9. Given vertices of a triangle ABC. A(1, 5), B(-1, 1), and C(6, 3). Find the
4. Two-Intercept Form y
intersection of the median. Ans: (2, 3)
10. Find the inclination of the line 2x + 5y = 10 s P2(0, b)
where a = x intercept
b = y intercept P(x,y)
Locus -the curved traced by an arbitrary point as it moves in a plane is called
locus of a point x
-the locus of an equation is a curve containing only those points whose P1(a, 0)
coordinates satisfy the equation
5. Normal Equation of a Straight Line y
EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE Given or l i tercept
Line is a locus of points which has constant slope = segment from the origin N cos, si
Theorems: perpendicular to the
required lines
Every straight line can be represented by a first degree equation. si
The locus of an equation of the first degree is always a straight line = normal angle cos
x
= inclination of the normal t
General Equation of a Line Intercept
Ax + By + C = 0 A, B, C are constants A and B, not zero at the same time
xcos ysi
 where a = x intercept = 3
Reduction to Normal Form: b = y intercept = 5
Given the line Ax + By + C = 0 x y
The normal form is
x y Simplifying, 5x + 3y 15 = 0 Answer

Note: The sign of the radical must be chosen such that the last term will become 5. Find the equation of a line passing through (2, -1) and parallel to the line
eg tive si ce 12x 4y + 5 = 0
Solution:
Special Cases of a Straight Line Since the required line is parallel to the given line their slopes is equal
A. Equation of x-axis y=0 For the given line : 12x 4y + 5 = 0 or y=
Equation of the horizontal line y=b where b is constant
Here slope m = 3 y = 3x
B. Equation of the y-axis x=0
Equation of a vertical line x=a where a is constant Using the same slope m = 3
y y1 = m (x x1) where x1=2, y1 = -1, m = 3
Sample Problems: y + 1 = 3 (x 2)
1. Find the equation of a line passing through (-1, 3) and (2, 4) Simplifying, 3x y 7 = 0 Answer
Solution: 6. Fi d the equ tio of li e h vi g or l gle d or l le gth of
1
Using two points formula y y1 = (x x1) Solution:

Normal form: xcos ysi
where x1 = -1 x2= 2 where
y1 = -3 y2 = 4 xcos ysi =1
y+3= (x + 1) Simplifying, x + y 2 = 0 Answer
Simplifying, 7x 3y 2 = 0 Answer 7. Reduce the equation 3x 4y + 10 = 0 to normal form
Solution:
2. Find the equation of the line having slope of and passing through the A = 3, B = -4, C = 10
point (5, 1)
Solution: Normal form is 0

