Government of Karnataka

A TEXT BOOK OF
BASIC MATHEMATICS
PRESCRIBED FOR
FIRST YEAR PRE-UNIVERSITY
AS PER NEW SYLLABUS FROM 2013-14 ONWARDS
(Based on NCERT Guidelines and CBSE Pattern)

DIRECTORATE OF PRE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION

Sampige Road, 18th Cross, Malleswaram, Bangalore-12
Phone Nos.: 080-23562083, 080-23561944
www.pue.kar.nic.in
A Text book of Basic Mathematics for I PUC

First Edition : 2013

2013 publisher
Commisionerate of Preuniversity Education 2013

Copyright: All rights are reserved

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or transmitted in any form by any means electronically or mechanically
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Note: All possible care has been taken in the editing, proof reading
and printing of this book. But in case of any omission/mistake/
misprint which might have crept in the book , we thankfully
acknowledge them and correct them in the next edition. Any
suggestions for the improvement of this book are most welcome.

Ashta Graphics
 Directors Message

Dear Students,

We at the Department of Pre-university Education,

Karnataka strive to empower each student to dream big
and equip them with the tools that enable them to reach
new heights and successfully deal with the challenges of
life. As Swami Vivekananda said, "Real education is that
which enables one to stand on one's own legs".

The course contents in this book are designed with

the objective of equipping you well for the next level of
study.

We wish you well on your journey and look forward to

you becoming a responsible citizen of the nation and give
back to the betterment of the society.

With best wishes,

Sd/-
C. Shikha, IAS
Director
Department of Pre University Education
Bengaluru
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Directorate of Pre-University Education and the Pre-University Board gratefully
acknowledge the valuable contribution of the revised syllabus Text Committee
Members.

BOOK COMMITTEE MEMBERS

(1) Mr. C.GovindaRaju., Chairman

Senior Lecturer in Mathematics
Sarvothama P.U. College (BSVP)
#197, 4th Main Road, Chamrajpet, Bangalore-18.

(2) Ms. Vidya Iyer, Co-ordinator

Senior Lecturer in Mathematics
Vijaya P.U.College, R.V.Road, Bangalore.

(3) Ms. Kiran Shetty, Member

H.O.D, Department of Mathematics
St.Aloylius P.U.College, Mangalore.

(4) Ms. Shantha Ramesh, Member

Senior Lecturer in Mathematics
PES P.U.College, Hanumanthnagar, Bangalore.

(5) Ms. Vijaya. N.K, Member

Senior Lecturer in Mathematics
Vidya Mandir Ind.P.U.College,
West Park Road, 11th Cross, Malleswaram, Bangalore-3

(6) Ms. Rekha M.C, Member

Senior Lecturer in Mathematics
Christ P.U.College, Bangalore.

The P.U. Department also gratefully acknowledges the text book review committee
members Shri. R.V. Prabhakara, Former Professor of Mathematics, Dean BHS
First Grade College, Bangalore and Shri. H.K. Nagaraj, H.O.D. of Mathematics,
Vijaya College, R.V.Road, Bangalore for their great support and valuable guidance.
 PREFACE
This book of BASIC MATHEMATICS is written in accordance with the
New Syllabus prescribed by the pre-university Board of Karnataka for the
Academic year 2013-14 according to the CBSE pattern with the guidance of
NCERT for the first year pre-university students of Commerce and Arts. Good
Effort has been put forward to prepare this book in a very lucid and unambiguous
manner.
A large number of worked examples and exercise problems are included so
that the students understand the basic concept of the subject easily. Our endeavour
is to provide a good student-friendly text book. We hope that this book would
serve the purpose of making the study of mathematics interesting as well as
stimulating.
This Book is designed as a self contained, comprehensive class room text
book for the first year Pre-university students. Great Care has been taken while
framing the syllabus keeping in mind that the students should be able to develop
good skills by problem solving technique in various branch of mathematics
namely algebra, commercial arithmetic, trigonometry and analytical geometry.
We, the committee chairman, co-ordinator and the members are extremely grateful
to the Directorate of Pre-University Department for having given an opportunity
along with guidance, encouragement and support in this endeavour.
Our sincere thanks to the textbook review committee for their valuable
guidance and suggestion in sculpting / framing this text book.
Our thanks are due to the publishers, M/s Excellent DTP & Enterprises for
their efforts in bringing out this work in an elegant manner.
Inspite of our best efforts if some misprint and mistake have escaped our
notice we thankfully acknowledge them and sincerely incorporate them in the
subsequent edition. Any suggessions for improvement of this book are most
welcome.
From
The Syllabus Committee
Chairman, Co-ordinator and the
Members of I PUC Basic Mathematics
 CONTENTS
UNIT I
ALGEBRA
CHAPTER 1 NUMBER THEORY (Total - 8hrs) 1
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Natural Numbers
1.2 whole numbers
1.3 Integers
1.4 Odd and Even Numbers
1.5 Prime Numbers
1.6 Composite Numbers
1.7 Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
1.8 Least Common Multiple
1.9 Highest common factor
1.10 Relation between H.C.F and L.C.M
1.11 Finding H.C.F of fractions
1.12 Rational Numbers
1.13 Irrational Numbers
1.14 Real Numbers
1.15 Complex numbers

CHAPTER 2 SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 32

(Total - 16hrs)
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Sets
2.2 Methods of describing a set
2.3 Null set
2.4 Singleton set
2.5 Finite set and Infinite sets
 2.6 Equal and equivalent sets
2.7 Subset
2.8 Universal Set
2.9 Operation on Sets
2.10 Complement of a set
2.11 Algebra of sets
2.12 Venn diagrams
2.13 Ordered pairs
2.14 Equality of ordered pairs
2.15 Cartesian product pairs
2.16 Worked examples
2.17 Relation
2.18 Domain and range of a relation
2.19 Inverse relation
2.20 Types of relations
2.21 Worked Examples
2.22 Functions
2.23 Domain, co-domain and range
2.24 Different types of functions
2.25 Worked examples

CHAPTER 3 THEORY OF INDICES (Total - 4Hr) 80

3.1 Introductions
3.2 Meaning of an
3.3 Laws of Indices

CHAPTER 4 LOGARITHMS (Total - 6Hrs) 92

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Definition of logarithm
4.3 Laws of logarithm
4.4 Common Logarithm
CHAPTER 5 PROGRESSSIONS (Total-12 Hrs) 111
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sequences
5.3 Series
5.4 Arithmetic progressions
5.5 nth term of an A.P
5.6 Sum to n terms of an A.P
5.7 Geometric progression
5.8 nth term of G.P
5.9 Sum to n terms of G.P
5.10 Sum to infinite G.P
5.11 Harmonic progression
5.12 nth term of H.P
5.13 Arithmetic, Geometric and harmonic means

CHAPTER 6 THEORY OF EQUATIONS (Total - 12 Hrs) 145

6.1 Introduction and definition of equation
6.2 Degrees of the equation and different types of equations
6.3 Linear equation in one variable
6.4 Simultaneous linear equation in two variables
and different methods
6.5 Quadratic equation and its solution
6.6 Nature of the roots of quadratic equation
6.7 Cubic equation, examples and solution
6.8 Synthetic division

CHAPTER 7 LINEAR INEQUALITIES (Total - 6 Hrs) 176

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Inequalities
7.3 Linear inequalities in one variable
7.4 System of linear inequations in one variable
7.5 Application of Linear inequalities
7.6 Linear inequalities in two variable
7.7 System of Linear Inequations in two variables
and their graphical solution
 UNIT II
COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC
CHAPTER 8 SIMPLE INTEREST AND COMPOUND INTEREST
(Total 8 Hrs) 221
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Simple Interest
8.3 Compound Interest
8.4 Nominal and effective rate of interest
8.5 Varying rate of interest
8.6 Depreciation
8.7 Using compound interest formula for growth rate
8.8 Problems related to simple interest and compound interest

CHAPTER 9 ANNUITIES (Total 6Hrs) 251

9.1 Definition and types of annuity immediate
9.2 Future value of annuity immediate
9.3 Present value of annuity immediate
9.4 Future value of annuity due
9.5 Present value of annuity due
9.6 Perpetuity
9.7 Deferred annuity

CHAPTER 10 AVERAGES (Total - 4 Hrs) 269

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of Averages
10.3 Simple Average
10.4 Weighted Average
10.5 Combined Average
CHAPTER 11 PERCENTAGE, PROFIT AND LOSS 294
(Total - 6 Hrs)
11.1 Conversion of percentage to ratio fraction,
decimal and vice versa
11.2 Percentage increase,percentage decrease
11.3 Application problems involving percentages
11.4 Profit and Loss, Cost price , Selling price, Profit, Loss,
Profit percentage, Loss percentage, definition
and formula
11.5 Application problems

CHAPTER 12 LINEAR FUNCTIONS (Total - 4 Hrs) 314

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Definition
12.3 Linear Revenue, Cost and profit function
12.4 Break Even Analysis

UNIT III
TRIGONOMETRY
CHAPTER 13 ANGLES AND TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS 343
(Total - 6 Hrs)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Measurement of angles
13.3 Trigonometric ratios of acute angle
13.4 Relation between the trigonometric ratios

CHAPTER 14 STANDARD ANGLES AND ALLIED ANGLES 368

(Total - 6 Hrs)
14.1 Trigonometric Ratios of standard angles
14.2 Signs of Trigonometric ratios
14.3 Allied angles
 UNIT IV
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
CHAPTER 15 CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM IN A PLANE 387
(Total - 5 Hrs)
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Rectangular Cartesian Co-ordinate system in a plane
15.3 Distance Formula
15.4 Section Formula
15.5 Midpoint Formula, Centroid Formula,
15.6 Area of the Triangle and quadrilateral

CHAPTER 16 LOCUS AND ITS EQUATIONS (Total 3 Hrs) 414

16.1 Introduction
16.2 Equation of the locus of a point

CHAPTER 17 STRAIGHT LINE (Total - 10 Hrs) 419

17.1 Introduction
17.2 Slope or Gradient of a line
17.3 Slope of Parallel lines and Perpendicular Lines
17.4 Slope of the line joining two points
17.5 Standard forms of Equation of a straight lines
17.6 Equation of a line in general form
17.7 Intersection of two lines
17.8 Condition for concurrency of three lines
17.9 Lengthof the perpendicular from a point to a line
17.10 Distance between parallel lines

BLUE PRINT 467

3 MODEL QUESTION PAPERS 468

 UNIT - I
ALGEBRA
CHAPTER NAME OF THE CHAPTER TEACHING
HOURS

1 NUMBER THEORY 08

2 SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 15

3 THEORY OF INDICES 04

4 LOGARITHMS 05

5 PROGRESSIONS 12

6 THEORY OF EQUATIONS 12

7 LINEAR INEQUALITIES 06

TOTAL 62 Hours
 CHAPTER 1

NUMBER THEORY
1.0 Introduction:
In this chapter we shall study about the numbers and their properties and
applications.
1.1 Natural numbers:
Counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, are called natural numbers. They are also
called positive integers N = { 1, 2, 3, 4, .. }
1.2 Whole numbers:
All the natural numbers together with zero (0) form the set of whole numbers.
If 0 is added to any natural number n then it gives the same number n
0+n=n+0=n n N
W = { 0, 1, 2, 3 4, 5 . }
1.3 Integers:
The set of all positive integers, negative integers together with 0 is called the
set of integers and is denoted by Z
Z = {. -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 ..}
1.4 Odd and even integers:
The integers 1, 3, 5, 7 .. are called odd integers.
The integers 0, 2, 4, 6 .. -2, -4, -6 .. are called even integers
Note: i) 1, 2, 3, 4 . are called positive integers
ii) -1, -2, -3, -4 .. are called negative integers
iii) Zero (0) is neither positive nor negative.
We also assume that it is neither even nor odd.
1.5 Prime numbers:
An integer p > 1 is said to be a prime number if it has no other divisors
except one and itself. Eg : 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 .
Note: i) 2 is the only even prime number
ii) Prime numbers are infinite
1
1.6 Composite numbers:
An integer which is not a prime number is called a composite number
Eg : 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14 .
A composite number n has a divisor other than + 1 and + n
Note: 0 and 1 are neither prime nor composite
1.7 Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic. Every composite number can be
expressed as a product of primes and this decomposition is unique. Apart from
the order in which the prime factors occurs.
For Eg. i) The factors of 35 are 5 and 7
35 = 51 71
ii) The prime factors of 24 are 24 = 23 31
iii) The prime factors of 28 are 28 = 22 71
This is called PRIME FACTORIZATION or CANONICAL
REPRESENTATION.
The above theorem can be applied to find out
i) Number of positive divisors of a number
ii) The sum of all the positive divisors of a number.
Let n be a composite number. We know that any composite number can be
expressed as a product of Primes

Let n = P11 , P2 2 , P33 .......Pn n where P1, P2, P3, P4-. Pn are distinct primes.
Let T(n) denote the number of positive divisors of n and S(n) denote the sum
of all positive divisors of n. Then we have
T(n) = (1 + 1) (1 + 2 ) (1 + n)

1 1 1
P1 1 1 P2 2 1 Pn n 1
S(n) = P 1 .........
1 P2 1 Pn 1

WORKED EXAMPLES :
Example 1 Find the numbers of positive divisors and the sum of all positive
divisors of the following numbers.
(i) 60 (ii) 360 (iii) 825 (iv) 1024 (v) 960

2
Solution:
i) 60
2 60
2 30
3 15
5
________________
60 = 22 31 51
2 3
= P1 1 P2 P3
P1 = 2 1 = 2, P2 = 3, 2 = 1, P3 = 5, 3 = 1
T (n) = (1+ 1 ) (1 + 2 ) (1 + 3)
T (60) = (1 +2) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
= (3) (2) (2)
= (3) (4)
= 12

1 1 2 1 n 1
P1 1 P2 1 P 1
S(n) = ......... n
P1 1 P2 1 Pn 1

2 3 1 32 1 5 2 1
S (60) =
2 1 3 1 5 1

7 8 24
=
1 2 4
=7 4 6
= 7 24
= 168

3
ii) 360
2 360
2 180
3 90
3 30
2 10
5
____________________
360 = 23 32 51
n = P1 P2 P3
1 2 3

P1 = 2, 1= 3, P2 = 3, 2 = 2, P3 =5, 3 = 1
T (n) = (1 + 1)(1 + 2)(1 + 3)
T (360) = (3 + 1)(1 + 2) (1 + 1)
= (4) (3) (2)
= 24

1 1 2 1 n 1
P1 1 P2 1 P 1
S(n) = ........ n
P1 1 P2 1 Pn 1

2 4 1 33 1 5 2 1
=
2 1 3 1 5 1

15 26 24
=
1 2 1

= 1170

4
iii) 825

3 825
5 275
5 55
11
______________
825 = 31 52 111
P1 = 3, 1 = 1, P2 = 5, 2 = 2, P3 = 11, 3 = 1
T (n) = (1 + 1) (1 + 2 )(1 + 3)
= (1 + 1)(1 + 2)(1 + 1)
= (2)(3)(2)
= 12

1 1 2 1 n 1
P1 1 P2 1 P 1
S(n) = ......... n
P1 1 P2 1 Pn 1

32 1 53 1 112 1
=
3 1 5 1 11 1

8 124 120
=
2 4 10

= 4 31 12 = 1488

5
iv) 1024
2 1024
2 512
2 256
2 128
2 64
2 32
2 16
2 8
2 4
2
1024 = 210
P1 = 2 1 = 10
T (1024) = (1 + 10) = 11

211 1
S (1024) =
2 1

= 2047
v) 960
2 960
2 480
2 240
2 120
2 60
2 30
3 15
5
960 = 26 3 1 5 1

6
 P1 = 2, 1 = 6, P2 = 3, 2 = 1, P3 = 5, 3 = 1
T(n) = (1 + 1) (1 + 2) (1 + 3)
= (1 + 6) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
= (7) (2) (2)
= 28
1 1 2 1 n 1
P1 1 P2 1 P 1
S(n) = ......... n
P1 1 P2 1 Pn 1

2 7 1 32 1 5 2 1
=
2 1 3 1 5 1

8 24
= 127
2 2

= 127 4 6
= 3048

EXERCISE : 1.1
1 MARK QUESTIONS:
1. Find the numbers of divisors of the following numbers.
i) 34 53 72 ii) 4896 iii) 1644 iv) 672 iv) 768
2. Find the sum of all positive divisors of the following
i) 672 ii) 768 iii) 6498 iv) 39744 v) 1026
3. Give the canonical representation of the following
i) 96 ii) 140 iii) 156 iv) 306 v) 5005

ANSWERS OF : 1.1
1. i) 60 ii) 36 iii) 12 iv) 24 v) 18
2. (i) 2016 ii) 2044 iii) 814 89 iv) 121920 v) 2400

7
 3. i) 96 = 25 31
ii) 140 = 22 51 71
iii) 156 = 21 32 131
iv) 306 = 22 31 171
v) 5005 = 51 71 111 131
1.8 Least Common Multiple
The least number which is exactly divisible by each one of the given numbers
is called their LCM.
Rules to find LCM
Rule I : To find the LCM by Prime factorization method.
Express each number as the product of primes then LCM = Product of highest
powers of all the factors.

Example 1 Find the LCM of 12, 21 and 24

Solution : 12 = 22 31
21 = 31 71
24 = 23 31
LCM = 23 31 x 71
= 8 21
= 168

Example 2 Find the LCM of 36, 40 and 48

Solution Factors of 36:

2 36
2 18
3 9
3
36 = 22 32

8
 Factors of 40:
2 40
2 20
2 1
5
40 = 23 51
Factors of 48:
2 48
2 24
2 12
2 6
3
48 = 24 31
LCM of 36, 40 and 48
= 24 32 51
= 720
Rule II LCM by division method
1. Write the given numbers in a horizontal line, separating them by commas.
2. Divide by any one of the prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7 etc. which will exactly
divide atleast any two of the numbers.
3. Write the quotient and undivided numbers in a line below the first line.
4. Repeat the process until we get a line of numbers which are prime to one
another.
5. The product of all the divisiors and the numbers on the last line will be
the required LCM

9
Example 3 Find the LCM of 12, 18, 24
Solution :
2 12, 18, 24
2 6, 9, 12
2 2, 3, 4
1, 3, 2
LCM : 2 2 3 1 3 2 = 72
Example 4 Find the LCM of 30, 60, 90
Solution :
2 30, 60, 90
2 10, 20, 30
5 5 , 10, 15
1, 2, 3
LCM : 3 2 5 2 3 = 180
Example 5 Find the LCM of 12, 15 and 18
Solution :

3 12, 15, 18
2 4, 5, 6
2, 5, 3
LCM = 3 2 2 5 3 = 180
Example 6 Find the LCM of 48, 96 and 74
Solution :
2 48, 96, 74
2 24, 48, 37
2 12 , 24, 37
2 6, 12, 37
3 3, 6, 37
1, 2, 37
LCM = 48 2 37 = 3552

10
1.9 To find out the LCM of fractions :
a c e
If , , are the proper fractions, then LCM is given by
b d f
LCM of numerators
LCM =
HCF of deno min ators
1 5 5
Example 7 Find the LCM of , ,
3 6 7
Solution : First find LCM of numerators
5 1, 5, 5 LCM = 5
1, 1, 1
HCF of denominators 3, 6, 7 = 1
LCM of numerators 5
LCM = HCF of deno min ators = = 5
1

Example 8 Three vessels can hold 9, 15, 24 litres of water. Find the least
quantity of water which can be filled by these vessels an exact
numbers of times.
Solution :
Let us find the LCM
3 9, 15, 24
3, 5, 8
LCM = 15 8 3 = 120 3 = 360
Example 9 Three bells call at intervals 30 sec., 40 sec., 50 sec., respectively.
They start together. After how many minutes will next bell fall
together.
Solution : Find the LCM of 30, 40 and 50
2 30, 40, 50
5 15, 20, 25
2 3, 4, 5
3, 2, 5
LCM = 30 20 = 600
11
 Hence the bells will fall together after 600 sec.
600
Or = 10 minutes
60

Example 10 Three measuring rods are 60 cm, 80 cm, and 100 cm in length.
What is the length of cloth that can be measured exact number of
times using any one of these rods.
Solution : Required length = LCM of (60, 80 and 100) cm.
2 60, 80, 100
2 30, 40, 50
5 15, 20, 25
3, 4, 5
LCM = 2 2 5 60
= 1200 cm
= 12 m

Example 11 Find the numbers which when divided by 36, 40 and 48 leaves the
same remainder 5.
Solution : Let us find out the LCM of 36, 40, 48
36 = 22 32
40 = 23 5
48 = 24 3
LCM = 24 32 51
= 1645
= 720
Since 5 has to be the remainder, we have to add 5 to 720
i.e. 720 + 5 = 725

12
 EXERCISE : 1.2
3 MARK QUESTIONS:
1. Find the L.C.M. of the following:
numbers by factorization method
1) 6, 9, 12 ii) 8, 10, 12, iii) 12, 14, 16
iv) 5, 10, 15 v) 16, 20, 24
2. Find the LCM of the following numbers by division method.
i) 72, 64 ii) 48, 96, 72 iii) 12, 15, 18,
iv) 25, 75, 150 v) 4, 12, 24
3. Find the least integer divisible by 18 and 24
4 Find the LCM of
1 5 2 6 5 8
i) , , ii ) , ,
3 6 9 7 14 21
5. Three scales are 65 cm, 85 cm, and 95 cm in length. What is the length of the
cloth that can be measured exact number of times using any one of these three
scales.
6. Find the number which when divided by 16, 20 and 40 leaves the same
remainder 4.

ANSWERS : 1.2
1. i) 36 ii) 120 iii) 336 iv) 30 v) 240
2. i) 576 ii) 576 iii) 180 iv) 150 v) 24
3. 72
10 120
4. i) ii)
3 7
5. 20995
6. 124

13
1.9 Highest Common Factor : (HCF) or (Greatest Common Divisor GCD) or
(Greatest common measure)
Definition: An integer d is called as the GCD or HCF of 2 integers a and b
(both of them are not zero) if
i) d|a and d|b
ii) Every common divisor of a and b divides d
i.e. x|a, x|b x|d
usually GCD of a and b is denoted by d = (a, b)
For e.g. HCF of 8 and 16 is 8 and is denoted by (8, 16) = 8
Note: i) HCF of 2 numbers is a unique positive integer.
ii) If (a, b) = d then d = (-a, b) = (a, -b) = (-a, -b) = a positive integer.

Rules to find HCF (or GCD)

RULE 1: BY PRIME FACTORIZATION METHOD
1) Express each number as the product of primes, then HCF = Product of least
powers of common factors.
Example 12 Find the HCF of 12, 15, 18
Solution :
12 = 22 31
15 = 31 51
18 = 32 21
HCF = Product of least powers of common factors = 3
Example 13 Find the H.C.F. of 16, 24, 48
Solution :
2 16
2 8
2 4
2
__________
16 = 24

14
 2 24
2 12
2 6
3
__________
24 = 2 3 31

2 48
2 24
2 12
2 6
3
__________
48 = 2 4 31
HCF = Product of least powers of common factors
= 23
=8
Rule 2 By Division method
Let a and b be any 2 integers, without loss of generality we can assume
b> a > 0.
on dividing b by a let q be the quotient and r1 be the remainder if r1 =0, then
a by divides b thus HCF = a
If r1 0, divide a by r1, and let q2 be the quotient and r2 the remainder. If r2 = 0
then r1 is the HCF of a and b.
If r2 0 divide r1 by r2 to get the quotient q-3 and remainder r3. If r3=0 then HCF
= r2 .
If r3 0, continue this process of dividing each divisor by the remainder till the
remainder becomes zero. The last non-zero remainder is the HCF of a and b
This is known as EUCLIDS ALGORITHM.

15
Example 14 Find the HCF of 55 and 210
Solution :
55 ) 210 ( 3
165 r1 = 45 ; Divide 55 by 45
45 ) 55 ( 1
45
10 ) 45 ( 4 r2 = 10 Divide 45 by 10
40
5 ) 10 ( 2 r3 = 5 Divide by 10 by 5
10
00 r4 = 0
The last non zero remainder is 5
Therefore 5 is the HCF of 55 and 210
In symbols we write this as
(55, 210) = 5

Example 15 Find the HCF 18 and 24

Solution :
18 ) 24 ( 1
18
6 ) 18 ( 3
18
00
HCF = 6
i.e., (18, 24) = 6

16
Example 16 Find the H.C.F. of 165, 225 and 435
Solution :
Let us first find the HCF of 165 and 225
165 ) 225 ( 1
165
60 ) 165 ( 2
120
45 ) 60 ( 1
45
15 ) 45 ( 3
45
00
HCF of 165 and 225 is 15
Let us find out the H.C.F. of 15 and 435
15 ) 435 ( 29
435
00
HCF of 165, 225 and 435 is 15

1.10 Relation between LCM and HCF

If A and B are two numbers then the product of their LCM and HCF is equal to
the product of two numbers.
LCM HCF = A B
A B
HCF =
LCM

A B
LCM =
HCF

17
1.11 To find the HCF of fractions
a c e
If b , d , f are the proper fractions, the HCF is given by

HCF of numerators a, c, e
HCF = LCM of deno min ators b, d , f

Example 17 The cost of a chair is ` 600 and the cost of a table is ` 900. Find the
least sum of money that a person must possess in order to purchase
a whole number of chairs or tables.
Solution :
Let us find the HCF of 600 and 900
600 ) 900 ( 1
600
300 ) 600 ( 2
600
00
HCF = 300
LCM= 600 900
300
= 1800
The person must possess the least sum of ` 1800

Example 18 Find the greatest number which divides 39, 48 and 90 leaving
remainders 6, 4 and 2 respectively.
Solution:
Let the number be h
Given that h divides 39 and leaves the remainder 6
h divides 39 6 = 33
Likewise h divides 48 and leaves the remainder 4
48 4 = 44

18
 And when h divides 90, it leaves the remainder 2
90 2 = 88
h is the HCF of 33, 44, 88
33 = 111 31
44 = 111 22
88 = 111 23
HCF of 33, 44, 88 is 11
h = 11 the required number is 11
Example 19 If the product of two numbers is 216 and their LCM is 36. Find
their HCF
Solution :
ab = 216 LCM = 36 HCF = ?
HCF LCM = ab = 216
216
HCF =
LCM
216
HCF = 6
36

1.12 Rational numbers:

p
A number in the simplest form q where p and q are integers and q 0 is
called a reational number. The set of all rational numbers is denoted by Q.
4 3 2
Eg , , etc
7 5 3
Note:
1. Every integer is a rational number
0 p
2. Zero (0) is a rational number since 0 = is of the form q , where p and q are
1
integer and q 0.

19
3. Square root of a positive integer, which is a perfect square is rational number:

Eg: 16 = 4, 25 = 5

Rational number in lowest terms

A rational number of the form p/q where q 0 is said to be in the lowest form
if the integers p and q have no other common factors other than 1 i.e., if p and
q are co-prime or HCF of p and q is 1
7 7 1
Eg: is a rational number but not in the lowest form. But = is a
14 14 2
rational number in lowest form.
All rational numbers when expressed in decimal form are either terminating
decimals or recurring decimals.

Example 20
1
1) = 0.25 is a terminating decimal.
4
2
2) = 0.4 is a terminating decimal
5
1
3) = 0.3 3 3 3 .. is a non terminating recurring decimal
3
1
4) = 0.142857142857142857
7
is a non terminating recurring decimal.

Example 21 Express each of the following rational numbers as decimals.

Solution :
3
i) = 0.75
4
15
ii) = 1.875
8
8 8 23 64
iii) = 3 = = 0.064
125 125 2 1000
20
Recurring decimal: A decimal representation in which all the digits after a certain
stage are repeated is called a recurring decimal.

1
For Eg : = 0.33333 .. = 0.3
3

Mixed Recurring decimal : A decimal in which some digits after the decimal point
is not repeated and then some digit or digits are repeated is called a Mixed recurring
decimal

For example : 6.12555 = 6.12 5
Note:
p
1. Let x = q be a rational number such that prime factorization of q is of the
p
form 2n 5m . Then decimal expansion of q terminates.

p
2. If q is a rational number such that prime factorization of q is not of the form
p
2n 5m. Then decimal expansion of q is non-terminating.

Example 23 Without actually performing the long division state whether the
following rational numbers will have a terminating decimal
expansion or non- terminating repeating decimal expansion.

17
Solution : i)
3125
Prime factorization of 3125 = 55 = 20 x 55 = (2n . 5m form)

17
is a rational number having decimal expansion.
3125

21
 13
ii)
8
Prime factorization of 8 = 23 = (2m .5n form)
13
is a rational having decimal expansion.
8
31
iii)
243
Prime factorization of 243 = 35. It is not of the form 2m 5n.
31
is a non terminating decimal expansion
243

64
iv)
343
Prime factorization of 343 = 73. It is not of the form 2m. 5n.
64
the rational number is a non terminating decimal expansion.
343
p
1.13 Irrational numbers: A number which cannot be put in the form of q where
p and q are integers and q 0 is called as irrational number.
i.e. a number which is not rational is irrational.

Eg: 2, 3, 5, 7 etc. are irrational.

Note:
1. Negative of an irrational number is an irrational number eg.: - 2
2. Sum of rational and irrational number is always an irrational number.
Eg. 2 3
3. Product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is
irrational.
2
Eg. ( 3 1)
3

22
Example 24 Prove that 2 is an irrational number..
Solution : We shall prove it by contradiction.
If possible Let 2 be a rational number
p
Let 2 = q where p and q are integers and q 0.
Further let p and q are coprime i.e. H.C.F. of p and q = 1.
p
2 2q p
q
2q2 = p2
2 divides p2 2 divides p
p is even
Let p = 2k where k is an integer p2 = 4k2
2q2 = 4k2
q2 = 2k2 q2 is even
q is even.
Now p is even and q is even which implies p and q have a common factor 2.
which is a contradiction of the fact that p and q are co-prime.
our assumption that 2 is rational is wrong and hence 2 is irrational.

Example 25 Prove that 3 + 5 is an irrational number;

Solution : If possible, let 3 + 5 be a rational number
a
3 5 where a and b are integers and b 0
b
a
5 3
b
= rational rational
= rational
Irrational 5 = rational
A rational number cannot be equal to an irrational number
our assumption is wrong. Hence 3 5 is irrational.
23
 EXERCISE : 1.3
3 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Find the HCF of the following by faction sation method.
i) 144, 720 ii) 60, 72, 84 iii) 108, 216
iv) 34, 85, 153 v) 165, 225
2. Find the HCF of the following mumbers by division method.
i) 72, 96 ii) 104, 130 iii) 45, 90, 180
iv) 8, 16, 24 v) 12, 15, 24
3. Find the largest integer which divides 105 and 315
4. Find the greatest interger which divides 42, 52, 86 leaving remainder
6, 4 and 2 respectively.
8 32 16
5. Find the HCF of , ,
9 81 27
6. If the HCF of two numbers is 42 and their product is 52920. Find their
L.CM
7. The HCF of two numbers is 16 and their LCM is 160. If one of the
numbers is 64. Find the other numbers.

ANSWERS : 1.3
1. i) 144 ii) 12 iii) 108 iv) 17 v) 15
2. i) 24 ii) 26 iii) 45 iv) 8 v)3

8
3. 105 4. 12 5. 6. 1260 7. 40
81

DEFINITION OF A SURD: An irrational root of a rational number is called a

surd.
For eg.: 2, 3, 5 3, 3 7

TRANSCENDENTAL NUMBER = An irrational number which is not a surd is

called a transcendental number. is a transcendental number.
24
1.14 Real Numbers: Rational numbers and irrational numbers taken together are
said to form the set of Real numbers. The set of real numbers is denoted by R.
i.e. A real number is either rational or irrational R = Q U Q where Q is set of
rational and Q is the set of irrationals.
Every real number (whether rational or irrational) can be represented by a
unique point on the number line called real number line and conversely.
Properties of Real numbers:
1. For any real number a, only one of the following is true.
i) a > 0 or ii) a < 0 or iii) a = 0
2. For any two real numbers a and b only one of the following is true.
i) a < b or ii) a > b or iii) a = b
3. If a, b, c are real numbers such that a > b, b > c then a > c
4. If a and b are any two real numbers such that ab = 0 then a = 0 or b = 0
5. If a, b, c, are any three real numbers then
1) a+b=b+a
Commutative laws
a. b = b. a
2) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
Associative laws
a. (b.c) = (a. b). c
3) a .(b + c) = a.b + a.c (Distributive law)
6. Square of a real number is always positive.
For eg. (-9)2 = 81
(5)2 = 25
1.15 Complex numbers:
A number of the form a + ib where a, b R, the set of real numbers and i = 1
is called as a complex number. Where a is called as real part and b is called
the imaginary part.
Example: 1 + 6i, 3 4i, 2 + 3i etc. are complex numbers.

25
Algebra of complex numbers:
Addition and subtraction of two complex numbers:
Definition: If z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id are two complex numbers, then
z1 + z2 = (a + ib) + (c +id) is the complex number = (a + c) + i (b + d)
z1 z2 = (a + ib) (c + id)
= (a c) + i (b d)
Eg. z1 = 4 + 5i , z2 = 1 + 7i
i) z1 + z2 = 5 + 12i ii) z1 z2 =3 2i

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO COMPLEX NUMBERS.

If z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id are two complex numbers then
z1 z2 = (a + ib) (c + id)
= (ac bd) + i (ad + bc)
Example: (2 + 3i) (4 + 3i) = (8 9) + i (18) = -1 + 18i.

CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

If z = a + ib is a complex number then a ib is called as its conjugate and is denoted
by z .
Example if z = 2 + 3i then z = 2 3i
If z = 5 4i then z = 5 + 4i

DIVISION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER BY A NON-ZERO COMPLEX

NUMBER.
Let z1 = a + ib and z2 =c + id be two complex numbers
z1 a ib
is a complex number
z 2 c id

a ib c id

c id c id

ac bd bc ac
= c 2 d 2 i c 2 d 2
26
 1 i (1 i ) (1 i )
Example: 1 i (1 i) (1 i )

1 i 2 2i
=
1 i2

1 1 2i 2i
= = = 0 + i1
2 2
a + ib = 0 + i1
a=0
b=1

IDENTITY PROPERTY
z+0 =0+z=z
z 0 which is a complex number, 1 + 0i is the multiplicative identity..
1z=z1=z

INVERSE PROPERTY : For every complex number z there exists some - z

belonging to the set of complex numbers such that z + - z = - z + z
- z is the additive inverse of z
1
For every complex number z except zero there exists some belonging to the set
Z
of complex numbers such that
1 1
z z 1
z z
1
z
is the multiplicative inverse of z

5. COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY:
For every complex numbers z1 , z2
1) z1 + z2 = z2 + z1
2) z1 z2 = z2 z1
27
6. a) LEFT DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
For every complex numbers z1 , z2, z3
z1 (z2 + z3) = z1 z2 + z1 z3

b) RIGHT DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY:

(z1 + z2) z3 = z1 z3 + z2 z3

MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER:

If z = a + ib
|z| = a 2 b2

EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

DEFINITION: If a + ib and c + id are two complex umbers then a + ib = c + id if
and only if a = c and b = d
Example:
1. a + ib = 4 + 3i
a = 4, b = 3
2. a + ib = 0 + 0i
a = 0, b = 0
PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX NUMBERS:
Let C be the set of complex numbers then
1. Closure property : For every complex numbers z1 and z2 ,
z1 + z2 belongs to the set of complex numbers.Also
z1 . z2 belongs to the set of complex numbers
2. Associative property: For every complex numbers z1 , z2 and z3
1) z1 + (z2 + z3) = (z1 + z2 ) + z3
2) z1 (z2 z3) = (z1 z2) z3
3. Identities : For every complex number z
0 + 0i is the additive identity

28
Examples:
Evaluate the following:
1. (1 + i) + (2 + 3i)
= 3 + 4i
Real part = 3, imaginary part = 4
2. (1 + i) (1 i)
= 1 i2
= 1+1=2
Real part = 2, imaginary part = 0
3. (1 + i) (-2 + 3i)
= (- 5) + 1i
Real Part = -5 imaginary part = 1

(1 2i )
4. (3 4i )
1 2i (3 4i )
=
(3 4i ) (3 41)
(1 2i )(3 4i )
=
9 16
(3 8) i (10)
=
25
5 10 1 2i
=
25 5 5
1 2
Real part = - Imaginary part =
5 5

29
 1
5.
4 3i
1 4 3i
=
4 3i 4 3i
4 3i
=
16 9
4 3i
=
25 25
4
Real part =
25
3
Imaginary part =
25

EXERCISE : 1.4
I. 5 MARKS QUESTIONS:
1. Prove that 2 is an irrational number
2. Prove that 5 is an irrational number
3. Prove that 2 + 3 is an irrational number
4. Prove that 2 + 3 5 is an irrational number

II. 2 MARKS QUESTIONS:

Without actually performing the long division state whether the following
rational numbers will have terminating decimal expansion. Or nonterminating
decimal expansion also write down the decimal expansion of the rational
numbers which have the terminating decimal expansions.
29 139 129 77
i) ii ) iii ) iv )
1600 23 52 72 210

III. 1 MARK QUESTIONS:

Write the real and imaginary parts of the following complex numbers.
2 4i
i) 3 + 5i ii) 4 i iii) 3i iv) 6 v)
3 5

30
 ANSWERS : 1.4
II. i) 0.018125 (Terminating decimal)
ii) .695 (Terminating decimal)
iii) 2.632653061 .. (Non Terminating Decimal)
iv) 0.3666666 (Non Terminating Decimal)
III. i) Real part = 3 Imaginary Part = 5
ii) Real part = 4 Imaginary Part = - 1
iii) Real part = 0 Imaginary Part = 3
iv) Real Part = 6 Imaginary Part = 0
2 4
v) Real Part = Imaginary Part =
3 5

EXERCISE : 1.5
I. Express the following in the form of a + ib
1. If z1 = 2 + 3i z2 = 1 i
Find i) z1 + z2 ii) z1 z2

2. If z = 2 + 3i Find 1) z + z
2) z . z

1 5i 7 3i
3. Evaluate 1) 2)
2 52

4. Evaluate : (1 + i) (4 3i) (1 i)

ANSWERS : 1.5
1. i) 3 + 2i ii) 1 + 4i
2. i) 4 ii) 13

1 5i 7 3i
3. i) ii)
2 52

4. 8 6i
31
 CHAPTER 2

SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

2.0 Introduction: The theory of sets was developed by German Mathematician
George Cantor. He is regarded as the father of set theory. It is proved to be
of great importance in the foundation of relations and functions, sequences,
Geometry, Probability theory etc. Also it has wide application in logic and
philosophy.
2.1 Sets: A set is a well defined collection of distinct objects. Each member is
called the element of the set.
Note: 1. A set is always represented by capital letters
2. If a is an element of set A then we write a A.
3. If b is not an element of set A then we write b A
Examples:
1. The set of boys in class VthA.
2. The set of even natural numbers
3. The set of days of a week
4. The set of vowels in the English alphabet.
2.2 Methods of describing a set:
A set can be represented in two forms
1. Roster form or Tabular form
2. Set builder form or rule form
Roster Form: In the roster Form, all the elements are listed and separated
by commas and are enclosed within brackets.
A = The set of all even numbers between 0 and 10
Roster Method given by A = {2, 4, 6, 8}
Set builder Form: In this method all the elements of a set possess a single
common property, which is not possessed by any element outside the set.
If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then the set builder form is represented by
A = { x : x N and x < 6}

32
2.3 Null set or Empty set: A set containing no elements is called an empty set.
It is denoted by or { }
For eg.: A = {The set of all even prime numbers other than 2 }
A = or { }
2. A = set of all natural numbers < 0
A = or{ }
2.4 Singleton set: A set containing only one element is called a singleton set.
Eg. 1. A = { x : x 1 = 0 , x N}
A ={ 1 }
2. B = {x : x is an even prime number}
B ={ 2 }
2.5 Finite set and infinite set: A set is called a finite set if it contains finite
numbers of elements.
Example 1 A = {1, 2, 3}
n(A) = 3
2 B = {set of prime numbers < 9}
B = {2, 3, 5,7}
n(B) = 4
A set which is not finite is called an infinite set.
Examples 1. The set of natural numbers
2. The set of real numbers
2.6 Equal and Equivalent sets:
Equal Sets: Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the
same elements.
Ex. 1. A = {1, 3, 8}
B = {8, 3, 1}
Then A = B as A and B have the same elements.
2. A = { x : x is a letter in the word flow}
B = { x : x is a letter in the word wolf)
Then A = B as A and B have the same elements

33
 Equivalent sets: Two finite sets A and B are said to be equivalent if they
have the same cardinal number i.e. if the same number of elements. i.e. if
n (A) = n (B).
Let A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Then n (A) = 5 and n (B) = 5
the sets A and B are equivalent.
2.7 Subset: If each and every element of A is an element of B, then A is called
a subset of B or A is contained in B. We write A B.
Example 1 A = {1, 2}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
A B
Note:
1. If atleast one element of A does not belong to set B then A is not a subset of
B. It is symbolically represented by A B
2. Every set A is a subset of itself i.e. A A.
3. is a subset of every set.
4. If A B and B A then A = B
Example 2 Set of Natural Numbers set of whole numbers
Super Set: Set A and B are two non empty sets such that A is contained
in B and A B then B is called the super set of A
It is symbolically represented by B A
EXAMPLE : Set of complex numbers is a super set of set of real numbers
PROPER SUBSET: A is called a proper subset of B if each and every
element of A is contained in B and A B. It is symbolically represented by
A B and is read as A is a proper subset of B
A = {a, b, c}
B = {a, b, c, d}
AB
Power Set : A set formed by all the subsets of a set A as its elements is
called the Power set of A and is denoted by p(A)
34
Examples:
1. Set A = {a, b}
The subsets of A are {a}, {b} {a, b} and {a, b} then
P(A) = {, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}
n (p (A)) = 22 = 4
Note: n (p (A) ) = 2n where n is the number of elements of the set A.
2. B = {1, 2, 3}
The subsets of B are , {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {1, 3}, {1, 2, 3}
The power set of the given set B is
P(B) = { , {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3} {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}
n (P (B)) = 23 = 8
2.8 Universal set: If all the sets under consideration are subsets of a set U. Then
U is called the Universal set.
Example: For the set of integers Z, the universal set can be set of real numbers
R or the set of complex numbers C.
Cardinal number of a finite set: The number of elements of a finite set A is
called the cardinal number and is represented by n(A).
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Cardinal number of set A = n (A) = 6
2.9 Operation on Sets:
a) Union of Sets: Let A and B be any two sets. Then the union of A and
B denoted by A B is defined to be the set of all those elements. which
are in A or in B or in both.
Examples:
1. Let A = {a, b, c} B = {c, d, e, f}
A B = {a, b, c, d, e, f}
2. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = { 1, 2, 9}
A B = {1, 2, 3 .. ..9}

35
 Note: 1) A A = A
2) A = A
3) =
4) If A B then A B = B
b) Intersection of sets: Let A and B be any two sets. Then the intersection
of A and B denoted by A B is defined to be the set of all common
elements between A and B
Example:
1. Let A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {c, d, e, f, g, h}
A B = {c,d}
2. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {1, 2, 3, .. 9}
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = A itself

Note: 1. A A = A
2. A =
3 =
4. It A B then A B = A itself.
c) Difference between any two sets : Let A and B be any two sets. Then
the difference A-B is defined to be the set of all those elements of A
which are not in B.
It is also called the complement of B w.r.t. A. Similarly B A is defined
to be the set of all those elements of B which are not in A. It is also
called the complement of A w.r.t. B.
Example:
1. Let A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {d, e, f, g, h, i}
A B = {a, b, c}
B A = {e, f, g, h, i}
36
 d) Symmetric difference: Let A and B be any two sets. Then the symmetric
difference between A and B is defined to be (A B) (B A) and is
denoted by A B
Example: A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {d, e, f, g, h, i}
A B = {a, b, c}
B A = {e, f, g, h, i}
A B = (A B) U (B A)
A B = {a,b,c,e,f,g,h,i}
2.10 Complement of a set w.r.t. Universal set
Let A be any set. Then the complement of A w.r.t. U is the set of all those
elements of U which are not in A and is denoted by U A or A or AC

2.11 Algebra of Sets

1. Commutative laws: If A and B are any two sets then
1) A B = B A and 2) A B = B A
Example: Let
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {2, 3, 4}
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
A B = B A
A B = {2, 3}
B A = {2, 3}
A B = B A

2. Associative laws: If A, B, C are three sets then

i) A (B C) = (A B) C and
ii) A (B C) = (A B) C

37
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {3, 4, 5, 6}
C = {5, 6, 7, 8}
Verify the associative laws
Solution:
i) B C = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A (B C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} (1)
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(A B) C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} (2)
From (1) and (2) we have
A (B C) = (A B) C

ii) A B = {3, 4} (3)

(A B) C = {3, 4}, {5, 6, 7, 8} =
B C = {5, 6}
A (B C) = {1, 2, 3, 4} {5, 6}= (4)
From (3) and (4) we have

A (B C) = (A B) C

3. Distributive Laws. If A, B, C are any three sets then

i) A B C) = A B (A C) and
ii) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {3, 4, 5, 6}
C = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
B C = {4, 5, 6}
A (B C) = {1, 2, 3, 4,) {4, 5, 6}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

38
 A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(A B) (A C)
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)

ii) B C = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A (B C) = {1, 2, 3, 4} {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
= {3, 4}
A B = {3, 4}
A C = {4}
(A B) (A C) = {3, 4}
Thus we have
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)

4. De Morgans Laws: If A and B are any two sets then

i) (A B)1 = A1 B1 and ii) (A B)1 = A1 B1

Example: U = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9)
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} (1)
(A B)1 = {8, 9} (1)
A1 = {6, 7, 8, 9}
B1 = {1, 2, 8, 9}
A1 B1 = {8, 9} (2)
From (1) and (2) we have
(A B)1 = A1 B1 = {8, 9}

39
 ii) A B = {3, 4, 5} (3)
(A B)1 = {1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A1 = {6, 7, 8, 9}
B1 = {1, 2, 8, 9}
A1 B1 = {1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9} (4)

From (3) & (4) we have

(A B)1 = A1 B1 = {1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9}

1. Let A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {c, d, e., f, g, h}
A B = {c,d }

2. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = A itself

Note: 1. A A = A
2. A =
3 =
4. It AB then A B = A itself.

2.12 Venn Diagrams: Diagramatic representation of sets and properties of sets is

called Venn diagram in the name of the famous mathematician Venn who
devised it.
1. A set is represented by a circle or a closed figure.

A B

40
2. Universal set:

U=

3. A B

A B

U= The shaded portion is AUB

4. A B

A B

U= The shaded portion is A B

5. A-B

A B

U= The shaded portion is A B

41
6. BA

A B

The shaded portion is B A

7. A B

The shaded portion is

AB = (A-B) U (B-A)

8. Subset AB

B
U= A

9. A1 or U-A

U= A The shaded portion is U-A or A1 in U

42
10. Disjoint sets

U=

Note that here AB= here

LIST OF FORMULAE:

1. If A and B are two finite sets, then n(A B) = n (A) + n(B) n (A B)

Note: If A B = then n (A B) = 0 we get
n (A B) = n (A) + n (B)
2. If A, B and C are three finite sets then
n (A B C) = n (A) + n (B) + n (C) + n (A B C) n (A B)
n(B C) n (A C)
3. If A and A1 both are finite sets, then n(A1) = n (U) n (A) where U is the
universal set.
4. If A and B are two finite sets, then
a) n (A B) = n (A) - n (A B)
b) n (B A) = n (B) n (A B)

WORKED EXAMPLES:
Example 1 Which of the following are sets?
a) {2, 4, 6, 8..} Ans.: is a set
b) {10, 12, 15} .. ) Ans. is a set
c) All interesting books Ans.: Not a set
d) All orange flowers Ans.: is a set
e} All rivers of India Ans.: is a set

43
Example 2 Represent the following sets in both Roster form and Rule method.
a) Set of factors of 20
Roster form {+ 1, + 2, + 4, + 5, + 10, + 20}
Rule Form : { x : x is a factor of 20}
b) Set of all prime Numbers less than 10
Roster form = {2, 3, 5, 7}
Rule form = { x : x is a prime number < 10}

Example 3 Convert the following sets from roster form to rule form.
a) A = {8, 16, 24 .}
Solution: A = {x : x is a positive multiple of 8}
b) B = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25 50}
Solution: B = {x : x is a positive multiple of 5 < 50}
c) C = {a, e, i, o, u}
Solution: C = { x:x is a vowel in English alphabet}
d) D={2}
Solution: D = { x : x is an even prime number}
e) E = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23}
Solution : E = { x : x is a prime number < 25}

Example 4 Convert the following sets from rule to roster form.