Using the point-slope form: y y1 = m (x x1) Choose the sign of radical to make C negative
where x1 = 5 y1 = 1 m = Thus, Answer
y 1 = (x 5)
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS:
Simplifying, x 3y 2 = 0 Answer
Find the equations of the line/s satisfying the given conditions
1. Passing through (1, -2) and perpendicular to the line through (2, -1)
3. Find the equation of the line with slope of -2 and y intercept of 3
and (-3, 2)
Solution:
Answer: 5x 3y 11 = 0
Using slope-intercept form: y = mx +b, where m = -2, b = 3
2. With x intercept of 5 and passing through (3, 4). Ans: 2x+y10 = 0
y = -2x +3 or 2x + y 3 = 0 Answer
3. Passing through (-3, 4) and with equal intercepts.
Ans: x y + 7 = 0, x + y 1 = 0
4. Find the equation of a line with x and y intercept equal to 3 and
4. i g gle of with the x xis d p ssi g through ,
respectively
Ans: x y 1 = 0
Solution:
5. With slope crosses the first quadrant and forms with the axes a
Using the intercept form:
triangle with perimeter of 15. Ans: 5x + 12y 3 = 0
 Passing through (7, -4) and at a distance of 1 unit from point (2, 1) Ans:
Using the formula: d= =
4x + 3y 16= 0 ; 3x + 4y 5 = 0
6. Passing through the midpoint of the segment joining the points (1, 3) d = 2 units (the point (3, -1) and the
and (5, 1) and parallel to the line 2x y +5 = 0 Ans: 2x 3y 5 origin are on the opposite side
7. Find the value of the parameter k so that the line 3x 5ky + 5 = 0 of the line)
a) will pass through (0, 1)
b) will be parallel to x +2y = 5
c) will be perpendicular to 4x +3 y = 2 2. Find the distance between parallel lines 8x + 15y + 18 =
d) has the y intercept equal to 3 0and 8x + 15y + 1 = 0
Ans: a) 1 b) c) d) Solution:
8. Find the equations of the lines parallel to the line x + 2y 5 A = 8, B = 15, C2 = 18, C1 = 1
= 0 and passing at a distance 2 from the origin. Ans: x + 2y d= = = 1 unit Ans
+ 2 = 0 and x + 2y - 2 = 0
9. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line Distance from a Point to a Line
segment joining (2, 5) and (4, 3) Ans: x y +1 = 0 The distance from a point P(x0, y0) to a line Ax + By + C = 0 is give
10. Given the vertices of a triangle ABC, A(2, 0), B(3, -2), C(7, 5) by the formula:
a) Find the equation of the median from A x2y2=0 d=
b) Find the equation of the altitude from B x+y 1=0
where the sign of the radical is chosen to be the opposite that of C
c) Find the intersection of the medians from B to C. (4, 1)
11. Find the normal intercept and the normal angle of line 5x +
Remarks:
12y 39 = 0 s ,
1. If d > 0, the origin and P lie on opposite sides of the given line.
2. If d < 0, the origin and P lie on the same side of the line.
Distance Between Parallel Lines
Let the parallel lines be given by the equations
L1 : Ax + By + C1 = 0 y y
L2 : Ax + By + C2 = 0 L1 y
The distance d between the two L2 d
lines is given by the formula: d
d
x P(x0, y0) x
x 0 0
d>0 d<0
0
Notes:
Regardless of the location of the point P 0(x0, y0), the distance being
Sample Problems: always positive the formula can be expressed using the absolute
1. Find the distance from point (3, -1) to the line 3x 4y 3 = value as:
0
Solution: d=| |
Here, A = 3, B = -4, C = -2 P0(x0, y0 , -1)
Line through the Intersection of Two Lines f(x, -y) = f(x, y) = 0
Let Ax + By + C = 0 and If an equation of a curve does not change upon replacement
Dx + Ey + F = 0 be the two intersecting lines, where A, B, C, of x by x then the locus is symmetric with respect to the y-
D, E d F re co st ts d E F axis
The equation of the family of lines passing through the f(-x, y) = f(x, y) = 0
intersection of the two given lines is given by, If an =equation of a curve does not change upon
(Ax + By + C) + k(Dx + Ey + F) = 0 replacement of x by x and y by y, then the locus is
where k is an arbitrary constant symmetric with respect to the origin
f(-x, -y) = f(x, y) = 0
Sample Problem:
1. Find the equation of the line passing through the intersection Asymptote - a straight line which the curve f(x, y) = 0
of the lines x y + 5 = 0 and x + 5y 4 = 0 and passing approaches indefinitely near as its tracing point approaches to
through the point (1, 0) infinity.
Solution: To find the vertical asymptote, solve the equation for y in
The equation of the family is (x y + 5) + k(x + 5y 4) = 0 terms of x and set the linear factors of the denominator
Since the required line is a member of the family, substitute the equal to zero.
point (1, 0) in the locus of the family and then solve for k To find the horizontal asymptote, solve the equation for x in
[(1) 0 + 5] + k[1 + 5(0) 4] = 0 terms of y and set the linear factors of the denominator
6 3k = 0, k = 2 equal to zero.
Substituting k in the equation of the family of lines above,
(x y + 5) + 2(x + 5y 4) = 0 Circle
Simplifying, 3x + 9y 3 = 0 Circle is the locus of a point which moves so that it is
x + 3y 1 = 0 Ans always equidistant from a point.
Note: Fixed point is called the center and fixed distance is
Intercept of the Curve called radius.
x-intercept directed distance from the origin to the point
where the curve crosses the x-axis Equation of a Circle
To find the x-intercept of a curve, set y = 0, then A. In formal form
solve for x Consider a circle of radius r with center at C (u, k)
y-intercept the directed distance from the origin to the Let P(x, y) be a point in the circle
point where curve crosses y-axis By Pythagorean Theorem
To find the y-intercept of a curve, set x = 0, then y (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 standard
solve for y P(x, y)
r y-k
Center at the origin C(0, 0)
Symmetry x-h
C(h , k) x2 + y2 = r2
If the equation of a curve does not change upon
replacement of y by y then the locus is symmetric with x
respect to the x-axis. 0
 B. General Form B. If two circles are tangent, their radical axis is the common
Expanding the form (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 becomes tangent to the circles at their point of tangency.
x2 + y2 2xh +h2 +k2 r2 = 0
y
This is of the form: Radical Axis
x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 general form
where D, E, F are constants not all zero at a time.
Note: By the equation coefficients:
-2h = D; h= D bsciss of ce ter
x
-2k = E k= E ordi te of ce ter 0

h2 +k2 r2 = F; r = C. The radical axis of two circles is perpendicular to their ,ine

of centers.
Radical Axis of Two Circles Radical Axis
Consider the two non-concentric circles y
x2 + y2 + D1x + E1y + F1 = 0
x2 + y2 + D2x + E2y + F2 = 0 A B AB line of centers
The equation
x2 + y2 + D1x + E1y + F1 + k(x2 + y2 + D2x + E2y + F2) = 0
represents a circle for any value of k except for k = -1 x
0
if k = -1, the equation of the family of circles above becomes
(D1 D2)x + (E1 E2)y + (F1 F2) = 0 D. All tangents drawn to the circles from a point on their
This represent a straight line called RADICAL AAXIS of two circles radical axis have equal lengths
Radical Axis
Properties of the Radical Axis y P
A. If two circles intersect at two distinct points, their radical T1 and T2 are points of tangency
axis is the common chord of the circles. T1
T2 PT1 = PT2
y

x
Common Chord 0

Sample Problems:
x 1. Find the center and radius of circle x2 + y2 + 8x 10y + 32
0
Condition for Orthogonality =0
The two non-concentric circles x2+y2+D1x+E1y+F1=0 Solution
x2+y2+D2x+E2y+F2=0 Reduce the given equation to standard form by completing
meet at the right angles (orthogonal) if the square in x and y:
D1D2+E1E2=2(F1+F2) (x2 + 8x + 16) + ( y2 10y + 25) = -32 + 16 + 25
 (x + 4)2 + (y 5)2 (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 4. Center on the y-axis, and passes through the origin and
Here, C(h, k) = (-4, 5); r=3 point (4, 2) Ans x2 + y2 10y = 0
2. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points of 5. Given the endpoints of the diameter (5, 2), (-1, 2)
intersection of the circles Ans x2 + y2 - 4x 4y 1 = 0
x2 + y2 = 16 and x2 + y2 10y = 0 and passing 6. Find the equation of the line tangent to the circle x2 + y2 -8x
through (1, 0) 8y + 7 = 0 at the point (1, 0) Ans 3x + 4y 3 = 0
Solution
The equation of the family is Parabola
x2 + y2 25 + k(x2 + y2 10y) = 0 The locus of a point that moves in a plane such that its
To determine the particular member of the family, distance from a fixed point equals its distance from a fixed line
Solve for k by substituting the coordinates of the point (1,0) Notes:
1 + 0 25 + k(1 + 0 0) = 0 Fixed point is called focus
k = 24 Fixed line is called directrix
Substituting k in the equation of the family of circles, Axis the line passing through the focus and perpendicular
x2 + y2 25 + 24(x2 + y2 10y) = 0 to the directrix
25x2 + 25y2 240y 25 = 0 Vertex The midpoint of the segment of the axis from the
Simplifying, 5x2 + 5y2 48y 5 = 0 focus to the directrix
3. Find the equation of the radical axis of two circles. Latus rectum a segment passing throught the focus and
x2 + y2 + 10x 8y + 25 = 0 and x2 + y2 2x +4y + 1 = 0 perpendicular to the axis of parabola
Solution Focal distance distance from vertex to focus = a
By getting the difference

Standard Equation of Parabola

A. Vertex at V9h, k), Vertical axis
Simplifying, x y + 2 = Radical axis (x h)2 = 4a(y k)
If is positive co c ve upw rd
Supplementary Problems If a is negative (- co c ve dow w rd
1. Find the center of the radius of the circle whose equation x2 Notes: axis
1. Equation of axis x = h y
+ y2 4x 6y- 12 = 0
(ECE Board Problem Oct 1981) Ans C(2, 3) r = 5 2. Focus: F (h, k+a) L F R
2. Find the area of the circle whose equation x2 + y2 = 6x 8y 3. End of Latus Rectum
(ECE Board Problem Mar 1981) Ans 25 sq. units L(h 2a, k+a)
V(h ,k)
Find the equation of thee circle whose center is at (3, -5) R(h+2a, k+a)
directrix
and whose radius is 4 units. Ans (x 3)2 + (y +5)2 = 1 4. Equation of Directrix x
Y=ka 0
For problems 3 9, determine the equation of the circle given the
following conditions B. Vertex at V(h, k), Horizontal Axis
3. Passes through the point (2, 3), (6, 1), and (4, -3) Ans x2 + (y k)2 = 4a(y - k)
y2 -10y = 0 If is positive co c ve to the right
If a is negative (- co c ve to the left
Notes:
1. Equation of the axis: y = k y directrix
2. Focus: F(h+a, k) L
3. Ends of Latus Rectum V F
L(h+a, k+2a) (h ,k)
R(h+a, k 2a) R
4. Equation of Directrix x=h-a
x
0
7. Passes through the points of intersection of the circles x2 +
y2 = 5, x2 + y2 x + y = 4, and through the point (2, -3)
Ans x2 + y2 -8x +2y + 8 = 0
8. Center on the line x 2y 9 = 0and passes through the
points (7, -2) and (5, 0) Ans x2 + y2 -10x + 4y + 25 = 0