Solution : A = {P, R, O, E}
a) The set of all letters of the word ROPE
b) B = { x : x2 5x + 6 = 0}
Solution : B = {2, 3}
c) A = {n : n is a prime number < 20}
Solution: A = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 }
d) A = {n: n is a positive factor of 25}
Solution: A = {25, 5, 1}

44
Example 5 Out of 50 people, 20 people drink tea, 10 take both tea, and coffee.
How many take atleast one of the two drinks.

n (T C) = n (T) + n (C) n (T C)
50 = 20 + n (C) - 10
40 = n (C)
Number of people taking atleast one of the two drinks
10 + 10 + 30 = 40 + 10 = 50
Example 6 In a group of 65 people, 40 like Cricket, 10 like hockey and cricket
both. How many like Cricket only and not hockey? How many
like hockey?

n (C H) = n(C) + n (H) n (C H)
65 =40 + n(H) 10
65 =30 + n(H)
n(H) = 35
Since n (C H) = 10 number of people like hockey 35.
Example 7 In a survey of 100 persons it was found that 28 read magazine
A,30 read magazine B,42 read magazine C,8 read magazine A
and B,10 read magazine A and C,5 read magazines B and C
while 3 read all the three magazines.Find:
45
 i) How many read none of the three magazines?
ii) How many read only magazine C?
Solution :
Given (U)=100, n(A)=28, n(B)=30, n(C)=42, n(A B)=8, n(A C)=10,

n(B C)=5, n(A B C)=3

i) Number of people who read none of the magazines
= 100-(13+5+20+7+3+2+30)
= 100-80=20
ii) Number of people who read only magazine C only =30

U=

Exampale 8 Write all the possible subsets of A = {a, b, c}

Solution: , {a} {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {b, c}, {a, c}, {a, b, c}

EXERCISE : 2.1
1 MARK QUESTIONS:
1. Which of the following are sets?
a) {4, 8, 12..}
b) {10, 6, 8, a, m, }
c) All good films
d) All interesting subjects
e) Students of a particular college.

46
2. Represent the following sets in both roster form and rule form
a) Set of even natural numbers less than 30
b) Set of all multiples of 3
c) Set of all integers between 3 and + 3
d) Set of Prime numbers < 20
e) Set of all positive factors of 25
3. Convert the following sets from roster form to rule form
a) A = { 4, 8, 12.}
b) B = { 6, 12, 18..}
c) C = {a, b, c, d}
d) D = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday,
Saturday, Sunday}
e) E = { June, July}
4. Convert the following sets from rule to roster form
a) A = { x : x is a letter in the word ENGINEERING}
b) B = { n : n 2 7n + 12 = 0}
5. Write all the possible subsets of the following
a) A = {1, 2, 3}
b) B = { a, b}
6. If A = {5, 6, 7}, Find P (A)
7. If A has 4 elements, how many elements will P (A) have?
8. If A = {2, 3, 4} write all the proper subsets of A

ANSWERS : 2.1
1. a) Is a set
b) Is not a set
c) Is not a set
d) Is not a set
e) Is a set
2. a) Roster form A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12. 28}
Rule method = { x : x = 2n, n < 14} n N
47
 b) Roster form A = {3, 6, 9, }
Rule method A = {x : x = 3n, n N}
c) Roster form A = { , -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 0}
Rule method A = {x : x, 3 < n < + 3 , n Z}
3. .
a) A = {x : x = 4n n N }
b) B = {x : x = 6n n N }
c) C = {x : x is the first four letters of English alphabet}
d) D = {x : x is a day of the week}
e) E = {x : x is a month of the year starting with J}
4. a) A = { E, N, G, I, N, R }
b) B = {3, 4}
5. a) The subsets of A are
{1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}
b) The subsets of B are
{a}, {b}, {a, b}
6. P (A) = { {5},{6}, {7}, {5, 6}, {6, 7}, {5, 7}, {5, 6, 7}, }
7. n P (A) = 24 = 16
8. Proper subsets of A are {2}, {3}, {4}, {2, 3}, {2, 4},{3,4},

EXERCISE : 2.2
5 MARK QUESTIONS:
1. In a class of 50 students, 15 do not participate in any games, 25 play Cricket
and 20 play football. Find the number of students who play both.
2. In a class of 100 students, 35 play football, 45 play basket ball, 35 play
indoor games 10 play football and basket ball, 15 play basket ball and indoor
games, 5 play football, basketball and indoor games.If 15 do not play any
games then find How many play football and indoor games?

48
3. Out of 250 people, 160 drink coffee, 90 drink tea, 85 drink milk, 45 drink
coffee and tea, 35 drink tea and milk, 20 drink all the three. How many will
drink Coffee and Milk?
4. In a class of 150 students, It was found that 95 like burgers and 79 like
pizzas. Assuming every student like at least one of the above, find the number
of students who like both burgers and pizzas. Show the result through venn
diagram.
5. Out of 85 students of class I P.U. A who took up a combined test in English
and Hindi. If 63 students passed in both, 12 failed in English and 4 failed
only in English, use venn diagram to find how many (a) failed in Hindi (b)
passed in English, (c) passed in Hindi.

6. In a college 2 th of the students play Basket ball and 3 th play volley

5 4

ball. If 50 students play none of these two games and 125 play both, use
venn diagram to find the number of students in the college.
7. In a certain college with 500 students, 300 take milk and 250 take tea. Find
how many take (a) milk only, (b) tea only, (c) both milk and tea.
8. In a class of 150 students, each student is required to take at least one of the
two subject namely Biology or Economics. If 75 students have taken Biology
and 25 have taken both Biology and Economics, how many have taken
Economics? Show the result with the help of venn diagram.

ANSWERS : 2.2
1. The number of students who play both are = 10.

49
2. 10 play football and indoor games.

3. 25 Students will drink both coffee and milk.

4. 24 like both burgers and pizzas.

U=150

50
5. U=85

a) 18 failed in Hindi
b) 73 passed in English
c) 67 passed in Hindi
6. Total number of students in the college is 500.
U=500

7 a) 250 take milk only

b) 200 take tea only
c) 50 take both milk and tea.
8.
U=150

100 Students have failed economics.

51
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
2.13 Ordered Pairs: Let a A, b B, then the ordered pair of elements a and
b is denoted by (a, b)
a is the 1st element
b is the 2nd element
2.14 Equality of ordered pairs:
Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are said to be equal of a = c and b = d
2.15 Cartesian Product: Cartesian product of 2 sets A and B is denoted by A B
is the set of all the ordered pairs (a, b) a A and b B.
A B ={ (a, b), a A and b B}
If A = {a, b}, B = {c, d, e}
A B = { (a, c), (a, d), (a, e), (b, c), (b, d), (b, e)}

Note:
1. If A = or B = then A B =
2. If A or B then A B
3. If A B = iff A = or B =
4. If A = B then A B = A2
5. If a A, b B and c C
Then
(A B C) = { (a, b, c) a A, b B, c C}
52
2.16 Worked Examples:
Example 1
A = {a, b, c} B = {c, d}
Find (i) A B ii) B A iii) A A iv) B B
Solution :
i. A B = { (a, c), (a, d), (b, c), (b, d), (c, c), (c, d) }
ii. B A = { (c, a), (c, b), (c, c), (d, a), (d, b), (d, c) }
iii. A A = { (a, a), (a, b), (a, c), (b, a), (b, b), (b, c), (c, a), (c, b), (c, c) }
iv. B B = { (c, c), (c, d), (d, c), (d, d) }

Example 2
If A = {1, 2}, B = {2, 3}, C = {3, 4}
Find 1) A (B C)
2) (A B) (A C)
3) A (B C)
4) (A B) (A C)
Solution :
1) {1, 2 } (2, 3, 4)
{(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)}
2) { (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3)
U { (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4) }
= { (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4) }
3) { 1, 2 } { 3}
{ (1, 3 ), (2, 3) }

4) { (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3) } { (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}
{ (1, 3), (2, 3) }

53
Example 3 If A = {a, b, c, d} B = {d, e, f, g}
Find 1) (A B) A
2) A B B
Solution :
{a, b, c} {a, b, c, d}
{ (a, a), (a, b), (a, c), (a, d), (b, a), (b, b), (b, c) (b, d),
(c, a), (c, b), (c, c), (c, d) }
ii) { d} {d, e, f, g}
{ (d, d), (d, e), (d, f), (d, g) }
Example 4 If
A = {a, b, c} B = {d} C = { e }
Verify : A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
Solution:
LHS
A (B C)
= { a, b, c} { d }
{ (a, d), (b, d), (c. d) }]
RHS
(A B) - (A C)
{ (a, d), (b, d), (c, d) } - { (a, e), (b, e), (c, e) }
{ (a, d), (b, d), (c, d) }
LHS = RHS = { (a, d), (b, d), (c, d) }
Example 5 If
A = { x : x 2 - 7x + 12 = 0}
B = {2, 4} C = {4, 5 }
Find (A B) (B C )
Solution :
A B = {3, 4} {2, 4} = { 3 }
B A = {2, 4} {4, 5} = { 2 }
(A B) (B A) = { 3 } { 2 }
= { (3, 2) }
54
Example 6 If A = {c, e, f}, B = {f, g, h}
C = {g, h, i }
Find (A B ) (B C)
Solution :
A B={f}
B C = {g, h}
{ f } {g, h}
{(f, g), (f, h) }
Example 7
If A B = { (a, 1), (a, 2), (a, 3) (b, 1), (b, 2), (b, e) }
Find A and B
Solution :
A = {a, b} B = { 1, 2, 3 }
Example 8 If (2x, x + y) = (8, 4)
Find x and y
2x = 8
x= 4
4+y=4
y=0
Example 9 A = { x : x2 9 = 0, x < 0 }
B = {x: x N < 3}
Find 1) A B
2) B A
Solution :
A={-3}, B={1,2}
1) AB
= { (- 3, 1), ( - 3, 2) }
2) BA
{ (1, -3), (2, -3) }
55
Example 10 If U= {a, b, c, d g }
A = {a, b, c, d}
B = { b, d, f, g}
C = {c, d, e, f }

Find 1) (A C)1 in U
2) (B C)1 in U
Solution :
1. (A C)1 in U = {c, d}1 = {a, b, e, f, g }
2. (B C)1 in U = { b, g}1
={ a, c, d, e, f }

EXERCISE : 2.3
2 MARKS QUESTIONS:
1. If A = {a, b, c, d }, B = {b, d, f, g}
C = {c, d, e, f} U= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g,h }
Find i) A B1
ii) (A B) A
iii) (A B) B1
iv) (A B)1 B

2. A = { x : x 2 5 x 6 0, x N }
B = { x - 7 + 12 = 0, x N }
C = { x : x 2 - 9 = 0, x Z }

Find i) (A B C) A
ii) (A B) B
iii) B C C
iv) (A B) (B A)
v) (A B) - (A C)

56
3. If A={3, 5, 7}
B={5, 7, 9}
C={7, 9, 11}

Find i) (A B C) C
ii) (A B ) (B C)
iii) (A B) (B C)
iv) (A B) (B A)
4. If A B = { (-1, a), (-1, b), (-2, a), (-2, b), (3, a), (3, b) }
Find A and B
5. If (2x + 4, 3x + y) = (8, 0)
Find x and y
6. If A = {1, 3, 5} B = { 5} C = { 7 }
Verify A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
7. If A = { 1, 4, 7} B = (c, d} S.T. A B B A
8. If A = (2, 4, 6) B = {3, 5}
Find i) A B ii) A A iii) B B iv) B A
9. If ( x+ y, x - y) = (5, 1) Find x and y
10. If A = {4, 6} B = {6, 8, 10} C = (8, 10, 12}
Then Verify: A (B C) = (A B) (A C)

ANSWERS OF : 2.3
Solution 1:
i) {a, b, c, d} {a, c, e, h}
{ (a, a), (a, c), (a, e), (a, h), (b, a), (b, c), (b, e), (b, h),
(c, a), (c, c), (c. e), (c, h), (d, a), (d, c), (d, e), (d, h) }
ii) {b, d } {a, b, c, d}
{ (b, a), (b,b), (b, c), (b, d), (d, a), (d, b), (d, c), (d, d) }

57
 iii) {a, c} {a, c, e, h}
{(a, a,), (a, c), (a, e), (a, h), (c, a), (c, c), (c, e), (c, h) }
iv) {e, h} {b, d, f, g}
{ (e, b), (e, d), (e, f), (e, g), (h, b), (h, d), (h, f), (h, g) }
Solution 2:
i) { (3, 2), (3, 3) }
ii) { (2, 3), (2, 4) }
iii) { (3, 3), (3, -3) }
iv) { (2, 4) }
v) { (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4) }
- { (2, 3), (3, 3), (2, -3), (3, -3)}
= {(2, 4), (3, 4) }
Solution 3:
i) { (7, 7), (7, 9), (7, 11)
ii) { (5, 7), (5, 9), (7, 7), (7, 9) }
iii) { (3, 5) }
iv) { (5, 9), (7, 9) }
Solution 4 : A = { -1, -2, 3} B = {a, b}
Solution 5 : x = 2, y = -6
Solution 6 : LHS = RHS = { (1, 5), (3, 5), (5, 5) }
Solution 7 :
A B = { (1, c), (1, d), (4, c), (4, d), (7, c), (7, d)
B A = { (c, 1), (c, 4), (c, 7), (d, 1), (d, 4), (d, 7) }
A B BA
Solution 8:
i) A B = { (2, 3), (2, 5), (4, 3), (4, 5), (6, 3), (6, 5)
ii) A A = { (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (4, 2), (4, 4), (4, 6), (6, 2), (6, 4), (6, 6)}
iii) B B = { (3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 3), (5, 5) }
iv) B A = { (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6) }

58
Solution 9 : x=3
y=2
Solution 10 :
LHS = RHS = { (4, 6), (6, 6) }

2.17 Relation : Let A and B be two empty sets, A relation R from A to B is a

subset of A B i.e. R is a relation from A to B
if R A B
1. A relation R from A to A is a subset of A A
2. If set A has m elements, set B has n elements then A B has mn elements.
3. A B has 2mn subsets
4. If there exists 2mn relations from A to B
Then there are 2mn relations from B to A
5. If R is a relation from A to B and (x, y) R then this is denoted by x Ry
2.18 Domain and Range of a relation:
Let A and B be 2 non-empty sets and R be a relation from A to B
i.e. R A B. The domain of R is defined as the collection of all the first
elements of the ordered pairs (a, b) R.
i.e. Domain of R = {a A :(a, b) R}
The Range of R is defined as the set of all the second elements of the ordered
pairs (a, b) R
i.e. Range of R = {b R : (a, b) R}
Example: Let A = {b, c, d} B = {c, d, e}
If R is a relation from A to B defined by is next letter in Eng Alphabet
Then R-1 = { (b, c), (c, d), (d, e) }
2.19 Inverse relation: Let R be a relation from A to B. The inverse relation of R
is denoted by R-1 and is a relation from B to A
i.e. sub set of (B A) defined as follows
59
 R-1 = { ( y, x ) (x, y) R }
Let A = {1, 2} B = {a, b}
If R is a relation from A to B defined by
R = { (1, a), (1, b), (2, a)}
Then R-1 = { (a, 1), (b, 1), (a, 2) }
2.20 Types of relations:
1) Identity relation.
Let A be a non empty set the relation IA defined by IA = { (a, a) : a A} is
called the identity relation on A.
2) Null relation (void relation)
Let A be a non-empty set. We know that A A and hence is a
relation on A. This relation is called as the null relation on A.
3) Universal Relation: Let A be a non empty set . we know that
(A A) (A A) and hence AA is a relation on A. This relation is called
as Universal Relation on A.
4) Reflexive Relation: A relation R on a non empty set A is called a reflexive
relation if (a, a) R a R
If A = { a, b, c }
R1 = {(a, a), (b, b)}
R2 = { (a, a), (b, b), (c. c) } are reflexive relations on A
Note : The identity relation and universal relation on a non empty set are
reflexive relations.
5) Symmetric Relation: A relation R on a non empty set A is called a symmetric
relation, if (a, b) R (b, a) R
Example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
R1 = { (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 4), (4, 3) }
And R2 = {(1, 5), (5, 1), (2, 5), (5, 2) }
are symmetric relations on A.
Note : The universal relation on a non empty set is a symmetric relation.

60
6) Transitive Relation: A relation R on a non empty set A is called as a
Transitive Relation if (a, b), (b, c) R (a, c) R
Example: Let R be a relation on the set of naturals defined by is a factor of
xRy x is a factor of y
yRz y is a factor of z
xRz x is a factor of z
7) Equivalence Relation: A relation R on a non empty set A is called an
equivalence relation if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
On set L of straight lines in a plane
i) Reflexive Relation:
line l1 is parallel to itself.
R is reflexive.
ii) Symmetric relation:
l1 is parallel to line l2
then l2 is parallel to line l1
(l1, l2) R (l2, l1) R
R is symmetric relation.
iii) Transitive Relation:
If a line l1 is parallel to l2 and a line l2 is parallel to l3 then we know l1
is parallel to l3 . If (l1, l2), (l2, l3) R (l1, l3 ) R
R is transitive.
Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive,
it is an equivalence relation.
8) Anti Symmetric Relation: A relation R on a non empty set A is called as
anti symmetric relation if (a, b), (b, a) R
a= b
Example: Consider the relation R defined by is less than or equal to on the
set of integers,
If x, y R such that x < y and y < x then x = y.
R is an anti symmetric relation.

61
2.21 Worked Examples:
Example 1
If A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {1, 2, 3, 4} and
R is a relation from A to B defined by
R = { (x, y) : y = 2x + 1 }, Find R .
Solution 1 : R = { (1, 3) }
Example 2 R is a relation on the set of natural numbers N standing for x is
related to y
if x = 3y, Find R
Solution 2 :
R = { (3, 1), (6, 2) (9, 3) . }
Example 3
Given A = {1, 2, 4} B = {2, 3, 5} and R1 and R2 are relations
from A to B by is less than.Find R
Solution 3:
R = { (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5), (4, 5) }
Example 4
Give an example of a relation which is
a) reflexive, but not symmetric and not transitive
b) symmetric but not reflexive and not transitive
c) Transitive but not reflexive and not symmetric
Solution 4:
Let A = {1, 2, 3}
a) R = { (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (3, 1) }
R is reflexive but not symmetric and not transitive
b) R1 = { (1, 1), (3, 3), (2, 1), (1, 2) }
R1 is symmetric but not reflexive and not transitive.
c) R2 = { (1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2) }
R2 is transitive but not reflexive and not symmetric
62
Example 5
A relation R is defined on the set of integers by
R = { (x, y) : x - y is a multiple of a non zero integer 5 } show that R is
an equivalence relation on Z.
Solution 5 :
1) Reflexive Relation
x R x x - x is a multiple if 5. x Z
R is reflexive.
ii) Symmetric relation:
x R y x - y is a multiple of 5
5 | x - y [ 5 divides x-y]
5 | - (y - x)
5|y-x
(y, x) R
R is Symmetric
iii) Transitive relation:
(x, y) R, ( y, z) R
5 | x - y and 5 | y x
5 | (x - y) + (y z)
5|x-z
(x, z) R
R is transitive.
Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive then R is an equivalence
relation.
Example 6
Show that the relation is congruent to is an equivalence relation
on a set T of triangles.
Solution 6:
Reflexive relation:
x R x A triangle T1 is congruent to itself
R is reflextive
63
 Symmetric relation: If a triangle T1 is congruent to triangle T2 then T2 is
congruent to T1
R is symmetric
Transitive relation: If a triangle T1 is congruent to T2 and T2 is congruent
to T3 then T1 is congruent to T3.
R is transitive.
Since R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive
it is an equivalence relation.

EXERCISE : 2.4
1 MARK QUESTIONS:
1. Given S = {1, 2, 3, 4} state which of the following is a relation on S.
a) R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 0), (3, 1) }
b) R2 = { (1, 3), (4, 2), (2, 4), (1, 4) }
c) R3 = { (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4) }
d) R4 = { (1, 2), (0, 2), (5, 1), (3, 2) }
2. If A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Find the following relations from A to B
a) R1 = { (x, y ) : x > y }
b) R2 = { (x, y) : x divides y )
c) R3 = { (x, y) : y = x + 3}
d) R4 = { (x, y) : x = y }
3. A relation R on a collection of set of integers defined by R = { (x, y) : x - y
is a multiple of 3}. Show that R is an equivalence relation on Z.

2 MARKS QUESTIONS:
Q.4 If A = {2, 3}, B = {3, 4} Find the number of relations that can be defined
from A to B.
Q.5 Find the domain and range of the following relations.
1) R = { (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7) }
2) R = { (x, y) : y = x3, x is a positive prime number less than 10}
Q.6 If R-1 = { (2, 4), (1, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)} Find R
64
3 MARKS QUESTIONS:
Q.7 List all the relations on the set
A = {a, b }
Q.8 Define equivalence relation. Give one example.
Q.9 If A = { 4, 5, 6, 7}
R1 = { (4, 4), (5, 6), (6, 7), (7, 7) }
Represent R1 by diagram.

ANSWERS OF : 2.4
1. a) R1 is not a relation on S
b) R2 is a relation on S
c) R3 is a relation on S
d) R4 is not a relation on S
2. a) R1 = { (2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4) }
b) R2 = { (1, 1), (2, 2) (3, 3) (4, 4), (5, 5) (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4) }
c) R3 = { (1, 4), (2, 5) }
d) R4 = { (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5) }
3. i) x - x is a multiple of 3 x R x R is reflexive.
ii) x - y is a multiple of 3 x R y
y - x is a multiple of 3 yR x
R is symmetric
iii) 3 | x - y and 3| y z x R y and y R z.
3 | (x - y) + (y z)
3 | (x - z)
xRZ
R is transitive
Since R is reflexive, Symmetric and transitive it is an equavalence relation.
4. 24 = 16 Relations
5. 1) Domain = { 1 } and Range = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
2) Relation R = { (2, 8) (3, 27), (5, 125), (7, 343) }
Domain = {2, 3, 5, 7} and Range = {8, 27, 125, 343}
65
6. R = { (4, 2), (2, 1), (1, 3) (2, 3) }
7. A A= { (a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, b) }
Hence all relation on set A are
{ (a, a)}, {(a, b) }, {(b, a)}, {(b, b)}
{(a, a), (a, b)}, {(a, a), (b, b)}, {(a, b), (b, a) }
{(a, a), (a, b), (b, a)}, { (a, a), (a, b), (b, b) }
{ (a, b), (b, a), (b, b)}, {(a, a), (b, b), (b, a) }
{ (a, a), (a, b), (b, a), (b, b)}, {(a, a), (b, a) }
{ (a, b), (b, b) } {(b, a), (b, b) }
8. If a relation is reflexive, symmetric and transitive then it is an equivalence
relation.
For example in set of triangles is similar to is an equivalence relation.

9.

2.22 Functions:
Set X and Y be two non-empty sets
A subset f of XY is called as a function iff the following conditions hold
good.
i) For each x X , there exists a unique y Y such that (x, y) f
ii) Elements of x should not be repeated.
Note:
1) If (x1, y1) f and (x, y2) f then y1 = y2
2) y Y is called as the image of the element x X
3) x is called as the pre-image of y Y.
4) The set X is called as the Domain of the function f.
5) The set Y is called as the Range of the function f.

66
 Example 1: Consider A = {1, 2, 3} B = {a, b, c}
Let F = { (1, a), (2, b), (3, c)}
This can be shown in the diagram.

Here
F (1) = a
F (2) = b
F (3) = c
In all the representations, every element of A is associated with a unique element
of B and there is no element of set B which is not mapped on to any element of A.
Example 2: A = {2, 3, 4} B = {4, 5}
Solution : Let F ={ (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5) }
Since two ordered pairs in F have the same first component. is not a functions.

2.23 Domain, Co-domain and Range of a function:

Let F : A B i.e. F is a function or mapping from A to B. The set A is
called as domain of F and the set B is called as Co-domain of F. The set
consisting of all images is called as the range of F which in symbols is
written on F(A)

67
 F = { (1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d)}
Domain of F = A= {1, 2, 3, 4}
Range of F =F(A)= {a, b, c, d}
Co-domain of F = B= {a, b, c, d)
Note: 1) F (A) B
2) Every function is a relation but the converse is not true.
2.24 Different types of Functions:
1. Into functions
The mapping f : A B is called as Into if there is at least one element of
set B which is not an image. (or which has no pre-image in the set A)
symbolically we write f : A B.

2. Many one function:

The function f : A B is called as many one function if different elements
of set A have the same image in B.

68
3. One One function (injective mapping)
A function f : A B is said to be a one-one function if different elements of
sets A have different images in set B.
Symbolically we can write if
f (x1) = f (x2) x1 = x2
x1, x2 A

f (1) = p
f (3) = q
f (5) = r
4. Onto function (surjective mapping)
The mapping f : A B is called as on to if every element of set B is the
image of some element of set A.
Example : f (x) = x2 x N and x < 3

f (1) = 1
f (2) = 4
f (3) = 9

69
5. Bijection Or one one and onto function
A function f : A B is said to be bijective of f is both one one and onto
function.

One one and onto

f (1) = p f (3) = r
f (2) = q f (4) = s
6. one-one into mapping:
A function f = A B is said to be one one into function if the Range of
function is a subset of B
(i) f (x1) = f (x2) x1 = x2
i.e.there must be atleast one element of set B which is not the image of
some element of set A.

f (1) = a
f (2) = b
f (3) = c
Element d B is not the image of any element of set A.
70
7. Many one onto mapping:
A mapping f : A B is said to be many-one onto iff i) Range of function
is equal to B
(ii) f (x1) = f (x2) x1 x2.
i.e. 2 or more elements of set A have the same image in set B.

f (-1) = 1
f (1) = 1
f (-2) = 4
f (2) = 4
2 distinct elements -1 and 1 of set A are mapped on to same element 1 of set
B
2 distinct element -2 and +2 of set A are mapped onto the same element 4 of
set B.
8. Constant function:
If f : A B and f (x) = k x A and k B i.e. if each and every element
of a A is mapped on to a single element k of the co-domain B then f is
called as a constant function.

71
 f (1) = k
f (2) = k
f (3) = k
9. Inverse function :
Let f : A B be a one-one, onto function from A to B. Then for each b B.
f-1 (b) A exists and is unique so that f-1 : B A is a function defined by
f-1 (b) = a iff f (a) = b

NOTE:
If f is bijective function
Then f-1 is also a bijective function
Example 3
Solution :

f:A B
f (1) = p f (3) = q f (5) = r
f-1 : B A
f (p) = 1
-1
f-1 (q) = 3 f1 (r) = 5
Both f and f-1 are bijective functions.
72
10. Composite functions:
Let A, B and C be any three non-empty lets let f : A B and g : B C be
any two functions. Define a function gof : A C as (gof) a = g(f(a)) a
A since f(a) B g(f(a)) C. Thus (gof) so obtained is called as composition
of f and g. Similarly we can define the composite function. (fog) x = f (g(x)

11. Identity function:

A mapping f : A A is said to be an identity function if f(x) = x x A. It
is symbolically represented by IA i.e IA : A A

2.25 WORKED EXAMPLES:

Example 1 A function f(x) is defined as f(x) = 3 + 5. Find the values of
i) f (- 1) ii) f (2) iii) f (3) iv) f (5) v) f(-2)
Solution 1:
i) f (-1) = 3 ( - 1) + 5 = 2
ii) f (2) = 3 (2 ) + 5 = 11
iii) f (3) = 3 (3) + 5 = 14
iv) f (5) = 3 (5) + 5 = 20
v) f(- 2) = 3 (-2) + 5 = -1
73
Example 2 Examine which of the following relations are functions?
i) R = { (2, 1), ) (1, 3), (3, 4) }
ii) R ={(1, 2), (1,3), (1, 4) }
iii) R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (5, 6)
Solution 2:
i) is a function
ii) is not a function
iii) is a function
Example 3 Let N be the set of natural numbers such that
R = {(x, y) : y = 3x+ 4, x, y N} Write the domain and range of
the function.
Solution 3:
Relation R = {(1, 7), (2, 10), (3, 13) .}
Domain = {1, 2, 3 .}
R = {7, 10, 13 .}
Example 4
5
T(F) = (F-32)
9
The function to which maps temperature in Fahrenheit into
temperature in degree Celsius is defined as above.
Find i) T(32), ii) T(-40) iii) T (-49)
Solution 4 :
5(0)
i) T(32) = 0
9

5( 40 32)
ii) T (-40) =
9
5
= 72
9
= - 40
74
 5( 49 32)
iii) T (-49) =
9
5(81)
=
9
= -9x5
= - 45.
Example 5 Find the range of the following functions:
i) f(x) = x2 + 5 , x > 0
ii) f(x) = 2x + 3, x > 0
Solution 5 :
i) f (1) = 6
f (2) = 9
f (3) = 14
f (4) = 21
Range of f = {6, 9, 14, 21, ..}
ii) f (1) = 5
f (2) = 7
f (3) = 9
f (4) = 11
Range of f = {5, 7, 9, 11 }
Example 6 If f(x) = x2
f (2) f (1)
Find the value of (2 1)

Solution 6 :
f (2) = 4
f (1) = 1
4 1
f (2) f(1) = =3
1

75
Example 7 Find the domain and Range of the function.
x 2 2x 1
f (x) = ,x R.
x 2 8 x 12

Solution 7 :
4 4
f (1) =
19 19
9 6 1
f(3) =
9 24 12
16
=
3

5 2 10 1
f(5) =
5 2 8(5) 12

36
= 12
3

Domain = {1, 3, 5 }
Range = {-4/19 , -16/3, -12 }

Example 8 Let f = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4) } be a function from Z to Z where Z
is the set of integers defined by f(x) = ax + b some integers a
and b. Determine a & b.
Solution 8 :
2=a+b (i)
3 = 2a + b (ii)
-1 = - a from (i) and (ii)
a=1
b=1

Example 9: f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = 2 + 1

Find i) fog (1)ii) fog(2) iii) gof (1), iv) gof(2) v) fog(3)

76
Solution 9 :
i) fog (1) = f(g(1))
= f (2)
=2+1=3
ii) fog(2) = f (g(2))
= f (5)
= 5+1
= 6
iii) gof (1)
= g(f(1))
= g (2)
=4+1=5
iv) gof (2)
= g (f(2))
= g (3)
=9+1
= 10
v) fog (3)
f (g (3))
f (10) = 10 + 1
= 11
Example 10 If f(x) = x - 1 and g(x) = 2x2 3
Find i) fog(1) ii) gof(2)
i) fog (1)
= f (g(1))
= f ( - 1)
=-2
ii) gof (2)
= g (f(2))
= g (1)
=23
=-1
77
 EXERCISE : 2.5
1 MARK QUESTIONS.
Q.1 A function f(x) is defined as f(x) = 2 + 1. Find the value of
i) f(1) ii) f(2) iii) f(-1) iv) f(-2) v) f(-3)
Q.2 Examine which of the following relations are functions?
i) R = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 8), (2, 5) }
ii) R = { (1, a), (2, b) (3, c) }
iii) R = { (2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1) }
Q.3 Let N be the set of natural numbers such that
R = {(x, y) : y = 2, , y N} Find the domain and range of the function?
Q.4 Find the range of the function:
i) f(x) = x2 + 2x + 1 , x > 0
ii) f(x) = 3x + 5, x > 0

2 MARK QUESTIONS.
f (3) f ( 2)
Q.5 If (x) = x3 Find the value of
32

Q.6 Find the domain and range of the function

x 2 2x 1
F(x) = where x N
x 2 9 x 13

Q.7 Let f = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (0, -1) } be a function from Zto Z defined by
f(x) = ax + b some integers a and b. Determine a & b.
Q.8 If f(x) = x and g(x) = x3 + 1
Find i) fog (1) ii) fog (2) iii) gof (1) v) gof (-1)
Q.9 If f(x) = 2x + 1 g(x)= x2 + 2x + 1
Find i) fog (2) ii) gof (3)
Q.10 If f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x + 1
Find i) fog (x) ii) gof (x)
78
 ANSWERS : 2.5
1. i) f(1) = 3 ii) f(2) = 5, iii) f (-1) = -1
iv) f(-2) = - 4 + 1 = -3 v) f(-3) = -5
2. i) is not a function
ii) is a function
iii) is a function
3. D = {1, 2, 3 }
F = { 2, 4, 6, 8. }
4. i) R = {4, 9, 16, .. }
ii) R = {8, 11, 14 .. }
5. 19
6. D = {1, 2, 3, ..}
4
R = {0, -1, }
5

7. a = 2, b = -1
8. i) 2 ii) 9 iii) 2 iv) 0
9. i) 19 ii) 64
10. i) (x+ 1)2 ii) x2 + 1

79
 CHAPTER 3

THEORY OF INDICES
3.1 Introduction:
The basics of indices is important for many calculations. In this chapter we
have discussed the laws of indices and problems based on those laws. This
is further used to derive logarithms.

3.2 Meaning of an :
If a is any real number and n is a non-zero positive integer, then
an = a a a - - - n factors
Here a is called the base
n is called the index, power or exponent.

3.3. Laws of Indices:

FIRST LAW: If a is a any non zero real number, m and n are two
positive integers, then
am . an = am+n
Proof: am . an = (a a a . m times ) ( aaa - - - - n times)
= (a a a . (m + n) times.
= am+n
Similarly , am. an. ap. ak = am+n+p+k.
SECOND LAW: If a is any non zero real number m and n are any two
positive integers, then

a m a mn if m n

a n a n m if m n

80
Proof:
am
Case 1) If m >n, n = am-n
a
a m
a a a .......m times

a n
a a a .....n times
= a a a ..... (m n) times
= am-n
am 1
Case 2) If m < n n
nm
a a

a m a a .......m times

an a a .....n times

1
= n m
a

THIRD LAW: If a is any non zero real number, m and n are two positive integers,
then
(am)n = amn
Proof : (am)n = am. am. am. n times
= (a. a. a . m times) (a. a. a. .. n times) n times
= a. a. a mn times
= amn
Note :
1. If a is any non zero integer, then a0 = 1
0
1
Ex. 2 = 1, = 1
0
3

1
2. If a is any non zero integer and m is a positive integer, then a-m =
am
1 1
Ex. 3-2 = , a 1
32 a

81
3. If a is any non zero integer, p & q are positive integer (q o), then
q
a p a p/q
2 2/3
2 2
3 3
5 2 2/5
Ex. , 3
3 3

WORKED EXAMPLES

3 / 2
9
Example 1 Simplify :
4

3 / 2 3/2 3/ 2
9 4 22 22 3/2 2 3 8
Solution: = 2 23/2 3
4 9 3 3 3 27

a m n .a 2 mn
Example 2 Simplify :
a m n
Solution: = am+n+2m-n-m+n = a2m+n

3n1 3 n
Example 3 Simplify : n n1
3 3

3n1 3 n 3 n.31 3 n 3 n ( 3 1) 3
Solution: = 4 6
3n 3n1 3 n 3 n 3 1 3 (1 )
n 1 2
3

0
2 ( 2 ) (2 0 ) 3
Example 4 Simplify:
(2 3 ) 2 (2 2 ) 0
0
2 ( 2 ) (2 0 ) 3 21 13 2 1 3
Solution : =
(2 3 ) 2 (2 2 ) 0 2 1
6
64 1 65

82
 1 1
Example 5 Prove that : p q
1
1 x 1 x q p

1 1
p

Solution : LHS = 1 x xq
1 p
xq x

xq xp
= q
x x p x p xq

x p xq
=
x p xq
= 1 = RHS

Example 6 Prove that

Solution : LHS = (xb-c)a . (xc-a)b. (xa-b)c = 1

= xab-ac. xbc-ab . xac-bc
= xab-ac + bc ab + ac bc = x0 = 1 = RHS

a c ba c b
x a b x bc x c a
Example 7 Prove that : bc . c a . ab 1
x x x

Solution : LHS = (x a+b b + c)a-c (xb+c c + a)b-a (x c+a a+b)c-b

= (xa+c)a-c . (xb+a)b-a (xc+b)c-b
2 2 2 2 2 2
= x
a c .
x
b a
.x
c b

= a 2 c2 b 2 a2 c2 b2
x

= x0 = 1 = RHS

83
Example 8 If ax = b, by = c, cz = a. Show that xyz = 1

Solution : Given ax = b
(ax)yz = byz
axyz = byz
axyz = cz ( by = c)
axyz = a1 ( cz = a)
xyz = 1 (Since the bases are same the powers are equal)

Example 9 If a = 3x , b = 3y, c = 3z and ab = c2 prove that x + y = 2z

Solution : Given : a = 3x, b = 3y, c = 3z

Consider ab = c2
3x. 3y = (3z)2
3x+y = 32z
x+y = 2z

Example 10 If 451/x = 31/y = 51/z, Prove that x = 2y + z

Solution : Let 451/x = 31/y = 51/z = k

(45)1/x = k 45 = kx
31/y = k 3 = ky
51/z = k 5 = kz

Consider kx = 45
= 95
= 32 5
= (ky)2 kz
= k2y kz
kx = k2y+z
x = 2y +z (Since the bases are same the powers are equal)

84
Example 11 If a1/3 + b2/3 + c = 0 then show that (a + b2 + c3)3 = 27ab2c3

Solution : Given a1/3 + b2/3 + c = 0

a1/3 + b2/3 = - c

Cubing both sides, we get

(a1/3 + b2/3)3 = (- c)3
(a1/3)3 + (b2/3)3 + 3a1/3 b2/3 (a1/3 + b2/3) = - c3
a + b2 + 3a1/3 b2/3 ( - c) = - c3 ( a1/3 + b2/3 = c)
a + b2 + c3 = 3a1/3 b2/3 c
cubing both sides.
(a + b2 + c3)3 = 27 ab2c3

Example 12 Solve: 8.4x 9.2x + 1 = 0

Solution : 8.4x 9.2x + 1 = 0

8.(2x)2 9.2x + 1 = 0 . (1)

Put 2x =y

1) 8y2 9y + 1 = 0
8y2 8y 1y + 1 = 0
8y (y 1) 1 (y 1) = 0
(y 1 ) (8y 1) = 0
y=1 8y = 1
y = 1or y = 1/8
2x = 1 or 2x = 2-3
2x = 20 or 2x = 2-3
x = 0 or x=-3

85
 1 1 1
Example 13 If abc=1, then Prove that : 1
1 a b 1
1 b c 1
1 c a 1
1 1 1
Solution : L.H.S = 1
1

1 a b 1b c 1 c a 1
b 1 a
=
b ab 1 1 b ab a ac 1
abc 1

b 1 a

= b ab 1 1 b ab a 1 1 (ac=1/b)
b

b 1 ab
=
b ab 1 1 b ab ab 1 b
b 1 ab
=
b ab 1
1 = RHS

Example 14 Simplify:

xb xc xa
bc ac ab
xc xa xb

Solution:
xb xc xa
bc ac ab
xc xa xb

= (xb-c)1/bc (xc-a)1/ac (xa-b)1/ab

b c c a a b
= x bc x ac
x ab

b c c a a b
= x bc

ac ab

ab ac bc ab ac bc
= x abc

= x0
= 1
86
Example 15 Show that
1
1 x a b
x a c
1

Solution : Consider
1
1 x a b
x a c

1 1 1
= a b a c
b c b a
c a
1 x x 1 x x 1 x x c b

Again consider
1 x a

1 x a b x a c x a x b x c
(multiply both numerator and denominator by x-a)
Similarly multiply both numerator and denominator of 2nd term and 3rd term of
LHS by x- b and x-c respectively.

1 x a x b x c
+
1 x a b x a c x a x b x c x b x c x a x c x a x b

x a x b x c
=
x a x b x c

= 1

y 1 y 1 2 xy
Example 16 Show that : 1 1
1 1
2
x y x y y x2

1/ y 1/ y

Solution : LHS = 1 1 1 1
x y x y

87
 1 xy 1 xy

y yx y yx

x x

yx yx

x ( y x ) x( y x )
= y2 x2

xy x 2 xy x 2
=
y 2 x2

2 xy
= y x2
2 = RHS

3
1 2
Simplify: 2(3 ) 3
2
Example 17
3
2
Solution : 33 3 2
32
2 243 81
=
9
326
=
9

0
(2 2 ) 0 2 ( 3 )
Example 18 Simplify: 2
(20 ) 6 2 ( 2 )

0
(2 2 ) 0 2 ( 3 )
Solution : 2
(2 0 ) 6 2 ( 2 )

(4) 0 21
=
(1) 6 2 4

1 2 1 1
=
1 16 15 15

88
 2 b (2 b1 ) 3 16 b / 2
Example 19 Simplify: 2b1 4b . 8

2 b (2 b1 ) 3 16 b / 2
Solution : .
2 b1 4 b 8

2b 23b3.(2 4 ) b / 2
= 2 b1 2 2b 23
= 2b+3b-3+2b-b-1-2b-3
= 23b-7

Example 20 Solve: 2 2 x 6.2 x 8 0

Solution : Consider (2 x ) 2 6.2 x 8 0

Put 2x = y
y2 6y + 8 = 0
y2 2y- 4y + 8 = 0
y(y 2) 4 (y 2) = 0
(y 2) (y 4) = 0
y =2 or y = 4
But y = 2x
2x=2 or 2x=4=22
x=1 or x=2

EXERCISE : 3.1
I One mark questions
Simplify the following:
2
5x 3
1) (5) 50 + (52)0 2) 3) ax+y a2x-y
y

3 1/2
3
4) x2 5) (x1/2 + y1/2) (x1/2 y1/2)

89
II. Two marks questions.
Simplify the following:

a 2 m n .a 3m n 2 n 1 2 n1 (30 ) 3 (32 ) 0
1) 2) 3) 0
a 4 m 2 n 2 n 2 n 2 (3 2 ) 2 3(3 )

a b bc c a
xa xb xc 2 7b2 a.82 a b
4) b c a 5)
x x x 16 ab

III. Three marks questions:

a2 abb2 b2 bcc2 c2 ca a2
xa xb xc
1) Prove that b a = 1
x xc x

1 1 2
2) If ax = by = cz and b2 = ac. Show that x z y

1 1 1 1
3) If px = qy = rz = sw and pq = rs. Prove that x y z w

4) If 3x = 5y = 15z, show that z(x + y) = xy

5) If 21/a = 31/b = (54)1/c show that a + 3b = c.

IV. Five marks questions:

1) If ax = bc, by = ca and cz = ab, show that xyz = x+y+z+2
2) If a1/3 + b1/3 + c1/3 = 0, then show that (a + b+ c)3 = 27 abc
3) If x5/3 y1/3 z = 0, then show that (x5 y z3)3 = 27x5 yz3
4) If x = 21/3 + 2-1/3 prove that 2x3 6x - 4 = 0
5) Solve : a) 32x + 10.3x + 9 = 0
b) 5.52y 26.5y + 5 = 0
c) 52x+1 + (25)x+1 = 150

7 32 x
d) 75 x = 493x-14
7

90
 ANSWERS : 3.1

x6
I) 1) 6 2) 25 2 3) a3x 4) x 5) x y
y

1 1
II 1) am 2) 3) 4) 1 5) 1
2 42

IV 5) a) 0, 2 b) 1, -1 c) 1/2 d) 8

91
 CHAPTER 4

LOGARITHMS
4.1 Introduction: John Napier (1550 1617), a Scotish Mathematician, invented
the logarithms in 1614 and further modified by Henry Briggs (1556-1630)
who introduced common logarithms. The word Logarithms was derived from
two Greek words, Logos which means a ratio and arithmos, meaning number.
Logarithms is used to simplify calculations. Logarithm to base e is known as
Natural Logarithm and Logarithm to base 10 is known as common logarithm.
4.2 Definition of Logarithm:
If a is a positive real number other than 1 and y = ax, then x is called the
logarithm of y to the base a and is denoted by x = logay.
i.e. y = ax (exponential form)
x = logay (logarithmic form)
Note:
1) If a is any non zero real number, then a0 = 1 loga 1 = 0. i.e. the
logarithm of 1 to any base is zero.
2) If a is any non zero real number, then a1 = a loga a = 1. i.e. the
logarithm of any number to the base of the same number is equal to 1.
4.3. Laws of Logarithms:
First Law : loga mn = logam + loga n
Proof : Let logam = x ax = m
logan = y ay =n
loga mn = z az = mn
Consider az = mn
az = ax. ay
az = ax + y
z = x + y (when bases are same, powers are equal)
loga mn = loga m + loga n
Note: Similarly loga (mnl - - -) = loga m + logan + loga -l + - - -

92
 m
Second Law: log a = loga m - logan
n
Proof: Let logam = x ax = m
logan = y ay = n
m m
loga = z az =
n n

m
Consider az =
n
ax
a = y
z
a
a = ax-y
z

z=xy
m
loga = log m log n
n a a

Third Law: logamn = n logam

Proof: Let loga m = x ax = m
Consider m = ax
mn = (ax)n
loga mn = nx (by definition of Logarithm)
loga mn = n loga m

Fourth Law: (Change of base)

log a m
logn m = log n
a

Proof : Let lognm = x m = nx

Now consider m = nx
Taking log on both sides to the base a,
loga m = loganx
= xlogan (By using third law)

93
 log a m
x = log n
a

log a m
lognm = log n
a

Corollary:
log a a 1
1. logb a
log a b loga b
2. logba . logcb = logc a

WORKED EXAMPLES:
Example 1
Express each of the following in exponential form
a) log5 125 = 3 b) log2 = -1
Solution:
a) log5 125 = 3
53 = 125
b) log2 = - 1
1
2-1 =
2

Example 2
Express the following in the logarithmic form.
a) 33 = 27 b) 5-1 = 0.2
Solution: a) 33 = 27
log3 27 = 3
b) 5-1 = 0.2
log5 0.2 = - 1

94
Example 3
Find the value of log 3 27

Solution: Let log 3 27 = x

x
( 3) 27
(31/2)x = 27
3x/2 = 33
x
3 (when bases are same, powers are equal)
2
x=6

Example 4 Solve for x :

a) log7 x = 2 b) log x
42

Solution: a) log7 x = 2
x = 72
x = 49

b) log x
42
2
( x) 4
x=4

EXERCISE : 4.1
I. One mark questions.
1. Express the following in the logarithmic form.
1
(a) 25 = 32 b) 3 2 C) 5-2 = 0.04
9
2. Express the following in the exponential form:
1
a) log981 = 2 b) log10 0.01 = - 2 c) log 2 2
4
95
3. Solve for x:

a) log 2 32 x b) log0.1 10 = x

c) log 3
5
x6 d) logx 625 = 4

ANSWERS : 4.1
I. 1. a) log2 32 = 5 b) log3 1/9 = -2 c) log5 0.04 = - 2
1
2. a) 92 = 81 b) 10-2 = 0.01 c) 2-2 =
4
3. a) 5/2 b) -1 c) 25 d) 5

WORKED EXAMPLE:
Example 1 Prove that:
9 15 3
log log log log 2
5 9 2

Solution :
9 15 3
LHS = log log log
5 9 2
9 15 3
= log log
5 9 2
3
= log 3 log
2
2
= log 3.
3
= log 2 = R.H.S

96
Example 2 Prove that:
3 49
2 log log 0
7 9
Solution:
3 49
LHS = 2 log log
7 9
2
3 49
= log log
7 9
9 49
= log log
49 9
9 49
= log
49 9
= log 1
= 0 = R.H.S.

Example 3 Prove that

log b 2 a 2 .log c2 b 2 .log a 2 c 2 1

Solution : By using the change of base formula, we get

log K a 2 log K b 2 log K c 2

LHS = . .
log K b 2 log K c 2 log K a 2
= 1 = R.H.S.

Example 4 If log k x + log k y + log k z = 0, show that xyz = 1

Solution : Given log k x + log k y + log k z = 0
log k xyz = 0
xyz = 1 ( log 1 = 0)

97
 log b a
Example 5 Show that : log bc
a = 1 log c
b

Solution:
LHS = log bc a
log b a
= log b bc
(by using change of base formula)

log b a
= log b b log b c
log b a
= 1 log b c
= R.H.S.

Example 6 If x = log 2a a, y = log 3a 2a, z = log 4a 3a show that xyz + 1 = 2yz

Solution: Consider
xyz +1 = log 2aa. log 3a 2a . log 4a 3a + 1
= log 3aa . log 4a 3a . + 1
( log b a . log c b = logc a)
= log 4a a + 1
= log4a a + log4a 4a ( loga a = 1)
= log4a 4a2
= log4a(2a)2
= 2 log4a2a ( log an = m log a)
= 2 log3a 2a . log4a3a
= 2 yz
= RHS

98
Example 7 Prove that
1 1 1
4
log a 2b 2 (abc) log b 2c 2 (abc) log c 2 a 2 (abc)

1 1 1
LHS = log (abc) log (abc) log (abc)
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b b c c a

1
= logabc a2b2 + logabcb2c2 + logabcc2a2 log b a
log a b
= logabc (a2 b2. b2c2 . c2a2)
= logabc a4 b4 c4
= logabc (abc)4
= 4 logabc abc [ log xm = m log x]
= 4 (1)
= 4
= R.H.S.

Example 8 Show that

Xlog y-log z . ylogz log x. zlog x log y = 1
Solution: Consider the common base as k
Let logK x = a ka = x
LogK y = b kb = y
LogK z = c kc = z

Now, LHS = xlog y log z. ylog z log x . zlog x log y

= (ka)b-c (kb)c-a (Kc)a-b
= kab-ac . kbc ba . kca cb
= k ab-ac + bc ba + ca cb
= k0
= 1 = R.H.S.

99
Example 9 Solve : log x + log (x 4) - log (x 6) = 0
Solution : log x + log (x 4) log (x 6) = 0
log x (x 4) log (x 6) = 0
x 2 4x
log = 0
x6
x 2 4x
=1 ( log 1 = 0 )
x6
x2 4x = x 6
x2 4x x + 6 = 0
x2 5x + 6 = 0
x2 2x 3x + 6 = 0
x (x 2) 3 (x 2) = 0
(x 2) (x 3) = 0
x = 2or x = 3

a b
Example 10 If log log a log b , show that (a + b)2 = 20ab
4

a b
Solution : log log a log b
4
ab

log 4 log ab

ab
ab
4
a b = 4 ab
Squaring both sides, we get
(a b)2 = 16 ab
a2 + b2 2ab= 16ab
a2 + b2 = 16ab + 2ab
a2 + b2 = 18 ab
a2 + b2 + 2ab = 18 ab + 2ab
(a + b)2 = 20 ab
100
Example 11 If x2 + y2 = 12xy,
show that 2 log (x y) = log 2 + log 5 + log x + log y

Solution: Consider 2 log (xy) = log (x y)2

= log (x2 + y2 2xy)
= log (12xy 2xy) [ x2 + y2 = 12xy]
= log 10xy
= log (2.5. x. y)
= log 2 + log 5 + log x + log y.

Example 12 Solve log9 x + 2log27 x + 3log3 x = 25

Solution : log9 x + 2log27 x + 3log3 x = 25
log 3 x 2 log 3 x 3 log 3 x
25 [change the base to 3]
log 3 9 log 3 27 log 3 3

log 3 x 2 log 3 x
3 log 3 x 25 (log a = 1)
log 3 32 log 3 33 a

log 3 x 2 log 3 x
3 log x 25
2 log 3 3 3 log 3 3

1 2
log3 x 3 = 25
2 3

3 4 18
log3 x = 25
6

25
log3 x 6 = 25

log3 x = 6
x = 36
x = 729

101
 EXERCISE : 4.2
I. Two marks questions:
9 3
1. Find the value of log log
4 2
7 32 4
2. Prove that log log log log 2
8 49 14
3 5 45
3. Prove that 2log 3 log log 0
5 2 8
12 6 1 8 3
4. Prove that log 2 log log log
15 8 3 27 10

a b c
5. Prove that log log log 0
b c a

1 1
6. Prove that log a
log b
= 1
b a

II. Three marks questions:

1. Prove that logy x2 . logz y3 . logx z5 = 30

1 1 1
2. Prove that log 4 log 4 log 4 4
2 8 16

3. Prove that log48 . log232 . log164 = 15/4.

4. Solve : log x + log (x + 1) = 2
5. Solve : log2 x + log4 x = 3
6. Solve : logx 9 + logx 4 = 2
7. If x = log29 y =log97 z = log7 4, show that xyz = 2
8. Prove that
1
log x + log x2 +log x3 + .. + log xn = n( n 1) log x
2

102
III. Five marks questions :

ab 1
1. If log [log a + log b], show that (a b)2 = 12ab
4 2

1
2. If log (a b) = log (5ab), show that a2 + b2 = 7ab
2

3. If m2 + n2 = 15 mn, show that

2 log (m n) = log 13 + log m + log n.

4. If m2 + n2 = 20 mn, show that

2 log (m + n) = log 2 + log 11 + log m + log n
5. If loga (bc) = x, logb (ca) = y, logc(ab) = z,
1 1 1
Show that x 1 y 1 z 1 1

6. Solve : log x + log (2x 1) log (x + 1) = 2

7. Solve : 2 log2 x + 3log4 x + 5log8 x = 62

ANSWERS : 4.2
I. 1) 0
II. 4) -2 5) 4 6) 6

1
III. 2, 7) 4096
2

103
4.4 COMMON LOGARITHMS:
Logarithms to the base 10 are known as common logarithms
By definition of logarithms, consider the following examples.

100 = 1 log10 1=0

101 = 10 log10 10 = 1
102 = 100 log10 100 = 2
103 = 1000 log10 1000 = 3
10-1 = 0.1 log10 0.1 = - 1
10-2 = 0.01 log10 0.01 = - 2
10-3= 0.001 log10 0.001 = - 3
From the above examples we observe that the logarithm of a number between1
and 10 lies between 0 and 1, logarithm of a number between 10 and 100 lies
between 1 and 2, logarithm of number between 0.01 and 0.1 lies between
2 and -1 and so on.
CHARACTERISTIC AND MANTISSA:
Logarithm of a number to the base 10 has two parts. One is the integral part
called the characteristic and the other is the fractional part called Mantissa.
Ex. Log 25.63 = 1.4085
Here, 1 is the characteristic and 0.4085 is the mantissa.
Logarithmic tables:
Mean Difference
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
31 4914 4928 4942 4955 4969 4983 4997 5011 5024 5038 1 3 4 5 7 8 10 11 12
32 5061 5065 5079 5092 5105 5119 5132 5145 5159 5172 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 12
33 5185 5196 5211 5224 5237 5250 5263 5276 5289 5302 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12
34 5315 5328 5340 5353 5366 5378 5391 5403 5416 5428 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11
35 5441 5453 5465 5478 5490 5502 5514 5527 5539 5551 1 2 4 5 6 7 9 10 11

Analyse the above table. Let us find the value of log (33.76) by using the
table. Characteristic can be found out by inspection and Mantissa is found
out by using the table. In log (33.76), before decimal there are 2 digits.
Therefore, characteristic is 2 -1 = 1. While finding Mantissa, neglect the

104
 decimal and consider the four numbers from the beginning . Check the first
2 numbers. i.e. 33 in the first column. Move along the horizontal row
beginning with 33 and check the four digit number where the column headed
by 7 will meet the number will be 5276. Further move towards the mean
differences column and check the number where the column headed by 6 is
reached. Here we find the number as 8. Add this number to 5276 i.e. 5276 +
8 = 5284
log (33.76) = 1.5284
Similarly log (337.6) = 2.5284
log (3376) = 3.5284
log (0.3376) = 1 .5284
log (0.03376) = 2 .5284
We observe from the above example that though the characteristic differs
with the change of decimal place, mantissa remains the same.
Note : Mantissa is always positive.
Antilogarithmic table.
Mean Differences
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
21 1622 1626 1629 1633 1637 1641 1644 1648 1652 1658 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
22 1660 1663 1667 1671 1675 1679 1683 1687 1690 1694 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
23 1698 1702 1706 1710 1714 1718 1722 1726 1730 1734 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
24 1738 1742 1746 1750 1754 1758 1762 1766 1770 1774 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
25 1778 1782 1786 1791 1795 1799 1803 1807 1811 1816 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4

Analyse the above table, let us consider an example, say log x = 1.2456 x
= antilog 1.2456. While finding the antilog 1.2456, ignore the characteristic
and consider the four digits after decimal point. Check the first column in
the table for 0.24. Beginning with 0.24 move along the horizontal row to
meet the four digit number where the column headed by 5 will meet. The
number is 1758. Further move to the mean differences column. Read the
number where the column headed by 6 will reach add the number to 1758.
i.e. 1758 + 2 = 1760. Add 1 to characteristic i.e. 1+ 1 = 2 Place decimal after
the first 2 digits.
105
 i.e. Antilog (1. 2456) = 17.60 Antilog ( 2 .2456) = 0.02456
Similarly Antilog (0.2456) = 1.760

Antilog ( 1 .2456) = 0.2456

WORKED EXAMPLES:
Example 1 Find the value of each of the following using logarithmic tables:
a) 12.56 10.73 b) 0.632 5.673 0.3213

213.781 7.434 0.5634 0.0635

c) d)
6.321 2.563 12.5

14.5 3 8.571
e)
(16.751) 2 / 3
a) 12.56 10.73
Solution: Let x = 12.56 10.73
Taking log both sides, we get
log x = log (12.56 10.73)
= log 12.56 + log 10.73 ( log mn = log m + log n)
= 1.0990 + 1.0306
= 2.1296
x = Antilog (2.1296)
= 134.8
b) 0.632 5.673 0.3213
Solution: Let x = 0.632 5.673 0.3213
log x = log [0.632 5.673 0.3213]
= log 0.632 + log 5.673 + log 0.3213

= 1 .8007 + 0.7568 + 1 .5069

= 0.0644
x = Antilog (0.0644)
= 1.160

106
 213.781 7.434
c)
6.321
Solution :
213.781 7.434
Let x =
6.321
213.781 7.434
log x = log
6.321

= log 213.781 + log 7.434 log 6.321

= 2.3298 + 0.8712 0.8008.
= 2.4002
x = Antilog 2.4002
x = 251.3

0.5634 0.0635
d)
2.563 12.5
Solution :
0.5634 0.0635
Let x =
2.563 12.5
0.5634 0.0635
log x = log
2.563 12.5
= log 0.5634 + log 0.0635 log 2.563 log 12.5
= 1 .7508 + 2 .8028 0.4087 1.0969
= 2.5536 1.5056
= 2 + 0.5536 1.5056
= -2 0.952
= -2 .952
= -3 + 3-2.952
= -3 + 0.048
= 3 . 048

107
 x = Antilog ( 3 .048)
= 0.001117
= 1.117 10-3

14.5 3 8.571
3)
(16.751) 2 / 3

14.5 3 8.571
Solution : Let x =
(16.751) 2 / 3

14.5 3 8.571
log x = log
(16.751) 2 / 3

= log 14.5 log 3 8.571 log(16.751) 2 / 3

1 1 2
= log14.5 log 8.571 log(16.751)
2 3 3
1 1 2
= 1.1614 (0.9331) (1.2240)
2 3 3
= 0.5807 + 0.3110 + 0.816
= 0.0757
x = antilog 0.0757
= 1.191

Example 2 If log 5 = 0.6990, find the number of digits in the integral part of
523
Solution : Consider log (523) = 23 log 5
= 23 (0.6990)
= 16.077
Since the characterstic of log (523) is 16, there are 17 digits in the
integral part of 523
Example 3 If log 6 = 0.7782, find the number of zeros between the decimal
point and the first significant figure is (0.6)30
108
Solution : Consider log (0.6)30 = 30 log (0.6)
= 30 ( 1 .7782)
= 30 (- 1 + 0.7782)
= - 30 + 23.346
= - 30 + 23 + 0.346
= - 7 + 0.346
= 7 . 346

Here the characteristic is 7 . Hence the required number of zeros is 7 1 = 6

EXERCISE : 4.3
I. One Mark questions:
1. Using logarithmic tables, find the logarithm of each of the following
numbers.
a) 563.5 b) 12 c) 0.0057 d) 0.00063
2. Using Logarithmic tables, find the antilogarithm of each of the
following:
a) 1.563 b) 0.643 c) 3 .673 d) 0.078

II. Two marks questions:

1. Find the number of digits in the integral part of
a) 320 b) (1.456)15 c) (3.546)20
2. Find the number of zeros between the decimal point and the first
significant figure in a) (0.7)55 b) (5.63)-8

III. Three marks questions:

1. Using tables, find the value of
a) 0.7321 0.563 b) 2.345 12.72 c) 3.56 3 8.634

109
IV. Five Marks questions:
1. Using tables, find the value of

5.6348 25.645 0.5679 0.0789

a) b)
12.72 0.0073 0.123

6.43 0.5789 12.567 15.674

c) d)
(13.46) 3 / 2 0.5968 19.78

ANSWERS : 4.3
I. 1. a) 2.7509 b) 1.0792 c) 3.7559 d) 4.7993
2. a) 36.56 b) 4.395 c) 0.004710 d) 1.197

II. 1. a) 10 b) 3 c) 11
2. a) 8 b) 6

III. 1. a) 0.4122 b) 29.83 c) 3.871

IV. 1. a) 11.36 b) 49.90 c) 0.0297 d) 16.69

110
 CHAPTER 5

PROGRESSIONS
5.1 Introduction: In this chapter we shall study particular types of sequences
such as Arithmetic Progression, Geometric Progression Harmonic Progression
and their corresponding series.

5.2 Sequence: A sequence is an orderly arrangement of numbers according to

some rule.
Ex. 2, 4, 6, 8 - - - form a sequence.
Finite and Infinite sequence:
A sequence having a finite number of terms is a finite sequence whereas the
sequence having an infinite number of terms is an infinite sequence.
Ex. i) 3, 7, 9, 10, 11 is a finite sequence
ii) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, - - - - is an infinite sequence.

5.3 Series:
The sum of the terms of a sequence is called the series of the corresponding
sequence.
Ex. : 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 . - - - form a series.
Finite and Infinite sequence:
A series having a finite number of terms is a finite series where as the series
having an infinite number of terms is an infinite series.
1 3
Ex. 1) 1 2 is a finite series
2 2
2) 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 - - - is an infinite series.

111
5.4 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION:
Definition: An arithmetic progression is a sequence in which the difference
between a term and its proceding term is a constant. The constant is known
as common difference and it is denoted by d.
Ex. 1, 3, 5, 7 - - form an A.P. where 1 is the first term and 2 is the common
difference.

5.5 nth term of an A.P.

Let, the first term T1 = a = a + (1 1) d
Similarly second term T2 = a + d = a + (2 1) d
third term T3 = a + 2d = a + (3 1) d
Last term Tn = a + (n 1) d
Where n = number of terms
a = first term
d = common difference
The general form of an A.P. is given by a, a + d, a + 2d, - - -, a + (n 1) d.

5.6 Sum to n terms of an Arithmetic progression:

Let Sn be the sum to n terms of an A.P.
i.e. Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + - - - + l . (1)
Where 1 is the last term
Also Sn = l + (l d) + (l 2d) + - - - + a (2)
(1) + (2)

2Sn = (a + l) + (a + l) + (a + l) + + (a + l)
2Sn = n (a + l)
n
Sn = (a l )
2
n
Sn = [a + a + (n 1) d] [ l = Tn = a + (n 1) d]
2
n
Sn = [2a + (n 1) d]
2

112
WORKED EXAMPLES:
Example 1 Find the 11th term of the A.P. 3, 5, 7, 9 - - - -
Solution : Here, a = 3, d = 5 3 = 2
n = 11
We know that
Tn = a + (n 1) d
T11 = 3 + (11 1) 2
= 3 + (10) 2
= 3 + 20
= 23

Example 2 Find the 8th term of an A.P. -2, -4, -6 - -

Solution : Here, a = - 2, d = -4- (-2) = - 4 + 2 = - 2, n=8
T8 = -2 + (8 1) (- 2)
= - 2 + 7 (- 2)
= - 2 14 = - 16

Example 3 Find the common difference of an A.P. whose first term is 6

and 12th term is 72.
Solution : Given a = 6, T12 = 72, d=?
T12 = a + 11d
72 = 6 + 11d
72 6 = 11d
11d = 66
66
d= =6
11
The common difference is 6.

Example 4 If the 3rd term of an A.P. is 11 and 10th term is 32. Find the A.P.
Solution : Given : T3 = 11 a + 2d = 11 (1)
T10 = 32 a + 9d = 32 (2)

113
 a 2d 11
() () ()

a 9d 32
7d 21

21
d =3
7

(1) a = 11 2d
= 11 2 (3)
= 11 6
= 5
A.P is 5, 8, 11, - - -

1 3
Example 5 Which term of an AP ,1, - - - is 5?
2 2

1 1 1
Solution : Here,a = , d=1- = , Tn = 5
2 2 2
Tn = a + (n 1) d
1 1
5= + (n 1)
2 2
5 1 1
( n 1)
1 2 2
9 1
= (n 1)
2 2
9=n1
n =9+1
= 10
T10 is 5

114
 1 4 7
Example 6 Is 8 is the term of an A.P. , ?
3 3 3

1 4 1 3
Solution : Here, a = , d = = = 1
3 3 3 3
Tn =8
Consider, Tn = a + (n 1) d
1
8 = + (n 1) 1
3
1
8 - =n1
3
23
= n1
3
23 26
n = 1
3 3

26
n is always a positive integer. Here n = is a fraction. Therefore 8 is not
3
the term of the given A.P.

Example 7 Find the three numbers which are in A.P. whose sum is 18
and their product is 210.
Solution : Let the three numbers all
a - d, a, a + d
By data,
a d + a + a + d = 18
3a = 18
18
a= =6
3
(a d) (a) (a + d) = 210
a (a2 d2) = 210
6 (36 d2) = 210

115
 216 6d2 = 210
6d2 = 216 210
6d2 = 6
6
d2 = =1
6
d=+1
when a = 6, d = 1 the required numbers are 5, 6, 7, when a = 6, = -1 the
required numbers are 7, 6, 5

Examples 8 The sum of four numbers which are in AP is 28 and 10 times the
least number is 4 times the greatest number. Find the numbers.
Solution : Let the four numbers are
a 3d, a d, a + d, a + 3d
Given a 3d + a d + a + d + a + 3d = 28
4a = 28
28
a = =7
4

Also 10 (a 3d) = 4 (a + 3d)

10a 39d = 4a + 12d
10a = 4a = 30d + 12d
42d = 6a
42d = 6 (7)
42d = 42
42
d = = 1
42
The numbers are 4, 6, 8, 10

Example 9 Find the sum of 15 elements of an A.P. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 - - -

Solution : Here, a = 4, d = 5 4 = 1, n = 15

116
 We know that
n
Sn = [2a + (n 1) d]
2
15
S15 = [2(4) + (15 1) 1]
2
15
[8 + 14]
2
= 22
= 15 11
= 165

Example 10 Evaluate : 3 + 5 + 7 . + 61
Solution : Here, a = 3, d = 5 3 = 2, l = Tn = 61
Consider, Tn = a + (n 1) d
61 = 3 + (n 1) 2
61 3 = 2n 2
58 = 2n 2
2n = 58 + 2
2n = 60

60
n = = 30
2

n
Now, Sn = (a + l)
2

30
S30 = (3 + 61)
2
= 15 (64)
= 960

117
Example 11 How many terms of an A.P. -5, -7, -9, - - -
will make the sum 140?
Solution : Here, a = -5, d = -7 (-5) = - 7 + 5 = -2
Sn = - 140

n
Now, Sn = [2a + (n -1) d]
2
n
- 140 = [2 (-5) + (n 1) (-2) ]
2
- 280 = n [-10 2n + 2]
- 280 = n [-2n 8]
- 280 = -2n2 8n
2n2 + 8n 280 = 0
n2 + 4n 140 = 0
n2 + 14n 10n 140 = 0
n (n + 14) 10 (n + 14) = 0
(n + 14) (n 10) = 0
n = -14 n = 10
n = -14 is discarded.
10 terms are required to make the sum 140

Example 12 Find the sum of all even numbers from 20 to 120.

Solution : Here, a = 20
d=2
l = Tn = 120
Now Tn = a + (n 1) d
120 = 20 + (n 1) 2
120 20 = 2n 2
100 + 2 = 2n
2n = 102
102
n = = 51
2

118
 Now consider,
n
Sn = (a+ l)
2
51
S51 = (20 + 120)
2
51
= 140
2
= 3, 570

Example 13 Find the sum of all numbers between 50 and 200 which
are divisible by 11.
Solution : AP is given by
55, 66, 77, - - - 198
Here a = 55, l = Tn = 198 , d = 11
Now,Tn = a + ( n 1) d
198 = 55 + (n 1) 11
198 55 = (n 1) 11
143
= n1
11
n 1 = 13
n = 13 + 1
n = 14
Now consider:
n
Sn = (a + l)
2
14
S14 = (55 + 198)
2
+ = 7 (253)
= 1,771

119
Example 14 Ankur Choudhary agrees to pay the rent ` 30,000 for the first year,,
` 32,000 for the second year and so on Each year the rent is
increased by ` 2,000/- Find the total amount he paid for 10 years.
Solution : a=30,000
d=2,000
n=10
n
now Sn = [2a + (n -1) d]
2
10
S10 = (2 (30,000) + (10 1) 2,000]
2
= 5 [60,000 + 9 (2,000)]
= 5 [60,000 + 18,000]
= 5 [78,000]
= 3,90,000
He paid ` 3,90,000 for 10 years.

Example 15 Sambhav buys a used Bike for ` 18,000. He pays ` 12,000 cash
and agrees to pay the balance in annual instalments of ` 500 plus
10% interest on the unpaid amount. How much will the Bike cost
him?
Solution : Total cost of the bike = ` 18,000
Initial payment = ` 12,000
Balance to be paid = ` 6,000
6,000 10
1st instalment = 500 + = ` 1,000
100
5,500 10
2nd Instalment = 500 + = ` 1,050
100
5000 10
3rd Instalment = 500 + = ` 1,000
100
500 10
Last instalment = 500 + = ` 550
100
Cost of the bike = 12,000 + [1,100 + 1,050 + 1,000 a .+ 550]
120
 The terms with in the bracket forms an A.P. with
a = 1,100 and d = - 50
Now,Tn = a + (n 1) d
550 = 1,100 + (n 1) ( 50)
550 1,100 = - 50n + 50
50n = 600
600
n = = 12
50
the number of instalments = 12

12
Now , S12 = [1,100 + 550]
2
= 6 [1,650]
= 9,900
Cost of the bike = 12,000 + 9,900 = ` 21,900

EXERCISE : 5.1
I. One mark questions:
1. Find the
a) 12th term of the A.P. 1, 4, 7 - - - - -
1 2
b) 13th term of the A.P. , , 1, - - -
3 3
c) 30th term of the A.P. -2, -5, -8, - - -
d) 10th term of the A.P. 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 - - -

2. Find the sum of the following Arithmetic Progression.

a) 2, 6, 10, - - - - to 10 terms
b) -7, -8, -9 - - - to 15 terms
3 5
c) , 2, , - - - to 18 terms
2 2
d) 1.1, 1.3, 1.5 - - - to 20 terms
121
 3 13
3. If , K, are in A.P., then find the value of K.
5 5
4. The first term of an AP is 3 and the common difference is -2. Find the
11th term.

II. Two marks questions:

1. If the second term of an AP is 4 and tenth term is 20, find the 15th term.
2. The third term of an AP is -11 and 14th term is 44. find the 20th term.
3. The fifth term exceeds the third term by 10 and the sixth term is 35.
Find the A.P.
4. How many terms of the AP 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.. amount to 230?
5. How many terms of AP -3, -5, -7 amount to -120?
6. If a = 1, d = 7, Tn = 64, then find n & Sn.

III. Three marks questions:

1. The sum of three numbers in AP is 15 and their product is 105. Find
the numbers.
2. The sum of three numbers in AP is -18 and sum of their squares is 140.
Find the numbers.
3. Find the three numbers which all in AP whose sum is 12 and the sum
of their cubes is 408.
4. Find the four numbers in AP whose sum is 20, and the product of
whose extremes is 16.
5. The sum of n elements of an AP 21, 23, 25.. is 384. Find the
number of terms and the last term.
IV. Five marks questions:
1. Find the sum of all even integers from 40 to 160.
2. Find the sum of all integers between 100 and 300, which are divisible
by 7.
3. Find the sum of all integers between 60 and 400, which are divisible
by 13.

122
 4. A person buys every year Banks Cash Certificate of value exceeding
the last years purchase by ` 500. After 15 years, he finds that the total
value of the certificates purchased by him is ` 82,500. Find the value
of the certificates purchased by him a) in the first year and b) in the
10th year.
5. Imrez buys a used car for ` 1,50,000 he pays ` 1,00,000 Cash and aggress
to pay the balance in annual installments of ` 5,000 plus 8% interest on
the unpaid amount. How much will the Car Cost for him?

ANSWERS : 5.1
I.
1. a) 34 b) 13/3 c) 89 d) 2.3
2. a) 200 b) -210 c) 207/2 d) 60
3. 8/5
4. -17

II.
1. 30
2. -62
3. 10, 15, 20, 25
4. 20
5. 10
6. n = 10, Sn = 325

III.
1. 3, 5, 7
2. - 10, -6, -2
3. 1, 4, 7
4. 2, 4, 6, 8
5. n = 12, T12 = 43

123
IV.
1. 6100
2. 5,586
3. 5,915
4. a) ` 2000 b) ` 6,500
5. ` 72,000

5.7 Geometric Progression

Definition:
A geometric progression is a sequence in which the ratio of a term and its
preceding term is a constant. The constant is known as common ratio and is
denoted by r.
Ex: 2,8, 32, 128. form a G.P. where 2 is the first term and 4 is the
common ratio.

5.8 nth term of a Geometric progression:

Let the first term T1 = a = ar1-1
second term T2 = ar = ar2-1
third term T3 = ar2 = ar3-1
lllly
Last term Tn = arn-1
Where Tn = nth tern
a = first term
r = common ratio
The general form of a GP is given by a, ar, ar2 arn-1

5.9 Sum of n terms of a geometric progression

Let Snbe the sum to n terms of a GP

i.e., Sn = a + ar + ar2 + + arn-2 + arn-1 (1)

multiply both sides by r
rSn = ar + ar2 + ar3 + + arn-1 + arn (2)

124
 (1) (2) = y
Sn - rSn = a - arn
(1-r)Sn = a(1-rn)
a(1 r n )
Sn = , when r < 1
1 r

a( r n 1)
Sn = , when r > 1
r 1

5.10 Sum of infinite terms of a G.P.

a(1 r n )
Consider Sn
1 r
If r < 1, rn approaches zero as n approaches

a
S =
1 r

WORKED EXAMPLES :

1 1 1
Example 1 Find the 4th element of GP 1, , ,
2 4 8

1
Solution : Given a = 1, r = , n4
2
Now,Tn = arn-1
4 1
1
T4 =1
2
3
1
=
2
1
=
8

125
Example 2 Find the 9th element of GP 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, ..

0. 6
Solution : Given a = 0.3, r = 2 n = 9
0 .3
Now, Tn = arn-1
T9 = (0.3) (2)9-1
= (0.3) (2)8
= (0.3) (256)
= 76.8
Example 3 If the second term of the GP is 6 and fifth term is 162,
then find the GP
Solution : Given T2 = 6 ar = 6 . (1)
T5 = 162 ar4 = 162 . (2)
Now,
1 ar 4 162

2 ar 6
r3 = 27
r3 = 33
r=3
(1) ar = 6
6 6
a=
r 3
a = 2
Thus the G.P. is 2, 6, 18

Example 4 The fourth element is square the second term and third element
is 27. Find the G.P.
Solution : Given : T4 = T22 (1)
T3 = 27 (2)

126
 (1) ar3 = a2r2
a=r
Now (2) ar2 = 27
rr2 = 27 (since a = r)
r3 = 27
r3 = 33
r=3
GP is 3, 9, 27, 81 ..

31
Example 5 Find the three numbers in GP whose sum is and their
5
product is 1
a
Solution : Let the three numbers in G.P. all , a, ar
r
a
By data, a ar 1
r
a3 = 1
a=1
a 31
Now, a ar
r 5
a ar ar 2 31
( a = 1)
r 5
5 + 5r + 5r2 = 31r
5r2 + 5r 31r + 5 = 0
5r2 26r + 5 = 0
5r2 25r r + 5 = 0
5r(r-5) - 1 (r-5) = 0
(r 5) (5r 1) = 0
1
r = 5 or r =
5
1
If a = 1, r = 5, the three numbers are , 1, 5
5
1 1
If a = 1, r = , the three numbers are 5, 1,
5 5
127
Example 6 The three numbers whose sum is 12 are in A.P. If 1, 4, 11 are
added to them respectively, then the resulting numbers are in G.P.
Find the numbers.
Solution :
Let the three numbers be a d, a, a + d
By data, a d + a + a + d = 12
3a = 12
12
a= 4
3
Again by data, 4 d + 1, 4 + 4, 4 + d + 11,
are in G.P. 5-d, 8, 15 + d are in GP
8 15 d

5d 8
64 = (5 d) (15 + d)
64 = 75 + 5 d 15d d2
d2 + 15d 5 d + 64 75 = 0
d2 + 10d 11 = 0
d2 + 11d d 11 = 0
d (d + 11) 1 (d + 11) = 0
(d + 11) (d-1) = 0
d=1 or d = -11
When a = 4, d = 1, the required numbers are 3, 4, 5
When a = 4, d = -11, the required numbers are 15, 4, -7

Example 7 Find the sum of 6 terms of the G.P. 1, 3, 9 - - -

Solution : Here, a = 1, r = 3, n=6
a (r n 1)
Sn =
r 1
1(36 1)
S6 =
3 1
729 1
=
2
728
= = 364
2
128
 1 1 1 63
Example 8 How many terms of the G.P. , , - - - will make the sum
2 4 8 64

1 1 63
Solution : Here, a , r , Sn
2 2 64
a(1 r n )
Now Sn =
1 r

1 1
n

1
63 2 2

64 1
1 2

1 1
n

1
63 2 2

64 1
2
n
1 1 63

2 64
n
1 64 63

2 64
n
1 1

2 64
n 6
1 1

2 2

n=6
63
Thus 6 terms are required to make the sum
64

129
Example 9 The first and last term of the G.P. is 3 and 96 respectively, sum to
n terms is 189. Find the common ratio and the number of terms.
Sol. By data a = 3, Tn = 96, Sn = 189
Tn = 96
arn-1 = 96
3rn-1 = 96
96
rn-1 =
3
rn-1 = 32
Now,Sn = 189
a(1 r n )
= 189
1 r
3 1 r.r n 1
= 189
1 r
3 1 32r
= 189 [ rn-1 = 32]
1 r
1 32r
= 63
1 r
1 32r = 63 63r
63r 32r = 63 1
31 r = 62
62
r = =2
31
Now,rn-1 = 32
rn-1 = 25
n1=5
n=5+1
n=6
The common ratio is 2 and the number of terms is 6.
130
Example 10 Find the sum to n terms of the G.P. 7 + 77 + 777 - - - -
Solution : Let Sn = 7 + 77 + 777 - - - - n terms
= 7 [1 + 11 + 111 + - - - - to n terms)
7
= [9 + 99 + 999 + - - - - to n terms]
9

7
= [(10-1) + (100 1) + (1000 1) + - - to n terms]
9

7
= [(10 + 102 + 103 + - - to n terms) (1 + 1 + 1 - - to n terms]
9

7 10(10 n 1)
= n [ 10+102+103to n terms is in GP
9 10 1
Where a = 10, r = 10]

7 10(10 n 1)
Sn = n
9 9

Example 11 Find the sum to n terms of the G.P. 0.6 + 0.66 + 0.666 + . . . .
Solution : Let Sn = 0.6 + 0.66 + 0.666 + to n terms
= 6 [0.1 + 0.11 + 0.111 + - - - - to n terms]
6
= [0.9 + 0.99 + 0.999 + . . . . to n terms)
9
6 1 1 1
= 1 1 1 to n terms
9 10 100 1000
6 1 1 1
= (1 1 1 to n terms) to n terms
9 10 100 1000
1 1
1 n
n
6 10 10
= 1
1
9 10

131
 6 1 10 1
= n 1 n
9 10 9 10
6 1 1 2 1 1
Sn = n 1 n = n 1 n
9 9 10 3 9 10

1 1
Example 12 Find the sum to infinity of the G.P. 3, -1, ,
3 9
1
Solution : Here a = 3, r= <1
3
a
S =
1 r
3
= 1
1
3
9
=
4

13. The sum to infinity of geometric series is 6 and the sum of first two terms
9
is . Find the first term and the common ratio.
2
9
Sol. By data, S = 6 and a + ar =
2
Where a is the first term, r is the common ratio.
9
a (1 + r) =
2
9
a =
2(1 r )
Now, S = 6
a
S =
1 r

132
 a
6= subtitle for 'a'
1 r
9
6=
2(1 r )(1 r )
12 (1 r2) = 9
9
1 r2 =
12
3
1 r2 =
4
3
r2 = 1 -
4
1
r2 =
4
1
r= +
2
Now,
9
1
When r = , a = 21 1
2 2

9 2
=
2 3
= 3
9
1
When r = , a = 21 1
2 2

9 2
=
2 1
= 9
133
 EXERCISE : 5.2
I. One mark questions:
1. Find the
a) sixth element of the GP 3, 6, 12, - - -
b) seventh element of the GP 2 , 2, 2 2
1 3 9
c) tenth element of the G.P. , , ---
7 7 7
d) twelth element of the G.P. 0.5, 1.5, 4.5 - - -

2. Find the sum of the following G.P.

1 1
a) 1, , - - - to 5 elements
4 16
1
b) 3, 1, - - - - to 7 elements
3
c) -2, 4, -8 - - - - to 8 elements
d) 0.1, 0.3, 0.9 - - - to 10 elements

5
3. If , K, 10 are in GP then find the value of K.
2
1 1
4. Find the sum to infinity of the G.P. a) 1, , , - - -
2 4
1
b) 3, 1, - - -
3
II. Two marks questions:
18
1. Which element of the G.P. 4, 6, - - is 81/4?
2
2. Which element of the G.P. 5, 10, 20, - - - is 80?
3. How many terms of the G.P. 1, 3, 9 - will amount to 364?.
1 1 1 31
4. How many terms of the G.P. , , - - - will amount to ?
2 4 8 32

134
III. Three marks questions:
1. The third and fifth element of G.P. are 3 and 27 respectively. Find the
eighth element.
2. The third element of G.P. is twice the second element and the fifth
element is 32. Find the G.P.
3. Find the three numbers in G.P. whose sum is 39 and their product is
729.
13
4. Find the three numbers in G.P. whose sum is & product of the
3
extremes is 1
5. The sum of the first eight elements of G.P. is five times the sum of the
first four terms. Find the common ratio.
6. The first term of GP exceeds the second term by and the sum to
infinity is 2. Find the G.P.
IV. Five marks questions:
1. Find the sum to n terms of the G.P.
a) 5 + 55 + 555 + - - - -
b) 4 + 44 + 444 + - - -
c) 0.3 + 0.33 + 0.333 + - - - -
d) 0.5 + 0.55 + 0.555 + - - - -
2. The first and the last elements of a GP are 4 and 128 respectively and
the sum is 252. Find the common ratio and the number of terms.
3. The sum of an infinite G.P. whose common ratio is less than one, is 32
and the sum of the first two terms is 24. Find the G.P.

ANSWERS : 5.2

19,683
I. 1. a) 96, b) 8 2 c) d) 88, 573.5
7

341 3 1 510 1
2. a) b) 1 c) d) (310-1)
256 3 1 27 3 3 20

135
 3. K=5
9
4. a) 2 b)
2

II. 1) 6 2) 5 3) 6 4) 5

III. 1) 729 2) 2, 4, 8, 16 - - - 3) 3, 9, 27
1 1 1
4) 3, 1, 5) 2 or + 1 6) 1, , ---
3 2 4

5 10 n
IV. 1) a) (10 1) n
9 9

4 10
b) (10 n 1) n
99

3 1 1
c) n 1 n
9 9 10

5 1 1
d) n 1 n
9 9 10

2) Common ratio = 2, number of terms = 6

3) 16, 8, 4, 2 - - - - -

5.11 Harmonic Progression

Definition: A sequence is said to be in Harmonic Progression if the
reciprocals of its terms form an A.P.
i.e. If a, a+d, a + 2d - - - +a + (n-1) d is in AP
1 1 1 1
Then , , ----+ is in H.P..
a a d a 2d a (n 1)d
1 1 1 1
Ex. I) 2, 4, 6, 8 - - is in A.P. , , , . . . is in H.P..
2 4 6 8

136
5.12 nth term of a H.P.
1
If Tn is the nth term of H.P. then T is the nth term of A.P..
n

1
If T a + (n-1) d is in A.P. then
n

1
Tn = is the nth term of H.P..
a (n 1)d

WORKED EXAMPLES :

1 1 1
Example 1 Find the 10th term of H.P. , ,
2 4 6
1 1 1
Solution : Given , , - are in H.P..
2 4 6
2, 4, 6 are in A.P.
10th term of an A.P. = 2 + (10 1) 2
= 2 + (9) (2)
= 2 + 18
= 20
1
10th term of H.P. =
20

1 1
Example 2 If the third term of a H.P. is and fifth term is ,
7 11
then find the seventh term
1
Solution : Third term of a H.P. is
7
Third term of an A.P. is 7
1
Fifth term of a H.P. is
11
Fifth term of an A.P. is 11

137
 a 2d 7
( ) ( ) ( )
a 4d 11
2d 4
d = 2
a = 7 2d
= 7 2(2)
= 74
= 3
1 1 1
Seventh term in H.P. is
3 6(2) 3 12 15

2 1
Example 3 If , x, are in H.P. find x.
3 2
2 1
Solution : Given , x, are in H.P..
3 2
3 1
, , 2 are in A.P..
2 x
1 3 1
2
x 2 x
1 1 3
2
x x 2
2 7

x 2
x 2

2 7
4
x
7

138
Example 4 If b + c, c + a, a + b are in H.P. show that a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.
Solution : Given b + c, c + a, a + b are in H.P.

1 1 1
, , are in A.P..
bc ca ab

1 1 1 1

ca bc ab ca

bcca c a a b

(c a )(b c ) (a b)(c a )

(b a) (a + b) = (b +c) (c b)
b2 a2 = c2 b2
2b2 = a2 +c2

a2 c2
b =
2
2

a2, b2 , c2 are in A.P.

EXERCISE : 5.3
I. One mark questions:
1 1 1 1
1. Find the 5th element of a H.P. , , , ----
3 5 7 9

1 1 1 1
2 Find the 9th element of a H.P. , , , --
7, 8 9 10

1 1 1
3. Find the 7th element of a H.P. , ,
2 2 2 3 2

1 3
4. Find x, if , x, are in H.P..
3 2

139
II. Two marks questions:
3 2
1. If fourth term of the H.P is and seventh term of the HP is , find
4 3
the 10th term.
1 6
2. If 5th term is and seventh term is , find the 10th term.
5 5
3. If a, b, c are in G.P. and a =b =c , show that x, y, z are in H.P.
x y z

4. If pth element of an H.P is q and qth element is p, show that (pq)th

element is 1.

ANSWERS : 5.3
I.
1 1 1 6
1) 2) 3) 4)
11 15 7 2 11
II.
3 12
1) 2)
5 65

5.13 Arthimetic, Geometric and Harmonic means:

Arthimetic Mean:
If a, A, b are in AP, then A is called the arithmetic mean between a and b.
Since a, A,b, are inb A.P.
Aa= bA
2A = a + b
ab
A =
2
1
Thus, A.M of a and b is ( a b)
2
26
Example: The A.M. of 2 and 6 is 4
2
140
Geometric Mean:
If a, g, b are in G.P, then g is called the geometric mean between a and b
Since a, g, b are in G.P.
g b

a g
g = ab2

g= ab
Thus, G.M. of a and b is ab
Example: G.M. between 3 and 12 is 3 x 12 36 6

Harmonic Mean:
If a, H, b are in H.P. then H is called harmonic mean between a and b
1 1 1
Since a, H, b are in H.P, then , , are in A.P..
a H b
1 1 1 1
Thus
H a b H
1 1 1 1

H H a b
2 a b

H ab
2ab
H=
ab
2ab
Thus Harmonic mean between a and b is H = a b

2(1) (2) 4
Ex: H.M. of 1 and 2 is
1 2 3

141
WORKED EXAMPLES:
Example 1 Insert 4 A.M. between 5 and 10
Solution : Let A1, A2, A3, A4 be the 4 A.Ms between 5 and 10.
5, A1, A2, A3, A4, 10 are in A.P.
Last element is 6th element a + 5d = 10
5 + 5d = 10
5d = 10 5
5d = 5
5
d= 1
5
A.Ms are 6, 7, 8, 9
1 1
Example 2 Insert 3 G.Ms between and
4 64
let g1, g2, g3 be the 3 G.Ms
1 1
between and
4 64
1 1
Solution: , g1, g2, g3, are in G.P..
4 64
1
Here T5 =
64
1
ar4 =
64
1 4 1
r
4 64
4
r4 =
64
1
r4 =
16
1
r4 =
24
1
r =
2
1 1 1
The 3 G.Ms are , ,
8 16 32
142
 1 1
Example 3 Insert 4 H.M.s between and
3 13
Solution:
1 1
Let H1, H2, H3, H4 be the 4 H.M.s between and
3 13
1 1
, H1, H2, H3, H4, are in HP
3 13
1 1 1 1
3, H , ,
H2 H3
,
H4 ,
13 are in AP
1

Here T6 = 13
a + 5d = 13
3 + 5d = 13
5d = 13 3
5d = 10
10
d= 2
5
1 1 1 1
The four harmonic means are , ,
5 7 9 11

EXERCISE : 5.4
I. Two marks questions:
1. Insert 7 A.M.s between 3 and 11
2. Insert 3 A.M.s between 2 and 10
1
3. Insert 3 G.M.s between and 27
3
4. Insert 3 G.M.s between -4 and 64
1 1
5. Insert 3 H.M.s between and
4 12

143
 ANSWERS : 5.4
I.
1. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
2. -4, -6, -8
3. 1, 3, 9
4. - 8, -16, -32

1 1 1
5. , ,
6 8 10

144
 CHAPTER 6

THEORY OF EQUATIONS
6.1 Introduction:
In mathematics, the theory of equations comprises of major part of traditional
algebra. This chapter includes polynomials, algebraic equations of the type
of linear equations, quadratic, cubic equations, etc. It also includes a brief
illustration of synthetic division. It is used in problem solving.
An equation is a statement that says two algebraic expressions are equal and
is satisfied only for certain values of the variables.
In other words equations signify relation between two algebraic expressions
symbolized by the sign of equality.
The two equal expressions are called members of the equation. While the
left hand expression is called left hand side (L.H.S.) and the right hand
expression is called right hand side (R.H.S.).
To solve an equation means to find the value of values of the variable
(unknown quantities) satisfying the equation, these values are known as the
roots of the equation. Solution in q the equation. The process of finding the
root is called solving.
Examples:
i) The root of the equation 3x 9 = 0 is x = 3
ii) Take the equation x2 x = 6. When we give x =- 2 & x = 3, both sides
becomes equal. Hence x = 3 and x = -2 are the solutions of the equation.

6.2 Degree of the equation: The degree of the equation is the highest power of
the variable involved in the equation.
For example:
Equations in one variable:-
2x + 3 = 0 - The degree of equation is 1.
x2 + 3x = 4 - The degree of equation is 2.
x7 3x5 = x + 1 - The degree of equation is 7.
145
 Equations in two variables:-
2x + 3y = 5 - The degree of equation is 1.
2x2 + 3y + 2 = 1 - The degree of equation is 2.
7x4 + 6y4 + 5x3 + 3y = 1 - The degree of equation is 4.

6.3 Some General principles of solving simple linear equations.

1. The equations do not alter if:
a) Same quantity is added or subtracted from both sides of the equation.
b) If both sides of an equation are multiplied or divided by the same
quantity except zero.
2) Any term of an equation may be transferred from one side to another side,
while doing so, the sign is changed.
3) If fractions occur in the equation, then they are cleared by multiplying both
sides by L.C.M. of the denominators. This process is also known as cross
multiplication.
4) To multiply an equation by a quantity means that each term of the equation
is multiplied by the same quantity.
5) To add two equations means the addition of the respective sides of those
equations.
6) To solve a simple equation, bring all the terms containing known terms to
one side and unknown to other sides. Finally divide the R.H.S. by the
coefficient of the variable.
Examples:
1. Solve the equation: 2( x -3) = 9 + 3 ( x -9)
2 x - 6 = 9 + 3 x -27
2 x - 3 x = 9 + 6 27
- x = - 12 x =12
2. If 3 (x + 5) 25 = 9 + 2 (x 7) find x
3 x + 15 25 = 9 + 2 x - 14 3 x - 10 = 2 x - 5
3 x - 2 x = 5 + 10
x =5

146
3. + 1) (4 x - 1) = 2 ( x + 5) solve for x
I f 3 (4 x
12 x + 3- 4 x + 1 = 2 x + 10
8 x + 4 = 2 x + 10
8 x - 2 x = 10 4
6 x = 6
x = 1

x2 5
4. Solve
x 1 2
2(x + 2) = 5 (x-1)
2x+4=5x-5
4+5=5x-2x
9=3x
x = 9/3 = 3

2x 7 x 3
5.
2x 1 x 3
(2 x-7) (x + 3) = (2x - 1) (x 3)
2x2 + 6x - 7x - 21 = 2x2 6x - x + 3
2x2 - x - 21 = 2x2 - 7x + 3
2x2 - x - 2x2 + 7x = 3 + 21
24
6x = 24 x 4
6

6. Solve for x : b (b +x) = a2 - ax

bx2 + bx = a2 - ax
ax + bx = a2 b2
x (a + b) = (a + b) (a b)
x = (a b)

147
 x 2x 7
7.
2 3 2
Multiply both sides by the L.C.M. of 2 & 3 (i.e.6)
6 x 6 2x 6 7

2 3 2
3x + 4x = 21
7x =21 x=3

8. Solve for x : 3 - [3 +{ x (3+x)}] = 5 + 2x

3x - {3 + x - 3 -x) = 5 + 2x
3x - 2x = 5
x=5
x =5

Problems leading to linear equations in one variable.

Simple linear equation useful in solving problems encountered in commerce and
problems related with numbers, fractions, ages, speed etc.
The procedure with one variable is follows:-
i) Assume the unknown quantity as x
ii) Translate the verbal statement in to algebraic expression and/or
equations.
iii) Solve the equation and find the value of x.
iv) If desired check your results.

Examples 1 The sum of two consecutive numbers is 23, find them.

Solution : Let the two consecutive numbers be x and x + 1
x + x +1 = 23
2x = 23 1
2x = 22 x = 11
The numbers are 11, 12.

148
Example 2 The sum of three consecutive numbers is 183, find them.
Solution: Let the three consecutive numbers be x, x + 1, x + 2
Given x + x +1 + x + 2 = 183
180
3 x + 3 = 183 3 x = 180 x = 60
3
The 3 numbers are 60, 61, and 62.

Example 3 The sum of four consecutive numbers is 366, find them.

Solution : Let the three consecutive numbers be x, x +1, x+2, x+3
Given x + x + 1 + x + 2 + x + 3 = 366
4x + 6 = 366
4x = 366 6 = 360
360
x= 90
4
Hence the numbers are 90, 91, 92, and 93.

Example 4 Find two numbers whose sum is 64 and whose difference is 16.
Solution : Let the two numbers be x and 64-x
Given: (64-x) - x = 16
64 - 2x = 16
- 2 x = 16 64
- 2 x = -48
x = 24
Thus the two numbers is 24 & 64-24 = 40.

Example 5 Two numbers are in the ratio 5:8 their difference is 15, find the
numbers.
Solution : Let the two numbers be 5x & 8x
Given: 8x - 5x = 15
3x = 15 x = 5
Hence the Numbers are 55 and 5x8 = 25 & 40.

149
Example 6 The sum of 6 times a number & 5 times the number is 55. Which
is that number?
Solution: Let the number be x
6 times the number is 6x and similarly 5 times the number is
5x
Given: 6 x + 5 x = 55
11x = 55 x = 55/11 = 5
Hence the number is 5.

Example 7 Divide ` 1,600/- between x, y & z. So that y may have ` 100

more than x and z ` 200 more than y..
Solution : Let xs share be ` a.
y s share is ` 100 + a
& zs share is ` 200 + 100 + a
Given a + 100 + a + 200 + 100 + a = 1600
3a + 400 = 1600
3a = 1200 a = 400
x, y & zs share is ` 400, ` 500 and ` 700 respectively..

Example 8 The age of the father is four times that of the son. 5 years ago, the
age of the father was 7 times that of his son. Find their present
ages.
Solution : Let the present age of the son be x years.
5 years ago. The age of the son was x 5 & that of the father was
4x 5
Given: 4x 5 = 7 (x 5)
4x 5 = 7x 35
- 5 + 35 = 7x 4x
3x = 30 x = 10 and 4x = 4 x 10 = 40 years
The present age of the father is 40 years and that of his son
is 10 years.

150
Example 9 The present ages of two brothers are in the ratio 3:4. Five years
back their ages were in the ratio 5:7. Find this present ages.
Solution : Let the ages of two brothers be 3x and 4x
5 years back their ages were 3x 5 and 4x 5
Given: (3x 5): (4x 5) = 5:7 7 (3x 5) = 5 (4x 5)
21x 35 = 20x 25.
x = 10
Hence present ages are 3 x 10 & 4 x 10 = 30 & 40.
Example 10 A mother is 32 years older than her son. After 4 years, the mothers
age will be 8 years more than twice that of her son. Find their
present ages.
Solution : Let the present age of the son = x years
The present age of the mother = x + 32 years
After 4 years age of the son = x +4 years
After 4 years age of the mother = x + 32 + 4 = x + 36 years.
Given that: x + 36 = 8 + 2 (x + 4)
x + 36 = 8 + 2x + 8
36 16 = x
x = 20
The present age of the son is 20 years.
And the present age of the mother is 20 + 32 = 52 years.

6.4 Simultaneous Linear Equations in two variables.

When two or more equations are satisfied by the same values of the unknown
quantities. They are called simultaneous equations.
For the system of simultaneous linear equations. The number of equations
should be equal to the number of variables. There are four methods of solving
simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
I. Method of comparison: In this method variable say x from each of the
equation is expressed in terms of the other variable. Then comparing those
two equations, we get the value of y. Substituting the value of y in any of the
equations given, we get the value of x.

151
 Example: Consider: x + 2y = 7 ..........(1)
& 2x y = 4 ..........(2)
From equation (1) we get: x = 7 2y (3)

4 y
From equation (2) we get: 2x = 4 + y x = (4)
2

7 2y 4 y
Comparing equation 3 & 4 we get:
1 2
2 (7 2y) = 4 + y 14 4y = 4 + y
14 4 = 4 + 4y
5y = 10
y=2
Substituting the value of given equation (3)
We get: x = 7 2y = 7 22 = 7 4 = 3 x = 3.

II. Method of Substitution: In this method the values of y (or x) is found in

terms of x (or y) from an equation. And substituting this value in the other
equation we get a linear equation of one variable. Solving this equation, we
get the value of x (or y) putting this value in any of the equation given we
get the value of y (or x).

Example: Consider x + 2y = 1
3x 2y = 5
>Let x + 2y = 1 ..........(1)

3x 2y = 5 ..........(2)

From equation (1) we have: x = 1 2y ..........(3)

Substitute the value of x in equation (2) we get:

3 (1 2y) 2y = 5
i.e. 3 6y 2y = 5 3 8y = 5 - 8y = 5 3 = 2
y = -1/4

152
 Substituting the value of y in equation (3) we get
x = 1 2y
1 1 3
=12 1
4 2 2

3 1
x= and y =
2 4

III. Method of Elimination: In this method, the given equations are transformed
to equivalent equations, so that co-efficient of any one of the variables in
both the transformed equations became numerically equal. Solving the
equations either by adding or subtracting, we get one of the variables.
Example consider the equations, 2x 3y = 19 and
3x + 2y = 9
Let 2x 3y = 19 .....(1)
3x 2y = 9 .....(2)
Multiply equation (1) by 2 & equation (2) by 3, we get :
4x 6y = 38
9x 6y = 27
Adding the above equations: 13x = 65 x = 65/13 = 5
Now substituting the value of x in (1), we get:
2x 3y = 19
25 3y = 19 10 19 = 3y - 9 = 3y y = -3
y = 9/- 3 = - 3
Hence x= 5, y = -3.

IV. Method of cross multiplication:

Consider two equations a1 x + b1y + c1 = 0 ..........(1)
a2 x + b2y + c2 = 0 ..........(2)
Multiplying the 1st equation by a2 and 2nd equation by a1
We get: a1 a2x + a2 b1y + a2c1 = 0 ..........(3)
a1a2x + a1 b2y + a1c2 = 0 ..........(4)

153
 (3) (4) y (a2 b1 a1 b2) + a2c1 -a1c2 = 0

a1 c 2 a 2 c1
y= ab ab
2 1 1 2

Similarly multiplying the 1st equation by b2 and the 2nd equation by b1 and
subtracting the same we get:

b1c 2 b2 c1
x
a1b2 a 2 b1

This is called rule of cross multiplication. This can be easily performed in the
following way
x y 1
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2

x y 1

b1 c2 b2 c1 a 2c1 a1c 2 a1b2 a2 b1

b1c 2 b2 c1
Equating 1st and 3rd, we get: x a b a b
1 2 2 1

a2 c1 a1c 2
Equating 2nd and 3rd, we get: y a b a b
1 2 2 1

Example Solve x + 2y 4 = 0
3x + y 7 = 0
x y 1
1 2 -4 1 2 -4
3 1 -7 3 1 -7

x y 1

( 2 7) (1 4 ) ( 4 3) ( 7 1) 1 1 3 2

154
 x y 1

10 5 5
x 1 y 1
x 2, y 1
10 5 5 5
x = 2 and y = 1.

Example : Solve the following equations in all the four methods.

i) x + 2y = 4 ..........(1)
3x + y = 7 ..........(2)
I. Method of comparison
x + 2y = 4 ..........(1) 3x + y = 7 ..........(2)
x = 4 2y ..........(3) 3x = 7 y
7 y
x= ..........(4)
3

Comparing (3) and (4), we get:

4 2y 7 y

1 3
3 (4 2y) = 7 y
12 6y = 7 y
-6y + y = 7 12
5
-5y = -5 y= =1 y=1
5

Put y = 1 in equation (3) we get

x=42y=42=2
x = 2 and y = 1.
Verification: x + 2y = 4
2 + 2x1 = 4
2 + 2 = 4 L.H.S=R.H.S.

155
II. Method of substitution:
x + 2y = 4 (1) 3x + y = 7 (2)
From equation (1) : x = 4 2y (3)
Substitute the value of x in equation (2)
We get: 3x + y = 7
3(4 2y) + y = 7
12 6y + y = 7
5
12 7 = 6y y 5y = 5 y = =1
5
Substitute the value of y = 1 in equation (3), we get:
x = 4 2y
x = 4 2x1= 4 2 = 2
x = 2 and y = 1.
III. Method of Elimination:
x + 2y = 4 (1)
3x + y = 7 (2)
Multiply equation (1) by 3, we get:
3x + 6y = 12 (3)
3x + y = 7 (4)
(3) (4) 5y = 5 y = 1
Put y = 1 in equation (1), we get:
x + 2y = 4
x + 2x1 = 4 x = 4 2 = 2
x = 2 and y = 1 is the solution.
IV. Method of cross Multiplication:
x + 2y 4 = 0
3x + y 7 = 0
x y 1
1 2 -4 1 2 -4
3 1 -7 3 1 -7

156
 x y 1

( 2 7) ( 4 1) ( 4 3) ( 7 1) (1 1) ( 3 2)
x y 1

14 4 12 7 1 6
x y 1 x 1 10
x 2
10 5 5 10 5 5
y 1 5
y 1
5 5 5

x = 2 and y = 1 is the solution.

Application problems:
Example 1 Five years ago, fathers age was 5 times as old as his son and after
3 years he will be 3 times as old as his son. Find their present ages.
Solution : Let the age of the father be x years and the age of the son be y years.
Given: x 5 = 5 (y 5)
i.e. x 5 = 5y 25
x 5y + 20 = 0 ..........(1)
Also given: x + 3 = 3 (y + 3)
x + 3 = 3y + 9
x 3y 6 = 0 ..........(2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get: x = 45 and y = 13
Hence fathers age is 45 years and sons age is 13 years.

Example 2 A father is 28 years older than the son, after 5 years the fathers
age will be 7 years more than twice that of the son. Find their
present ages.
Solution: Let fathers age be x years and sons age be y years.
Given : x y = 28 ..........(1)
After five years fathers age is x + 5 and sons age is y+ 5.
Also given: x + 5 = 2 (y + 5)+7
x + 5 = 2y + 10+7
Solving (1) and (2), we get: x = 44 and y = 16
This fathers age is 44 years and sons age is 16 years.
157
Example 3 Nine tables and eight chairs cost ` 456/- Eight tables and nine chairs
cost ` 462/-. Determine the cost of each table and of each chair..
Solution : Let x be the cost of a table and y be the cost of a chair.
Then the given data in terms of equations are:
9x + 8y = 456 ..........(1) &
8x + 9y = 462 ..........(2)
Solving the above equations we get x = 24 and y = 30
Hence the cost of each table = ` 24. And each chair is ` 30.

Example 4 Divide 25 into two parts that the sum of the reciprocals is 1/6.
Solution : Let the two parts be x and y
1 1 1
Given: x + y = 25 ..........(1) and x y 6
6x + 6y = xy ..........(2)
Multiply equation (1) by 6, we get:
6x + 6y = 150 ..........(3)
Solving 2 and 3 we get 0 = 150 x y x y = 150 ..........(4)
Also we have (x y)2 = (x + y)2 4xy
= (25)2 4 .150
= 625 600
(x y)2 = 25
xy=5 ..........(5)
Solving equations (1) and (5) , we get :
x = 15 and y = 10
Hence the two parts are 15 and 10.

Example 5 A number consists of two digits and whose sum is 3, if 9 is added

to the number the digits get interchanged. Find the numbers.
Solution: Let the digit in the tens place be x, and digit in units place be y.
The number is 10x + y ..........(1)
Given: x + y = 3 ..........(2)
Also given 10x + y + 9 = 10y + x
9x 9y + 9 = 0 ..........(3)
x y + 1 = 0
158
 Solving equations 2 and 3 we get x = 1, and y = 2
The two digits number is 10x + y = 101 + 2
= 10 + 2 = 12 .

Example 6 A certain two digits number is 2 times the sum of the digits, if 63 is
added to the number the digits get interchanged. Find the number.
Solution : Let the digit in tens place be and digit in units place to y.
The number is 10x + y
Given 10x + y = 2 (x + y)
8x y = 0 ..........(1)
Also given 10 x + y + 63 = 10y + x
9x 9y + 63 = 0 x y + 7 = 0 ..........(2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get: x = 1 and y = 8
The required number is 10x + y = 10 1 + 8 = 10 + 8 = 18.

Example 7 Divide ` 110 into two parts so that 5 times of one part together
with 6 times of the other part will be equal to ` 610.
Solution : Let x & y be the two parts
Then the number will be x + y
Given: x + y = 110 ..........(1)
Also given: 5x + 6y = 610 ..........(2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get: x = 50 and y = 60
Hence the two parts are ` 50 and ` 60.

Example 8 Two numbers are in the ratio of 4:5 and if 24 is subtracted from
each of them, the resulting numbers are in the ratio of 2: 3. Find
the numbers.
Solution : Let the two numbers be x and y.
Given x: y = 4: 5 5x = 4y
5x 4y = 0 ..........(1)
Also given (x 24) : (y 24) = 2 : 3
3 (x 24) = 2 (y 24)
3x 2y = 24 ..........(2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get: x = 48 and y = 60
Hence the two numbers are 48 and 60.
159
Example 9 Two brothers have their annual income as 8:5, while their annual
expenditures are in the ratio 5:3, if they save ` 1200/- and
` 1000/- per annum. Find their incomes.
Solution : Let the income be x and expenditure be y.
So the income of two brothers would be 8x and 5x and
expenditures would be 5y and 3y.
W.K.T. Income Expenditure = Saving
We get:
8x 5y = 1200 ..........(1)
5x 3y = 1000 ..........(2)
Solving (1) & (2), we get: x = 1400 & y = 2000
Annual incomes of two brothers are 8x and 5x
= 8 1400 & 5 1400 = 11200 and 7000.

Example 10 The incomes of three persons Anil, Akbar, and Antony as 6 : 5 : 4

and their expenditure are in the ratio 3 : 2 : 1. If Anil saves ` 120
out of his income of ` 1500. Find the savings of Akbhar and
Antony.
Solution: Let the income be x and the expenditure by y.
Incomes are 6x, 5x and 4x and their expenditures are 3y, 2y
and y.
Given: Anils income = ` 1500/-
6x = 1500 x = 250
Anils expenditure = 3y = Income Savings
3y = 1500 120
3y = 1380 => y = ` 460
Thus Akbars income = 5x = 5 250= ` 1250
Akbars expenditure = 2y = 2 460 = ` 920
Antonys income = 4x = 4 250 = ` 1000
Antonys expenditure = y = ` 460

160
 EXERCISE : 6.1
I. Solve the following: (1 mark each)
1 2 (7 + x) 10 = 16 2 (x 24)
2. (x + 2) (x + 3) = (x 2) (x 4) + 20
3. x + a ( x + b) = ax + b
4. 7 (x 2) + 8 (x 3) 22 = x + 10
5. 3 (x 2) (x 1) = 7 (x 1) 6 (x 2)
6. 3 (x + 5) 25 = 9 + 2( x 7)
7. 8x + 17x 51 = 16x 36 + 12
8. 7x 5 [x {7 6 (x 3)}] = 3x + 1

II. Solve the following: (2 marks each)

x 2 x 1
9.
5 2

x x5
10. 10
4 3

x3 x4
11. 2 1
7 8

x5 x5
12. 5
10 5

x 19 x
13. 3
5 4

3x 5 6x 8
14. x + 2
4 5

1 6 2
15. 5
3 2x x

161
III. Solve the following equations by comparison method, substitution
method. Elimination method and cross multiplication method: (3 marks
each)
16. x + 2y = 1 17. x + 2y = 7
3x 2y = 5 2x y = 4
18. 2x 3y = 19 19. 10x 9y = 12
3x + 2y = 9 3x 9 = 17
20. x + 2y = 4 21. 2x + 3y = 8
3x + y = 7 3x + 2y = 7
22. 2x + y = 14 23. 5x + 2y = 8
3y = 33 + x 9x 5y = 23
24. 5x 2y + 25 = 0 25. 4x y = 2
4y 3x = 29 -3x + 2y = 1

IV. Statement problems: (3 marks each)

26. The sum of two consecutive numbers is 151. Find them
27. The sum of three consecutive numbers is 186 Find them.
28. The sum of two numbers is 107 and their difference is 17. Find the
numbers.
29. Two numbers are in the ratio 7: 5 and their difference is 12. Find the
numbers
30. Two numbers are in the ratio 5:6 and if 12 are subtracted from each of
them. The resulting numbers are in the ratio 3: 4. Find the numbers.
31. Divide 36 into two parts such that the sum of the reciprocals is 1/8.
32. The sum of 4 times a number and 3 times the number is 70. Find the
number.
V. Statement problems contd.: (5 marks each)
33. A number consists of 2 digits whose sum is 4, if 18 is added to the
number, the digits get interchanged. Find the number.

162
 34. A certain number is 4 times the sum of the digits. If 18 is added to the
number, the digits get interchanged. Find the numbers.
35. A sum of two numbers is 21. If the larger is divided by the smaller, the
quotient is 2 and the remainder is 3. Find the numbers.
36. The age of father is 5 times that of son. 3 years ago, the age of the
father was 8 times that of his son. Find their present ages.
37. Three years ago father was 4 times as old as his son and after 5 years
he will be three times as old as his son. Find their present ages.
38 12 Statistics books and 8 Mathematics books cost ` 204/- and 9 statistics
books and 6 Mathematics books cost ` 153/-. Find the cost of each type
of book.
39. The present ages of two brothers are in the ratio of 3:4. Four years ago,
their ages were in the ratio of 2:3 find their present ages.
40 Two sisters have their monthly incomes in the ratio 7:5 and their monthly
spending is in the ratio 5:3. If each saves ` 60/- per month, find their
incomes.
ANSWERS : 6.1
I. 1) x = 15 2) 2 3) b-ab 4) x = 5
5) x = 10 6) x = 5 7) x = 3 8) x = 4

II. 9) x = 3 10) x = 20 11) x = 4, 12) x = 15

13) x = 16 14) x = 3 15) x = 3/4

3 1 5 134
III. 16) , 17) 3, 2 18) 5, -3 19) ,
2 4 7 65
9 80
20) 2, 1 21) 1, 2 22) , 23) 2, -1
7 7
24) 3, 5 25) 1, 2
IV. 26) 75, 76 27) 61, 62, 63 28) 62, 45 29) 42, 30
30) 10, 12 31) 24, 12 32) x = 10

V. 33) 13, 34) 24 35) 6, 15 36) 35 & 5

37) 65, 19 38) 9, 12 39) 12 & 16 40) 210, 150

163
6.5 Quadratic Equations:
The equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 (a 0) containing x2 as the highest
power of x is called quadratic equation or a second degree equation.
The quadratic equation has two and only two roots. These two roots may be
equal or unequal. If and are the 2 roots. Then the equation will be of the
form: (x - ) (x-) =0.
Ex. Form the Quadratic Equation whose roots are 2 & 3
(x 2) (x 3) = 0
There are two methods of finding the roots of the quadratic equation.
(1) Factorization method (2) Formula method.

Factorization Method: First, the quadratic equation is reduced to the standard

form. Factorize the expression on the left side. Equate each factors to zero, solve
the corresponding linear equations
Ex. 1) x2 2x 3 = 0
x2 3x + x 3 = 0
x (x 3) + 1 (x 3) = 0
(x + 1) (x 3) = 0 x = -1 or x = 3
2) 2x2 5x + 2 = 0
2x2 4x x + 2 = 0
2x (x 2) 1 (x 2) = 0
(2x 1) (x 2) = 0 x = 1/2 or x = 2

Formula Method:
The solutions of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is obtained using the
formula.

b b2 4ac
x
2a
If & are the two root of the quadratic equation.

b b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac
Then = &
2a 2a
164
Example 1 x2 4x + 3 = 0
Compare with: ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 1, b = -4, c = 3
b b2 4ac
x
2a

( 4) ( 4) 2 4.1 .3
=
2.1

4 16 12 4 4 42
=
2 2 2
4 2 4 2
x & 3,1
2 2

Example 2 x2 + 6x + 7 = 0
a = 1, b = 6, c = 7

6 36 28 6 8 6 2 2
x 3 2
2 2 2
Thus the roots are. 3 2 & 3 2

6.6 Nature of the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0

The quantity b2 4ac on which the nature of the roots depend, is called the
discriminant of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and is denoted by
or D.
1. If b2 4ac = 0. Then the roots are real and equal.
2. If b2 4ac is positive. Then the roots are real and unequal.
3. If b2 4ac is negative. Then the two roots are unequal and imaginary.
Example 1 4x2 + 12x + 9 = 0
A = 4, b = 12, c = 7
= b2 4ac = 122 2.9.4 = 144 144 = 0
Thus the roots are real and equal.
165
Example 2 3x2 + 8x + 5 = 0
a = 3, b = 8, c = 5
=b2 4ac = 82 4.3.5 = 64 60 = 4 (> 0)
Thus the roots are real and unequal

Example 3 x2 + x + 4 = 0
a = 1, b = 1, c = 4
=b2 4ac =12 4.4.1 = 1-16=-15 < 0 (-ve)
The roots are unequal and imaginary.

Relation between the roots and the co-efficients of the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0:
Let and are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
Dividing throughout by a
b c
x2 x 0 ..........(1)
a a
x2 ( + ) x + . = 0 ..........(2)
(x -) (x -) = 0
Comparing (1) and (2), we get:
b coefficien tof x
Sum of the roots = + =
a coefficien t of x 2

c constant
Product of the roots = = a coefficien t of x 2

Example 1 If & are the roots of the equation 2x2 + 3x + 7 = 0

1 1
Find the value of i) + (ii) (iii) iv) 2 + 2

Solution : Comparing with the standard form: a = 2, b = 3, c = 7

b 3
We know that, (1) + =
a 2

166
 c 7
(2) . =
a 2
1 1 3/2 3
(3) 7 / 2 7

7 3 21
(4) 2 + 2 = ( +) =
2 2 4

Example 2 If & are the roots of the equation 3x2 6x + 4 = 0.

Find the values of the following:

1) 2 + 2 2) 3) 3 + 3

3 3
4) 2 2 5)
2 2 ( ) 2
Solution: Comparing with the standard equation:
a = 3, b = -6, c=4
b ( 6 )
2
a 3

c 4

a 3
4 12 8 4
1) 2 + 2 = ( + )2 - 2 = ( 2) 2 .
2

3 3 3

2 2 4 /3
2) 1
4 /3

3.4
3) 3 + 3 = ( + )3 = 3 ( + ) = 23 - ( 2) 8 8 0
3

167
Example 3 If and are the roots of the equation 2x2 10x + 5c = 0

Find the value of : 1) 2 + 2 2)

3) 3
+ 3 4) 2 2

5) 3 + 3 6) 4 + 4
3 3
7)
2 2
Solution: a = 2, b = -10, c = 5
b ( 10 )
5
a 2
c 5

2
5
1) 2 + 2 = ( + )2 - 2 = 52 - = 25 5 = 20
2

2 2 20 40
2) 8
5 5
2
3) 3 + 3 = ( + )3 - 3 ( +)
5
= 53 3. ( 5)
2
75 250 75 175
= 125 -
2 2 2

172
3 2
175 4
2 22 14
4) 2
( ) 2 5 2 25

2

168
 5
5) (2 + 2) = .20 50
2

5 175 875
6) (3 + 3) =
2 2 4

3 3 175 / 2 175 1 35
7)
2 2 20 / 1 2 20 8

EXERCISE : 6.2
I. Form the quadratic equation whose roots are: (1 mark each)
(i) 1, 2 (ii) 2, -3

II. Solve the equations by Factorization method:

1. 2x2 7x + 3 = 0 2. x2 4x + 3 = 0
3. x 3x 10 = 0
2
4. x2 + x 6 = 0
5. 4x + 4x = 3
2
6. 9x2 22x + 8 0
7. 4x + 4x 15 = 0
2
8. 6x2 5x 21 = 0

III. Solve the following by Formula method: (2 marks each)

9. 3x2 13x + 12 = 0 10. x2 + 3x 28 = 0
11. 5x2 7x 12 = 0 12. 2x2 7x = - 3
13. x2 + 6x + 8 = 0 14. 3x2 x 10 = 0
15. 2x (4x 1) = 15 16. 12x2 + 23x = 24

IV. Find the nature of the roots without solving the equation: (1 mark each)
17. 2x2 + 6x + 3 = 0
18. 2x2 5x + 6 = 0
19. 36x2 12x + 1 = 0
20. 6x2 5x + 2 = 0
21. x2 x + 1 = 0
22. 2x2 + 8x + 9= 0

169
V. Solve the following: (3 marks each)
23. If and are the roots of the equation. ax2 + bx + c = 0. Find the
values of :

(1) (1 + ) (1 + ) 2) 2
2

24. If and are the roots of the equation, 2x2 + 4x + 1 = 0. Find the
value of :
1) 2 + 2 2) -2 + -2
25. If and are the roots of the equation x2 + 3x + 7 = 0. Find the values
of
2
1) +
3 3
2)

26. If and are the roots of the equation 2x2 + 5x + 5 = 0 then find the
values of :
1 1 1 1
(1) 2) 2 2 3)

27. If and are the roots of the equation 2x2 5x + 7 = 0. Find the values
of

2 2
(1) +
2 2
2) + + 3)

28. If and are the roots of 3x2 6x + 4 = 0. Find the value of:
1 1
2 ( ) 3( )

29. If & are the roots of 2x2 10x + 5 = 0. Find the value of :

2 2 2 12

170
 30. If & are the roots of the equations 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0. Find the values
of
1 1
i) 2 + 2 ii) 2 2

ANSWERS : 6.2
I. (i) (x 1) (x 2)=0 ii) (x 2) (x + 3)=0

1
II. 1) ,3 2) 3, 1, 3) 5, -2 4) 3, -2,
2
1 3 4 3 5 1 1
5) , 6) 2, 7) , 8) ,
2 2 9 2 2 6 6

4 1
III. 9) (3, ) 10) 4, -7 11) 2.4, -1 12) ,3
3 2

5 5 3 8 3
13) ( - 2, -4) 14) 2, 15) , 16) ,
3 4 2 3 4

IV 17) Real and Unequal 18) Unequal and Imaginary

19) Real and Equal 20) Unequal and Imaginary
21) Unequal and Imaginary 22) Unequal and Imaginary

a b c 3abc b 3
V. 23. ,
a ac 2

36 3 11 11
24. (-1, 12) 25) 36, 26) , ,
7 5 25 10

3 85 2 12
27. ,6, 28) 10 29) 0 30) ,
4 28 9 11

171
6.7 Cubic Equations:
An equation of the form ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 (a 0) where a, b, c, d are real
constants is called a cubic equation or third degree equation. It has 3 roots.
If , , are the roots of the equation then the equation will be of the form
(x - ) (x - ) (x - ) = 0.
Example 1 Form the cubic equation whose roots are 3, 4, 5 .
The required solution is (x - 3) (x - 4) (x - 5) = 0.
Example 2 Form the cubic equation whose roots are 2, -3, 1 .
The required solution is (x - 2) (x + 3) (x - 1) = 0.

6.8 Synthetic Division:

Consider a polynomial F(x) of degree 3, where
f (x) = a0 x3 +a1 x2 + a2x + a3
Supposing we divide f(x) by a linear expression say (x h) then we get the
quotient as Q (x) = b0 x2 + b1 x + b2 is of 2nd degree and the remainder R as
a constant.
The successive coefficients b0, b1 and b2 of the quotient polynomial, Q(x)
and the remainder R can be obtained by means of simple procedure known
as synthetic division. This process is explained below.

st
1 row h a0 a1 a2 a3
nd
2 row boh b1 h b2h
3rd row bo(-a0) b1 b2 R

Explanation:
Write all the coefficients of different powers of x of the given polynomial in the
first row. (If any term is absent in the given polynomial, corresponding to that we
write zero for its coefficient)
In the extreme left corner of the 1st row, write h which is called the Multiplier or
operator (this is the value of x when the divisor is equated to zero)

172
Now first term of the third row is b0 a0 multiply (b0 a0) with h and write it
below a1 and add to a1 we get b1 = (a1 + boh). This will be second element in the
third row.
Again multiply b1 with h and write it below a2 add to get b2. This will be the third
element in the third row. Now multiply b2 with h and write it below a3 and add to
get R1 the remainder, which is the last sum obtained in the third row is the reminder
R.
Note: If the remainder R = 0. Then we say (x h) is a factor of the polynomial
f(x) under consideration i.e. h is a root of the equation f (x) = 0 and conversely.
Examples:
1. Find the quotient and the remainder obtained by dividing
x3 + 4x2 7x - 10 = 0 by (x + 1)
Solution: Here the multiplier is -1 ( x + 1 = 0 x = - 1)
Let us remove the root -1 by synthetic division.

x = -1 1 4 -7 -10
-1 -3 +10
1 3 -10 0

Quotient = x2 + 3x 10 = 0 and Remainder = 0 .

2. Find the quotient and remainder obtained by dividing
4x3 +3x2 2x 1 by (x + 1)
Solution: Here the multiplier is 1

x = -1 4 3 -2 -1
-4 +4 +1
+4 -1 -1 0

Quotient = 4x2 x 1 = 0 and Remainder = 0.

173
3. Find the quotient and remainder when x4 + 10x3 + 39x2 + 76x + 65 is divided
by x + 4.
Solution: x = - 4 is the multiplier.
x = -4 1 10 39 76 65
-4 -24 -60 -64
1 6 15 16 1 = R

Quotient = x3 + 6x2 + 15x + 16 and Remainder = 1

4. Find an integral root between - 3 & 3 by inspection and then using synthetic
division. Solve the equation x3 - 2x2 - 5x + 6
Solution: Let f(x) = x3 - 2x2 - 5x + 6
f(1) = 1 - 2 - 5 + 6 = 7 - 7 = 0
x = 1 is a root of the given equation. Let us remove this root by
Synthetic division.
x=1 1 -2 -5 6
1 -1 -6
1 -1 -6 0 = R

The result and equation is x2 - x - 6 = 0 is the quotient and remainder

=0
x2 - x - 6 = 0
(x - 3) (x + 2) = 0
x = 3 or - 2
Thus x = 1, -2, 3 are the roots of the given equation.

5. Obtain a root of the equation x3 - 2x2 - 2x + 3 = 0 by inspection and hence

solve the equation.
Solution: Let f(x) = x3 - 2x2 - 2x + 3
f (1) = 1 - 2 - 2 + 3 = 4 - 4 = 0
x = 1 is a root of the given equation. Let us remove the root +1 by
synthetic division.

174
 x=1 1 -2 -2 3
1 -1 -3
1 -1 -1 0

The resultant equation is x2 - x - 3 = 0 and R = 0

1 1 12 1 13
x=
2 2

1 13 1 13
The roots are 1, ,
2 2

EXERCISE : 6.7
I. Form cubic equation whose roots are (1) 3, 5, 7 (2) (-1,4,6)
II. (3) By Synthetic Division, find the quotient & remainder when
2x3-5x2- 32x + 6
(4) Find the quotient & the remainder obtained by dividing 3x3-4x2+2x+1
by x - 3.
III. Find an integral root between - 3 and 3 by inspection & then using synthetic
division solve the following equations:
(5) x3 + 6x2 + 9x + 4 = 0 (6) x3 + 15x2 - 72x + 76 = 0
(7) x3 - 102 + 29x - 20 = 0 (8) x3 + 2x2 - 11x - 12 = 0
(9) x3 - 3x2 - 28x + 60 = - (10) x3 - 2x2 - 29x - 42 = 0

ANSWERS : 6.7
I. (1) x3 - 15x2 - 17x - 105 = 0 (2) x3 - 9x2 + 14x + 24 = 0
II. (3) 2x2 + x - 29, -81 (4) 3x2 + 5x + 17, 52
III. (5) -1, -1, -4 (6) 2, 2, -19, (7) 1, 4, 5
(8) -1, 3, -4 (9) (2, -5, 6) (10) (-2, -3, 7)

175
 CHAPTER 7

LINEAR INEQUALITIES
7.1 Introduction:
Larl Friedrich Gauh a French Mathematician developed the theory of
numbers. In this chapter we consider the expression, which involve signs
such as < (less than), > (greater than) < (less than or equal) and > (greater
than or equal) called Inequalities and such expressions is generally called
Inequations.
In this chapter we will study linear inequalities in one and two variable. The
study of inequalities is very useful in solving problems in the field of science,
mathematics, statistics, optimization problems, economics etc., It plays a very
important role in Linear programming problems.
7.2 Definition of Inequality:
If two real numbers or two algebraic expression related by the symbol
<, >, < or > form an Inequality
Examples:
3< 5,10>8, 5x<6, 4x 3 < 8, 3x 7>0, 4x< 7,
7x 5 > 0, y < 4, 2x + 4y < 7, x 4y > 10 etc.,
(1) The Inequality in the form 3< 5, 7> 5, are the example of numerical
inequalities.
(2) The Inequality in the form x < 5, y > x > 3, y < 7 etc. are called literal
inequalities.
(3) The inequality in the form 3 < 5 < 7 (read as 5 is greater than 3 and less
than 7)
3 < x < 5 (read x is greater than or equal to 3 and less than 5)
2 < y < 4 (y is greater than 2 and less than or equal to 4)
are the example of double inequalities.

176
4. Inequalities in the form: ax +b<0
ax +b>0
ax + by < c
ax by > c are strict inequalities
5. Inequalities in the form: ax +b<0
ax b<0
ax + by > c
ax by < c, are slack inequalities
6. inequalities in the form: ax +b<0
ax b<0
ax +b>0
ax + b > 0 (a 0) are, inequalities in one
variable x
7. Inequalities in the form: ax + by < c
ax + by > c
ax + by < c
ax by > c , (a 0, b 0)
are inequalities in two variable x & y
8. Inequalities in the form: ax2 + bx + c < 0 (a 0, b 0) and
ax2 + bx + c > 0 are quadratic inequalities in one variable x
SOME IMPORTANT SETS:
N = Set of Natural numbers = {1, 2, 3, ........}
W = Set of whole numbers = {0, 1, 2, 3 ........}
I or Z = Set of Integers = {0, 1, +2, + 3 ........}
I+ = Set of +ve Integers = {1, 2, 3 ........}
I- = Set of ve integers = {-1, -2, -3, ........}
Q = set of rational numbers = {p/q, p,qI, q 0 }
R = Set of real numbers = {all Natural, whole, Integer,
rational Irrational numbers}
R+ = Set of +ve Real Numbers
R- = Set of ve Real numbers

177
7.3 Linear Inequalities in one variable:
A linear inequality in one variable is an expression of the form ax + b < c, ax+b>c,
ax + b< c or ax + b > c where a, b, c R (set of Real numbers and a 0).
Example 5x + 3 < 4, 4x 5 > 7, 8x 1 < 3, 3x + 1 < 7, are linear
inequations.
In the above examples we can find the values of x which makes
the above in equality a statement. True values of x are called
solutions of inequality.
Solution set : A solution set of inequality is the set of all real numbers (R) that
satisfies the inequality the method of finding the solution set of
the inequality is known as solving the inequation

Rules for solving the linear inequation:

Rule 1 : The inequality does not change if the same number is added on both
the side of the inequality.
Rule 2: (Multiplication or Division Rule) The inequality does not change if
we multiply or divide both the side of inequality by the same +ve real
number.
Rule 3: The inequality reverses its direction if we multiply or divide both the
side of the inequality by the same ve real number.
i.e. If a < b a + K < b + K (KR)
a > b a + K > b + K (KR)
a > b aK < bK (K < 0 i.e. K is ve)
NOTE:
O Represent Solution Exclude
Represent include
Infinity
( ) both side excludes
( ] left excludes and right include
[ ) Left Include and Right exclude
[ ] both side include

178
Example 1
Solve linear inequalities in one variable and represent the solution on
the number line.
a) 2x + 6 < 0, x Z
2x < - 6 x < -3
Solution set ( - , -3]

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

b) 7x + 3 < 5x + 9, x R
7x 5x < 9 3
2x < 6
x < 3 Solution set ( - , 3)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

3x 4 x 1
c) > 1, x R
2 4
3x 4 x 1 4
> (taking the LCM on R.H.S)
2 4
>

4 (3x 4) > 2 (x 3)
12x 16 > 2x 6
12x 2x > -6 + 16
10x > 10 x > 1 solution set [1,)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 +

179
d) 5x 10 > 0, x R
5x > 10 x > 2 Solution set [2, )

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 +

e) 3x 9 > 0,xR
3x > 9
x > 3 Solution set (3, )

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 +

f) 5x 3 < 3x + 1, x R
5x 3x < 3 + 1
2x < 4
x < 2, Solution set ( - , 2)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

5 2x x
g) < - 5, x R
3 6

5 2x x 30
<
3 6
6 (5 2x) < 3 (x 30)
30 12x < 3x 90
30 + 90 < 12x + 3x
120 < 15x
120
15x > 120 x >
15

x > 8, Solution set [8, + )

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 +

180
Example 2
Solve the following Inequalities:

2 8
i) x , xR
15 15
15 x 2 8
Solution:
15 15
15x + 2 < - 8
15x < - 8 2
15x < - 10
10
x < -
15
2
x R
3

1 3x 1
ii) 4 (x 6), x R
2 2 3
1 3x 8 x 6
Solution:
2 2 3
3x 8 x 6

4 3
3 (3x + 8) > 4 (x 6)
9x + 24 > 4x 24
9x 4x > -24 24
5x > - 48 x > -48/5

( 2 x 1)
iii) + 2 (3 x) > 7, x R
2
Solution: 2x + 1 + 12 4x > 14
- 2x + 13 > 14
-2x > 14 13
- 2x > 1
1
by 2 x<-
2
181
iv) 3 (2 x) > 2 (1 x), x R
Solution : 6 3x > 2 2x
6 2 > 3x 2x
4 > x
x < 4

x (5 x 2) (7 x 3)
v) ,xR
4 3 5

x 5(5 x 2) 3(7 x 3)
Solution: LCM
4 15

x 25x 10 21x 9

4 15

x 4x 1

4 15
15x < 4 (4x 1)
15x < 16x 4
4 < 16x 15x
4 < xOR x > 4

3( x 2) 5( 2 x )
vi) ,xR
5 3
3( x 2) 5(2 x )
Solution:
5 3
3 (3x 6) < 5 (10 5x)
9x 16 < 50 25x
25x + 9x < 50 + 18
34x < 68
68
x
34
x<2
182
 x x
vii) x 11
2 3
x x x
Solution: < 11
1
1 2 3
6 x 3x 2 x
11
6
11x < 66

66
x < x<6
11

x 5x 2 7 x 3
viii) < ,xR
14 3 5
x 5 x 2 (7 x 3)
Solution: <
14 3 5
x 5(5 x 2) 3(7 x 3)

14 15
x 25 x 10 21x 9

14 15
x x 1

14 15
4(x 1) < 15x
14x 4 < 15x
-4 < 15x - 14x
-4 < x
or x > - 4

183
 x2
ix) - 1, x R
x3
x2
Solution: -1
x3
x2 1
+ > 0
x3 1
( x 2) ( x 3)
0
x3
2x 5
0
x 3
2x 5 0
5
x
2

x) The marks obtained by a student of class in first and second term exam are
62 and 48 respectively. Find the minimum marks he should get in the annual
examination to have an average of at least 60 marks?
Solution Let x be the marks obtained by student in the annual exam, then,
62 48 x
60 (atleast)
3
110 + x > 60 3
110 + x > 180
x > 180 110
x > 70
The student must obtain a minimum of 70 marks to get an average of
atleast 60 mark.
xi) Find all pair of consecutive add natural numbers, both of which are larger
than 10, such that their sum is less than 40?
Solution Let x be the smaller of the two consecutive add natural numbers.
So that the other one is (x + 2). Thus we have x > 10 ........(1)
and x + (x + 2) < 40 ........(2)

184
xii) Find all the pair of consecutive even pair of number both of which are larger
than 5, such that their sum is less than 28.
Solution Let x be the smaller of the two consecutive even natural number,
so that the other is (x + 2).
Thus we have x>5 ........(1)
and x + (x + 2) < 28 ........(2)
From (2) x + (x + 2) < 28
2x + 2 < 28
2x < 28 2
2x < 26
26
x <
2
x < 13 ........ (3)
From (1) and (2) 5 < x < 13
The possible pair will be (6, 8), (8, 10), (10, 12)

xiii) The longest side of a triangle is 3 times the shorter side and the third side in
2cm shorter than the largest side. If the perimeter of the triangle is at least 61
cm. Find the minimum length of the shortest side.
Solution Let the length of the shortest side = x cm
The length of the largest side = 3x cm
And the length of the 3rd side = (3x 2) cm
Given the perimeter of the triangle is atleast 61 cm
x + (3x) + (3x 2) 61
7x 2 61
7x 63
x 63/7=9
the minimum length of the shortest side = 9cm

7.4 System of Linear Inequalities in one variable

Two or more linear inequalities in one variable together form a system of
linear inequalities in one variable. The solution set of the system is the set of
all values which satisfy all the inequation involved in the system.

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i.e., the Intersection of the solution set of each is the solution of the system of
linear inequation.
Example
5x 5
1. Solve : , 6 x 6, x I
4 4
Solution:
5x 5

4 4
Multiply by 4 5x > 5
x> 1 .........(1)
Given -6 < x < 6 .........(2)
From (1) & (2) x = {2, 3, 4, 5} i.e., 1 < x < 6

2. Solve : 2< 2x 3 < 5, xR

Solution: Give 2 < 2x 3 < 5
Add 3 through out
2 + 3 < 2x 3 < 5 + 3
5 < 2x < 8
by 2 we get
5
< x< 4
2
2.5 < x < 4

2 1 1
3. Solve: 2 <x+ < 3 ,xR
3 3 3

8 1 10
Solution: - < x + <
3 3 3

186
 1
By subtracting ,
3
8 1 1 1 10 1
< x+ <
3 3 3 3 3 3
9 9
<x<
3 3
-3 < x < 3
4. Solve : 3x 7 > 2 (x 6) and 6 x > 11 2x, x R
Solution:
Give 3x 7 > 2 (x 6) again
3x 7 > 2 x 12 6 x > 11 2x
3x 2x > - 12 + 7 2x x > 11 6
x > -5 .....(1) x>5 .....(2)
From (1) & (2)
x>5

3 1 1
5. Solve : 2 <x+ 4 , xR
4 4 4
Solution:
The given inequalities can be split as
3 1 1 1
2 < x + and x + 4
4 4 4 4
11 1 1 17
- <x+ and x +
4 4 4 4
11 1 17 1
- <x and x <
4 4 4 4
12 16
- <x and x <
4 4
-3<x and x < 4
The combined (Intersection) solution is -3 < x < 4
187
 x4 x
6. Solve: 3 > > 2, xI
2 3
Solution:
x4 x
Given 3 > >2
2 3
3( x 4) 2 x
3> >2
6
5 x 12
3> >2
6
Multiples by 6 weget, 18 > 5x 12 > 12
Adding by 12 weget, 18 + 12 > 5x 12 + 12 >, 12 + 12
30 > 5x > 24
Dividing by 5 weget, 6 > x > 4.8
xI the solution set is x = {5, 6}

7. Solve : 2x + 3 > 18 and 3x + 1 < 12, x R

Solution:
Given 2x + 3 > 18 and 3x + 1 < 12
2x > 18 3 3x < 12 1
2x > 15 3x < 11
15 11
x> x<
2 3
x > 7.5 .....(1) x < 3.66 .....(2)

8. Solve: 2(x-1) < x + 5 and 3 (x + 2) > 2 x

Solution:
2x 2 < x + 5 and 3 (x + 2) > 2 x
2x x < 5 + 2 4x > 2 6
x < 7 .....(1) 4x > - 4
4
x>
4
x > - 1 .....(2)
From (1) and (2)
-1< x < 7
188
9. Solve : 5(2x-7) 3 (2x + 3)< 0 and 2x + 19 < 6x + 47, x I
Solution:
5(2x-7) 3 (2x + 3) < 0 and 2x + 19 < 6x + 47
10 x 35 6x 9 < 0 19 47 < 6x 2 x
4x 44 < 0 28 < 4x
28
4x < 44 <x
4
44
x< 7<x
4
x < 11 .....(1) or x > 7 .....(2)
From (1) & (2) 7 < x < 11

7x
10. Solve: -3 < 4 - 18, x I
2
Solution:
8 7x
-3 < < 18
2
Multiply by 2, -6 < 8 7 x < 36
Subtract 8 6 8 < 8 7 x 8 < 36 8
14 < 7x < 28
Divide by -7 we get
2>x>4 or 4< x<2

EXERCISE : 7.3
Solve the following Inequalities in one variable.
1. One mark/two mark
1. 3x 4 > 7 2 x (x R)
2. 5x 3 < 7 (xR)
3. 4x 2 < 8 (xR)
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 4. 5x 3 < 3 x + 1 (xR)
5. 3 (x 1) < 2 (x + 3) (xR)
6. 3x + 8 > 2 when x I and x R
x x
7. 1 (xR)
3 2
8. Solve 3x 2 < 2x + 1, (xR) Represent on number line
9. Solve 3 (1 x) < 2 (x + 4), (xR) Represent on number line
x5
10. x 2 < 0, xI

II. 3 mark question Solve the following Inequalities in one variable.

3x 4 x 1
1. > 1, xR
2 4
5x 2 7 x 3 x
2. >
3 5 4
x 1 2 x
3. > xI
2 3
2x 3 x4
4. 4 2 ,xR
4 3
5. 37 (3x + 5) > 9 8 (x 3), xI
6. 2 (2x + 3) 10 < 6 (x 2), xI
x (5 x 2) (7 x 3)
7.
2 3 5

ANSWERS : 7.3
I. 1. x > 11/5 or x (11/5, )
2. {..... 2, 1, 0, 1 } or ( , 2)
3. x < 5/2 or ( , 5/2)
4. x < 2 or x ( - , 2)
5. x ( , 9]
190
 6. (i) {1, 0, 1, 2, 3 .....} (ii) ( 2, )
7. x ( , 6)
8. x<3
Solutions

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

9. x > 1
Solutions

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

10. x < 5 or x [5, )

II. 1. x [1, ) or x>1

2. x (4, ) or x>4
3. x [7, ) or x>7

1 1
4. x ( , ) or x<
2 2
5. ( , 2) or x<2
6. (4, ) or x>4
7. x < 2/7 or x ( , 2/7)

EXERCISE : 7.4
Two marks & Three marks:
Solve the following system of linear Inequalities in one variable if xR

1 7x 3x 8
1. 3 and 11
2 5
3x
2. 5x 7 < 3 (x + 3) and 1- x4
2
2x 3 x4
3. > 3 and <2
4 3
191
 2x 1 x7
4. 5 and >2
7x 1 x 8
3( x 2)
5. -15 < 0
3
3x
6. - 12 < 4 - 2
5
2x 1
7. 2x 5 > 7 and <3
1 2x
7x 1 3x 8
8. < -3 and + 11 < 0
2 5
5 3x
9. -5 < <8
2
10. 3x 7 < 5 + x and 11 5x < 1

ANSWERS : 7.4
1. x( , 21)
2. x( , 2]
3. x(- , 21) (9/2, )
4. x {} (null set)
5. - 23 < x < 2 or x (- 23, 2]
80 80 10
6. x 10 / 3 or x ,
3 3 3
7. x [6, )
8. x (- , - 21)

11 11
9. x5 or x ,5
3 3
10. -2 < x < 6 or x[-2, 6)

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7.5 Application of Linear Inequalities:
(Statement problem related to commerce, Economics, etc.)
Example 1 A man want to cut three length from a single piece of board of
length 91 cm. The second length is to be 3 cm larger than the
shortest and the 3rd length is to be twice as long as the shortest.
What are the possible length of the shortest board if the 3rd piece
is to be at least 5 cm larger than the 2nd piece?
Solution : Let the length of the shortest Board = x cm
Length of the 2 piece
nd
= (x + 3) cm
Length of the 3rd piece = 2x cm
Given, length of (shortest + 2nd + 3rd) < 91 cm
x + (x + 3) + 2x < 91
4x + 3 < 91
4x < 91 3
4x < 88 x < 22 . (1)
Again given 3 piece > 2 piece + 5
rd nd

2x > (x + 3) + 5
2x > x + 8
(2x x) > 8
x > 8 (2) From (1) and (2) -8 < x < 22
The length of the shortest Board must be greater than or equal to 8 cm but less
than or equal to 22 cm.

Example 2 In an experiment, a solution of Hydrochloric acid is kept between

300 and 350 celsius. What is the range of temperature in degree
5
Fahrenheit if Conversion Formula is given by C = (F 32)
9
(where c = Celsius, F Fahrenheit)
Solution: Given : 300 < C < 350 substitute in
5
C= (F 32) we get
9
5
300 < (F 32) < 350 [Linear inequalities in one variable F)
9
193
 9 9 9 5 9
Multiply by 30 < (F 32) < 35
5 5 5 9 5
54 < (F 32) < 63
Add 32 on both sides,
54 + 32 < F < 63 + 32
86 < F < 95
the required range of temperature is between 800F and 950F

Example 3 Find all pair of consecutive odd positive integer which are smaller
than 10 such that their sum is greater than 11.
Solution: Let the odd consecutive Integers are x and x + 2
Given x < 10 and x + 2 < 10
Also given x + (x + 2) > 11 x < 10 and x + 2 < 10 x < 8
2x + 2 > 11 x < 10 .. (1)
2x > 11 2
2x > 9
x > 9/2
or x >4 . (2)
From (1) and (2) 4 < x < 10
the possible pair of odd Integers are (5, 7), (7, 9)

Example 4 A manufacturer has 600 Litres of a 12% solution of acid. How

many liters of a 30% acid solution must be added to it so that
acid content in the resulting mixture will be more than 15% but
less than 18%?
Solution : Let 30% acid solution added = x litres
Total mixture = (x + 600) litres
30% x + 12% of 600 > 15% (x + 600) ........(1)
30% x + 12% of 600 < 18% (x + 600) ........(2)
From (1) and (2)

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 30 x 12 600 15
(x + 600)
100 100 100

30 x 12 600 18
(x + 600)
100 100 100
Multiply by 100 for both the inequalities we get
30x + 7200 > 15 (x + 600) and 30x + 7200 < 18 (x + 600)
30x + 7200 > 15x + 9000 and 30x + 7200 < 18x + 10,800
30x - 15x > 9000 7200
15x > 1800
x > 120 ........(3) and
30x + 7200 < 18x + 10,800
12x < 10,800 7,200 12x < 3600
x < 300 ........(4)
from (3) and (4) 120 < x < 300
The number of litres of 30% acid solution to be added is more than 120 litres but
less than 300 litres.

Example 5 Suresh obtained 70 and 75 marks in first two unit tests. Find the
minimum marks he should get in the 3rd test to have an average of
atleast 60 marks.
Solution: Let the marks obtained by Suresh in the third test be x .
Given the average of the marks of all the tests is atleast 60
70 75 x
i.e. 60
3
70 + 75 + x > 60 3
145 + x > 180
x > 180 145
x > 35
Suresh should get greater or equal to 35 mark.

195
Example 6 To receive grade A in a course, one must obtain an average of
90 marks or more in 5 exams. (Each of 100 marks), If Gopals
marks in the First June examination are 87, 92, 94 and 95. Find
the minimum marks obtained by Gopal in 5th exam to get A grade
in the course?
Solution : Let the minimum marks required in the 5th exam = x
Average marks in all the 5 exams > 90
87 92 94 95 x
90
5
368 x
90
5
368 + x > 90 5
368 + x > 450
x > 450 368
x > 82
the required marks in the 5th exam is greater than or equal to 82.

EXERCISE 7.5 (Statement problem in one variable)

3 to 5 marks questions.
1. How many litres of water will have to be added to 1125 litres of the 45%
solution of acid so that the resulting mixture will contain more than 25% but
less than 30% of acid content? (water contains 0% of acid)
2. A solution is to be kept between 600F and 770F. What is the range in
temperature in degree celcius (C) if the celcius /Fahrenheit conversion
formula is given by F = 9/5 C + 32 ?
3. Find all pair of consecutive even Integers which are greater than 5 and their
sum must be less than 23.
4. The cost and Revenue junction of a product are given by C (x) = 2x + 400
and R(x) = 6x + 20 respectively. Where x is the number of item produced
by the manufacturer. How many items the manufacturer must sell to realize
some profit. (Hint : R(x) C (x) > 0)

196
 ANSWER : 7.5
1. The number of litres of water added must be more than 562.5 litres but less
than 6.900 litres.
2. 200 < C < 250
3. x < 10 ,(6, 8), (8, 10)
4. More than 95 items (x > 95)

7.6 Linear Inequation in two variable and their graphical representation:

A linear inequality in two variable is an expression in the form ax + by < c,
ax + by > c, ax + by < c or ax + by > c (a, b, c, R and a b 0)
Example: 4x y < 3, 2x + y > 5, x + 3y < 3, 2x y > 1

Solution Set: The solution set for a linear inequality in two variable is the set of
all values of (x, y) which satisfy the given linear inequality.
Geometrically this represents a section of co-ordinate plane
described by a set of co-ordinate system with x and y axes

Working rule to finding the solution set of linear inequalities in two variables
Step 1: Replace the inequality sign involving in the given statement by Equality
sign. The resulting equation represents a straight line, which acts as the
boundary of the solution.

Step 2: Draw the line graph of the equation from step 1 using convenient point
on the line and join them. If the inequality in the given equation is
(i) < or > then the boundary line is not included in solution set and
represent the boundary by broken line.
(ii) < or > then the boundary line is included in solution set and
represent the boundary by solid line.

Step 3: The line in step 2 divides the co-ordinate place into two region one
above the boundary and the other below. (or is the boundary line is
vertical then one region is to left and the other is right). To find the

197
 required region choose any convenient point which is not on the
boundary and verify whether the coordinate of this point satisfy the
given inequality or not. If it satisfy the inequality then the solution set
is the set of all point which lie on the same side of the boundary as the
chosen point. If the inequality does not satisfy the co-ordinates of the
chosen point then the solution set is the set of all points on the opposite
side of the boundary.
Example 1 Solve the following in equation graphically.
a) x > -2
Solution : The boundary of x -2 is lying in the line
x=-2 parallel to the Yaxis and 2 units to the left of it. Since
it is the inequality the boundary is
represented by broken line as shown below. Consider the
origin as the test point. Substituting for x as x=0 in x -2
we find 0 -2 and hence the solution set is the region which
includes O(0,0) i.e the origin.

Fig. (a)

198
b) y < -3
Solution: The boundary of y < - 3 is the line y = -2. This is a line parallel to x-
axis 3 unit below. Since the inequality sign is < the boundary is
represented by Broken line as in Fig.(b). Consider the point 0 (0, 0),
0 < -3 which is not true. Therefore the solution region which does not
contains the origin.

Fig. (b)
c) x+y<3
Solution: The boundary of the inequality is x + y = 3.
If x = 0, then y = 3 and if y = 0, then x=3
A (0, 3) and B (3, 0) is the point on the boundary line
the inequality involves < sign the boundary line is represented by
Broken line.
Consider O (0,0) as a test point is x = 0, and y = 0, 0 < 5 (which is true)
hence the solution set contain (0,0) it is shown by shaded region in
fig (c)

199
 Fig. (c)
(d) xy<2
Solution :
The boundary of x y < 2 in the line x y = 2
If x = 0 then y = -2.Also if y = 0 then x = 2 .
A (0,-2) and B (2,0)are the points on the boundary line.
Since the inequality involves < sign the boundary line is represented
by Solid line.
Consider (0,0) as a test point.
Putting x = 0, y = 0 in x y < 2 we find 0 0 = 0< 2, which is true
hence the solution in the region. Includes origin O (0,0) and shown by
shaded region in fig (d)

200
 Fig. (d)

Example 2 Solve the following Inequalities graphically

(a) 3x + 4y < 12 (b) 3y 5x < 30 (c) -3x + 2y > -6
(d) 2x -y > 6 (e) 3x + 2y > 6 (f) 2x 30 < 6

(a) 3x + 4y < 12
Solution:
The boundary of 3x + 4y < 12 is the line 3x + 4y = 12
If x = 0 then y = 3 and if y = 0 then x = 4
A (0,3) and B (4,0) are the points
On the boundary line since the inequality in values < sign the boundary
line is Solid line. Consider O (0,0) as the test point. Putting x = 0,
y = 0 in the inequality 3(0) + 4 (0) = 0 < 12 (which is true) Therefore
the solution region contains (0,0) is shown by shaded region in fig (a)
201
 Fig. (a)

(b) 3y 5x < 30
Solution: The boundary 3y 5x < 30 in the line 3y 5x = 30
If x = 0 then y = 6.Also if y = 0 then x = 6
A (0,6) and B (6,0) the points on the boundary line.
since the equation involves < sign the boundary line is represented by
broken line.
Consider (0,0) as a test point . Putting x = 0, y = 0 in the given inequality
We find 3(0) 5(0) < 30
0 0=0 < 30
0 < 30 which is true. Therefore 0 (0,0) lies in the solution region as
shown by shaded area in fig (b).

Fig. (b)

202
(c) 3x - 2y > 6
Solution:
The boundary for the inequality is the line 3x + 2y = -6 or 3x 2y =
6.
If x = 0 then y = 3and if y=0 then x=2
A (0,3) and B (2,0) are the points on the boundary line. Since the
inequality is > sign the boundary is represented by Solid line.
Consider a test point 0 (0,0).Putting x = 0, y = 0 in the inequality
-3(0) + 2 (0) =0 > -6
which is true hence the solution region contain 0 (0,0) as shown by the
shaded region in figure.

Fig. (c)

203
(d) 2x + y > 6
Solution:
The boundary of 2x + y = > 6 in a line 2x + y = 6
If x = 0, y = 6 and if y = 0, x = 3
A (0,6) and B (3,0) are the points boundary line. Since the inequation
involves > sign the boundary line in represented by a solid line.
Consider a point 0 (0,0) as a test point, x = 0, y = 0, then
2(0) + 0 > 6
0+0>6
0 > 6 which is not true, hence the solution region does
not contain (0,0) as a point as shown by a shaded region in fig (d)

Fig. (d)

204
(e) 3x + 2y > 6
Solution: The boundary of the inequality 3x + 2y > 6 is a line 3x + 2y = 6.
If x = 0, y = 3 and if y = 0, x = 2
A (0.3) and B (2.0) are the points on the boundary line represented
by a broken line. Consider (0, 0) as a test point. x = 0, y = 0 in the
equation
3 (0) + 2 (0) > 6
0 > 6 which is not true hence the solution region
does not contains (0,0) as shown by shaded region in fig. (0)

Fig. (e)

205
(f) 2x 3y < 6
Solution: The boundary of the in equation 2x 3y < 6 is a line 2x 3y = 6
If x = 0, y = - 2 and if y = 0, x = 3
A (0, -2) and B (3, 0) are the points as the boundary line. Since the
inequation involves < sign the boundary line is represented by a broken
line. Consider (0, 0) as a test point x = 0, y = 0 in the in equation.
2 (0) 3 (0) < 6
0 < 6 which is true hence the shaded region contain (0, 0) as shown by
a shaded region its Fig. (f)

Fig. (f)

EXERCISE: 7.6
1. Solve the following in equality graphically (2 Marks)
1 x > -3
2. y < - 4
3 4x < 4
4. 3y > - 6

206
 3 Marks question:
5. x + y < 5
6. x y < 3
7. 3x 4y < 12
8. x 2y > 6
9. 2x 3y > 6
Answers (2 Marks)

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

207
Answer :7.6 (3 Marks)
(5)

(6)

208
(7)

(8)

209
 (9)

7.7 System of Linear Inequation in two variable and their graphical solution.
Two or more linear equalities in two variable together forms a system of
linear inequalities in two variable. The solution set is the set which satisfies
both the linear inequation.
Example: i) x > 3, y > 2
ii) 2x + y > 6, 3x + 4y < 12
iii) 3x + 4y < 60, x + 3y < 30, x > 0, y > 0
iv) x + 2y < 10, x + y < 1, x y < 0, x > 0, y > 0
here x > 0, y > 0 are condition to the system of inequalities called non-
negative condition. The solution set of the about system of linear inequalities
in two variable is the set of all ordered pain (x, y) which satisfies each
inequality of the system simultaneously.
Feasible Solution: A point (x, y) on the co-ordinate plane is called Feasible solution
of the system of inequalities in two variable is it satisfy all the in equation of the
system.
The set of all feasible solution form a feasible region.

210
Example (1) Solve the following system of inequalities graphically.
a) x > 2, y > 3
Solution: x > 2, y > 3 have the boundary line x = 2 & y = 3
x = 2 is the line parallel to y axis 2 unit right of y axis.
y = 3 is the line parallel to x-axis 3 unit above the x axis.
Since the inequalities involues > sign the boundary line is a solid line.
Consider (0, 0) test point x = 0, 0> 2
and y = 0, 0>3
which is not true hence the feasible solution does not contain (0, 0) and
represented by shaded region in Fig. (a)

Fig. (a)

211
b) Solve x+y > 5
x-y < 3
Solution: We have x + y > 5 and x - y < 3. The boundary of the feasible
Region are determined by the lines x + y = 5 and x y = 3
Solid Line for x + y = 5, If x = 0, y = 5 A (0, 5)
(AB) y = 0, x = 5 B (5, 0)
Solid line for x y = 3, If x = 0, y = -3 C (0, -3)
(CD) y = 0, x = 3 D (3, 0)
The shaded region is the feasible Region which is the intersection of
the solution set of each in equalities as shown in Figure. (b)

Fig. (b)

212
c) Solve x + 2y < 8
2x + y < 8
x > 0
y > 0 graphically.
Solution: We have x + 2y < 8 and 2x + y < 8. The boundary of the Feasible
Region are determined by the line x + 2y = 8 and 2x + y = 8
Solid line (AB) for x + 2y = 8, If x = 0, y = 4 A (0, 4)
Y = 0, x = 8 B (8, 0)
Solid line (CD) for 2x + y = 8, if x = 0, y = 8 C (0, 8)
Y = 0, x = 4 D (4, 0)
x > 0, y > 0 are non negative in equalities given the condition that
every point in the shaded region must lies in the First Quadrant of the
contain plane. The shaded region is the feasible region which is the
intersection of the solution set of each inequation on shown in Fig. (c)

Fig. (c)

213
d) Solve 2x y < 1
x 2y < - 1 graphically
Solution: We have 2x y < 1 and x 2y< -1. The boundaries of the feasible
region are determined by the line.
2x y = 1 and x 2y = -1.
Broken line (AB) for 2x y = 1, x = 0, y = - 1 A (0, - 1)
y = 0, x = B (1/2, 0) OR (0.5, 0)
Broken line (CD) for x 2y = -1 x = 0, y = 1 C (0, ) = (0, 0.5)
y = 0, x = -1 D (-1, 0)
The solution set of inequality is shown by arrow the intersection of the
solution set by the feasible regionas shaded area in fig. (d)

Fig. (d)

214
(e) Solve 3x + 4y < 12, 2x + y > 6 graphically.
Solution: We have 3x + 4y < 12, and 2x + y > 6. The boundaries of the feasible
regions are determined by the lines 3x + 4y = 12 and 2x + y = 6
Solid line AB for 3x + 4y = 12 x = 0, y = 3 A(0, 3)
y = 0, x = 4 B (4, 0)
Solid line CD for 2x + y = 6, x = 0, y = 6, C (0, 6)
y =0 x=3 D (3, 0)
The solution set of each inequation is indicated by arrow mark in the
figure. The intersection of these solution set in the feasible region
shaded region in the fig. (e)

Fig. (e)

215
 EXERCISE : 7.7 (e and 5 Marks question)
Solve the follow system of linear inequation in 2 variable graphically.
1. x > 3y > 2
2. x + y < 6, x+y <4
3. 2x + y > 8, x + y > 10
4. x + 3y > 3, 2x + y > 2, x > 0, y > 0
5. 3x + 3y < 6, x + 4y < 4, x > 0, y > 0
6. 3x + 4y > 12, 4x + y > 8
ANSWERS : 7.7
(1)

(2)

216
(3)

(4)

217
(5)

(6)

218
 UNIT - II
COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC
CHAPTER NAME OF THE CHAPTER TEACHING
HOURS

8 SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTEREST 08

9 ANNUITIES 06

10 AVERAGES 04

11 PERCENTAGE, PROFIT AND LOSS 06

12 LINEAR FUNCTION 04

TOTAL 28 Hours
 CHAPTER 8

SIMPLE INTEREST AND COMPOUND INTEREST

8.1 All money dealings are associated with three factors i.e. principal, rate of
interest and time. Computation of simple and compound interest are directly
based on these factors:
Principal (P): It is the sum of money deposited / borrowed etc. also known as
capital.
Time (T/n): Duration for which the money is lent / borrowed.
Rate of Interest (R/r): It is the rate at which interest is charged on the principal.
Amount (A) = Principal + Interest
There are 2 kinds of Interest:
a) Simple Interest b) Compound Interest
8.2 Simple Interest : when interest is calculated every year (or every time
period) on the original principal i.e., the sum at the beginning of first year
such interest is called simple Interest. Here year after year even though
the interest gets accumulated and is due to the lender, this accumulated
interest is not taken into account for the purpose of Calculating interest for
latter years.
PTR
Simple Interest, SI =
100
P = Principal
T = Time in years
R = Rate of interest in %
A= PI
PTR
P
100
TR
P 1
100

221
Simple Interest
Example 1 Veena deposited ` 10,000 in a finance Company which pays 15%
interest per year. Find the interest and amount she is expected to
get after 5 years and 3 months.
3
Solution: P = 10,000 t 5 5 1 4 5.25 R= 15%
12
PTR 10,000 5.25 15
SI = 7875 `
100 100
A=P+I
= 10,000 + 7875
= 17, 875 `

Example 2 Find the interest on ` 1500 at 4% p.a. for 145 days

145
Solution : P = 1500 t R = 4%
365
145
1500 4
PTR 365
SI
100 100
= 23.835
23.84

Example 3 What principal will amount to ` 46000 in 7 years at 12% p.a.?

Solution : A = 46000T = 7 R = 12
A = P+I
TR
P 1
100
7 12
46000 = P 1
100
46000 1.84 P.
46000
P
1.84
P 25000
222
Example 4 Priya invested ` 6000 for 3 years and received ` 1080 as interest.
Find the rate of interest.
Solution : P = 6000 T=3 SI = 1080 R=?
6000 3 R
SI =
100
1080 = 180 R
1080
R
180
R=6%
Example 5 If the simple interest on a certain sum of money for 2 years is one
fifth of the sum. Find the rate of interest.
1
Solution : Let P = x SI = x T=2 R=?
5
PTR
SI =
100
1 x 2 R
x
5 100

100
R R 10%
5 2

Example 6 Sowmya invested ` 1500 for 8 years and Anisha invested ` 7500
for 3 years at the same rate of interest. If altogether they received
` 1725 as interest find the rate of simple Interest charged.
Solution : Sowmya,

P1 1500 , T1 8 , R1 R

1500 8 R
I1
100

= 120 R

223
 Anisha,
P2 7500 T2 3 R2 R

7500 3 R
I2
100
= 225 R
I1 I 2 1725
120 R + 225 R = 1725
345 R = 1725
1725
R
345
= 5%

Example 7 If a certain sum of money is doubled in 8 years at a given simple

interest. In how many years will it be four times?
Solution : Let P = x A = 2x I = A P = 2x x = x T=8
PTR
SI =
100

x 8 R
x
100

100
R 12.5%
8
A = 4x , T = ?, I = A P= 4x- x = 3x, R = 12.5

x T 12.5
3x
100

T = 24 years

Example 8 If 500 amounts to ` 725 at 9% simple interest in some time,

what will ` 600 amount to at 11% in the same time.
Solution : P = 500 A = 725 I = 225 R = 9 T=?

224
 PTR
I
100
500 T 9
225
100

225
T
45
T 5 years

P = 600, R = 11, T = 5, I=?

600 5 11
I 330
100
A = P+I
= 600+330
= 930 `
Example 9 Reshma invested a part of ` 6,500 at 10% simple interest and rest
of it at 12% simple interest. At the end of three years she got a
total amount of 8,690. How much money she had invested at
different rates?
Solution : Investment at 10%,
P = x, R = 10, T=3

P T R
I1
100

x 3 10
=
100
= 0.3 x
Investment at 12%,
P = 6500 x , R = 12 , T=3

225
 (6500 x) 3 12
I2 2340 0.36 x
100

I 1 I 2 8690 6500
0.3 x 2340 0.36 x 2190
2340 2190 0.06 x
x 2500

Investment at 10% = x =2500

Investment at 12% = 6500- 2500 = 4000

Example 10 Three equal principals amount to ` 3720 after 3, 4 and 5 years at

simple interest 6% p. a. Find the principal.
Solution : Amount after 3 years,
P = x, T =3, R=6
x 3 6
I1
100
A1 PI x 0.18 x 1.18 x

Amount after 4 years,

P = x, T=4, R=6
x 4 6
I2 0.24 x
100
A2 x 0.24 x 1.24 x

Amount after 5 years,

P = x T =5 , R=6
x 5 6
I3
100
A3 x 0.3 x 1.3 x

226
 Given A1 A2 A3 3720
1.18x + 1.24 x + 1.3 x = 3720
3.72 x = 3720
3720
x 1000
3.72
Each principal = 1000 `
Total principal = 3000 `

Example 11 If the interest on 800 be more than the interest on ` 400 by Rs 40

in 2 years. Find the rate of interest.
Solution : P = 800 , T=2, R=R
800 2 R
SI
100
I 1 16 R
P= 400, T = 2, R=R
400 2 R
SI
100
I 2 8R

I1 I 2 40
16 R 8 R 40
40
R 5%
8

Example 12 Nicole got a certain sum of money as prize in a lottery and

deposited the same in a bank. It amounted to ` 1,624 in four years
and amounts to 1736 in 6 years. Find the prize and rate of simple
interest allowed by the bank.
Solution: Let P = P , T=4, R=R, A = 1624

227
 TR
A P 1
100
4R
1624 P1 .......(1)
100
P=P, T=6, R=R, A = 1736
1736 P(1 0.06 R) 6R
1736 P1 (2)
1624 P(1 0.04 R) 100
(2 ) (1)
1 0.06 R
1.068
1 0.04 R
1.068 (1 0.04R) 1 0.06R
0.068 = 0.017 R (approximate value)
R =4 %
Substituting in (1)
1624 = P(1+ 0.04 4)
1624
P
1.16
P =1400

EXERCISE : 8.1
I One Mark Questions.
1. Calculate the simple interest on ` 18000 for 4 years at 12% p. a simple
interest.
2. Find the simple interest on ` 600 for 3 years 3 months at 4% p.a simple
interest.
3. What is the simple interest for ` 245 days for ` 6000 at 8% p. a simple
interest?
4. What is the simple interest on ` 650 for 14 weeks at 6% p.a.?
5. Calculate the simple interest on ` 4000 at 4% from June 27 to Aug 29
in the same year.
228
II Two marks questions.
1. Sanjay deposits ` 25000 at 8% simple interest. What is the amount he
will get after 5 years?
2. How much should Bhavya invest in a finance company which offers
12% p. a. simple interest, so that she may have ` 80000 after 5 years?
3. In what time will the simple interest on ` 500 at 6% be equal to the
interest on 540 for 8 years at 5% ?
4. Rochelle wishes to borrow a certain sum of money for 120 days. She
goes to bank whose rate of interest is 6%. The bank charges ` 360 as
interest. How much does Rochelle borrow?
5. In what time will ` 4000 at 3% interest produce the same income as
` 5000 in 5 years at 4%?
6. In what time will ` 35000 amount to ` 45,500 at 7.5% p.a.?
7. In how many years will a sum be double of itself at 10% simple interest?
8. If the simple interest on a certain sum of money after 6 years is 3/8
of principal, what is the rate of interest p.a. ?

III Three marks questions

4
1. The simple interest on a certain sum of money is th of the sum and
25
the rate percent equals the number of years. Find the rate of interest.
2. Sandhya invested a certain amount in a bank. When the rate of interest
changed from 10% to 12 % her annual income increased by ` 1250.
How much did Sandhya invest?
3. The difference between simple interest received from two different
sources on ` 2500 for 3 years is 375. find the difference in their rate of
interest [Hint: Find R1 ~ R2 ]
4. Find the rate at which a sum becomes four times of itself in 15 years.
5. A sum of money doubles itself in 12 years 6 months. In how many
years will it triple itself?

229
IV Five marks questions.
1. Jason invested an amount of ` 12000 at the rate of 10% p.a. simple
interest and another amount at the rate of 20% p.a. simple interest. The
total interest earned at the end of on year one the total amount invested
became 14% p.a. Find the total amount invested.
2. ` 1200 becomes 1536 in 4 years at a certain rate of simple interest. If
the rate of interest is increased by 3%, what will ` 2000 amount to in 2
years?
3. If the difference between the simple interest at a certain sum for 4
years at 2.5% per annum and the simple interest on the same sum for
the same period at 3% p.a. is ` 60. Find the sum.
4. A sum was put at simple interest at a certain rate for 4 years. Had it
been put at 2% higher rate, it would have fetched ` 56 more. Find the
sum.
5. A sum of money amounts to ` 19500 in 5 years and 22,200 after 8
years, at the same rate of interest. Find the rate of interest. Also find
the principal.
6. A lent ` 5000 to B for 2 years and ` 3000 to C for 4 years on simple
interest at the same rate and received ` 2200 in all from both of them
as interest. Find the rate of interest.
7. Satwik obtained a loan of ` 4000 at an interest rate of 6% per year. He
immediately lent ` 2500 at an interest rate of 9% per year to Jason and
balance at 12% per year to Vivek. After 3 years he collected the amount
due to him and repaid his loan. Find his gain.
8. Privil invested a part of ` 6500 at 10% annual interest and rest of it
12% annual interest. At the end of three years he got a total amount of
` 8,690. How much money he has invested at different rates?
9. Sujith borrowed ` 1,00,000 from money lender and a bank. If the rate
of interest are 18% p.a. and 16% p.a. respectively and Sujith pays
` 16,600 as interest for one year, find the amount borrowed from money
lender and bank.

230
 10. A man left ` 1,30,000 for his two sons aged 10 years and 16 years with
the direction that the sum should be divided in such a way that the two
sons get the same amount when they attain the age of 18 years. Assuming
the rate of simple interest as 12 % p.a., calculate how much the elder
son got in the beginning.

ANSWERS : 8.1
I 1. 9000 2. 78 3. 322.19 4. 10.5 5. 27.61
II 1. 35000 2. 50000 3. 7.2 yrs 4. 18250 5. 8.33 yrs
6. 4 yrs 7. 10 Yrs 8. 6%
III 1. 4% 2. ` 50000 3. 5% 4.20% 5. 25 yrs
IV 1. 20000 2. 2400 3. 3000 4. 700 5. 6% , 15000
6. 10% 7. 495 8. 4000 at 12% , 2500 at 10%
9. 30000, 70000 10. 80000
8.3 Compound Interest:-
Under compound interest, the interest is added to the principal at the end of
each period to arrive at the new principal for the next period.
In other words, the amount at the end of first year (or period) will become
the principal for the second year (or period); the amount at the end of second
year (or period) becomes the principal for the third year (or period) and so
on.
Important formulae in compound interest:-
1) To find amount
A = P( 1 + i)n
CI = A P
P = Principal
n = time in years
R
i = rate of interest in decimal =
100
A = Amount

231
2) To find principal
A
P
(1 i ) n
3) To find the value of r
log A log P
i = Antilog
n 1

To convert to % multiply by 100. i.e., R= i 100

4) To find n:
log A log P
n=
log(1 i )

Example 1 Find the compound interest on ` 13,000 at 6% p.a. for 4 years.

6
Solution : P = 13,000 i= = 0.06 n=4
100
A = P (1+i)n
=13000(1+0.06)4
= 16412.20 `
CI = A P
= 16412.2 13000
= 3412.2 `
Example 2 A certain sum of money amounts to ` 24,200 in 2 years at 10%
compound interest. Find the sum.
10
Solution : A = 24,200 n=2 i= = 0.1
100
A
P
(1 i ) n
24200
=
(1 0.1) 2
= 20,000 `

232
Example 3 In what time a sum of ` 1,200 will earn ` 573 as compound interest
at the rate of 5% p.a, if the interest is added annually?
Solution: P = 1200 CI = 573 A = 1200 + 573 = 1773
5
i= 0.05 n?
100
A = P (1 + i)n
1773 = 1200 (1 + 0.05)n
1773
(1.05) n
1200
1.4775 = (1.05)n
n = 8
Note: n can be calculated with the help of log or directly with calculator
as follows: 1.05 when multiplied how many times the result is
1.4775. You will get the result when you multiply 8 times. Hence
n=8

Example 4 ` 9000 amounts to 10,418.625 in 3 years. Find the compound

interest rate percent.
Solution: P = 9000 A = 10,418. 625 n = 3r = ?
log A log P
i = Antilog
n 1

log 10418.625 log 9000

= Antilog
3 1

4.0174 3.9542
= Antilog
3 1
= Antilog [ 0.021067 ] 1
= 1.050 - 1
= 0.05
R = i 100
= 0.05 100 = 5%

233
Example 5 A sum of money was invested at compound interest. At the end
of the first year the interest was ` 125 at the end of the second
year, it was ` 130 Find the sum invested and the rate of interest.
Solution : The increase in the interest by 5 ` for the second year is due to
the increase in principal by 125.
Interest for 125 ` for one year is 5.

100 5 125 5
The interest for 100 ` is I =
125 100 ?
= 4%
Compound interest and simple interest for one year is same
If principal is 100 interest is 4 `
If interest is ` 125 then principal is,

100 125 100 4

P= = 3125
4 ? 125

Example 6 A sum of money placed at compound interest doubles itself in 4

years. In how many years will it amount to eight times.
Solution : A = 2P , P=P, n =4
A = P (1+i) n

2P = P (1+i)4
2 = (1+i)4
Taking log,
Log2 = 4 log(1 i )

log 2
log(1 i )
4

0.3010
log(1 i)
4
0.07525 = log(1 i )

234
 Taking Antilog,
1.19 = 1+ i
i = 0.19
A = 8P, P = P, i = 0.19 n=?
8P = P ( 1+0.19)n
8 = (1.19)n
n = 12.
Or
This particular sum could be done without log as follows.
A = 2P , P =P , n =P
2 P P (1 i ) 4
2 (1 i ) 4
8 P P (1 i ) n

8 91 i) n
2 3 (1 1) n
((1 i) 4 ) 3 (1 1) n ( (1 i ) 4 2)
(1 i )12 (1 i ) n
n 12
Note: The second method may not be applicable for all other sums of the
same type.

To compute compound interest when n is not an integer

When n is not an integer write n in the form of whole number + proper
fraction.
For example, if n = 4 years write n = 4 +
In general, write n = k + t
Where k is an integer and t is a proper fraction. Then the formula for
amount will be
A = P(1+i)k (1+i.t)

235
Example 7 Find the compound interest on ` 22000 for 2 years at 6% p.a
6
Solution : P = 22000 i 0.06 n 2 1
100 2
1
A= 22000 (1+ 0.06)2 (1+0.06 )
2
= 25460.78 `
CI = A P
= 3460.78

Doubling period: Investors commonly ask the question: How long would it take
to double the amount at a given rate of interest. If you invest some amount at 8%
and want to know in how many years the amount will double itself you can calculate
as follows:
A = 2P, P = P, r = 0.08, n=?
2P = P(1 + 0.08) n

2 = (1 + 0.08)n
log 2 = n log (1.08)
log 2
n
log 1.08
0.3010
9.012 years
0.0334

Rule of 72 : According to rule of 72, the doubling period is obtained by dividing

72 by the interest rate. Then for above example, doubling period
72
= 9 years.
8

Rule of 69: According to rule of 69, the doubling period is equal to 0.35 +
69
Interest rate
.

236
 EXERCISE : 8.2
I Two marks questions
1. When Geetha retired at 58, she deposited ` 1,00,000 in the bank which
pays 18% p.a Compound interest. How much amount will she receive
when she is 70?
2. What sum will amount to ` 6525 at 10% p.a compounded annually for
13 years?
3. Joanna invested ` 8000 for 3 years at 5% Compound interest in a post
office what sum will she receive after 3 years?
4. On what sum will the Compound interest at 5% p.a for two years
compounded annually be ` 1640?

II Three marks questions.

1. Find the Compound interest on ` 7,000 at 5% p.a for 8 years.
2. In how many years will ` 30,000 give ` 4347 compound interest at 7%
p.a.?
3. In how many years a sum of ` 2000 becomes ` 2205 at the rate of 5%
p.a. compound interest?
4. After how many years will ` 2000 earn a compound interest of ` 662
at the rate of 10% p.a. ?
5. How much compound interest can be obtained if ` 6500 is invested
for 15 years at 12% p.a.?
6. If ` 500 amounts to ` 583. 2 in two years compounded annually, find
the rate of interest p.a.
7. Calculate the Compound interest on ` 600 for 4 years at 7% p.a.
8. Calculate the amount received after 15 months if ` 8500 is invested at
8% p.a compound interest .
[Hint: n = 1 ]
9. Poornima and Raj deposited 50000 in a bank on the day their first
child was born. If the bank offers 16% p.a. compound interest, how

237
 much money will be accumulated in the bank on the childs tenth
birthday?
[Hint: The day the child is born is the first birthday and hence on the
childs tenth birthday child will be 9 years old n=9]
10. If the interest rate is 12%, what are the doubling periods as per rule of
72 and rule of 69 respectively?

III Five marks questions

1. If ` 600 amounts to ` 1,510.9 at compound interest in 12 years. Find
the rate of compound interest.
2. If ` 2000 amounts to ` 2315.25 at compound interest in 3 years, find
the rate of interest.
3. A sum of money put at compound interest amounts to ` 672 in two
years and ` 714 in 3 years. Find the rate of interest p.a Also find the
principal.
4. A sum of money put out at compound interest amounts in 2 years to
` 4410 and in 3 years to ` 4630.5. Find the rate of interest and the
original sum.
5. At what rate percent compound interest a sum of ` 2,550 will amount
to ` 2952 in 3 years ?
6. At what rate percent of compound interest a sum of money will double
itself in 12 years?
7. A sum triples itself in 4 years under compound interest at a certain rate
of interest. Find the time it would take to become 9 times itself.
8. Laxmi decided to purchase a hair dressing machine. For this purpose,
she took a loan of 5,000 at 5% p.a. for 3 years at Compound interest.
How much amount did she return after 3 years? Also find the amount
paid as interest.

238
 ANSWERS : 8.2
I. 1) 7,28,759.26 2) ` 1890.06 3) 9261 ` 4) 16000

II. 1) 3342.188 2) 2 years 3) 2 years 4) 3 years

5) 29078.17 6) 8% 7) 214 8) 9363.6
9) 190148.06 10) 6 years, 6.1 years

III. 1) 8% 2) 5% 3) 6.25%, 595.27 `

4) 5%, 4000 ` 5) 5% 6) 5.95% 6%
7) 7.99 8 years 8) 5788.12 ` , 788.12 `

8.4 Nominal Rate and effective rate of interest.

The annual compound interest rate is called the nominal interest rate. But if
the interest rate is compounded more than once i.e. twice (for half yearly) or
four times (for quarterly), or more during a year then, the actual percentage
of interest per year will be called the effective rate of interest. Effective rate
of interest is always grater than nominal rate of interest.
The effective rate of interest can be calculated as follows.
q
i
r 1 1
q
R
i = Rate of interest in decimal form i =
100
r = effective rate of interest
q =number of times interest is computed in a year.

Example 1 Find the effective rate of interest when a sum lent at 18% p.a. is
computed quarterly.
Solution: i = 0.18 q=4
q
i
r 1 1
q

239
 4
0.18
1 1
4
0.1925
r 19.25%

Example 2 Find the effective Rate of interest if ` 6000 is invested at 6% p.

a. Compound interest calculated monthly.
Solution : i =0 .06 q = 12
q
i
r 1 1
q
12
0.06
1 1
12
= 0.0616
R = 6. 16%

Example 3 A certain sum invested at 4% p.a. compounded semi annually

amounts to 78030 at the end of one year. Find the sum.
Solution : A = 78030 i = 0.04 n =1
i n 2
A = P (1 )
2
2
0.04
78030 = P1
2
78030
P
1.0404
P = 75000
Note: when interest is calculated more than once in a year instead of
Calculating effective rate of interest the CI formula for amount can be
used dividing i by q and multiplying n by q.

240
Example 4 When a child is born ` 25000 is put into an account which pays at
the rate of 6% compounded monthly. If the account is not disturbed
what amount will be there in the account when the child is 20
years.
6
Solution : P = 25000 i 0.06 n =20 q =12
100
n q
i
A P1
q
2012
0.06
= 25000 1
12
= 25000 (1.005)120
Log A = log 25000+120 log (1.005)
= 4.3979+120 0.0021
= 4.6499
A = Antilog (4.6499)
= 44660 `

EXERCISE : 8.3
I Two marks questions
1. Find the effective rate of interest when a sum lent at 12% is computed
half yearly.
2. Find the effective rate of interest at 6% computed once in 3 months.
3. Find the effective rate of interest when a sum lent at 9% is computed
quarterly.
4. If the nominal rate is 13% and frequency of Computing interest is once
in 4 months. Find the effective rate of interest.

241
II Three marks questions
1. A sum of money lent at compound interest for 2 years at 20% p.a.
would fetch ` 482 more, if the interest was payable half yearly than
if it was payable annually. Find the sum
[Hint : Difference in two Amounts is 482]
2. ` 16000 invested at 10% p.a. compounded semi annually amounts to
` 18522. Find the time period of investment.
3. In what time 800 will amount to ` 882 at 10% p.a. interest compounded
half yearly.
4. Find the compound interest on ` 6,000 for 3 years at 5% p.a. if interest
is calculated half yearly.
5. Find compound interest on ` 8000 for 8 years at 16% p.a. if interest is
calculated quarterly.

III Five marks questions :

1. Find the Compound interest on ` 6950 at 12% for 1 year 9 months
while interest is calculated quarterly.
2. Find the compound interest on ` 7500 at 14% for 4 years while interest
is calculated half yearly.
3. In what time will a sum of money double itself at 10% p.a. compound
interest payable half yearly.
4. Find rate percent p.a. if ` 200000 amounts to ` 231525 in 1.5 years
interest being compounded half yearly.

ANSWERS : 8.3
I 1) 12.36% 2) 6.14% 3) 9.3% 4) 13.57%
II 1) ` 20,000 2) 1.5 years 3) 1 years 4) 958.16
5) 20064.46
III 1) ` 1,597.6 2) 6288.4 3) 7.09 years 4) 10%

242
8.5 Varying rate of interest
It is possible that the interest rate may vary during the period of loan or
investment. Then if P is principal, rate of interest for a period of n1 is i1 ; for
n2 is i2 ; for n3 is i3 and so on then Amount formula of compound interest will
be as follows.
A = P (1 + i1 ) n (1 i2 ) n (1 i3 ) n .........
1 2 3

Example A person deposits ` 10,000 in a bank. If the bank offers compound

interest at the rate of 5% for the first 3 years, 7% for the next 2
years and 8% from the sixth year onwards. What is the amount
after 10 years?
Solution : P = 10,000 i 1 0.05 n1 3 i2 0.07 n2 2
i3 0.08 n3 5

A = P (1 + i 1 ) n (1 i 2 ) n
1 2
(1 i 3 ) n 3

= 10,000 (1 + .05) 3 (1 0.07 ) 2 (1 0 .08) 5

= 19473.95 `
8.6 Depreciation
All fixed assets such as machinery, building, furniture etc.. gradually diminish
in value as they get older and become worn out by constant use . In business
depreciation is the term used to describe this decrease in book value of an
asset. There are a number of methods of calculating depreciation. However
the most common method which is also approved by income tax authorities
is the diminishing Balance method. Here each years depreciation is
calculated on the book value (i.e. depreciated value) of the asset at the
beginning of the year rather than original cost. This method is also called
Reducing installment method. Since the same concept is used in computation
of compound interest the same formula can be used for depreciation. However
as the book value decreases every year minus sign is used instead of plus
sign. Hence if Initial value of asset is P and future value of asset is A, rate of
depreciation is i. then future value or Book value of assets can be computed
using the formula.
A=P(1-i)n
243
Example 1 Evergreen Suppliers buy a machine for 20,000. The rate of
depreciation is 10%. Find the depreciated value of the machine
after 3 years. Also find the amount of depreciation. What is the
average rate of depreciation?
Solution : P=20,000 i=0.1 n=3
A = 20,000 (10.1)3
= 20,000 (0.9)3
= 14,580
Amount of depreciation in 3 years is
= 20,000 14,580
= 5,420
5420
100
Average rate of depreciation in 3 yrs is = 20,000 9.033%
3

Note: Average rate of depreciation can be calculated using simple Interest as

follows:
20,000 3 R
5420 =
100

5420 100
R=
20000 3
= 9.033%

8.7 Application of Compound interest formula in growth rate

Compound interest formula finds its application in growth rate problems also.
The most popular problem is that of population which can be best explained
with the help of an example.
Example 1 If the current population of Mangalore city is 4,84,785 and the
average growth rate of population in Mangalore city is 2.1%p.a.
What can city planners expect the population of Mangalore to be
in 10 years.

244
 2.1
Solution : p = 4,84,785 i= 0 .021 n=10
100
A=4,84,785(1+0.021)10
5,96,769

EXERCISE : 8.4
I Three marks Problems
1. A person deposited ` 5000 in a bank. The bank offers 6% p.a. Compound
interest for the first two years 10% for the next 4 years, 12% for the
next 3 years and 14% from 10th year onwards. How much will he get
after 15 years?
2. Samarth bought a walkman for ` 1800. If it depreciates at the rate of
15% per year how much is it worth after 3 years?
3. Preritha bought a Car for ` 4,00,000. If it depreciates at the rate of 12%
per year how much will it be worth after 10 years?
4. Prateeksha bought a sound system for ` 22,000. If it depreciates at the
rate of 11% per year, what is its worth after 3 years?
5. The Cost of a refrigerator is ` 27,000. If it depreciates at the rate of
8%, find its value after 4 years.
6. The present population of a town is 80000. If it increases at the rate of
5% per anum, what will be its population after 3 years?
7. The population of a town is 40,000. If the annual birth rate is 8% and
death rate is 2%, calculate the population after 4 years.
8. In 2010 the population of a town was 2,70,000. If the rate of increase
is 45 per thousand of the population, find the estimated population for
the year 2025.
9. The value of a machinery depreciates every year by 20%. What would
be the value of the machinery bought for ` 6250 at the end of 3 years?
10. A machine depreciates in value each year at 10% of its previous value
and at the end of 4th year its value is 1,31,220. Find the original value.

245
II Five marks problems
1. The population of a town was 2,50,000 three years ago. If the population
increased by 4%, 3.5% and 6% respectively in the last three years find
its present population.
2. A rare species of tigers were kept in an wild life sanctuary and reared.
Its population increased by 10% in the fist year and 5% in the second
year but decreased by 20% in the third year. If the animals in the
beginning were 500 find their number at the end of third year.
3. If the population of a town increases every year by 2% of the population
at the beginning of that year, in how many years will the total increase
of population be 40%?
4. The bacteria in a culture grew by 8% in the first hour, decreases by 8%
in the second hour, and again increases by 7% in the third hour. If at
the end of the third hour the count of bacteria is 12170 thousands, find
the original Count (in thousands) of bacteria in sample.
5. A machine depreciates at 10% of its value at the beginning of a year.
The Cost and scrap value realized at the time of sale being 23240 and
9000 respectively. For how many years the machine was put to use?
6. The population of a town increases annually by 25%. If the present
population is one crore then what is the difference between the
population 3 years ago and 2 years ago?
7. The population of a town increased by 4% in the first year and
diminished by 4% in the second year. If the population of the town at
the end of second year is 39936, find the population of the town at the
beginning of the year.
8. A machine worth of ` 12000 is depreciated at the rate of 10% a year. It
was sold eventually as waste metal for ` 200. Find the number of years
the machine was in use.
9. A machine was purchased for ` 30,000. It depreciates at the rate of 5%
p.a. for the first two years and then depreciates at 8% p.a. from the
third year. Find value of the machine after 10 years. What is the total
depreciated value? What is the average depreciation?

246
 10. The annual birth and death rate per 1500 are 30.5 and 12.5 respectively.
If the present population is 2,45,000, find the population after 10 years.
11. The scrap value obtained by a selling a machine after 10 years of
purchase is 19660.8. If the machine depreciated at the rate of 20% p.a.
find the cost at which the machine was purchased 10 years ago.
12. A factory owner wants to replace his old machine by another machine
with new technology which will cost him ` 75000. So he decides to
sell his old machine which he purchased 10 years back for 60,000. If
the rate of depreciation is 10% find how much more money he needs
to buy the new machine?

ANSWERS : 8.4
I 1) 25365.04 2) 1105.425 3) 111400.39
4) 15509.32 5) 19342.61 6) 92610
7) 50499.08 8) 522526.26 9) 3200 10) 2,00,000
II 1) 285246 2) 462 3) 17 years
4) 11447.09 5) 9 years 6) 12,80,000
7) 40,000 8) 38.8 9) 13,895.4, 16104.6, 5.3%
10) 276039.4 11) 183105.46 12) 54079.29

8.8 Problems related to simple Interest and Compound interest

Example 1 Find the difference between simple Interest and Compound Interest
on 18,000 invested for 4 years at 8%p.a. where Compound interest
is compounded annually.
Solution : Simple Interest
P =18,000 T=4 R=8
PTR
SI =
100
18,000 4 8
=
100
= ` 5,760

247
 Compound Interest
P=18,000 n=4 I =0.08
A= P(1+i) n

=18,000(1+0.08)4
=24,488.8
CI = A P
= 24,488.8 - 18,000
CI = 6488.8
Difference between CI and SI is
CI - SI = 6488.8,-5760
= 728.8

Example 2 The difference between simple Interest and Compound interest

on a certain sum of money invested for 3 years at 6% p.a. is 110.16
Find the sum.
Solution : Let the sum = x
x 3 6
Simple Interest =
100
= 0.18 x
Compound interest
A = P(1 + i)n
= x (1 + 0.06)3
= 1.191016 x
CI = A- P
= 1.191016 x - x
= 0.191016 x
Given, CI SI = 110.16
0.191016x 0.18x = 110.16
110.16
x=
0.011016
= 10,000 Rs
248
Example 3 A father wishes to divide 50,000 amongst his two daughters who
are respectively 12 and 15 years old in such a way that the sum
invested at 5% p.a compound interest will give the same amount
to both of them when they attain the age of 18. How is the sum
divided?
Solution : Let the share of the older daughter = x then share of young one =
50,000 x
For older daughter,
A = A1 P=x i = 0.05 n=3
A1 = x (1 + 0.05)3
For younger daughter,
A1 = A 2 P = 50,000 x i = 0.05 n=6
Given A1 = A2
x (1.05)3 = (50,000 x) (1.05)6
x = (50,000 x) (1.05)3
x = 57881.25 1.157625 x
2.157625 x = 57881.25
x = 26826 (Approx.)
Share of older daughter = 26826 `
Share of younger daughter = 50,000 26826
= 23174 `

EXERCISE : 8.5
Five Marks Questions
1) Suraj borrowed ` 18000 at 5% p.a. simple Interest for 3 years and
lent it to Akash at 5% p.a. compound Interest for 3 years. What interest
was paid and received by Suraj and what gain did he make in this
transaction.
2) Find the difference between simple Interest and compound interest on
` 6,400 at 9% p.a. for 5 years.

249
3) Lavina borrowed ` 2,400 at 6% p.a. simple Interest and invested this at
7 p.a. compound interest. If the transaction was for two years , what
was her gain?.
4) A person borrows a certain sum of money at 3% p.a. simple Interest
and invests the same at 5% p.a. compound interest compounded annually.
After 3 years he makes a profit of ` 1,082. Find the amount he borrowed.
5) If an amount is invested on 4% compound interest ` 1,352 will be
received at the end of second year. If the same amount at the same rate
of simple interest is invested how much less will be received? Also
find the principal.
6) Pradeep invested equal amounts one at 6% SI and other at 5% CI. If
the former earns ` 437.5 more as interest at the end of two years, find
the total amount invested.
7) A sum of 75,000 is to be divided between 2 persons aged 16 and 19
years in such a way that if their shares are invested at 6% p.a. compound
interest they shall receive equal amounts on attaining the age of 21
years. How the sum will be divided and how much will they receive
when they are 21 years old?
8) If the difference between simple interest and compound interest for 3
years at 2.5% p.a. is ` 625, find the sum invested.
9) The difference in compound interest and simple interest on a sum for 2
years at 10% p.a. when compound interest is computed annually is 16.
Find the difference in the difference in compound interest and simple
interest if compound interest is computed half yearly.
10) A person borrowed 65,000 at 8% p.a. simple Interest for 4 years and
lent out the money for 10% compound interest for 4 years. How much
did the person gain?

ANSWERS : 8.5
1) paid 2970, received 3136.34, gain 166.34 2) 567.19
3) 85.5 ` 4) ` 16000 5) ` 2 less, 1250 is principal
6) 50,000 (25000 + 25000) 7) 34230.69, 40769.31
8) 330578.5 9) ` 24.81 10) 9366.5

250
 CHAPTER 9

ANNUITIES
9.1 Meaning and definition of Annuity
An annuity is a fixed sum paid at regular intervals of time under certain
conditions. These equal intervals may be either a year or a half year or a
quarter year or month etc. If nothing is mentioned about the interval of time,
it is always taken as one year. For example; repayment installments of loan,
LIC premiums, deposits into a recurring account etc. are all examples of
annuities.
Types of Annuity
According to the time of payment there are two kinds of annuity
1. Annuity immediate: If the payments are made at the end of each
interval of time, the annuity is called annuity immediate. If nothing is
mentioned, then the annuity is considered as annuity immediate.
2. Annuity Due: If the payments are made at the beginning of each interval
of time, the annuity is called annuity due.
Some terms related with annuity:
1. Present value of an annuity: It is the sum of the present values of all
the installments. In simple words if the lump-sum amount is obtained
before and the annuity (equal installments) is paid later then the lump-
sum amount is called present value i.e. Todays value is called as present
value.
2. Future value of an annuity: It is the sum of the future values of all
the installments. In simple words if the lump-sum amount is obtained
at the end and annuity (equal installments) is paid before then the
lump-sum amount is called future value. It is denoted by F.
Example: LIC Policy, RD amount.
3 Annuity: The equal amount of money is called annuity. It is denoted
by a
251
9.2 Future value of Annuity Immediate :

Future value F =

a (1 i ) n 1
i
Where F = Future value
a = annuity or equal installment
i = rate of interest in decimal.
n = no of installments.
Example 1 Find the future value of an annuity of ` 500 at 5% p.a payable for
5 years
Solution : a = 500 i = 0.05 n=5

F a
(1 i) n
1
i

500
(1 0.05) 5
1 500 1.2763 1
0.05 0.05
= 2763 `
[Note: Calculate the complete answer directly with calculator instead of step by
step calculation to get a more accurate result, however slight variation in the answer
due to rounding off during calculation is still permissible. For example, in the
above problem if direct calculator answer is taken then the answer is 2762.81
which is almost equal to 2763 and hence small variations in the answer can be
ignored.]
Example 2 Suppose you have decided to deposit 10,000 per year in your
Public Provident fund account for 25 years. What will be the
accumulated amount in your Public provident fund at the end of
25 years if the interest rate is 11%
Solution : a = 10,000 n = 25 i = 0.11 F= ?
a[(1 i ) n 1
F=
i

[(1 0.11) 25 1
10,000
0.11

252
 [(13.585 1]
10,000
0.11
= 144090.9 `
(by direct calculation with calculator 11,44,133.07 ` )
Example 3 Preritha wants to buy a house after 5 years when it is expected
cost 50 lakhs. How much should she save annually if her savings
earn a compound interest of 12 percent.
Solution : F = 50,00,000 n=5 i = 0.12 a=?

F

a (1 i ) n 1
i

50,00,000=

a 1 0.12 1
5

0.12
50,00,000 = 6.3528 a
50,00,000
a
6.3528
a = 787054.5 `
Example 4 A company has an obligation to redeem 2 lakhs bonds 6 years
hence. How much should the company deposit every six months
in a sinking find account which offers 14% p.a interest
compounded half yearly to accumulate 2 lakhs in 6 years.
0.14
Solution : F = 2,00,000 n = 6 2 =12 i 0.07
2

F=

a (1 i ) n 1
i

2,00,000 =

a (1 0.07)12 1
0.07
2,00,000 = 17.888 a
2,00,000
a=
17.888
= 11180.679 `
Note: If the interest is compounded half yearly and the payment also is made half
yearly then divide i by 2.
253
Example 5 If you want to have 80,000 after 5 years, how much should you
deposit every year if the banks offers 12 % p.a interest
compounded quarterly.
4
0.12
Solution: F = 80,000 n= 5 i 1 1
4
= 0.125
a[(1 i ) n 1]
F
i

80,000 =

a (1 0.125) 5 1
0.125
80,000= 6.416 a
80,000
a
6.416
A = 12,468.8 `
Note : Here annuity is paid yearly but compound interest is computed quarterly,
there fore first find effective rate of interest.
EXERCISE : 9.1
I Five marks questions
1. A company needs ` 1,50,000 at the end of 10 years from now. It
would like to set a side an equal amount each year from its profit. If
the present market rate is 15%. How much should be the annual amount
to be invested?
2. A company establishes a sinking fund to provide for the payment of
5,00,000 debt maturing in 20 years. Contribution to the fund to be
made at the end of every year. Find the amount of each annual deposit
if interest is 8% p.a
3. Find the future value of an annuity of ` 5000 at 12% p.a for 6 years.
4. Mr. Ashok has 20 more years to retire. He decides to save some money
for his retirement. If he saves ` 9000 every year, how much will he
have when he retires if the interest rate is 18% p.a?

254
5. Sukanya made a LIC policy of 12 years. If the annual premium is
2000 ` , how much will she get when policy matures after 12 years if
the interest rate is 13% ?
6. A father wants to send his child for higher studies after 15 years. He
expects the cost of higher studies to be 1,00,000. How much should
he save annually to have 1,00,000 after15 years if interest rate is 12%
p.a?
7. In how many years an annuity of ` 100 amounts to ` 3137.12 and 4.5%
p.a compound interest?
8. Mr. Shashank needs ` 60,000 for his childs education after 10 years,
how much should he set aside each year for 10 years to accumulate
this amount at the rate of 8% compounded quarterly?
9. Vani decides to save ` 10,000 every six months for the next 5 years
and deposit it in a bank which offers 7% p.a interest compounded
half yearly. How much will Vani have in her account after 5 years?
10. A Company advertises that it will pay a lumpsum of ` 8000 at the end
of 6 years. If the interest rate is 12%, how much is the company
demanding as annual deposit every year for the next 6 years?.
11. Romeo aged 40 wishes his wife Juliet to have ` 40 lakhs at his death. If
the expectation of his life is another 30 years and he starts making
equal annual investments at 8% p.a compound interest computed semi
annually. How much should Romeo invest every year in an annuity?.
12. Find the future value of an annuity of ` 200 payable every month at
12% p.a compound interest computed every month for the next two
years
ANSWERS : 9.1
1. 7387.8 2. 10926.1 3. 40575.9 4. 1319651.73
5. 51300.35 6. 2682.42 7. 20 yrs 8. 4094.8
9. 117313.93 10. 985.8 11. 34287.05 12. 5394.6

255
9.3 Present value of Annuity Immediate:
a[(1 i ) n 1
P
i (1 i ) n
P = Present value
a = annuity
i = rate of interest in decimal
n = number of installments
Example 1 Find the present value of an annuity of ` 400 for 3 years at
16% p.a compound interest
Solution : a = 400 i = 0.16 n=3 p=?
(1 0.16) 3

1
P = 400 0.16(1 0.16) 3

400[1.5609 1]
=
0.16 1.5609
= 898.35 `
Example 2 After reviewing their budget, Krishna and Harsha determined that
they can afford to pay ` 12,000 per month for 3 years towards a
new car. They call a finance Company and learn that the going
rate of interest on car finance is 1.5% per month for 36 months.
How much amount can they borrow.
1 .5
Solution : a = 12000 n = 36 i 0.015 P=?
100

Pa
(i i) 1
n

i (1 i ) n

12000 (1 0.015) 36 1
= 0.015 (1 0.015) 36

120001.7091 1

0.015 1.7091
3,31,917 .38 `
Note: Here rate of interest is given per month instead of per anum but since
payments also are made monthly value of i remains the same
256
Example 3 Mrs. Arpan deposits 4, 00, 000 on retirement in a bank which
pays 10% p.a interest. How much can be drawn annually for a
period of 10 years?
Solution: P = 4,00,000 i = 0.10 n = 10 a=?

P

a (1 i ) n 1
i (1 i ) n

a (1 0.10 ) 10 1
4,00,000 = 0.1(1 0.1)10

a[2.5937 1]
4,00,000 =
0.1 2.5937
4,00,000 = a 6.1445
4,00,000
a
6.1445
A = 65,098.8 Rs.

Example 4 Find the present value of an annuity of ` 2500 payable at the end
of each 6 months for 5 years if money is worth 10% converted
semi annually.
0.10
Solution : a = 2500 i 0.05 n 5 2 10
2
p=?

P

a (1 i ) n 1
i (1 i ) n

2500
(1 0.05) 10

1
0.051 0.05
10

25001.6289 1

0.05 1.6289
= 19304.44 `

257
Example 5 Find the present value of an annuity of ` 3000 for 12 years at
6% p.a computed half yearly.
Solution : effective rate of interest
q
i
r 1 1
q
2
.06
= 1 1
2

1.0609 1
0.0609

A = 3000 i = 0.0609 n =12

a (1 i ) n 1
P = i (1 i ) n

=

3000 1 0.0609 1
12

0.0609 1 0.0609
12

3000 ( 2.0328 1)

.0609 2.0328
= 25027.96 `
(by direct calculation(without rounding in between values) with
calculator, answer is 25027.89)

Example 6 Machine A costs 10,000 ` and has useful life of 8 years. Machine
B costs 8000 ` and has useful life of 6 years. Suppose machine
A generates an annual savings of 2000 while machine B generates
an annual saving of ` 1,800. Assuming the time value of money
is 10% p.a which machine is preferable.
Solution : calculate the present value of both the machines and compare with
the cost

258
For machine A
a=2000 n=8 i = 0.1

a (1 i ) n 1
P=
i (1 i ) n

P

2000 1 0.1 1
8

0.11.1
8

20002.1436 1
P
0.12.1436

= 10,669.9 is the actual cost of the machine but if we are getting

it at a cost of 10000 then there is a profit
Profit = 10,669.9-10000=669.9
For machine B
a=1800 n=6 i = 0.1

a (1 i ) n 1
P=
i (1 i ) n

P

1800 1 0.1 1
6

0.11.1
6

1800 1 .7716 1
P
0. 11. 7716
= 7839.7 ` is the actual cost of machine B but if we are charged
8000 then there is a loss
Loss = 8000-7839.7
= 160.3 `
Hence Machine A is preferred

259
 EXERCISE : 9.2
Five Marks questions
1. Find the present value of an annuity of ` 500 at 6% p.a for 7 years.
2. A man borrows 20,000 and agrees to pay the borrowed amount in 10
equal installments at the rate of 6% p.a. Find the amount of each
installment.
3. Uma bought a TV costing ` 21000 by making a down payment of 5000
and agreeing to repay the balance amount in equal annual payments for
five years. How much would be each payment if the interest rate is
14% p.a.?
4. What is the annual income that can be obtained for the next 12 years
from an initial payment of ` 50,000 if the interest rate is 15% ?
5. Raj wants to invest a lump-sum amount in the bank so that he can get
an annual income of ` 15,000 every year for the next 10 years. If the
bank offers 16% p.a compound interest, what is amount he should
invest today?.
6. Ayush purchases a car for ` 5,50,000. He gets a loan of ` 5,00,000 at
15% p.a from a bank and balance amount he pays as down payment.
He has to pay whole amount of loan in 12 equal monthly installments.
0.15
Find the money he has to pay at the end of every month. (h int i )
12
7. Sanjana sold to Reema a machine, the cash price of which is ` 10,000
payment will be made in three equal annual installments at 10% p.a
interest Compounded quarterly. Each installment is payable at the end
of each year. Calculate the amount of annual installment.
8. Vani borrowed 20,000 at 6% Compound interest Compounded quarterly
promising to repay the money in 4 equal annual instalemnts. Find the
amount of each installment.
9. How much should you invest today at 8% p.a. Compound interest
computed quarterly so that you get 3000 ` every 3 months for the next
7 years.
(Hint: i=0.08/4 n=28)

260
 10. Find the present value of an annuity of ` 500 payable for 10 years hence
when interest of 10% is Compounded half yearly.
11. A Company is considering a proposal of purchasing a machine either
by making full payment of ` 5000 or by leasing it for 5 years at an
annual rent of ` 1200. Which course of actions preferable if the
Company can borrow money at 12% p.a?
[Hint : Find Present value and compare with 5000. the lesser value
among two is preferable]

ANSWERS : 9.2
1. 2791.08 2. 2717.46 3. 4660.5 4. 9224.07
5. 72498.2 6. 45130.4 7. 4048.07 8. 5790.3
9. 63843.8 10. 3039.5 11. 4325.7, Better to lease

Annuity due (payment made at beginning of each period)

9.4 Future value of annuity due

F

a (1 i ) n 1(1 i )
i
F = Future value
a = annuity or equal installment
i = rate of interest in decimal
n = number of installments

9.5 Present value of annuity due

a(1 i ) n 1
P= (1 i )
i (1 i ) n
P = Present value
a = annuity or equal installment
i = rate of interest in decimal
n = number of installments

261
Example 1 Find the present value of an annuity due of 8000 for 5 years at
5% p.a
Solution:

P

a (1 i ) n 1(1 i )
i (1 i ) n

8000 (1 0.05) 5 1 (1 0.05)
= (0.05)(1 0.05) 5

80001..2763 1(1.05)
=
0.05 1.2763
= 36369.50 `

Example 2 A person repaid his loan in 10 equal annual installments starting

from the beginning of the first year. If each installment was ` 6000
and compound interest charged was 12% p.a. What was the amount
borrowed.
Solution : a = 6000 n = 10 i = 0.12

a (1 i ) n 1
P = i (1 i ) n (1 i )

6000 (1 0.12 ) 10 1 (1 0.12 )
= 0.12 (1 0.12 ) 10

60003.1058 1(1.12)
= (0.12)(3.1058)
= 37969.2 `
Example 3 Sharan borrows a sum of ` 2,00,000 and promises to repay in
20 equal annual installments at the beginning of each year. What
is the annual installment to be paid if the interest rate is 16%
computed quarterly.
Solution : P = 2,00,000 n = 20

262
 4
i
Effective rate of interest = 1 1
4
4
0.16
1 1
4
= 0.1698

a (1 0.1698 ) 20 1
2,00,000 = 0.1698 (1 0.1698 ) 20 1 0.1698

a23.027 11.1698
2,00,000 = (0.1698)(23.027 )
2,00,000 = 6.590 a
2,00,000
a
6.590
A = 30349 `

Example 4 If Poornima deposits ` 600 at the beginning of every year for

the next 15 years. Then how much will be accumulated at the
end of 15 years if interest rate is 7% p.a
Solution : a = 600 n = 15 i = 0.07

F

a (1 i) n 1
(1 i )
i

=

600 (1.07 )15 1
1 0.07
0.07
60002.759 1(1.07 )
0.07
= 161325.428 `

263
 EXERCISE : 9.3
Five marks questions
1) Find the future value of an annuity of ` 2000 for 6 years, if the
payment is made at the beginning of each year, interest rate being
10% p.a.
2) Find the future value of an annuity due of ` 1,500 for 17 years at 8% p.a
3) If person wants ` 25,000 after 8 years, how much should he invest in
an annuity due each year at 6% p.a.?
4) How much amount is required to be invested at the beginning of every
year so as to accumulate ` 3,00,000 10 years hence,if interest is
compounded annually at 10% ?
5) Find the present value of an annuity due of ` 1000 for 3 years if the
payment is made at the beginning of each year, interest rate being 4% p.a
6) Shreya purchased a mobile paying ` 5000 as down payment. And
promising to pay ` 200 every three months for the next 4 years. The
seller charges interest at 8% p. a compounded quarterly. What is the
cash price of the mobile if the payments are made at the beginning of
each 3 months [Hint cash price= Present value +5000]
7) Rohan repaid his housing loan in 15 equal annual installments starting
from the beginning of the first year. If each installment was ` 50,000
and the compound interest charged was 12% p.a. What was the amount
borrowed by Rohan.
8) How much should you invest if you want to receive ` 5000 at the
beginning of each year for the next 5 years if the compound interest is
16% p.a Compounded quarterly.
9) Find the present value of an annuity of ` 2000 payable at the beginning
of each quarter for the next 3 years if the rate of interest is 4% p.a
compounded quarterly.
[n = 12, i = 0.01]
10) A company needs ` 1,00,000 , 7 years from now. It would like to set
aside an equal amount at the beginning of each year out of its profits.
If the interest rate is 16% compounded semi - annually, how much
should be invested annually.
264
 ANSWERS : 9.3
1. 16974.34 2. 54675.37 3. 2382.9 4. 17112.35
5. 2886.09 6. 7769.9 7. 381408.4 8. 18721.58
9. 22735.2 10. 7364.32

9.6 Perpetuity: An annuity which is payable forever (infinite number of year) is

called a perpetuity. In other words a perpetuity is an annuity whose payments
continue forever.
Future value of a perpetuity does not exist.
a
Present value can be found using the formula P =
i
Example 1 What is the present value of an income of 3000 to be received
forever if the interest rate is 14% p.a.
Solution : Since the income is to be received forever such an annuity is called
perpetuity.
a
Hence Present Value P
i
3000

0.14
= 21428.5 `

Example 2 A Maths professor while retiring wants to institute a scholarship

of ` 5000 every year to the student scoring highest marks in I
Basic Maths annual exam. How much should he deposit if bank
offer 5% p.a.
Solution : Since the scholarship is forever it is an perpetuity
a
P
i
5000
1,00,000 Rs
0.05

265
9.7 Deferred Annuity:
A deferred annuity is an annuity in which the periodic payments start only
after a certain specified period equivalent to a certain number of payment
period.
If the annuity is deferred for n years the first payment will become due at the
end of (n + 1)th year in annuity immediate.
For example, when a person takes a home loan from his employer, generally
the repayment in equal installments does not start immediately but lets say
begins at the end of 3years. then installment was not paid for the first two
years and the annuity was delayed by two years or we say the annuity is
deferred for two years.
Generally, we come across deferred annuity cases in loans and hence in case
of deferred annuity to find present value divide by factor (1 + i)d
a[(1 i) n 1]
Present value in case of annuity immediate P = i (1 i ) n (1 i ) d

a[(1 i )n 1]
=
i(1 i )n d

Example 1 A man borrowed ` 20,000 and agrees to pay the borrowed amount
in 10 equal installments at the rate of 6% p.a. Find the amount of
each installment the first being paid at the end of the 2nd year
after the money was borrowed.
Solution : Paid at the end of 2nd year means in the end of first year installment
was not paid then it is deferred for 1 year.
P = 20,000 i = 0.06 n = 10 d=1
(1 i) n 1
P = a i(1 i) n (1 i) d

[1 0.06 10 1]
a
20,000 = 0.06(1 .06)10 (1 .06)1

266
 [1.7908 1]
20,000 = a 0.06(1.7908 ) (1.06)

20,000 = a 6.9432
20,000
a 2880.52 `
6.9432

EXERCISE : 9.4
I Two marks questions
1) Find the present value of a perpetuity of ` 3000 to be received forever
at 4% p.a.
2) A scholarship of ` 2000 every year has to be instituted. How much
should be invested today if the interest rate is 8%p.a?
3) A person endows a bed in a hospital at the cost of ` 7000 p.a If the
interest rate is 14% p.a how much should he provide in perpetuity?.

II Five marks questions

4) A person purchases a house for ` 25 lakhs with ` 5 lakhs as down
payment. The Rest of the amount he loans from a bank which offers
16% p.a compound interest and has to repay the loan in 20 equal
annual installments. If the first installment is paid at the end of the
third year, find how much he has to pay each year?
[Hint: The annuity is deferred for two years]
5) Find the present value of an annuity of ` 500 at 7% p.a for 15 years if
the annuity is deffered for 3 years .
[Hint: n =15, d = 3]
6) What is the present value of an annuity of ` 6000 payable from the end
of 11th year and for 15 years thereafter. The interest rate is 9% p.a?.
[Hint: d =10, n =15]
7) What is the present value of ` 2000 receivable for 20 years, If the annuity
is deferred for 10 years if the interest rate is 10%?

267
8) What is the present value of an perpetuity of ` 5000 to be received
forever if the first receipt occurs at the end of the sixth year from now.
Interest rate being 8% p.a?
[Hint: d = 5 use perpetuity formula]

ANSWERS : 9.4
1. 75000 2. 25000 3. 50000 4. 453916.7
5. 3717.39 6. 20429.56 7. 6564.8 8. 42536.4

268
 CHAPTER 10

AVERAGES
10.1 Introduction: Average or Average value is widely used in the field of
Business examines and grievances for studying the behavioral of a result in
a given time. For example to determine the performance of students in a
class, price and weight of the commodities, height of the plants or students.
In this chapter we are learning the definitions different types of Average and
various applications. We need an average when we are dealing with a large
number of quantities it is difficult to describe the entire data set individually.
By average involved we can find a single value that is very close to all or a
majority of individual value in a data set. The single value or typical value is
called Average.
Definition: Average or average value of a set of quantity is the sum of
quantities divided by number of quantities in the set. The average is also
called the mean of the quantities.

sum of the quantities

A v erage = M ean =
Number of quantities

An average will be efficient if and only if the following two conditions are
fulfilled.
i) The individual values in the data set must be homogeneous.
ii) The value in the data set sum must fall within a normal range.

10.2 Types of Averages: The different kinds of Averages are

1) Simple Average:
2) Weighted Average
3) Combined Average

10.3 Simple Average: When an arithmetic average of a certain number of quantities

(or values) which are all of equal weightage is required a simple Average is
computed.
269
 If x1, x2, x3 .. xn are the values in a data set containing n number of
quantities.

x1 x2 x3 .... xn
Simple Average = x
n

Example1 In a class of 10 students, the marks obtained in Mathematics, are

88, 71, 35, 30, 46, 92, 67, 53, 76 and 28. What is the average
marks?
Total Marks of all 10 students
Solution : Average Marks =
Number of student
88 71 35 30 46 92 67 53 76 28
=
10
Average Marks = 58.6

Example 2 The rainfall in a week in Bangalore are 18mm, 25mm, 20mm,

9mm, 30mm, 10mm, 15mm. Find the Average rainfall
Total Rainfall in a week
Solution : Average Rainfall =
No.of days

18 25 20 9 30 10 15
=
7
= 18.14 mm

Example 3 The weight 6 men are 90kg, 70.5 kg, 56 kg, 45.5 kg., 85 kg, and
78 kg, Find average weight.
Total weight of 7 men
Solution : Average weight of 7 men =
Number of men
90 70.5 56 45.5 85 78 425
=
6 6
Average weight = 70.83 Kgs.

270
10.4 Weighted Average: If all the quantities are not of equal weightage or
importance in such cases it is appropriate to complete a weighted average
of the value in the data set.
If x1, x2, x3 xn represented the values of n quantities
w1, w2, w3, wn represented the weight assigned to n values. Respectively
x 1 w1 x 2 w2 ........ x n w n
Then the weighted Average = ( X )
w1 w2 ..... wn

Example 1 Ramesh has 4 Kannada, 5 English, 6 Maths books. Each Kannada

book cost ` 8.50, English ` 10.50, and Maths ` 15.00. Find the
average cost per book of all 3 subjects.
Total cost of all the books
Solution : Average cost of a Book =
Number of books
(4 8.50) (5 10.50) (6 15)
=
456
34 52 .5 90 176.5
= ` 11 .76
15 15

Example 2 5 Kg. of sugar at the rate ` 15/Kg., 8 kg. of wheat at the ` 22/kg.,
7 kg. of rice at ` 35/kg. and 4 kg. of oil at ` 85/ kg. What is the
average price/kg. of all the commodity.
Solution : Commodity Weight Price / Kg.
w1 = 5 kg. n1 = Rs.15
w2 = 8 kg. n2 = Rs.22
w3 = 7 kg. n3 = Rs.35
w4 = 4 kg. n4 = Rs.85
Total cost of all the commodity
Average price /kg ( X w)
Total weight of all the commodity

271
 n1 w1 n2 w2 n3 w3 n4 w4
= w1 w2 w3 w4
(15 5) ( 22 8) (35 7) (85 4)
=
587 4
75 176 245 340
=
24
836
Average price/kg = ` 34.83
24

10.5 Combined Average: This is very similar to a weighted average. It is computed

when the data set consist of different group and for each group an average
has already been computed.

If x1 , x2 ,& x3 are the average of the number of values n1, n2 and n3 then the
combined average of all the three group is given by

x n x 2 n 2 x 3 n3
X 123 1 1
n1 n2 n3
Example 1 The average weight of 12 girls in a class in 4 feet and the average
height of 8 boys in 5 feet. Find the combined average height of
both girls and boys.
Solution : Given x1 4, x 2 5
n1 = 12, n2= 8

x1 n1 x 2 n2
the combined average height =
n1 n2
( 4 12) (5 8)
=
12 8
48 40
=
20
88
=
20
the combined average height of girls and boys = 4.4 feet
272
Example 2 The average score of 35 girls is 80 and the average score of 25
boys is 68. Find the average score of both boys and girls together.
Solution : given x1 80, x 2 68
n1 = 35, n2 25

x1 n1 x 2 n 2
The combined average Score =
n1 n2
(80 35) (68 25)
=
35 25
2800 1700
=
60
4500
=
60
the combined average score = 75

Example 3 A Survey in a village shows the following results.

Number of mens Average weight in kg.
1 Batch 15
st
50
2nd Batch 20 55
3 Batch 25
rd
60
4 Batch x
th
65
5th Batch 10 70
If the combined average of all the batch is 60 kg. Find the value of x ?
Solution: Combined average weight of all the 5 batches
Total weight of all the men of 5 batches
60 =
Total no. of men
(50 15) (55 20) (60 25) (65 x) (70 10)
60 =
15 20 25 x 10
750 1100 1500 65 x 700
60 =
70 x
4050 65 x
60 =
70 x
273
 4050 + 65x = 60 (70 + x)

4050 + 65 x = 4200 + 60x

65x 60x = 4200 4050
5x = 150
150
x =
5
x = 30

WORKED EXAMPLE:
I. One and two Marks question:
Example 1 Thirty five boys and sixty five girls are tested for their numerical
abilities. The boys have an average score of 80% and the girls
score an average of 90%. Calculate the average score of boys and
girls combined.
Total score of boys and girls
Solution : Combined average score =
Number of student
(35 80) (65 90)
=
35 65
2800 5850
=
100
8650
Combined average score = = 86.50%
100

Example 2 A Train runs at a speed of 28 kmph for 4 hours at 30 kmph for 5

hours and the remaining 40 kms in 1 hour. What is the total
distance and what is the average speed/hr.
Solution : Given n1 = 28 kmph t1 = 4 hrs.
n2 = 30 kmph t2 = 5 hrs.
n3 = 40 kmph t3 = 1 hrs.

274
 n1t1 n 2 t 2 n3 t 3
Combined Average speed = t1 t 2 t 3
( 28 4) (30 5) ( 40 1)
=
4 5 1
112 150 40 302
= = 30.2 kmph.
10 10
Total distance covered = 302 kms
Average speed = 30.2 kmph

Example 3 Rekha purchased 3 varieties of cooking oil, 5 kg. of oil at ` 100/

Kg, 6 kg of oil at ` 110/Kg. and 9 kg. of oil at ` 120/kg. What is
the average price of the oil/kg.
Solution : Cost Weight
n1 = ` 100 w1 = 5 kgs
n2 = ` 110 w2 = 6 kgs
n3 = ` 120 w3 = 9 kgs.

n1w1 n2 w2 n3 w3
Average price of the oil = X w
w1 w2 w3

= (100
5) (110 6) (120 9 )
5 6 9

500 660 1080

=
20

2240
=
20
Average price of the oil = ` 112/kg.

275
Example 4 The profit of a business firm for the 5 years are ` 17,598, ` 20,703,
` 10,085, ` 25,375 and ` 16,315. Find the average profit?

Total profit of all the 5 years

Solution : =
No.of years

(17,598 20,703 15,085 25,375 16,315)

=
5
Average profit = ` 19015.20

Example 5 The average marks of a group of student is 50. Another group of

15 students have an average marks of 60. What is the average
marks of 80 students.
Solution : Given that x 1 60 n1 15 students
x 2 50 n2 (80 50) 65 students
(60 15) (50 65)
Combined Average marks =
80
900 3250
=
80
4150
=
80
Average marks of 80 student = 51,875

Example 6 The average weight of 10 boys is 30 kg. If a 11th boy is added the
average weight increased by 2 kg. Find the weight of 11th boy.
Solution : Total weight of 10 boys = 30 10= 300 Kg.
Total weight of (10+1) boys = (30 + 2) 11
= 32 11
= 352 Kgs.
The weight of 11th boy added = (352 300) kg.
= 52 Kgs.

276
Example 7 A train travels at an average speed of 50 mph. For 40 minutes and
then travels at an average of 80 mph for the next 30 minutes.
Find the average speed of the entire distance travelled.
Solution : Given the average speed 50 mph 40 minutes
50
Distance traveled in 40 minutes = 40
60
100
= 3 mile
Again 80 mph 30 minutes.
80
Distance travelled in 30 minute = 30 ( 40) mile
60
Total dis tan ce
Average speed for the full distance travelled = Total time
100
40
= 3
40 30
220
= 3
70
220 22
= miles/min
210 21
22
Average speed for entire distance travelled = 60 mph
21
= 66.67 mph

Example 8 A farmer walks from village A to village B at the speed 10 kmph

and returned back in 15 kmph. Find his average speed of the entire
journey.
Solution : Let the distance from A to B = x km.
x
Time taken from A to B = hr..
10
277
 Again on returning from B to A distance = x km.
x
Time taken from B to A = hr..
15
Total dis tan ce
Average speed of the entire journey = Total time
x x
= x x

10 15
2x
= 3x 2 x
30

60 x
=
5x
= 12 kmph
Example 9 The average age of 10 students in 14 years. Among them the
average age of 4 student is12 years. Find the average of the
remaining students.
x 1 12 yr . n1 4
Solution : Given
x2 ? n2 6
And Average of 10 students is 14 years.
x1 n1 x 2 n2
14 =
n1 n2
(12 4) ( x 2 6)
14 =
46
48 6 x 2
14 =
10
48 + 6 x 2 = 140
6 x 2 = 140 48
6 x 2 = 92
92
x2 = = 15.33 yrs.
6
278
Example 10 The average weight of a group of 35 people is 47.5 kg. If 36th
person is added to the group. The average weight increased by
0.5 kg. What is the weight of the 36th person?
Solution : Let the weight of the 36th person = x kg.
Total weight of 36 persons
Average weight of 36 person = No . of persons

( 35 47.5) (1 x)
(47.5 + 0.5) =
36

1662 .50 x
48 =
36
1662.50 + x = 1728
x = 1728 1662.50
Weight of the 36th person x = 65.50 kg.

WORKED EXAMPLE:
II. 3 and 5 Marks question:
Example 1 A merchant buys two types of chalk Powder A and B at ` 5.70
and ` 6.40 per kg. respectively. He mixes them in the proportion
4:3 and sells the mixture at ` 7.20/kg. What is his Profit and
Profit %?
weight
Solution : Given p1 = ` 5.70 w1 = 4 kg.
p2 = ` 6.40 w2 = 3 kg.
total price of the two types of chalk powder
Average price of the mixture = total weight

(5.70 4) (6 .40 3)
=
4 3
22.80 19.20
=
7
42
= = `6
7
279
 Average price of the mixture = ` 6/Kg.
Profit = Selling price cost price
= 7.20 6.00
= ` 1.20/Kg.
Pr ofit
Profit % = 100
cos t price

1.20
= 100 20 %
6.00
Example 2 The average weight of a group containing 25 persons is 70 kg. 5
persons with an average weight 63 kg leave the group and 4
persons with weight 72 kg, 78 kg, 70 kg and 73 kg joins the
group. Find the average weight of the new group.
Solution : Total weight of 25 persons= 25 70 = 1750 Kg.
Total weight of 5 persons leave the group= 5 63 = 315 Kgs.
Total weight of 20 persons = 1750 315 = 1435 Kg.
Total weight of 4 persons who have joined the group
= (72+78+70+73)
= 293 Kgs.
Total weight of 24 persons = (1435 +293)
= 1728 Kg.
Total weight of 24 person
Average weight of 24 persons =
24
1728
=
24
= 72 Kgs.

Example 3 The average weight of 40 student is 163 cms. On a particular day

3 students A, B and C, were absent and the average of the 37
students was found to be 162 cms. If A and B have equal heights
and the height of C be 2cms less than that of A. Find the heights
of A, B, and C.

280
Solution: Total height of 40 students = 163 40 = 6520 cm.
Total height of 37 students = 162 37 = 5994 cm
Total height of 3 students absent = 6529-5994 = 526 cm.
Total height of A, B, and C = 526 cm
Let the height of A = B = x cms.
Given the height of C is 2 cm less than A = (x 2) cm.
Sum of their height
x + x + (x 2) = 526 cm
3x 2 = 526
3x = 528
528
x= 176cms
3
The height of A and B = x = 176 cm.
The height of C = (x 2) = (176-2) = 174 cms.

Example 4 A Dental Clinic purchased a certain number of chairs at an average

price of ` 190 each. The average price of 30 chairs was ` 175 and
that of the remaining chairs was ` 200/-. Find the total number of
chairs the clinic purchased.
Solution : Assume that the number of chair the clinic purchased = x.
Total average price = ` 190
Average price No.of chair
x1 = ` 175 N1 = 10
x2 = ` 200 N2 = (x 10)

x1 N 1 x 2 N 2
Combined average price =
(10) (x 10)
(175 10) (200 ( x 10))
190 =
x
1750 200 x 2000
190 =
x

281
 190x = 200x 250
250 = 200x 190x
250 = 10x
250
x = = ` 25
10
Total No. of chairs purchased by the clinic=25

Example 5 Ramesh bought 4 shirts in a discount sale. The average price of

the shirt being ` 150/-, the average price of two polyster shirts is
Rs.170. If the price of the remaining 2 cotton shirts is in the ratio
7:6. Find the price of the cheapest cotton shirt.
Solution : Total price of 4 shirts = 150 4 = ` 600
Total price of 2 polyster shirts = 170 2 = ` 340
Total price of 2 cotton shirts = ` 260
Given the price of 2 cotton shirts are in the ratio 7:6
1st Cotton shirt price = 7x
2nd cotton shirt price = 6x
Total price of 2 cotton shirt = 7x + 6x = ` 260/-
13x = ` 260
260
x = 20
13
The price of 1st cotton shirt = 7x = 7 20 = ` 140
2nd cotton shirt = 6x = 6 20 = ` 120
The cheapest cotton shirt price = ` 120/-

Example 6 Calculate the arithmetic average mark from the following data.
Marks 45 75 60 55 93
No.of students 11 10 15 12 2

282
 Total Marks of all student
Average Marks of student = Number of students
( 45 11) (75 10 ) (160 15) ( 55 12) (93 2 )
=
11 10 15 12 2
495 750 900 660 186
=
50
2991
= = 59.82
50
Average Marks of 50 student = 59.82.

Example 7 The average height of a group of boys and girls is 38 kg. The
average weight of the boys in 42 kgs and that of the girls is 33
kgs. If the numbers of girls is 20. Find the number of boys.
Solution:
Let the number of boys = x
Combined average weight = xw = 38 kg.
x B = 42 kg No.pof boys = x = nB
xG = 33 kg. No.of girls = 20 = nG
x B n B x G nG
Combined Average height = nB nG
( 42 x) (33 20 )
38 =
x 20
42 x 660
38 =
x 20
38 (x + 20) = 42x + 660
38x + 760 = 42x + 660
760 660 = 42x 38x
100 = 4x
100
x =
4
No. of boys = x = 25
283
Example 8 Mr. Raju purchased 17 English books in a discount sale, the
average price of the book being ` 53. The average price of 11 1
English books is ` 71. If the average price of 6 different English
story books form an increasing arithmetic progression with last
book price being ` 25. Find the price of the cheapest English Story
book?
Solution:
The total price of the 17 books = (17 53) = ` 901
The total price of the 11 English books = 11 71 = ` 781
Total price of 6 story books = ` (901) - ` 781 = ` 120
Given the price of 6 English story books form are A.P.
With last book price is ` 25
n = 6, Sn = ` 120, Tn = ` 25, a = ?
n
Formula Sum = Sn = [ a Tn ]
2

6
120 = [ a 25]
2
120 = 3 (a + 25)
120 = 3a + 75
120 75= 3a
45 = 3a
a = 15
The price of the cheapest English story book = ` 15

Example 9 3 test in Economics, 2 in Kannada, 4 in Accounts, and 5 in English

are conducted. The average mark scored by Mr. Suresh in
Economics in 60, in Kannada 56 and that of account is 45. If the
average marks of all the test taken together is 48. Find the average
marks scored by him in English?
Solution : Assured the Average marks in English = x
The total marks scored in English = 5x
Total marks scored in Economics = 3 60 = 180

284
 Total marks scored in Kannada = 2 56 = 112
Total Marks scored in Accounts = 4 45 = 180
Total No. of test in all 4 subject = 3 + 2 + 4 + 5 = 14
Combined Average Marks in all subject in all test
Total marks in all subject and in all test
= Total No. of test

5 x 180 112 180

48 =
14
5x + 180 + 112 + 180 = 48 14
5x + 472 = 672
5x = 62 472
5x = 200
200
x =
5
x = 40
The average marks scored by Suresh in English = 40

Example 10 The average age of A and B are 18 years that of B & C. is 17

years. And that of C and A is 20 years. What is the ages of A, B
and C?
Solution :
The total age of A and B = 2 18 = 36 years = A
The total age of B and C = 2 17 = 34 years
The total age of C and A = 2 20 = 40 years
A+B = 36 ..........(1)
B+C = 34 ..........(2)
C+A = 40 years ..........(3)
(1) + (2) + (3) = 2A + 2B, 2C = 36 + 34 + 40 = 110
2 (A + B + C) = 110
110
A + B + C = = 55 years ..........(4)
2

285
 (4) (1)
A + B + C = 55
(-) A + B = 36
+ C = 19
Age of C = 19 years.
(4) (2) A + B + C = 55
B + C = 34
A = 21 years
Again (4) ( 3) A + B + C = 55
A + C = 40
B = 15 years
Age of A = 21 years, B = 15 years, C = 19 years

Example 11 A batsman finds that by scoring a century in the 11th innings of

his test matches he has bettered his average of the previous ten
innings by 5 run. What is the average after the 11th Innings.
Solution : Let us assume that the average runs in 10th innings = x
Total runs in 10 innings = 10x ........(1)
Average runs after 11 innings = (x + 5)
Total runs after 11 innings = 11 (x + 5) ........(2)
Total runs in 11
1 innings = (2) (1)
th

A century = 11 (x + 5) 10x
100 = 11x + 55 10x
100 = x + 55
Average runs in 10th innings = 45
Average runs after 111th innings = x + 5 = 45 + 5
= 50 runs
Example 12 Ten years ago the average age of the family of 4 members were
24 years. Two children have been born. The average age of the
family is same as today.What is the present age of the two children
assuming that the childrens age differ by 2 years?.

286
Solution : 10 years ago the total age of 4 members of the family = 4 x 24 =
96 years.
Let the age of the two children are x years and (x + 2) years.
After 10 years
The total age of 4 members in increased to = 96 + (410) = 136yrs
Total age of 4 members + 2 children born
= 136+ (x) + (x + 2) = (138 + 2x)
Today the No.of family members = 4 + 2 = 6
The present average Age = 24 years.
total present age of 6 members
The present average age = No.of members

138 2 x
24 =
6
138 + 2x = 144
2x = 144 138
2x = 6
x = 3
The age of the 1st child = x = 3 years
The age of the 2nd child = x + 2 = (3 + 2) = 5 years

Example 13 An exporter of coffee powder mixes 60 kg. of superior grade coffee

at ` 300/kg. and 40 kg.of low grade at ` 180/Kg. He would like to
add a profit margin of 20% on his cost. What will be the price of
the mixed coffee powder.
Solution: weight
Given p1 = ` 300/Kg. w1 = 60 kg.
p2 = ` 180/-kg. w2 = 40 kg.
Average cost of the mixed coffee powder
Total price (both superior and low grade)
=
Total weight

287
 (300 60) (180 40)
=
60 40
1800 7200
= = ` 252/Kg.
100
Price of mixed coffee powder = cost price + profit
= 252 + 20% 252
252 20
= 252 +
100
= 252 + 50.40
= ` 302.40 Kg.

Example 14 The average weight of a group of boys and girls is 38 kg. The
average weight of the boys in 42 kg. and that of the girls is 33 kg.
If the number of boys is 25. Find the number of girls.
Solution : Let the number of girls = x
Girls x 1 = 42 kg. No.of boys = 25

x 2 = 33 kg. No.of girls = x

Average weight of group of boys and girls
Total weight of all boys and girls
=
No. of boys and girls.
( 42 25 ) ( 33 x)
38 =
25 x
1050 33x
38 =
25 x
38 (25 + x) = 1050 + 33x
950 + 38x = 1050 -33x
38x 33x = 1050 950
5x = 100
100
x =
5
x = 20. No.of girls = 20
288
Example 15 The average age of 10 students in a class increases by 4.8 months.
When a boy of age 6 years is replaced by a new boy. What is the
age of the new boy?
Solution :
Let the Average age of 10 boys = x years.
Total age of 10 boys = 10x
After replacement of a boy of 6 years age and inclusion of new
boys if his age is assumed to be y years.
Then the total age of 10 boys in a new group = (10x 6) + y
Given the new average of 10 boys = (x + 4.8 months) or
4.8
= x years
12
= (x + 0.4) years.
Total age of 10 boys
Average of new group of 10 boys = No of boys
(10 x 6) y
(x + 0.4) =
10
10 (x + 0.4) = (10x 6) + y
10x + 4 = 10x 6 + y y = 10
Age of the new boy replaced = 10 years.

Example 16 A batsmans average score for a number of innings was 21.75

runs per innings. In the next three inning he scored 28, 34 and 37
runs. And his average for all the inning was revised by 1.125
runs. How many inning did he play?
Solution:
Let the number of inning he played = x
Total runs in x innings = 21.75 x
Again total runs in next 3 innings = 28 + 34 + 37 = 99 runs.
Number of inning raised to = (x + 3)
New Average after 3 inning raised to = 21.75 + 1.125
= 22.875

289
 Total runs of all the innings
Average run after (x+3) innings = Total no. of innings

21.75 x 99
22.875 =
x3
(22.875) (x + 3) = 21.75x + 99
22.875x + 68.625 = 21.75x + 99
(22.875x 21.75x) = 99 68.625
30.375
1.125x = 30.375 x 27
1.125
Total innings played = x+3
= 27 + 3
= 30.

EXERCISE : 10.1
I. 1 & 2 Mark question:
1. The height of 10 girls in Dance class are 90 cm, 95cm, 100cm, 98 cm,
102cm, 110cm, 105 cm, 97 cm, 102cm, 99 cm. Find the average height.
2. The age of 10 boys in a class are 4.3, 4.4, 4, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7, 4.6, 4.5
and 4.8 years. What is the average age?
3. The average age of 10 boys in a class is 13 years. What is sum of their
ages?
4. The average age of 7 member of a family is 18 years. If the head of the
family is excluded the average age of the rest of the members would
fall to 13 years. What is the age of the head of the family?
5. The average marks of 15 students of a class is 45. A student also has
secured 50 marks leaves the class room. Find the average marks of the
remaining 14 students.?
6. The average age of 10 students is 6 years. The sum of the ages of 9 of
them is 52 years. Find the age of 10 students.
7. The average age of 12 boys is 8 years. Another boy 21 years. Join the
group. Find the average of the new group.
290
 8. The average score of 20 boys is 60% and average score of 30 girls is
70%. Find the combined average score.
9. The average height of a group of people is 6 ft. 10 more people are
added with an average height of 5 ft. find the average height of the
group of people consisting of 60 people.
10. Ram and Rahim went up a hill at a speed of 20 kmph. And both of
them came tumbling down the same distance at a speed of 30 kmph.
Find the average speed for the round trip.

II. 3 & 5 Marks Questions:

1. A batsman find that by getting out for a duck (0 runs) in the 11th inning
of his test matches. His average of the previous 10 inning decreased by
5 runs. What is his average after the 11th innings?
2. A schools runs in morning and afternoon shift and employees 40
teachers. The average salary of 25 teachers working in the morning
shift is ` 2800/- and the average salary of teachers working the afternoon
shift is ` 3000/- find
i) the average salary of the teachers in the school.
ii) the average salary is 5 teachers shifted from morning to afternoon
shift.
3. Find the total wage earned per month by 564 workers in a factory given
the following information; 38 workers get ` 8.5 to 12.5, 46 workers get
` 12.5 to 16.5, 120 workers get ` 16.5 to 20.5, 360 workers get ` 20.5
to 24.5 daily wages (assuming that a month has 30 days and all the day
they work) ?
8.5 12.5
(Hint: take the value 10.5 ` /day for 38 workers and so on)
2
4. The average age of Ashok and Abdul is 45 years, the average age of
Abdul and Anthony is 50 years and the average age of Anthony and
Ashok is 35 years. Find the age of Abdul, Ashok and Anthony

291
5. Calculate the average daily way earned by 100 workers in a factory
using the following data.

Daily wage 70 - 80 80 - 90 90 - 100 110-110 110-120

No of workers 18 7 23 44 8

70 80
(Take the value 75 and so on)
2

6. A book seller bought 228 note books at an average price of ` 8.50 in

which 80 books he bought at ` 7.50, each and 84 books at ` 10.50 each.
Find the price of the remaining books per unit.
7. A painter works 8 hrs. on Monday, 9 hrs on Tuesday, 7 hrs on
Wednesday 7 hrs on Thursday, 6 hrs. on Friday and 10 hrs on
Saturday. He is paid on hourly wages at the rate ` 8.50. What is his
average daily earning?
8. An aeroplane flies once round a square whose side is 100 km long
taking the first at 100 kmph., second at 200kmph,third at 300kmph and
the fourth at 400kmph. Find the average speed of the plane in its flight
along the square.
9. Of a number of persons donating to a charity 10 persons gave ` 99
each, 25 gave ` 50 each, 33 gave ` 25 each, 46 gave ` 10 each and the
rest gave ` 5 each. It was found that the average donation is ` 20/-
How many donors are there?
10. Govind bought 11 bags in the whole sale market at an average price of
` 450 each. In which the price of 7 leather bags was ` 575 each. The
price of the remaining 4 cotton bags all in the increasing Arithmetic
progression having the price of the costliest cotton bag was ` 300/-.
Find the price of the cheapest cotton bag.
11. Rajhamsa bus covers the distance of 360 km between Bengaluru and
Chennai in 5 hrs. 45 minutes with a stoppage of 10 minutes for coffee
and tiffen and a stoppage of 3 minutes at Bannerghatta Bus stop and 2
stoppages of 5 minutes each at Hosur and Dharmapuri bus stop
respectively. What is the average speed of the bus?
292
 ANSWERS : 10.1

I. 1) 99.8 cm 2) x = 4.43 yrs. 3) 130 yrs. 4) 41 years

5) 44.64 6) 8 years, 7) 9 years 8) 66%
9) 5.85 feet 10) 24 kmph.

II. 1. Average run after 11th innings = 50 run

2. ` 2875, ` 2900
3. Total daily wage = ` 11,386.00
Total monthly wage = ` 605.63
4. Ashok 25 years, Abdul = 65 years, Anthony = 35 years
5. ` 96.70
6. ` 7.10
7. ` 68
8. 192 Kmph.
9. 432
10. 162.50 = Cheapest cotton bag price
11. 58.69kmph

293
 CHAPTER 11

PERCENTAGE, PROFIT AND LOSS

11.1 Percentage: In mathematics a percentage is a number or ratio as a fraction
of 100. It is denoted by symbol %. The word percent consists of two words
per and cent. Per means each and cent means hundred. Thus percent means
on each hundred or for each hundred.
We frequently come across statements like The price of petrol is liked by
3%, Our college has got 97% results , 60% of the staff are women. In
all the above statements comparison is being made. Percentage is mainly
used as a tool of comparison and uniformity. Percentage are widely used in
Commercial applications. Percentages are used in Calculation of interest,
brokerage, dividend, population, depreciation etc.

11.2 Conversion Of A Fraction Into Percentage:

To convert a fraction into percentage just multiply by 100 and put % symbol.
Example 1 Convert the following fraction to percentages.
2 5 7 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 8 4 3

2 5
Solution : 1) 100 40 % 2) 100 62 .5%
5 8
7 1
3) 100 175 % 4) 100 33 .33 %
4 3

Conversion Of A Percentage Into A Fraction:

To convert percentage to fraction divide by 100 and reduce the fraction to its
simple form.
Example 2 Convert the following percentages to fractions
1) 25% 2) 45% 3) 60%
25 1 45 9 60 3
Solution : 1) 2) 3)
100 4 100 20 100 5

294
Conversion Of Percentage To Ratio
To convert percentage to Ratio first convert it to fraction and then write as
ratio.
Example 3 Convert the following percentages to ratios.
1) 30% 2) 20% 3) 80%

30 3
Solution : 1) 3 : 10
100 10

20 1
2) 1: 5
100 5

80 4
3) 4:5
100 5

Conversion Of Ratio To Percentage

To convert ratio to percentage first convert ratio to fraction and then multiply by
100.
Example 4 express the following ratios as percentage.
1) 1: 5 2) 2 : 3 3) 4: 7

1 1
Solution : 1) 1 : 5 = 100 20%
5 5
2 2
2) 2 : 3 = 100 66.66%
3 3
4 4
3) 4 : 7 = 100 57.14%
7 7

Conversion Of Percentage To Decimal

To convert percentage to decimal divide by 100 and write the result in decimal
form
Example 5 Convert the following percentages to decimal.
1) 35% 2) 42% 3) 120%
295
 35
Solution : 1) 0.35
100
42
2) 0.42
100
120
3) 1. 2
100

Conversion Of Decimal To Percentage

To convert decimal to percentage multiply by 100.
Example 6 Convert the following decimal to percentage.
1) 0.12 2) 0.05 3) 1.25
Solution : 1) 0.12 100 = 12%
2) 0.05 100 = 5%
3) 1.25 100 = 125%
To Find Percentage Decrease Of A Number :
Increase
% increase = Initial value 100

Example 7 Karthik received a scholarship of ` 5000 in 2011 and ` 8000 in

2012. Find the percentage increase.
Solution : increase = 8000 5000 = 3000.
Increase
% increase = Initial value 100

3000
= 100
5000
= 60%.

To Find Percentage Decrease Of A Number:

Decrease
% decrease = Initial value 100

296
Example 8 The sales of a company was ` 35000 in June and ` 30000 in July..
Find the percentage decrease.
Decrease
Solution : % decrease = Initial value 100

Decree = 35,000 - 30,000 = 5000

decrease
% decrease = 100
Initial Value

5000
100
35000
14.285
14.29%
To Increase A Number By A Given Percentage
100 Rate
Multiply the number by the factor
100

Example 9 Increase 30 by 10 %

(100 10) 110

Solution : 30 30 33
100 100

10
OR 30 30 30 3 33
100

To Decrease A Number By A Given Percentage

100 Rate
Multiply the number by the factor
100

Example 10 Decrease 200 by 40 %

100 40
Solution : 200 120
100
Or
40
200 200 200 80 120
100
297
11.3 Application Problems Involving Percentages
Example 1 In an election the winning candidate got 4,800 votes which is
80% of the total votes. Calculate the total number of votes.
Solution : Let total no of votes = x.
80
x 4,800
100

4,800 100
x
80
= 6000 votes.

Example 2 As income is 10% more than Bs How much is Bs income less

than As
Solution : Let Bs income be 100
Then As income = 110
decrease
% decrease = 100
Initial value
10
100
110
= 9.09%

Example 3 The original price of a shirt was ` 700. It was decreased by ` 50.
What is the percentage decrease of the price of the shirt?
decrease
Solution : % decrease = 100
Initial value
50
100
700
= 7.14%

Example 4 Sanjana has a monthly salary of ` 20,000. She spends ` 4000 per
month on cosmetics. What percent of her monthly salary does
she spend on Cosmetics?

298
 Amount spent
Solution : 100
Total Amount
4,000
= 20,000 100 20 %

Example 5 The price of a pair of trousers was decreased by 22% to ` 390.

What was the original price of the trousers?
Solution : Let the original price be ` x.
22
Then x x 390
100

22
x1 390
100
78
x 390
100

390 100
x 500 Rs.
78
Or
If Total amount is 100%, then Balance Amount is 78% which is equal to
390

100 390
Hence total amount 78% - 390
78

= 500 Rs 100% - ?

Example 6 In the annual budget of a certain college, the annual income was
estimated at ` 250 lakhs and annual expenditure was estimated at
` 210 lakhs. Actually that year the annual income increased by 5
percent than estimated income and expenditure increased by 10
percent than estimated. Find the difference between the actual
income and actual expenditure.

299
 5
Solution : Actual income = 250 250
100
= 262.5 lakhs.
10
Actual expenditure = 210 210
100
= 231 lakhs
Required difference = 262 .5 231 31 .5 lakhs

Example 7 There were two candidates in an election. 20% of the members

in the voters list did not cast their votes and 50 votes were
declared invalid. The successful candidate secured 300 votes more
than his rival. If 45% of the total members voted in favour of
successful candidate then find the votes secured by each candidate.
Solution : Let the total number of votes = x
20
No. of people who did not vote = x
100
= 0.2x
No. of people who voted 45
= x 0.45 x
for successful candidate 100
35
Remaining votes = x 0.35 x (100 - (20+45) =35)
100
Invalid votes + Rival candidates votes = 0.35 x
Rival Candidate votes = 0.35x Invalid votes
= 0.35 x - 50
Given diff in votes = 300
0.45x (0.35x 50 ) = 300
0.45x 0.35 x + 50 = 300
0.1x = 250
x = 2500
votes secured by winning candidate = 0.45 x = 0.45 2500 = 1125
votes secured by rival candidate = 0.35x = 50 = 0.35 2500 50 = 875-50
= 825

300
Example 8 In a dance competition 70% of the participants were girls. 35%
of the boys and 65% of the girls got qualified for the next round.
If 49 girls were eliminated find the number of boys who were
eliminated.
Solution : Let total number of participants = x
70
Total number of girls = x 0 .7 x
100
30
Total number of boys = x 0.3x
100
If 65% of girls got qualified then 35% of girls got eliminated
35
total girls eliminated = 0.7 x
100

= 0.245x
Hence 0.245x = 49
49
x
0.245
= 200
35
Hence total number of boys eliminated = 0.3 200
100
= 21

Example 9 By how many percent should the use of tea be increased if the
price of tea is decreased by 10% so that the expenditure remains
unchanged.
Solution : Let Price be 100
Let Quantity be 100
Total expenditure = 100 100 = 10,000
Then New Price = 100 10 = 90
Let New Qty = y
Total expenditure = 90 y
90 y = 10,000
301
 10,000
y 111 .11
90
increase
% increase = 100
Original value

11 .11
= 100 11 .11 %
100

EXERCISE : 11.1
I. One Mark questions.
1. Convert the following fractions to percentages.
4 3 1 1
1) b) c) d)
5 2 4 5

2. Convert the following percentages into fractions

a) 30% b) 40% c) 20% d) 75%
3. Convert the following percentage to ratio
a) 25% b) 18% c) 36% d) 10%
4. Convert the following ratio to percentage
a) 1 : 2 b) 3.5 c) 2 : 3 d) 1 : 4
5. Convert the following percentages to decimal
a) 30% b) 12% c) 64% d) 8%
6. Convert the following decimal to percentage.
a) 0.32 2) 0.06 c) 0.51 d) 0.28
7. Find 12 % of 1 hour 40 minutes
8. What percent is is 7 paise of ` 75?
9. What percent is 64 m of 12 km?

4
10. What percent is of 125?
5

302
II. Two marks questions.
1. While taking measurement a tailor writes 34 instead of 24. What is the
percentage error?
2. When 40% of a number is added to 42, the result is the number itself.
Find the number.
3. A student has to score 50% marks to pass. He gets 100 marks and yet
fails by 50 marks. Find the maximum marks.
4. Shreya and Sanju scored 78% and 72% in an examination. If the
difference in their marks is 36, find the maximum marks.
5. Ayush gets ` 33000 after getting an increase of 10% in his salary. What
was his original income?
6. After revaluation a students mark was changed from 80 to 92. Find the
percentage increase in marks.

III. Three marks questions.

1. Monthly income of Shreya, Akashatha and Pooja was increased from
25000, 22000 and 15000 to 35000, 26000 and 18000 respectively
whose gain percent is maximum.
2. Ritus salary was increased by 10% and then again by 5%. If the present
salary is ` 9,240. What was Ritus previous salary..
3. The cost of T.V. increased by 20% and then decreased by 5%. Find the
percentage increase in the original cost.
4. A number x is mistakenly divided by 10 instead of being multiplied by
10 what is the percentage error in the result.
5. By how much percent should the use of milk be increased if the price
of the milk is decreased by 20% so that the expenditure remains
unchanged.
6. The rate of a movie ticket was ` 150. This was reduced by 20% Due to
the discount in price the revenue increased by 20%, what was the
percentage increase in the number of viewers.?
[Hint: Take the number of viewers as 100]

303
IV. Five marks questions.
1. The total number of students in a Arts and Science college is 4200. If
the number of arts students is increased by 40% and the number of
science students is decreased by 30% the total strength remains
unchanged. Find the number of arts and commerce students.

2. Venu gives 50% of his salary to his wife 40% of the remaining he
spends on recreation 20% of the remaining he gives to his daughter as
pocket money and still saves ` 12,000. What is Venus income? Also
find the amount he gives his wife and daughter.

3. A person spent 30% of his wealth and thereafter ` 20,000 and further
10% of the remainder. If 29,250 ` is still remaining, what was his total
wealth?

4. In a school there are 1800 students. Last day except 4% of the boys
all the students were present in the school. Today except 5% of the
girls all the students are present in the school, but in both the days
number of students present in the school were same. Find the number
of boys and girls in the school.

5. Namma TV is a very popular TV Channel. It telecasts the programs

from 8.00 AM to 12.00 p.m. It telecasts 60 advertisements each of 8
seconds and 16 advertisement each of 30 seconds. What is the percentage
of time devoted in a day for the advertisement?

6. Due to increase in the price of sugar by 5% ,a man reduces his

consumption by 5%.. Find the percentage increase or decrease in
expenditure. What difference would it make if the price decreases by
5% and the consumption increases by 5%?

ANSWERS : 11.1
I. 1. a) 80% b) 150% c) 25% d) 20%

304
 3 2 1
2. a) b) c) d) 3 4
10 5 5

3. a) 1:4 b) 9:50 c) 9:25 d) 1:10

4. a) 50% b)60% c) 66.67% d) 25%
5. a) 0.3 b) 0.12 c) 0.64 d) 0.08
6. a) 32% b) 6% c) 51% d) 28%
7. 12.5 minutes 8. 0.0933% 9. 0.533% 10. 0.64%

II. 1) 41.66% 2) 70 3) 300 4) 600

5) 30,000 6) 15%

III. 1) 40%, 18.18%, 20%, % increase is max for Shreya

2) 8000 3) 14% 4) 99% 5) 25% 6) 50%

IV. 1) Arts 1800, Commerce 2400

2) 50,000 , 25,000- wife , 3000 daughter
3) 75000 4) 800 girls, 1000 boys.
5) 1.66 % 6) both case decrease in expenditure is 0.25%

11.4 Profit and loss

Cost Price (CP): The amount used in manufacturing an article or the price
at which article is bought is called cost price.
Selling Price (SP): The price at which an article is sold is called selling
price.
Profit: When an article is sold for more than what it costs we say there is
a profit or gain. Profit = SP CP.
Loss: When an article is sold for less than what it costs we say there is loss
Loss = CP SP

305
Formulae in Profit and loss
Pr ofit
1) % profit = 100
CP
Loss
2) % Loss = 100
CP
Pr ofit % CP
3) Profit =
100
loss% CP
4) Loss
100
100 Pr ofit %
5) SP CP
100
100 Loss %
6) SP = CP
100
100
7) CP = SP (100 Pr ofit %)

100
8) CP = SP (100 loss %)
9) By using false weight if a substance is sold at cost price, the overall
gain % is given by

100 gain % True scale or weight

100 False scale or weight

11.5 Application problems

Example 1 There is a profit of 20% when an article is sold at ` 96. What will
be the gain percent if the article is sold for ` 100?
Solution : If the CP is 100 then selling price will be SP = CP + Profit = 100
+ 20 = 120
Then if SP is 96 CP SP
100 96
CP 80 100 120
120
? 96
306
 If article is sold at 100 Profit = 100 80
= 20
profit 20
Profit % = 100 100 25%
CP 80

100
Note: CP can also be calculated using Formula CP = SP 100 profit %

100 96 100
96 80
100 20 120

Example 2 Savitha sold her bag at a loss of 7%. Had she been able to sell it
at a gain of 9% it would have fetched ` 64 more than it did.
What was the cost price of the bag?
Solution : Let C.P. = 100
Loss at 7% SP = 93
Gain of 9% SP = 109
Diff = 109-93 = 16
If CP is 100 difference is 16 CP Diff
But if the actual diff is 64 100 16
? 64
100 64
Then cost price of the bag is = 400 . `
16

Example 3 A person gets ` 1216 more when selling a product at a profit of

15% instead of a loss at 4%. What would be the percentage profit
or loss if it is sold for ` 7552?
Solution : Let the C.P. be 100
S.P. making profit of 15% = 115 s
S.P. While making loss of 4% = 96
Diff = 19

307
 If the CP is 100, difference is 19 CP Diff
100 1216
but if the diff is 1216 then CP = 100 19
19
? 1216
= 6400
If SP = 7552 ,
Profit = 7552 6400 = 1152
Pr ofit
Profit % = 100
CP
1152
100
6400
= 18%

Example 4 A man buys an article at of its cost value and sells it for 20%
more than its cost value. What is his profit percentage?
Solution : Let the Actual price = 100
3
Then purchase price (CP) = 100 75
4
At profit of 20% SP = 120
Profit = 120 75 = 45
45
Profit % = 100 60%
75

Example 5 A watch is sold for ` 150, at a profit of 25% At what price should
it be sold in order to have 50% profit.
Solution : Let CP be 100 C.P. S.P.
Then S.P is 125 100 125
100 150
If SP is 150 then CP = 120 ? 150
125
SP to get a profit of 50% is CP SP
120150
100 150
100
= 180 Rs. 120 ?
308
Example 6 A dealer buys 200 quintals of wheat at ` 1200 a quintals. He spends
` 10,000 on transportation and storage. Then he sells the wheat at
` 13 per kg. Find his profit or loss. Also calculate it as a percentage.
Solution : C.P. = 1200 200 = 2,40,000
Transportation and storage cost = Rs. 10,000
Total CP = 2,40,000 + 10,000
= 2,50,000
Total SP = 13 200 100
= 2,60,000
Profit = 2,60,000 2,50,000 = 10,000
Pr ofit
Profit % = 100
CP
10,000
= 100 4 %
2,50,000

Example 7 Ram Singh purchased two camels for ` 18000 and ` 15000
respectively. He sold them at a loss of 15% and a gain of 19%
respectively Find the selling price of each of the camels. Also
find the overall loss or gain percent in the transaction.
Solution : C.P. of camel = 18000
85
S. P while sold at loss of 15% = 18000
100
= 15300
C.P. of second camel = 15000
119
S.P. while sold at gain of 19% = 15000
100
= 17,850
Total CP = 18000+15000
= 33000
Total S.P. = 15,300 + 17,850
= 33150
Profit = 33,150 33000 = 150
150
Profit % = 100 0 .45 %
33000
309
Example 8 By selling 8 erasers a trader gains the selling price of 1 eraser.
Calculate the gain percent.
Solution : Let the Selling Price of one eraser be x then SP of 8 erasers = 8x
Profit = x
C.P. = S.P. profit
= 8 x x =7x
Pr ofit
Profit % = 100
C.P
x 2
= 100 14 %
7x 7

EXERCISE : 11.2
I. One mark questions.
1. If a company makes a profit of 10,000 by selling goods worth ` 25000.
Find the profit percentage.
2. By selling a book at ` 250 the profit made is ` 50. What is the cost
price of the Book?
3. Find the value of a house in the purchase of which the broker was paid
2% brokerage which amounted to ` 80000.
4. Nihal bought a cycle for ` 3000. For what price should he sell it to gain
10%?
5. The cost of an article is 80 ` . If a profit of ` 20 is made by selling the
article, find the profit percentage.

II. Two marks questions

1. A seller bought a colour T.V. set for ` 10,000. He marked the selling
price as ` 25,000. If he sells the TV after giving a discount of 30%
from the marked price Find the profit percentage.
2. A dishonest dealer professes to sell his goods at cost price, but he uses
a weight of 960gm for the kg weight. Find his gain percent.
[Hint: profit=40 ; CP=960]

310
 3. The cost price of 10 articles is equal to the selling price of 9 articles.
Find the profit percent. [Hint: Let cost price of 1 article be x, then
selling price of one article will be 10x/9]
4. A person sold his watch for ` 75 and got a percentage profit equal to
the cost price. Find the cost price of the watch. [Hint :let cost price and
profit %=x]
5. Find the cost price of an article which is sold for ` 220 at a loss of
12%
6. The S.P. of an article is 3680 and profit percent is 15%. Find the cost
price.
7. A dealer by selling 10 oranges get the cost price of 15 oranges. What is
the profit percentage?
[Hint let SP = 15x CP = 10x]
8. By selling 16 rings a shopkeeper loses the selling price of 4 rings. Find
the loss percent [Hint: SP=16x CP=20x]
9. The difference between cost price and selling price is 225. If the profit
percentage is 15%, find the selling price.
10. Abhinav saves ` 75 by getting a discount of 15% on a text book. How
much did he pay for the book?

III Three marks questions.

1. A sells a bicycle to B at a profit of 20% and B sells to C at a profit of
25%. If C pays ` 225 for the bicycle what did A pay for it. [Hint: let
CP of A = 100]
2. 1 Kg of salt and 4Kg of sugar cost ` 160. But if the cost of sugar rose
by 20% and that of salt by 10% the same quantity of salt and sugar
would cost ` 190. Find the prices per kg of salt and sugar..
3. A bookseller sells a book at a profit of 10%. If he had brought it at 4%
less and sold it for ` 6 more, he would have gained 18 percent. What
did it cost him.
4. A pressure Cooker is sold for ` 1,200/- in which sales tax amounts for
20% of this and profit 1/3 of the remainder. Find the cost price of the
pressure cooker. Calculate the sale than % profit %.

311
 5. Crystal electronics sold a calculator at a profit of 5% instead of a loss
of 5% and got ` 11 more. Find the cost price of the calculator..
6. If an article is sold at ` 24, there is a profit of ` 4. If it is sold at a loss
of 10%. Find out its selling price.
7. Nihal refused to sell his book for ` 726 because there was a loss of
12%. If he sold the book at a profit of 5%. Find selling price.

IV Five marks questions.

1. A man purchased a certain number of oranges at 25 a rupee and the
same number at 20 a rupee. He mixes them together and sells them at
45 for two rupees. How much percent does he lose or gain in the
transaction.
2. Rohan sold to Rakshith cinema tickets at a profit of 10%. Rakshith
sold it back to Rohan at a loss of 10%, In the whole process Rohan
gained ` 55 in all. Find the price at which Rohan originally bought the
tickets.
3. A dealer sold 3 T.V. sets at ` 11,500 each. He sold one at a profit of
15% and the other two at a loss of 8%. Find his gain or loss percentage.
4. A merchant purchased 25 baskets of fruits at Rs.2 per basket. The fruits
of 5 baskets turned out bad and were thrown off. Find the selling price
per basket if he wants 12 % profit.
5. Four percent more is gained by selling a table for ` 180 than by selling
for 175. Find the cost price of the table.
6. A radio is sold at a profit of 25%. Cost price and selling price both are
increased by ` 100. If the new profit is at the rate of 20%, find the
original cost of the radio.
7. A Shopkeeper sold a watch at 5% loss. Had he purchased it at 10% less
cost and sold it for ` 140 more, his gain would have been one fourth of
the original cost price. Find the Cost Price of the watch.
8. A business man sells an article for ` 720 and earns a profit of 20%.
Find the a) Cost Price b) Profit percentage at selling price.
[Hint: for b) profit%=profit/SP x 100]

312
 9. If a Commodity is sold for ` 1,500 there is a profit of 25%. If the Cost
Price is increased by ` 100. Find the profit percentage.
10. A wholesale dealer sold a machine to a shopkeeper at 20% profit. The
shopkeeper sold it to a customer so as to get 25% profit for himself.
The difference between the selling price of the shopkeeper and that of
the whole sale dealer was found to be ` 129. Find the initial price of
the machine.

ANSWERS : 11.2
I. 1) 66.67% 2) 200 3) 41,00,000 4) 3300 5) 25%

1
II. 1) 75% 2) 4.16% 3) 11 % 4) 50 5) Rs.250
9
6) 3200 7) 50% 8) 20% 9) 1725 10) 425

III. 1) 150 2) salt 20, sugar 35 3) ` 150

4) ` 640 excluding tax 5) 110 ` 6) ` 18
7) ` 866.25

IV. 1) 1.23% Loss 2) ` 500 3) 1.43% loss 4) ` 2.8

5) ` 125 6) 400 7) 700 8) ` 600, 16.66%
9) 15. 38% 10) 430

313
 CHAPTER 12

LINEAR FUNCTION
12.1 INTRODUCTION: Linear function has greater importance in the field of
Economics, Commerce and other business activities. Linear Function are very
useful in representing situation where one variable increases or decreases
proportionally with another.
12.2 DEFINITION:
Linear Function is defined by y = f(x) where y = f(x) = ax + b , a 0 and a,
b R. It is called linear because the graph of such a function is a straight
line where a is called the slope of the line and b is called the intercept.
Eg. Consider the function y = f(x) = 2x + 1
When x = 0, y = 2(0) + 1 = 1, (0, 1)
x = 1, y = 2 (1) + 1 = 3 (1, 3)
hence the graph of f(x) is shown below as a straight line.

Fig. 1
314
12.3 Linear cost, Revenue and Profit Function:
1. Linear Cost Function: C(x) Function in the form
C (x) = ax + b where C(x) denotes the total cost. x denote the quantity
or Number .of unit or output of a commodity or a product.
The total cost of a product can be split into two components as total
fixed cost and total variable cost.
Total cost = Total fixed + Total variable cost
C(x) = TFC + TVC
2. Total fixed cost (TFC) Defined as that cost which does not vary with
the output. It is the cost which a Firm or a company has to bear. Even
when the output x is zero. Eg. Rent, Insurance and other initial capital.
It can be represented graphically by a line parallel to the x-axis. Its
slope is zero.

Fig. 2

3. Total Variable cost : (TVC) Defined as that cost which varies with
the output x. As the production increases they increases and if the
production decreases they decreases proportionately. Eg. Labour cost,
Transport cost of Fuel, and operating cost etc. It can be represented
graphically by a straight line passing through origin (0, 0) i.e.
TVC = ax ( b 0) .
315
 Fig. 3

Hence the total cost C(x) function can be represented graphically as below.

Fig. 4

316
 4. Linear Revenue Function: R(x) Defined as the relation between Total
Revenue (T.R.) and the output (x) denoted by R(x)
R(x) = ax + b, (a 0)
Total Revenue = TR = (Selling price / Unit) (No. of unit sold)
TR = Px
The linear revenue function R(x) can be graphically represented as below

Fig. 5

5. Linear Profit Function: P(x) defined as the difference of total revenue

function R(x) and the total cost function C(x)
ie. P(x) = R(x) C (x)
Total profit = Total Revenue Total cost
12.4 Break Even analysis: Break even analysis is a very important technique
used to trace and establish the relationship between cost production and sales
volume while exhibiting the probable profit. Hence this analysis is also known
as cost-volume profit analysis (C.V.P analysis)
Break Even Point (BEP) : It is the point of intersection of total cost and
total revenue. Hence it is defined as volume of production at which the total
revenue(TR) equal to total cost (TC). It is the point x1 where R(x1) = C(x1)
Note: At BEP the manufacturer (or sellers) does not make any profit or loss.
Total Revenue (TR) , the Total cost (TC), the profit /Loss. TFC and BFP are
represented graphically below in the form of Break-Even chart.
317
 Fig. 6
The shaded area below BEP (Left) is called loss zone and the blank area
above BEP (Right) is called the profit zone.
Limitation Break Even Analysis:
i) The selling price assumed to be a constant but in practically price is
rarely constant as production increases the price/unit will be decreases.
ii) It is limited only for short term period. It is a static picture in which the
profit is influenced solely by the level output.
iii) It assumed that the Fixed cost is a constant and the variable cost does
not change at each level of operation. This is not true in reality.
iv) The risks and uncertainties are neglected in this analysis but a business
operation are full of risks and uncertainties.

WORKED EXAMPLES:
Example a) A manufacture produce and sells bags at ` 8/ unit. His Fixed cost
is ` 5550 and the variable cost per bag is ` 2.45. Find
i) Revenue Function
ii) Cost Function
iii) Profit Function
iv) BEP in unit
Given TFC = ` 5550 P = ` 8/unit, VC = ` 2.45/unit.
318
Solution: i) Revenue function : R(x) = Price Quantity
= (8) (x)
R(x) = 8x
ii) Cost function : C(x) = ax + b
= TVC + TFC
C(x) = 2.45x + 5550
iii) Profit Function: P(x) = R(x) C (x)
= 8x (2.45x + 5550)
= 8x 2.45x 5550
P(x) = 5.55x 5550
iv) BEP in Unit
At BEP : Total Revenue = Total cost
R (x) = C(x)
8x = 2.45x + 5550
8x 2.45x = 5550
5.55x = 5550
5550
x
5 .5
x = 1000 units
Example 2 The Fixed cost of a Firm and variable cost / unit of the product
are ` 5,000/- years and ` 5 respectively. If the selling price is
` 15/- unit. Find the
i) BEP in unit
ii) Prove that Total Revenue is equal to the Total cost at BEP.
Solution : Given TFC = ` 5,000 VC = ` 5 and P = ` 15
i) Total cost = C(x) = T.F.C. + T.V.C.
= 5,000 + 5x (x = output)
Total Revenue = R(x) = Price x quantity output
R(x) = 15x
At BEP R(x) = C(x)
319
 15x = 5,000 + 5x
10x = 5,000
5000
x
10
x = 500 units

ii) Prove that TR = TC

Price output = TFC + TVC
15x = 5000 + 5x
Put x = 500 then we get 15 500 = 5000 + 5 (500)
i.e 7500 = 5000 + 2000
TR = TC = 7500 hence proved

Example 3 Find the Break-Even Points in units if the total cost and the
Revenue function are C(x) = 450 + 1.5x and R(x) = 3x
(x = output) ?
Solution : At Break Even point , Total Revenue = Total cost
R(x) = C(x)
3x = 450 + 1.5x
3x 1.5x = 450
1.5x = 450
450
x=
1.5
x = 300 unit
Example 4 A company sells x Box of chalk powder each day at ` 20/Box.
The cost of manufacturing and selling these Boxes is ` 15/box.
Plus a fixed dailies overhead cost of ` 900. Find the profit if
1000 boxes are manufactured and sold/day?
Solution : Total Revenue by selling x Boxes R(x) = Price quantity sold
= 20x ..........(1)

320
 The total cost of manufactured Boxes in a day
C(x) = TVC + TFC
= 15x + 900 ..........(2)
Hence the profit / day = P(x) = R(x) C(x)
= 20x (15x + 900)
= 20x 15x 900 = 5x 900
Put x = 1000 Boxes / day
Profit/Day = 5 (1000) 900
= 5000 900
= 4,100 `
Example 5 A manufacturer of steel vessels finds that his cost function is linear.
He calculates that the total cost for 250 units is ` 8000 and for
350 unit the total cost is ` 10,000. What are his fixed cost and
variable cost/unit.
Solution : Cost function is given by C(x) = ax + b
If x = 250 unit than, C (250) = a(250) + b
8000 = 250 a+ b. ......(1)
If x = 350 unit, C (350) = a (350) + b
10,000 = 350 a+b. ......(2)
(2) (1)
10,000 = 350 a + b
8,000 = 250 a + b
2,000 = 100a
2000
a =
100
a = 20 Substitute in (1)
8,000 = 250 (20) + b
8,000 = 5000 + b
b = 3000
Hence fixed cost is ` 3,000/- and the variable cost is ` 20.

321
Example 6 The Daily cost of production C for x units of a manufactured
product is given by C(x) = 3.5x + 15000
(i) If each unit is sold for ` 5. determine the minimum number
of units that should be produced and sold to ensure no loss.
(ii) If the selling price in increased by half a Rupee / Unit what
should be the Break-Even point.
(iii) If 5000 units are sold daily what price/unit should be charged
to guarantee no loss.
Solution :
(i) Given C(x) = 3.5x + 15000, No.of units = x
Total Revenue (Selling price) R(x) = 5x
For BEP C (x) = R(x)
3.5x + 15000 = 5x
5x 3.5x = 15000
1.5x = 15000
15000
x =
1.5
x = 10,000 units

(ii) If the selling price is increased by half a Rupee/unit.

Total Revenue = R(x) = 5.5x
Again For BEP C(x) = R(x)
3.5x + 15000 = 5.5x
5.5x 3.5x = 15000
2x = 15,000
15000
x = = 7,500 unit
2

322
 (iii) If x = 5,000 units
Total Revenue = 5000 P (P = Price / Unit)
C(x) = 3.5 (5000) + 15,000
= ` 32,500
For No Loss
C(x) = R(x)
32,500 = 5000 P
32500
P=
5000
P = 6.5. `
Selling price per unit = ` 6.5
Example 7 A manufacture produced and sells balloons at ` 8 per unit. His
fixed cost is ` 6500 and the variable cost per Balloon is ` 3.50
calculate.
(i) Revenue Function (ii) Cost Function
(iii) Profit Function (iv) Break Even point.
Solution :
i) Revenue function : R(x) = Price quantity.
= 8x

ii) Cost function : C(x) = ax + b = TVC + TFC

= 3.5x + 6500

iii) Profit Function : P(x) = R(x) C (x)

= 8x (3.5x + 6500)
P(x) = 4.5x 6500

iv) At Break Even point : R(x) = C(x)

R(x) C(x) = 0
P(x) = 0

323
 4.5x - 6500 = 0
4.5x = 6500
6500
x =
4.5
x = 1445 Unit
Break-Even Revenue in ` = No. of unit X price / Units
= 1445 x 8
= ` 11,560
Example 8 A watch manufacturer produced 100 watches for a total cost of
` 20,000 and when the production is increased to 200 watches.
The total cost increases to ` 30,000. Assuming that the costs and
outputs are linearly related. Find the cost of equation and find the
cost of manufacturing 150 watches?
Solution : Total cost = T.V.C. + T.F.C.
C(x) = ax + b
When x = 100 watches
T.C. = a (100) + b
i.e. 20,000 = 100 a + b ..........(1)
Similarly when x = 200 watches
30,000 = 200a + b ..........(2)
(2) (1) 30,000 = 200a+b
- 20,000 = 100a +b
10,000 = 100a
10,000
a= = 100 substitute in (1)
100
20,000 = 100 (100) + b
20,000 = 10,000 + bb= 10,000
When x = 150 ,TC = (100) (150) + 10,000
= 15,000 + 10,000
TC = ` 25,000
324
Example 9 A two wheeler spare parts manufacturing company introduces
production bond to the employees that increases the cost of the
spare parts. The daily cost of production C(x) for x numbers of
spare parts is given by C(x) = 25x + 550
(i) If each spare part is sold for ` 3, then find the minimum
number that must be produced and sold daily to ensure no
loss?
(ii) If the selling price is increased by 50 paise / spare part what
would be the break even point?
(iii) If it is known that at least 500 spare part can be sold daily.
What price should the company charge / sparepart to
guarantee no loss?
Solution:
(i) Given total Cost : C(x) = 25x + 550 .....(1)
Total Revenue R(x) = price quantity
If x = output, R(x) = 3 x .....(2)
For Break even point
T(x) = R (x)
25x + 550 = 3x
550 = 3x 25x
550 = 0.5x
x = 1100 units
(ii) If the selling price is increased by 30 paise then
R(x) = 3.30 x
Again for BEP C(x) = R (x)
2.5x + 550 = 3.50x
550 = 3.50x 2.5x
550 = 1x
x = 550 Units

325
 (iii) If at least 500 spare parts can be sold daily the price / unit
needed to guarantee
C(x) = 2.5x + 500
If x = 500
C(x) = 2.5(500) + 500
= 2.5 (500) + 500
C(x) = 1750
R(x) = price quantity
R(x) = 500 P
For no loss R(x) = c (x)
500p = 1750
1750
P =
500
P = ` 3.5
Example 10 Tata Automobile Ltd., estimates that when they manufacture
1,00,000 cars per year their total cost will be ` 1700 Crore rupees.
If they increases their production to 1,50,000 cars per year. They
expect their total cost to increases to ` 2,450 crores. If the selling
price of each car is ` 2,75,000/
(i) What will be the Break Even production
(ii) What is the linear function relationship between the total
cost and production value.
Solution:
Let C (x1) be the cost function when X1 = 1,00,000 Cars
Let C (x2) be the cost function when X2 = 1,50,000 Cars
C(x1) = a (1,00,000) + b = 1700 Crores ..........(1)
C (x2) = a (1,50,000) + b = 2450 Crores ..........(2)
1 2 50,000 a = - 750 crore rupees
750 Crore
a =
50,00
Total variable cost = a = ` 1,50,000
326
 Substituting in (1)
a (1,00,000) + b = 1700 Crore
(1,50,000) (1,00,000) + b = 1700 Crore
b = ` 200 Crore = Total fixed cost
The total cost function
C (x) = (1,50,000) x + 200
(i) At break Even point
C(x) = R(x)
1,50,000 x + 200 = Selling price x unit produced
1,50,000 x + 200 = (2,75,000) x
200 = 2,75,000 x 1,50,000x
200 = 1,25,000 x
200 Crore
x 16,000
1,25,000
To reach the BFP the Tata Automobile must produce atleast 16,000 Cars
Example 11 (1) If R(x) = 1.05x, C(x) = 0.85x, Total fixed cost = 600 (x = the
volume of output) find the rupees sales and quantity sold at break
even point. If a profit of ` 5,000 is required how much rupees
sales and volume of output are required?
Solution:
At Break Even Point
C (x) = R (x)
0.85 x + 600 = (1.05) x
600 = (1.05 0.85) x
600
x =
0.20
x = 3,000 Units are produced and rupees sale will be
3000.05 = ` 3150

327
 If a profit of ` 5,000 is required the volume of output (x) will be
calculated as follows.
R(x) = C(x) + p (x)
1.05 x = (0.85 x + 600) + 5,000
1.05 x 0.85 x = 600 + 5000
0.20 x = 5,000

5600
x = = 28,000 Unit
0.20

To produce a profit of ` 5,000, 28,000 Unit should be produced

and sold = 28,000 1.05
Profit = ` 29,400
Example 12 A manufactures of Transistor finds that his cost function is linear.
The total cost for 200 units is ` 6,000 and for 300 units the total
cost is ` 8,000. what are the fixed cost and variable cost permit?
Solution:
Given Total Cost C(x) = ax + b Where a = TVC = ?
b = TFC = ?
at x1 = 200 Unit C(x1) = 200 a + b = 6000 (1)
at x1 = 300 Unit C(x2) = 300 a + b = 8000 (2)
(1) (2) - 100 a = - 2000
2000
a = 100 = 20

Total variable cost TVC = ` 20 subsitute in (1)

200 a + b = 6000
200 (20) + b = 6000
400 + b = 6000
b = ` 2000 Total fixed cost

328
Example 13 The daily cost of production C in ` And x unit of an assembly
in C(x) = 12.5x + 6400. If each unit is sold for ` 25 then find the
minimum number of unit that should be produced and sold to
ensure no. loss. If the selling price is reduced by ` By 2.5/unit.
What would be the Break-Even Point.
Solution : Given C (x) = 12.5x + 6400
Selling price = Total Revenue = R(x) = 25x
For Break Even point C(x) = R(x)
12.5x + 6400 = 25x
6400 = 25x 12.5x
6400 = 12.5x
6400
x=
12.5
x = 512 Units
If the selling price is reduced by ` 2.5 /unit.
Total Revenue R(x) = (25 2.5) x = 22.5x
At Break Even point,C(x) = R(x)
12.5x + 6400 = 22.5x
6400 = 22.5x 12.5x
6400 = 10x
6400
x=
10
x 640 unit
Example 14 A school bag manufacture company starts production of a new
variety of cotton bag. For the 1st year the Fixed cost for selling up
the infrastructure is ` 1,40,000 and variable cost for production of
each bag is ` 75. But the company given production bonus to its
employees so the variable cost further increases by 50 paise/bag.
Each bag is sold at ` 250.50 What is the profit P(x) for x bags.
Calculate the profit is 1000 bags are produced and sold. Also find
the Break Even Point.
329
Solution : Given total fixed cost= ` 1,40,000
Total variable cost = ( ` 75.50)x (x = No.of bags produced)
Total selling price = (250.50)x
(Total Revenue)
Profit P(x) = R(x) C (x)
= R(x) (T.V.C. + T.F.C.)
= 250.50x (75.50x + 1,40,000)
= 250.50x 75.50x 1,40,000
P(x) = 175x 1,40,000
If x = 1000 bag profit = P(x) = 175 (1000) 1,40,000
= 1,75,000 1,40,000
= ` 35,000
For Break Even point. C(x) = R(x)
OR
P(x) = 0
175x 1,40,000
175x = 1,40,000
1,40,000
x =
175
x = 800 bags has to produced by company for no
loss/no profit.

Example 15 If the Sale price per unit is ` 3/-, the variable cost per unit is
` 2/- and the total Fixed cost is ` 4,500 find the
i) Break Even quantity
ii) Total Revenue function and total cost function at BEP
iii) If a profit of ` 10,000 is desired the volume of output to be
produced and sold.
iv) Sketch the Break Even chart.

330
Solution : (i) Total cost = C(x) = T.V.C. + T.F.C. [x= output]
= 2x + 4500
Total Revenue = R(x) = Selling price X Quantity
= 3x
For BEP; C(x) = R(x)
2x + 4500 = 3x
4500 = x x = 4500 unit
ii) Total Revenue at 4500 unit
R (4500) = 3 (4500)
= ` 13,500
Total cost at 4,500 unit
C (4500) = 2 (4500) + 4500
= 9000 + 4500
= ` 13,500
iii) If the desired Profit is Rs.10,000
Then P(x) = R(x) C(x)
10,000 = 3x [2x+ 4500]
10,000 = 3x 2x 4500
10,000 = x 4500
x = 14,500 units
iv) Break Even chart :

331
Example 16 If x represents number of units produced, selling price per unit
is ` 14, variable cost /unit is ` 7.33 and the Fixed cost is ` 1200.
Find the Break-Even point and quantity of sales. What is the
slope of the total cost line?
Solution : Total Revenue = R(x) = Selling price X Quantity
= 14x
Total cost = C(x) = TVC + TFC
= 6.67x + 1200
For BEP C(x) = R (x)
6.67x + 1200 = 14x
1200 = 14x 6.67x
1200 = 7.33x
1200
x= = 180 unit
7.33
Break Even Quantity = 180 units
Break Even Sale = R(180)
= 14x
= 14(180)
= 2,520
The slope of the total cost line is the variable cost/unit = 7.33

Example 17 A confectioner make and sells biscuit. He sells one pack of biscuit
at ` 80. His cost of manufacturing is ` 40/- pack as variable cost
and Rs.3000 as fixed cost find
a) His Revenue Function
b) His cost function
c) His profit function
d) If he limits his production to 100 packets can he make profit?.
e) What will be number of boxes he must sell to make a profit
so that he does not incur any loss?

332
Solution : a) Revenue function = R(x) = Selling price X quantity
= 80 x (x = No.of pack of biscuit)
TC= TVC + TFC
b) Cost function = C (x) = ax + b
= 40x + 3000
c) Profit function = P(x)
= R(x) C(x)
= 80x (40x + 3000)
= 80x 40x 3000
= 40x 3000
d) If x = 100 packets
P(x) = 40x 3000
P(100) = 40 (100) 3000
= ` 1,000
e) No.of packets required to ensure no loss
(at BEP)
C(x) = R(x)
40x + 3000 = 80x
3000 = 80x 40x
3000 = 40x
3000
x=
40
x = 75 packet
If he makes 75 packets, the confectioner will not incur loss .If it is less than 75
packets he incurs a loss.

Example 18 The Philips Light Co. a manufacturing of light bulbs will break
even at a Sales Volume of ` 2,00,000. The Fixed Cost is ` 40,000
and the selling price/bulb is ` 5/- What is the average variable
cost/bulb?

333
Solution : Given Total Cost = C(x) = TVC + TFC, a = variable cost
= ax + 40,000 , x = No.of bulbs produced
Total Revenue = R(x) = Selling price X Quantity.
R(x) = 5x
Total Revenue = 5x
2,00,000 = 5x
2,00,000
x =
5
x = 40,000 bulbs
For Break Even Sale
C (x) = R(x)
ax + 40,000 = 2,00,000
ax = 2,00,000 - 40,000
ax = 1,60,000
at x = 40,000 unit a (40,000) = 1,60,000
variable cost a = ` 4

Example 19 If the cost function C(x) of producing x unit of a product is

given by C(x) = 500x2 + 2500x + 5000 and if each unit of the
product in sold at ` 6000. then find BEP..
Solution: Given C(x) = 500 x2 + 2500x + 5000 (x = output)
Total Revenue = R(x) = Selling price X Quantity.
= 6000x
For BEP : C(x) = R (x)
500x2 + 2500x +5000 = 6000x
500x2 + 2500x 6000x + 5000 = 0
500x2 3500x + 5000 = 0
500 x2 7x + 10 = 0
(x 5) (x 2) = 0
x = 5 or 2 units

334
Example 20 The cottage toy Industry has 29 workers. The cost of producing a
unit of toy is ` 2.07 and the Fixed Cost including the production
of bonus is ` 30/worker..
i) If each toy is sold for ` 6/- determine the No. of toys to be
produced and sold daily to ensure no loss.
ii) If a promote sale price is reduced by 50 paise/toy what would
be BEP and is at this rate 500 toys are sold daily what would
be the profit?
Solution : Total cost = C(x) = TVC + TFC
TFC = 29 x 30 = ` 870.
TVC = 2.07x (x = No.of unit of toys)
C(x) = 2.07x + 870 ..........(1)
Total Revenue = Selling price X Quantity
R(x) = 6x ..........(2)
For No. loss (BEP) C(x) = R(x)
2.07x + 870 = 6x
870 = 6x - 2.07x
870 = 3.93x
870
x = = 221 Unit
393

iii) BEP at reduced selling price = 6 0.50 = ` 5.50

C (x) = R(x)
2.07x + 870 = 5.50x
870 = 5.50x 2.07x
870
870 = 3.43x x = 253 unit
3.43
Profit at Reduces price P(x) = R(x) C(x)
= 5.50x [2.07x + 870]
= 5.50x 2.07x 870
= 3.43x 870
Profit at x = 500 toys sold
= 3.43 (500) 870
Profit = ` 845
335
 EXERCISE : 12.1
2 Mark questions :
1. A confectioner makes and sells Chocolates. He sells one box of Chocolates
at ` 180. The cost of manufacturing is ` 60/box as variable cost and ` 2000
as Fixed Cost. Find (i) Revenue function (ii) the cost function
2 If the total fixed cost are ` 60,000 total variable cost is ` 80,000 and the sales
are ` 1,20,000 Find the (i) cost function and the (ii) Slope (variable cost)
3. A publishing house finds that the production cost directly attributed to each
book is ` 30 and the Fixed cost is ` 15,000. If each book can be sold for
` 45. Then find (i) cost function (ii) Revenue function.
4. For a manufacturer of dry cell the daily cost of production of x cells is
given by (x) = 2.05x + 550
Find i) The fixed cost
ii) The variable cost
5. The fixed cost and the variable cost of x units of a product for a company
are ` 40,000 and ` 80,000 respectively. If each unit is sold for ` 250. Find the
(i) cost furniture (ii) Revenue (selling) function
6. A pen manufacturer determine that the production cost associated with each
pen is ` 5 and the fixed cost is ` 7000. If each pen can be sold at ` 7/-. Find
the profit function.
7. The daily cost of production C for x unit of a manufactured product is
given by C(x) = 3.5x + 12000. If the total cost of production is ` 82,000 Find
the No.of unit produced.
8. If R(x) = 0.25x and C (x) = 0.16x + 360 [x = No.of unit produced and sold).
Find the break even quantity?
9. If R(x) = 0.5x and C (x) = 0.85x + 600 can there be a break even point?
Why?
10. The selling price of a product is ` 16/unit the variable cost is ` 8/unit, the
fixed cost are ` 10,000. Find the Break even quantity..

336
ANSWER (1 or 2 Marks)
1. R(x) = 180x, C (x) = 60x + 2000

TVC
2. C (x) = 0.6x + 60,000, slope = = 0.6
Sale
3. C (x) = 30x + 15000, R (x) = 45x
4. FC = ` 550
VC = ` 2.05
5, C (x) = 80x + 40,000 , R (x) = 250x
6. P (x) = R (x) C(x) = 2x 700
7. x = 20,000 unit
8. x = 4000 unit
9. No. BEP x = -750 unit (negative output)
10. x = 1250 unit

II 3 and 5 Mark question:

1. A manufacturers sells his product at ` 8.35/unit, he is able to sell his entire
production. His fixed cost is ` 2,116 and his variable cost/unit is ` 7.20. Find
i) The level of production at which he can make a profit of ` 4,600.
ii) The level of output at which he will incur a loss of ` 1150 and
iii) The Break Even level of production.
2. M/s. Chandana and Co., Bombay finds that the production cost directly
attributed to each book is ` 25 and the fixed cost are ` 10,000. If each
book can be sold for ` 35 find (i) cost function, (ii) Revenue Function,
(iii) Profit function (iv) Break Even Point
3. For the 1st year the Fixed cost for setting up a new electronic pocket calculators
company is ` 3,00,000. The variable cost for producing a calculator is ` 70.
The company expect the revenue from the sales of the calculators to be
` 270/-

337
 i) Construct the revenue function.
ii) Construct the cost function.
iii) Find the Break Even output
iv) Find the number of Calculator produced for which the company will
suffer loss.
4. The Co. decides to set up a small production plant for manufacturing electronic
clock. The total cost/unit for initial set up (fixed cost) is ` 9 lakh. The
additional cost (variable cost) for producing each clock are produced and
sold.
i) Find the cost function C(x) for x No.of clock.
ii) Find the Revenue function R(x) for total revenue from the sale of x
clock.
iii) Find the profit function p(x) for the total revenue from the sale of x
clock
iv) Determine the B.E.P.
v) What profit or loss the company incur during the first month when all
the 1500 clocks are sold?
5. The daily cost of production C for x unit of an assembly is given by n
C(x) = 17.5x + 7000
i) If each unit is sold for ` 30. Then determine the minimum of unit that
should be produced and sold to ensure no loss.
ii) If the selling price is reduced by ` 3/unit then what would be the BEP?
iii) If it is known that 500 unit can be sold daily. What price/unit should be
charged to guarantee no loss?
6. A company sells x tins of talcum powder /day at ` 10/tin the cost of
manufacturing is ` 6/tin and the distributor charge ` 1/tin. Besides the daily
overhead cost comes to ` 600/ (i) Determine the profit function.
ii) What is the profit if 500 tins are manufactured and sold/day.
iii) How do you interpret the situation is the company manufacturer and
sells 100 tns/day.
iv) What is the B.E.P.?

338
7. Suppose the total daily cost in Rupees of producing x chair is given by
yc=2.5x+ 300
i) If each chair sells for ` 4/-. What is the BEP? Represent it graphically..
ii) If the selling price is increased to ` 5/ chair. What is the new BEP
iii) Find the Fixed and variable cost.
8. A manufacturer of a product sells his entire output (x). His total revenue
R(x) = 7x and C(x) = 6x + 800 find the
i) BEP
ii) Write the Break Even chart
iii) The BEP output of the total cost increased by 5%
9. A watch manufacturer produce 100 watches for a total cost of ` 20,000 and
when the production is increased to 200 watches the total cost increased to
` 30,000. Assuming the cost and output to be in each related. Find the variable
cost/unit, Fixed cost and the slope of the line y = a + bx (y = total cost) If the
selling and sold what is the profit/watch. At a selling price of ` 200. What
will be the BEP output?
10. A shoe manufacturer is planning production of new varieties of shoes. For
the first year the fixed cost of setting up the new production line are ` 1.25
lakh Variable cost for producing each pair of shoes are ` 35. The sales
department project that 1500 pair can be sold in the first year at the rate of
` 160/pair
i) Find the cost function
ii) For Revenue function
iii) Find the profit function for the product for the sale of x pair of
shoes.
iv) If 1500 pairs are actually sold then what profit or loss does the company
incur?
v) Determine the BEP

339
 ANSWERS : 12.1 (3/5 marks)
1. 5840 unit, 540 unit, BEP Output 1840 unit
2. i) 25x + 1000 ii) 35x iii) 10x 10,000 iv) 1000 unit
3. R(x) = 210x, BEP = 1500 unit C(x) = 70x + 3,00,000
Less than x = 1500 unit the Co. will suffer loss
4. C(x) = 300x + 9,00,000
R(x) = 750x, p(x) = 450x 90,00,000, BEP x = 2000 clock,
Profit = ` 2,25,000
5. x = 5000 unit, BEP x = 737, Selling price / unit = ` 31
6. R(x) = 3x 600, ` 900, then company incur loss, BEP x = 200 tins
7. BEP at selling price ` 4 = 200 chair
BEP at selling priced ` 5 =120 chair
Fixed cost = ` 300, V.C. = ` 2.5/chair..
8. i) x = 1800 unit (at BEP)
ii) x = 840 unit
9. V.C. = ` 100 F.C. = ` 10,000, Profit/watch ` 50/- BEP = 100 unit
10. C(x) = 35x + 1,25,000, R(x) = 160x, P(x) = 125x ` 1,25,000
` 62,500, BEP x = 1000 pair.

340
 UNIT - III
TRIGONOMETRY
CHAPTER NAME OF THE CHAPTER TEACHING
HOURS

13 ANGLES AND
06
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

14 STANDARD ANGLES AND

06
ALLIED ANGLES

TOTAL 12 Hours
 CHAPTER 13

ANGLES AND TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

13.1 Introduction: Trigonometry is a branch of Mathematics. The word
trigonometry is derived from Greek words tri-gono & metron (tri-three,
gono=angle, metron=measurement.) Thus the word trigonometry, literally
means measurement of triangles. Primarily the subject deals with the relations
between the sides, angles and area of a triangle. But trigonometry has a
much wider scope and is used in geometrical and algebraic investigation in
pure and applied mathematics. Hipparchus, a Greek astronomer, is known as
a founder of trigonometry and others, who contributed to this branch include
Euler, John-Bernolli, Fourier, and Gauss. The Foremost Indian Mathematicians
who have worked on this branch of mathematics are Aryabhatta, Brahmagupta
and Bhaskaracharya.
13.2 Measurement of angles:
Angle: When a line revolves about a point O
from one position P to another position Q. We
say an angle is formed and this angle is denoted
by /POQ. The point O is called the vertex of the
angle.
In General we have two common system to measure an angle, These are.
I. Sexagesimal system : In this system, we divide a right angle into 90
equal parts and call the measure of each part as One degree denoted
by 10. Then we divide one degree in to 60 equal parts, each part is
called as one minute, denoted by 1' and again we divide one minute
into 60 equal parts, each part is called as one second, denoted by 1".
1 Right angle = 900, 10 = 60 minute = 600, 1 minute = 1' = 60 sec = 600
II. Circular system of Radian Measure: In this system, we call the unit
of measurement of an angle as a Radian and the measure of the angle
as Radian measure or circular measure.

343
 Definition: A radian is an angle subtended
at the centre of the circle, by an arc, whose
length is equal to radius of the circle. From
the figure
OA = O B = r =arc AB then
/AOB = 1C (One Radian is denoted by 1C)

Now, we shall show that a radian, constructed according to above definition is of

constant magnitude.
1. Theorem: P.T. Radian is a constant angle
Proof : Consider a circle with centre O and radius
r. Let AB be an arc of length r units. Then /AOB
= 1C. Produce AO to meet the circle at C. We
know that he angles at the centre of a circle are
proportional to the arcs on which they stand.
AOB arc AB 1
AOC arc ABC (arc ABC = circumference of the circle)
2

1C r
= ( x 2 r = r)
180 0
r
180 0
1 =
C
C = 180

Thus 1c is a constant angle and its value is given by
1C = 57 162 223 .
Note: From the above Theorem, we have a relation between degrees and radians.
i.e. C = 1800
C
10 =
180
Note: To convert the angles (i) from degrees to radians, multiply the given angle
180
by /180 (ii) From radians to degrees, multiply the angle by

344
1. Convert the following angles measured in degrees into radians.

1) 150 = 15 radians
180 12

5
2) 750 = 75 radians
180 12

3
3) 2700 = 270 radians
180 2

4) 1200 = 120 2 radians
180 3

Standard Angles:

Degrees 300 450 600 900 1800 3600

Radius 2
6 4 3 2

2. Convert the following angles measured in radians to degrees.

2 c 2 180
120 0
3 3
3 c 3 180
270 0
2 2
3c 3 180
108 0
5 5
3 c 3 180 3 180 22
42.96 0 ( )
4 4 4 22 7
7
180
4.8 = 4 .8 274 .91 0

3. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:4 Express them in radians & as
well as in degrees.
Let the angles of the triangle be 2L0, 3L0 & 4L0
345
 We know that sum of the 3 angles of a triangle = 1800
2L0 + 3L0 + 4L0 = 1800
9L0 = 1800 L = 200
The angles of the triangle are 400, 600, 800
The angles of the triangle in radians are 2p/9, p/3,4p/9.

4. The angles of a triangle are in A.P & the greatest is double the least. Ex ress
the angles in degrees & radians
Let the angles of the triangle be
L - , L, L +
We know that. Sum of the Lles = 1800
L - L L = 1800
3L = 180 L = 600
Given greatest angle is double to least
L + 2 (L ) 2L - 2 L
L - 3 0
60 - 3 = 0 = 200
The angles of the triangle in degrees are (60-20)0, 600, (60 + 20)0
i.e 400, 600, 800.
2 4
In radians: , , .
9 3 9

5. In a right angle triangle, the difference between the two acute angle is

radians. Ex ress the angles in degrees.
9
Let the 2 Angles = &

Given 20 0 (1)
9

346
 But in a right Angle triangle
900 1800

900 (2)
Solving (1) & (2) we get :
550 , 350
6. The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 2:3:5:8. Find them in radians &
as well as in degrees.
Let the angles be 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 .
We know that the sum of the Angles of a Quadrilateral = 3600
2 3 5 8 3600
18 3600 = 200
The angles in degrees are 2 x 200, 3 x 200, 5 x 200, 8 x 200
= 400, 600, 1000, 1600
2 5 8
& angles in radians = , , , radians.
9 3 9 9

EXERCISE : 13.1
(1 MARK QUESTIONS)
1. Ex ress the following in radian measure.
a) 250 b) 950 c) 1050 d) 1350
10
e) 2100 f) 22 g) 3150 h) 7200
2
10
i) 180 j) 360 k) 1440 l) 67
2

2. Ex ress the following in Sexagesimal measure. (degrees)

7 17 7
a) , b) , c) d)
3 9 8 24
9 2 3
e) f) g) h) 2
5 12 5
347
III. a) The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3:4:5. Find them in radians
and in degrees.
b) The angles of a triangle are in the ratio
i) 1:3:5 ii) 2:3:5 iii) 4:5:6 Find them in degrees and radians.
c) The difference between the acute angles of a right angled triangle is
2
. Ex ress the angles in degrees.
5
d) The difference of two angles is 450 and their sum is 900. Find the angles
in degrees and in radians .
e) The angles of a triangle are in A.P. The least being 360. Find the angles
in degrees and in radians
f) The angles of a quadrilateral are in A.P and the greatest of which is
double the least. Ex ress the angles in degrees and in radians .
g) The greatest angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is double the least and the
difference of the other two angles is 300. Find the angles in radians.
h) The angles of a quadrilateral are in A.P such that the greatest is double
the least. Ex ress the least angle in radians.
i) The angles of a triangle are in A.P & the ratio of number of degrees in
the least to the number of radians in the greatest is 60: p. Find the
angles of the triangle in radians.
j) The angles of a triangle are in A.P & the greatest angle is 840. Find all
the three angles in radians.
k) The angles of a triangle are in A.P & the greatest is 5 times The least.
Find the angles in radians.

ANSWERS : 13.1

5 19 7 3 7
I. a) b) c) d) e) f)
36 36 12 4 6 8
7 4 3
g) h) 4 i) j) k) l)
4 10 5 5 8

348
II. a) 4200 b) 3400 c) 157.50 d) 7.50
e) 3240 f) 300 g) 1350 h) 3600

5
III. a) 450, 600, 750, , ,
4 3 12
5
b) (i) 200, 600, 1000, , ,
9 3 9
3
(ii) 360, 540, 900, ,
,
5 10 2
4 2
(iii) 480, 600, 720, , ,
15 3 5
c) 90,810,
1 10 3
d) 22 , 67 , ,
2 2 8 8
7
e) 360, 600, 840, , ,
5 3 15
4 5 2
f) 600, 800, 1000, 1200, , , ,
3 9 9 3
2 7 5
g) , , ,
3 12 12 3

h) 600 = = least angle
3

i) (300, 600, 900) , ,
6 3 2

7
j) , ,
5 3 15

5
k) , ,
9 3 9
349
13.3 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF ACUTE ANGLE:
INTRODUCTION: In this cha ter we shall introduce six trigonometric
ratios for an acute angle and find relations between them.
Trigonometic Ratios:
Let BOC =, be any acute angle, B be any oint on
OC, one of the boundary lines and BC is er endicular
to OC. Thus we have a right angled triangle BOC.
With res ect to the angle , the side BC is called the o osite side, OC is called
adjacent side and OB is the hy otenuse of the triangle. With res ect to the angle
, we define the following six ratios called trignomotric ratios.
Let us now define the 6 trigonometric ratios as follows.
BC Opposite side
1. Sine of written as sin =
OB Hypotenuse side
OC Adjacent side
2. Cosine of written as cos =
OB Hypotenuse side

BC Opposite side
3. tangent of written as tan =
OC Adjacent side
OB Hypotenuse side
4. Cosecant of written as cosec =
BC Opposite side
OB Hypotenuse. side
5. Secant of written as sec =
OC Adjacent .side
OC Adjacent. side
6. Cotangent of written as cot =
BC Opposite. side

The above definitions of trigonometric ratios remains unaltered as long as the

angle remains the same, i.e. trigonometric ratios de ends on the angle but not on
the lengths of the sides of the right angled triangle.
Note: We know that in every right angled triangle the hy otenuse is the greatest
side, thus it follows from the definition of trigonometric ratios that those ratios

350
which have the ht otenuse in the denominator can never be greater than unity,
while those which have hy otenuse in the numerator can never be less than unity.
Further those ratios which do not involve the hy otenuse may have any numerical
value. Thus we have the following results.
The sin and cos of an angle can never be greater than 1.
The cosec and sec of an angle can never be less than 1.
The tan and cot of an angle may have any numerical value.
13.4 Relation between the trigonometric ratios.
In the right angled triangle as shown, consider:
Hy otenuse = r
Adjacent side = x
O osite side = y
1. Prove that sin . cosec = 1
From a right angled triangle shown below we have:
y r
Sin = cosec =
r y
se
o te
nu y r
Hy O osite L.H.S = sin . cosec = . =1
r y
Therefore, sin . cosec = 1
1 1
Adjacent cosec = or sin =
sin cos ec

Similarly we can rove the following results:

2. cos . sec = 1
3. tan . cot = 1
sin
4. Prove that tan =
cos
y
sin r y
> R.H.S = = x = = tan = L.H.S
cos r x
sin
Therefore tan = .
cos
351
 cos
5. Similarly we can rove cot =
sin

Note : We write different owers of trigonometric ratios as

(sin )2 = sin2 ,
(cos )3 = cos3 and so on.

Basic Identities:
6. Prove that sin2 + cos2 = 1.
2 2
x y x2 y2 r 2
L.H.S = sin + cos =
2 2 2 = 1 = R.H.S.
r r r2 r
Therefore, sin2 + cos2 = 1.
cos2 = 1 - sin2 or sin2 = 1 - cos2 .

7. Prove that 1 + tan2 = sec2 .

2
y x2 y 2 r 2
L.H.S = 1 + tan = 1 +
2
2
2 = sec2 = R.H.S.

x x x
Therefore 1 + tan2 = sec2 .
tan2 = sec2 - 1 or sec2 - tan2 = 1 .

8. Prove that 1 + cot2 = cosec2 .

2
x x2 y2 r2
L.H.S = 1 + cot = 1 +
2
2
2 = cosec = R.H.S.
2
y
y y
Therefore 1 + cot2 = cosec2 .
cot2 = cosec2 - 1 or cosec2 - cot2 = 1 .
Worked Examples:
Prove the following :
I. 1. (sin2 . cot2 ) + (cos2 . tan2 ) = 1
L.H.S = (sin2 . cot2 ) + (cos2 . tan2 )
cos2 sin2
= sin .
2
+ cos .
2
= sin2 + cos2 = 1 = R.H.S.
sin 2 cos2
352
 2. ) . sec2 = 1
( 1 - si n 2
L.H.S = ( 1 - sin2 ) . sec2
= cos2 . sec2 = 1 = R.H.S.
3. ( 1 - sin2 ) . ( 1 + cot2 ) = cot2
L.H.S = ( 1 - sin2 ) . ( 1 + cot2 )
cos2
= cos . cosec =
2 2
= cot2 = R.H.S.
sin 2

4. cos 4 A sin 4 A = 1 2 sin 2 A = 2 cos 2 A 1

Consider cos 4 A sin 4 A
= (cos 2 A)2 (sin 2 A)2
= ( cos 2 A sin 2 A ) . ( cos 2 A + sin 2 A )
= ( cos 2 A sin 2 A ) . ( 1 )
= ( 1 - sin 2 A sin 2 A )
= ( 1 2 sin 2 A ) .................................(1)
Again consider cos A sin A
4 4

= (cos 2 A)2 (sin 2 A)2

= ( cos 2 A sin 2 A ) . ( cos 2 A + sin 2 A )
= ( cos 2 A sin 2 A ) . ( 1 )
= cos 2 A ( 1 cos 2 A )
= cos 2 A 1 + cos 2 A
= 2 cos 2 A 1 .................................(2)

5. sec 2 A + cosec 2 A = sec 2 A . cosec 2 A

L.H.S = sec 2 A + cosec 2 A
1 1 sin 2 A cos 2 A 1
=
cos A sin A cos A.sin A cos A.sin 2 A
2 2 2 2 2

= sec 2 A . cosec 2 A = R.H.S.

1 1
6. =1.
cos A cot 2 A
2

1 1
L.H.S. = 2
2 = Sec2A tan2A = 1 = R.H.S.
cos A cot A
353
7. Sec.A 1 cos2 A = tan A

1 sin A
L.H.S. = sec.A . sin 2 A . sin A = tan A = R.H.S.
cos A cos A

8. tan2 A (1 sin2A) = sin2A.

sin 2 A
L.H.S. = (1 sin2A)
cos 2 A
sin 2 A
= . cos2A = sin2A
cos 2 A

9. cosA. cosec. A. sec 2 A 1 = 1

1
L.H.S. = cos A. . tanA = cot A.tan A = 1 = R.H.S.
sin A

10. (cosec2A tan2A) 1 = tan2A (cosec2A. tan2A 1) = tan2A

sin 2 A

L.H.S. = (cosec A . tan A) 1 =
2 2 cos ec 2
A. 2
-1 = sec2A-1
cos A
= tan2A = R.H.S.
II. 1) Ex ress all the trigonometric ratios of the angle in term of
(i) sin (ii) tan
i. 1) sinsin
2) cos = 1 sin 2

sin sin
3) tan = cos
1 sin 2
1
4) cosec =
sin
1 1
5) Sec = cos
1 sin 2

354
 cos 1 sin 2
6) cot =
sin sin

tan tan
ii. 1) sin = cos . tan =
sec 1 tan 2
1 1
2) cos =
sec 1 tan 2

3) tantan

1 1 tan 2
4) cosec =
sin tan
5) sec = 1 tan 2
1
6) cot =
tan

x2 y2
III. 1) If x = a sec ; y = btan. P.T. 1
a2 b2
x2 y2 (a sec ) 2 (b tan )
Consider =
a2 b2 a2 b2
a 2 sec 2 b 2 tan 2
=
a2 b2
= sec2 - tan2 = 1 = R.H.S.

1 sin A
2) P.T = Sec A - tan A
1 sin A

1 sin A (1 sin A)(1 SinA)

L.H.S. =
1 sin A (1 sin A)(1 sin A)

355
 (1 sin A) 2 (1 sin A) 2
= =
(1 sin 2 A) cos 2 A

1 sin A
=
cos A cos A

= SecA - tan A = R.H.S.

SecA tan A 1 sin A

3. P.T. =
sec A tan A cos A

sec A tan A sec A tan A

L.H.S. =
sec A tan A sec A tan A

(sec A tan A) 2
=
sec 2 A tan 2 A

( SecA tan A) 2
= = SecA + tanA
1
1 sin A
=
cos A cos A
1 sin A
= = R.H.S.
cos A

SinA SinB cos A cos B

4. P.T. + = 0
cos A cos B sin A sin B
( SinA sin B)(sin A sin B) (cos A cos B )(cos cos B )
L.H.S. + =
(cos A cos B )(sin A sin B)

sin 2 A sin 2 B cos 2 A cos 2 B 11

= = 0 = R.H.S.
(cos A cos B )(sin A sin B ) (cos A cos B )(sin A sin B )

356
 a a sin b cos a2 b2
5. If cos = S.T.
b a sin b cos a2 b2
a Opp
tan = b adj , Hypotenuse = a2 b2 ,

a b
Sin = , cos =
a b
2 2
a b2
2

a.a. b.b.

a2 b2 a b
2 2
a. sin b. cos
L.H.S. = = a.a. b.b.
a. sin b. cos
a2 b2 a b
2 2

a2 b2 a2 b2 a2 b2
= / = R.H.S.
a2 b2 a2 b2 a2 b2

6. If sin+ x sin2 x = 1 S.T. cos2 x + cos4 x = 1

Given sin x + sin2 x = 1
sin x = 1 sin2 x = cos2 x
cos2 x = sin x cos4 x = sin2 x
Consider cos2 x + cos4 x
cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 = R.H.S.

1 cos sin
7. P.T.
sin 1 cos
1 cos 1 cos 1 cos
L.H.S. =
sin sin 1 cos
1 cos 2 sin 2 sin
= = R.H.S.
sin (1 cos ) sin (1 cos ) 1 cos

357
8. P.T. (1 + sin + cos)2 = 2(1 + sin) (1 + cos)
L.H.S. = {(1 + sin ) + ( cos )}2
= (1+sin)2 + cos2+2 (1 + sin) cos
= 1 + sin2 + 2sin + cos2 + 2cos (1 + sin )
= 2 + 2 sin + 2 cos (1 + sin )
= 2 (1+sin ) + 2 cos (1 + sin )
= (1 + sin ) (2 + 2 cos)
= 2 (1 + sin ) (1 + cos)

cos sin
9. P.T. cos sin
1 tan 1 cot

cos sin

L.H.S. = 1 sin 1 cos
cos sin

cos 2 sin 2
=
cos sin sin cos

cos 2 sin 2
=
cos sin sin cos

cos 2 sin 2
=
cos sin
= cos sin = R.H.S.

tan A cot A
10. P.T. = 1 + Sec A . Cosec A
1 cot A 1 tan A

sin A cos A
cos A sin A
LHS = cos A sin A
1 1
sin A cos A

358
 sin A cos A
cos A sin A
= sin A cos A cos A sin A
sin A cos A

sin 2 A cos 2 A
=
cos A(sin A cos A) sin A(cos A sin A)

sin 2 A cos 2 A
=
cos A(sin A cos A) sin A(sin A cos A)

sin 3 A cos 3 A (sin A cos A)(1 sin A. cos A)

=
cos A. sin A(sin A cos A) cos A. sin A(sin A cos A)

1 sin A. cos A 1
= + 1
cos A. sin A cos A. sin A
= sec A . cosec A + 1 = R.H.S.

11. If tan A + sin A = m and tan A sin A = n.

S.T. m2 n2 = 4 mn
Consider m.n = (tanA + sinA) (tan A sinA)
= tan2A sin2A

sin 2 A 1 cos 2 A sin 2 A

mn = cos 2 A sin A sin
2 2
A 2
sin A.
2

cos A cos 2 A

mn = sin2A. tan2A
sinA . tan A = mn .....................................(1)
Again consider m2 n2 = (tanA + sinA)2 (tanA sinA)2
= tan2A + sin2A + 2 . tanA . Sin A tan2 A-Sin2 A + 2 tan A . Sin A
= 4 tanA. Sin A
m2 n2 = 4. mn from equation (1)

359
 5 3 cos 2 sin 19
12. If cot = and is acute. Then P.T.
2 3 cos 4 sin 7

5 adj
Given cot = , Hypotenuse = 29
2 opp

5 2
Cos = , sin =
29 29

5 2 15 4
2
3 cos 2 sin 29 29
3. 29 19
LHS = 3 cos 4 sin 5 2 15 8 = = RHS
3 4. 7
29 29 29

5
13. If tan + sec = then find sin .
2
5
Given : tan + sec =
2
sin 1 5 sin 1 5

cos cos 2 cos 2
2(sin + 1) = 5 (cos )
Squaring on both sides, we get :
4 (sin2 + 1 + 2 sin ) = 25 cos2
4(sin2 + 1 + 2sin) = 25 (1 sin2)
4 sin2 + 4 + 8 sin = 25 25 sin2
29 sin2 + 8 sin - 21 = 0
29 sin2 + 29sin - 21sin - 21 = 0
29 sin2 (sin + 1) 21 (sin + 1)
(sin + 1) (29 sin - 21) = 0
21
Sin = 1 , sin =
29

360
14. P.T. (1 + cotA cosecA) (1 + tanA + sec.A) = 2
L.H.S. = (1 + cotA cosecA) (1 + tanA + sec.A)
cos A 1 sin A 1
= 1 1
sin A sin A cos A cos A

sin A cos A 1 cos A sin A 1

=
sin A cos A
(CosA sin A) 2 1
=
sin A cos A
cos 2 A sin 2 A 2 cos A sin A 1
=
sin A. cos A
1 2 cos A. sin A 1
=
sin A. cos A
2 cos A. sin A
= 2 R.H .S .
sin A. cos A

15. It sin + cos = 2 cos then P.T. cos - sin = 2 sin

Given sin = 2 cos - cos

sin = cos ( 2 -1)

sin
cos =
2 1

cos = ( 2 1 )sin (1)

Consider L.H.S. = cos - sin = ( 2 1) sin sin

= 2 sin + sin - sin

= 2 sin = R.H.S.
cos sin = 2 sin

361
 1 1 1 1
16. P.T. + + +
1 sin 2 1 cos 2 1 sec 2 1 cosec 2

1 1 1 1

L.H.S. = 1 sin 1 cos 1 1 1
2 2
1
cos
2
sin 2

1 1 cos 2 sin 2
=
1 sin 2 1 cos 2 cos 2 1 sin 2 1

1 sin 2 1 cos 2
=
sin 2 1 cos 2 1
= 1 + 1 = 2 = R.H.S.

sec A tan A 1
17. P.T. = SecA + tanA
sec A tan A 1

(sec A tan A) 1 sec A tan A (sec 2 A tan 2 A)

L.H.S. =
sec A tan A 1 sec A tan A 1
(sec A tan A)(1 sec A tan A)
= (sec A tan A 1)
= SecA + tanA = R.H.S.

18. If x = a sin cos, y = b sin sin , z = cos

x2 y2 z 2
S.T. 2 2 2 1
a b c

x2 y2 z 2
L.H.S. = 2
2 2 = sin2.cos2 + sin2. Sin2 + cos2
a b c
= sin2 (cos2 + sin2)+ cos2
= sin2 + cos2 = 1 = R.H.S.

362
19., If sin A + cos A = 2 sinA . S.T. sin A cos A = 2 cos A
Given : sin A + cos A = 2 sinA

cos A 2 1
cosA = ( 2 1) sin A sin A cos A( 2 1)
2 1 2 1
sinA = 2 cosA + cosA
sinA cos.A = 2 cosA

20. Eliminate between x = a cos4 & y = a sin4

Given x = a cos4 & y = a sin4
x a cos 2 , y a. sin 2
On Adding we get
x y a

EXERCISE : 13.2
3
1 If sin = & is acute, then find all the other Trigonometric functions of
5
.
4
2. If tan = & is acute, then find cosec and sec .
3
2
3. If sec A = & A is acute, then find sin A & tan A .
3
13
4. If sec A = & A is an acute angle, then find sin A + cos A.
12
12
5. If cos A = & A is acute, find other five trigonometric ratios.
13
4
6. If cosA = & A is acute, find other five trigonometric ratios.
5

363
7. If x = a cos , y = a sin . S.T. x2+y2 = a2
8. If x = a cos3, y = a sin3 . S.T. x2/3 + y2/3 =a2/3
x2 y 2
9. If x = a cos, y = b sin P.T. 2 2 = 1
a b

II. Prove the following (SHORT ANSWER) - One Mark.

1. cos A. tan A = sin A 7. cos A . cosec A = cot A
2. sin A. Sec A = tan A 8. tan A. cosec A. cos A = 1
3. (1 cos A) cosec A= 1
2 2
9. (1 sin 2 A) . sec 2 A = 1
4. tan2 A (1 sin2 A) = 1 10. cos2 A (1 + tan2 A) = 1
5 (sec2 A 1) . cot2 A = 1 11. (1-sin2 A) . (1 + tan2 A) = 1
6. cos2 A. tan2 A + cos2 A = 1 12. sin2 . sec2 = sec2 - 1

Prove the following - Two marks :

13. P.T. (1 + tan2 ) . (1 sin2 ) = 1
14. P.T. sec A cos A = tan A. sin A
15. P.T. (cos A + sin A)2 + (cos A sin A)2 = 2
16. P.T. (cosec A sin A) = cot A. cos A
17. P.T. tan2 A + sec2 B = sec2 A + tan2 B
18. P.T. (1 + cot A)2 + (1 cot A)2 = 2 cosec2 A
1
19. P.T. = sec A tan A
sec A tan A
20. P.T. tan A + cot A = sec A. cosec A.
21. Express all the trigonometric ratios in terms of
1) sin 2) cos 3) tan 4) sec 5) cosec 6) cot

III. Prove the following (Essay type questions) - Three marks :

1. P.T. (1 + tan A sec A) (1 + cot A + cosec A) = 2
cot A tan B cot A
2. P.T. cot B tan A cot B

3. P.T.(1 + cosec A) . (1 + cos A) . (1 cosec A) . (1 sec A) = cosA

364
4. P.T. (1 + cot A cosec A) . (1 + tan A + sec A) = 2
5. P.T. (sec4A sec2 A) = tan2A + tan4A
6. P.T. sin3 - cos3= (sin + cos) (1 - sin. cos)
7. P.T. (1 tan A)2 + (1 cot A)2 = (sec A cosecA)2
8. P.T. sin4 A - cos4 A = 1 2 cos2 A
9. P.T. cos4 A sin4 A = 1 2 sin2 A
10. P.T. (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A
11. P.T. (1 sin A + cos A)2 = 2 (1 sin A) (1 + cos A)
12. P.T. sec6 A tan6 A = = 1 + 3 tan2 A . sec2 A
13. P.T. cot2 A + cot4 A = cosec4 A cosec2 A
14. P.T. sec2 A cos ec 2 A = tanA + cotA

1 cos A
15. P.T. = cosecA + cotA
1 cos A

1 sin
16. P.T. sec + tan
1 sin

sec 1
17. P.T. = cot + cosec
sec 1

1 1
18. P.T. = 2 sec2A
1 sin A 1 sin A
1 1
19. P.T. =1
1 sin A 1 cos ec 2 A
2

cos A 1 sin A
20. P.T. = 2 secA
1 sin A cos A

1 sin A 1 sin A
21. P.T. = 4 secA.tanA
1 sin A 1 sin A
1 1
22. P.T. = 2 cosec2 A
1 cos A 1 cos A

365
 5 247
23. I f cot A = & is acute, S.T. 2 cosec - 4 sec =
12 30
5 33
24. If tan = & is acute, S.T. 3 sin - 4 cos =
12 13

IV. Essay type questions - Five marks :

cos 3 A sin 3 A cos 3 A sin 3 A
25. P.T. = 2
cos A sin A cos A sin A
26. If x = r cos A cos B, y = r cos A sin B and z = r sin A
Then P.T. x2 + y2 + z2 = r2
27. If x = a r sin A cos B, y = b r sin A sin B, and z = c r cos A

x2 y2 z 2
Then P.T. 2 2 2 = r2
a b c

p p sin A q cos A p 2 q 2
28. If tan A = . Then P.T.
q p sin A q cos A p 2 q 2

29. If tan A + sin A = m & tan A sin A = n , then P.T. (m2 n2)2 = 16
mn .

5 5 cos 2 sin 29
30. If cot = & is acute , S.T.
2 5 cos 2 sin 21

ab a
31. If sin = S.T. tan + sec =
ab b

4 2 tan 24
32. If cos = and is acute S.T.
5 1 tan 2 7

tan A sin A tan A

33. P.T.
2
sin A 1 cos A

366
 tan A tan A
34. P.T. = 2 cosecA
sec . A 1 sec A 1
35. If sin x + sin2 x = 1. Then P.T. cos2 + cos4 = 1
36. If = a cos + b sin , y = a sin - b cos , S.T. 2 + y2 = a2 + b2

ANSWERS : 13.2

4 5 3 4 3
1. cos = , sec = , tan = , cot = , cosec = .
5 4 4 3 5

5 5
2. cosec = , sec =
4 3

1 1
3. sin A = , tan A =
2 3

17
4. sin A + cos A =
13

5 5 13 13 12
5. sin A = , tan A = , cosec A = , sec A = , cot A = .
13 12 5 12 5

3 3 5 5 4
6. sin A = , tan A = , cosec A = , sec A = , cot A = .
5 4 3 4 3

367
 CHAPTER 14

STANDARD ANGLES AND ALLIED ANGLES

14.1 Trignometric ratios of standard angles
The following table is helpful in remembering the trigonometric ratios of the angles
0o, 30o. 45o, 60o and 90o, called standard angles.

0o 30o 45o 60o 90o

sin 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2
cos 1 3 1 1 0
2 2 2
sin 0 1 1 3 is not defined
tan=
cos 3
1 is not 2 2 2 1
Cosec= defined
sin 3
1 1 2 2 2 is not defined
Sec. =
cos 3
1 is not 3 1 1 0
Cot. = defined
tan 3

The entries of the above table are obtained as follows:

I. Step write the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3 & 4 under 0o, 30o, 45o, 60o & 90o

0 1 2 3 4
II. Step Divide each of them by 4 to get , , , & .
4 4 4 4 4

368
III. Step take square root to each of them & there by we get the final numbers as
0 1 2 3 4
, , , &
4 4 4 4 4
1 1 3
= 0, , , , 1
2 2 2
These are the sin ratios of the angles 0o, 30o. 45o, 60o and 90o respectively. The
cos ratios can be obtained by reversing sin ratios.
sin
While the tan ratios can be obtained by using tan =
cos
1
Cosec ratios can be obtained by cosec =
sin
1
Sec ratios can be obtained by sec =
cos
cos
Cot ratios can be obtained by cot =
sin

WORKED EXAMPLES:
I. 1. P.T. Sin 30o . cos 60o + cos 30o. sin 60o = 1
1 1 3 3
L.H.S. = . .
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3 4
= 1 R.H .S .
4 4 4 4

1 3
2. P.T. sin 30o. cos 60o + cos 30o. cos 60o =
4

1 1 3 1
L.H.S. = . . .
2 2 2 2

1 3 1 3
=
4 4 4
369
 25
3. S.T. 4 sec2 45o + 4 sin2 30o 2 cot2 60o =
3
1 1
L.H.S. = 4.2 + 4. 2.
4 3
2 27 2 25
= 9- = R.H.S.
3 3 3

4. If A = 45o then Show that sin 2A = 2 sinA. cosA

L.H.S. = sin 2(45) = sin 90 = 1
2. 1 1
R.H.S. = 2sin45 cos 45 = 1
2 2
L.H.S. = R.H.S.

5. If A = 30o S.T. cos 2A = cos2A sin2A

1
L.H.S. = cos 2.30 = cos 60 =
2
3 1 2 1
R.H.S. = cos2 30 sin2 30 =
4 4 4 2
L.H.S. = R.H.S.

6. Find the value of sin
2
cos 2 tan 2
6 3 4
2 2
1 1 1 1 2 1 1
L.H.S. = 1 1
2 2 4 4 4 2 2
2 1
= 1=
4 2

14
7. P.T. sec 2 cos ec 2 cot 2 sin 2
6 4 3 2 3
2 2

L.H.S. =
2
2 2 1
(1) 2
3 3
4 1 4 1 4 1 9 14
= +2 + +1= + +3 = 3
= 3
= RHS.
3 3 3 3
370
8. Find the ratio of
Cos245o cos4(30o) + sin4(30o) + sin4(60o)
= (1 / 2 ) 2 ( 3 / 2) 4 (1 / 2) 4 ( 3 / 2) 4

1 1 81 9

2 16 16 16

EXERCISE : 14.1 (ONE MARK)

I. If A = 60o verify the following.
1 sin 2A = 2 sinA . cosA
2. cos 2A = cos2A sin2A
2 tan A
3. tan 2A=
1 tan2 A
2 tan A
4. sin 2A = 1 tan 2 A

1 tan2 A
5. cos 2A =
1 tan2 A

II. Find the values of the following (two marks)

1 cos2 30o + cos245o + cos260o
2. cot2 60o + sin245o + sin2 30o + cos290o

3 sin 2 cos 2 tan 2 cot 2
6 3 4 4
4. cos 60o sin 300 cot3 45o
4 1 1
5. 3. tan 2 cos 2 sec 2 sin 2
6 3 6 2 4 3 3

III. Find the values of : (three marks)

4 1 2 1
1. 3 tan 2 30o cos2 30 o cot 2 45o sin 2 60 o sec4 60 o
3 2 3 8
371
 2. sin 3 60 o . cot 30 o 2 sec 2 45o 3 cot 60 o tan 2 60 o

sin . cos2 .sec2
2 6 4
3.
tan cot
3 3

sin 2 60o . cos 3 60 o.sec2 30 o

4. 1
2 cos ec 2 30 o sin 2 60 o . tan 2 30o
2

2

1 cot 1 cos
3 6
5. S.T.
1 cot 1 cos
3 6

IV. Find x from the following :

cot 2 30 o .sec 60 o . tan 45o
1. x. sin 30. cos2 45o
cos ec2 45 o .cos ec 30 o

x. cosec2 30 o. sec 2 45 o
2. = tan2 60o tan2 30o
8 cos 45 o. sin 60o

cos 2 45 o . tan 60 o
3. x. sin .30 o. cos ec2 60 o
cot 2 30 o. sec 2 0 o

x.cos ec 2 30 o .sec 2 45 o
4. sin 2 45 . cos 2 60 o = tan 60 cot 60
2 o 2 o

tan 2 60 o cosec30 o
5. x.sin 45 .cos 60
o 2 o

sec 45 o. cot 2 30 o

372
V.

If x 2 cos ec x 2 sec cos 90 o S.T. x 4, 2
2 2 2
1.
4 3

cos 3 30 o.sec 60 o . tan 450

If x. sin 30 .cos 45
o 2 o
2.
cos ec 2 45o. cos ec30o

3 3
S.T. x
4

sin 30 o . cot 30 o 1
If x.sin 45 . tan 60 S .T .x
o o
3. o o
3 cos 60 .cos ec 45 3

4. If x 2 (cos ec 2 45 o cos 2 90 o ) 5(cos 0 tan 0) x sec 2 45o 0

1
S.T. x 2 ,
2
5. S.T. x = 7/2
If x = sec.30o. tan 60o. + sin 45o. cosec 45o + cos 30o cot 60o

3
6. Find the value of cot
2
2 cos2 sec2 4 sin 2
6 3 4 4 6
7. Find x from the equation.
cot 2 30o . sec 60 o tan 45 o
x. sin 30 .cos 45
o 2 o

cos ec2 45 o. cos ec30 o. cos60 o

ANSWERS : 14.1
3 13 1 3
II. 1) 2) 3) 4) 1 5)
2 12 2 4
13 3 3 1
III. 1) 3 2) 3) 4)
18 8 63
4
IV. 1) x = 6 2) x = 3) x = 4) x = 5) x = 8
6
V. 6) 0 7) x = 3
373
14.2 Signs of Trigonometric ratios:
The trigonometric functions of any angle are already defined as
y x y
sin = , cos and tan and the others are reciprocals of these,
r r x
since r is always positive. The algebraic sign of these numbers depend on x
& y only. Now let us consider the different positions of the terminal ray of
angle .

1 If the terminal ray of angle lies in I quadrant :

y ve
sin ve
r ve
x ve
cos ve
r ve
y ve
tan ve
x ve
The reciprocal are also positive.

2 If the terminal ray of angle lies in II quadrant then:

y ve
sin ve
r ve
x - ve
cos - ve
r ve
y ve
tan - ve
x - ve
The reciprocal cosec = +ve , sec. = -ve, cot= -ve .

3 If the terminal ray of angle lies in III quadrant, then:

y - ve
sin - ve
r ve
x - ve
cos - ve
r ve
y - ve
tan ve
x - ve

The reciprocals cosec= -ve , sec = -ve , cot = +ve .

374
IV. If the terminal ray of angle lies in IV quadrant, then.
y - ve
sin - ve
r ve
x ve
cos ve
r ve
y - ve
tan - ve
x ve

The reciprocal cosec = -ve, sec = +ve, cot = -ve.

Thus, if the terminal ray of the angle lies I Quadrant, all the trigonometric ratios
are positive. (All)
If the terminal ray lies in II Quadrant, only sin and cosec are positive whereas
others are negative. (sin
If the terminal ray lies in III Quadrant, only tan and cot are positive whereas
others are negative. (tan
And if the terminal ray lies in IV Quadrant, only cos and sec are positive &
others are negative. (cos
This rule is called the ASTC Rule. This can be easily remembered by the following
statements.
All Students Take Coffee or All Silver Tea Cups

375
14.3 Allied Angles:
n
If is any angle, which take angles of the form ,
2
where n is any integer are called allied angles.
H ence - , (90 + , (180 + , (270 + , (360+ etc. are all called allied angles.

a) Trigonometric functions of (-) or

(360-) :
Let P(x, y) be any point on the terminal ray
of the angle (-) .Construct the angle in I
Quadrant. Choose the point Q on the
terminal ray of such that OQ = OP.
Then from the figure we have : OPM is
congruent to OQM. OP = OQ = r , and
MP = - MQ
MP MQ
sin (- ) = OP OQ sin

OM OM
cos (- ) = = = cos
OP OQ
MP MQ
tan (- ) = tan
OM OM
Similarly cot (-) = - cot , Sec(-) = sec , and cosec(-) = - cosec .
b) Trigonometric functions of (90 - ) :
Let P (x, y) be any point on the terminal ray
OP. Let OPM = POM = 90 - .
PM
Sin(90 - ) = cos
OP
OM
Cos (90-) = sin
OP
PM
Tan (90 - ) = cot
OM
Similarly cosec (90-) = sec , sec (90 - ) = cosec , cot (90-) = tan.
376
c) Trigonometric functions of (90 + ) :
From the figure OP = OQ, PM = ON,
OM = QN .
PM QN
sin (90 + ) = OP OQ cos

OM QN
cos (90 + ) = = = - sin
OP OQ

PM ON
tan (90 + ) = = = - cot
OM QN
Similarly cosec (90 + ) = sec , sec (90+) = -cosec , cot (90+)=- tan

d) Trigonometric functions of (180 - ) :

(180 - ) lies in II Quadrant where sin and cosec are positive others are
negative.
As done above, we can prove :
sin ( 180 - ) = sin , cos ( 180 - ) = - cos , tan ( 180 - ) = - tan
cot ( 180 - ) = - cot , sec ( 180 - ) = - sec
e) Trigonometric functions of (180 + ):
(180 + ) lies in III Quadrant where tan and cot are positive and others
are negative.
As done above, we can prove :
Sin ( 180 + ) = - sin cosec ( 180 + ) = - cosec
Cos ( 180 + ) = - cos sec ( 180 + ) = - sec
Tan ( 180 + ) = tan cot ( 180 + ) = cot
f) Trigonometric functions of (270 - ) :
As (270-) lies in III Quadrant, both tan and cot are positive others are
negative.
As done above, we can prove :
Sin (270 - ) = - cos cos (270 - ) = - sin tan (270 - ) = cot
cosec (270 - ) = - sec sec (270 - ) = - cosec cot (270 - ) = tan

377
g) Trigonometric ratios of ( 270 + ) :
( 270 + ) lies in IV Quadrant where both cos and sec are positive and
others are negative.
As done above, we can prove :
sin (270+ ) = - cos cos (270 + ) = sin tan (270 + ) = - cot
cosec (270 + ) = - sec sec (270 + ) = cosec cot (270 + ) = - tan
h) Trigonometric ratios of (360 + ) :
As ( 360 + ) lies in I Quadrant , where all ratios are positive.
Sin (360 + ) = sin cosec (360 + ) = cosec
Cos (360 + ) = cos sec (360 + ) = sec
Tan (360 + ) = tan cot (360 + ) = cot
Note: The trigonometric ratios of allied angles can be remembered by the following
procedure.
1) The trigonometric ratios of angles (90 + and (270 + changes from
sin cos cos sin
tan cot cosec sec ,
sec cosec cot tan
2) Whereas the trigonometric ratios of angles 180 + , 360 + remains
same.
3) In both 1) & 2) the sign changes according to ASTC rule or Quadrant
rule.

WORKED EXAMPLES:
I. Find the values of the following:
1
1. cos 120o = cos (180 60) = - cos 60 =
2
1
2. sin 150o = sin (90 + 60) = cos 60o =
2
3. tan 225o = tan (180 + 45o) = tan 45o = 1

378
4. sin 960o = sin (2 x 360 + 240) = sin 240o = sin (180 + 60o) = - sin 60 =
3
-
2
5. cos (-870o) = cos 870 = cos (2 x 360+1500) = cos 150o = cos (180-30)
3
= - cos 30 = -
2

3
6. sin (-780o) = -sin 780 = - sin (2 x 360 + 60) = - sin 600 = -
2
7 sec (-1585o )= sec 1575o = sec(4 x 360o+135o ) = sec 135o
= sec (90 + 45o) = Cosec 45o = - 2
8. cosec 1305o = cosec ( 3 x 360 + 225 ) = cosec 225
= cosec (180+45) = - cosec 45 = - 2
9. cot 8400 = cot (2 x 360 + 120) = cot (1200) = cot (180-60o) = - cot 60o
1
=-
3
10. tan (-660o) = - tan (660o) = - tan (360 + 300o) = - tan 300

= - tan (360-60) = tan 60 = 3

15 1
11. sin sin 2 2 sin
4 4 4 2

7
12. sec sec 2 sec 2
3 3 3

11 3
3
13. cosec 4 cos ec 2 4 cos ec 4 cos ec cos ec 2
4 4

16 4 4
14. tan tan 4 tan tan tan 3
3 3 3 3 3

379
II. Prove the following:
1. cos (A 1800) == -cos A
L.H.S. = cos (- (180-A))
= + cos (180-A) = - cos A
2. tan A + tan (180 A) + cot(90 + A) = - tan A
L.H.S. = tan A + tan (180 A) + cot(90 + A)
= tan A tan A - tanA = - tan A = R.H.S.

sin 180 A . cot 90 A . cos 360 - A

3. P.T = sin A
tan 180 A) . tan 90 A) . sin - A

sin 180 A . cot 90 A . cos 360 - A

L.H.S. =
tan 180 A . tan 90 A . sin - A

sin A. tan A.cos A cos A

sin A R.H .S.
= tan A.( cot A)( sin A) cos A
sin A

sin 90 . cos 180 - . cot 270

4. =1
sin 90 - . sin 270 - . cot 90

sin 90 . cos 180 - . cot 270

L.H.S. =
sin 90 - . sin 270 - . cot 90

cos ( cos )( tan )

= cos ( cos )( tan ) = 1 = R.H.S.

III.
cos(360 A). sec( A) tan(180 A)
1. Simplify sec(360 A). sin(180 A). cot(90 A)

(cos A)(sec A).( tan A)

= (sec . A).( sin A)(tan A) = tan A

380
 sin 150 0 5 cos 300 7 tan 2250
2.
tan 135 o 3. sin 210
sin(180 30 0 ) 5 cos(360 60 o ) 7 tan(180 o 45o )
=
tan(180 45o ) 3 sin(180 o 30 o )
sin 30 o 5 cos 60 o 7 tan 45o
=
tan 45o 3 sin 30 o
1 1
5 7 .1
2 2 5
2
= 1 5
1 3.
2 2

cos120 o sin 135 o sin(180 45 o ) cos(180 60)

3.
sin 135 o cos120 o sin(180 45 o ) cos(180 60)

1 1

sin 45 cos 60 2 2 2
2
= sin 45 cos 60 1 1 2 2

2 2

x.sin 2 300.sec 2 240

4. Find x if = cot2 315o. tan2 300
cos 2 225. cos ec 2 240
3
sin 300 = sin (360 60) = - sin 60 =
2
sec 240 = sec (180 + 60) = - sec 60 = - 2
o

1
cos 225 = cos (180 + 45o) = - cos 45o = -
2
2
cosec 240 = cosec (180 + 60o ) = - cosec 60 = -
3
cot 315o = cot (360 45o) = - cot 45o = -1
tan 300 = tan (360 60o) = - tan 60o = - 3

381
 The given equation becomes :
3
x. .4
4
1 4 =1.3
.
2 3
6 2
x
9 3
3
5. If sin = and lies in IV Quadrant.
5
3 tan 4 cos 109
Then P.T.
4 tan 3 cos 12
3 4
Since is in the IV Quadrant : tan = - cos = .
4 5
3 4
3. 4.
4 5 0
L.H.S. = 3 4
4. 3.
4 5
9 16

4 5 109
= 12 = R.H.S.
3 12
5

IV. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle then P.T.

A B C
1) sin (A + B) = sin C 2) cos sin 3) cos (B + C) = cos A
2 2

c B A
4) tan = cot
2 2
Solution: In any triangle ABC, A + B + C = 180o
Therefore, A + B = 180 C
i) sin (A + B) = sin (180 C) = sin C = R.H.S.
A B C
ii) 90
2 2
A B c C
cos cos(90 ) sin
2 2 2
382
 iii) B + C = 180-A
cos (B + C) = cos (180 A) = - cos A
C B A
iv) 90
2 2
c B A B A
tan tan (90 ) cot
2 2 2

EXERCISE : 14.2
I. Find the values of the following :
1) cos 4800, 2) cos 11250 3) sin 8550 4) sin 840
11 11
5) tan ( - 855o) 6) cos (-7800). 7) sec 8) tan
6 4
7 13
9) cosec 10) cot
4 4
II. Prove the following :
1. cos (189o) + cos 90 = 0
2. cos (287o) sin (170)= 0
3. tan (2250) . cot (4050) + tan(7650). cot (6750) = 0
4. cos (5700) . sin (5100) sin (3300) . cos (3900) = 0
5. sin (480o) . cos (6900) + cos (7800) .sin (10500) =

III. Simplify the following :

1. cos A + sin (270 + A) sin (270 A) + cos (180 + A)
3 3
2. sec A sec A tan A . tan A
2 2 2 2
tan(180 A).sec(180 A).cos ec(90 A)
3.
sec(360 A). cot(90 A)
cos(270 A). tan(90 A).sin(180 A)
4.
sin(270 A).cos(180 A).sin(360 A)

383
 cos ec.(180 ).sin(360 ). tan(360 )
5.
sin(90 ).cos(180 ). tan( )

IV.
11
1. If sin = & 90 < < 1800 . Find the values of cos , tan , sec .
61
5 4 sin 7 cos
2. If cosec = and 90 < < 180 . S.T.. = 40
3 3 sin 2 cos

12 3 sin A 2 cos A
3. If tan A = and 270 < A < 3600 . Find the value of 9 cos A 4 sin A
13
8 3 tan cos
4. If sin = & . Find the value of
17 2 sec cos ec
5. Find the values of such that ( 0 < < 360) :
1 3
a) sin b) cos =
2 2
1
c) cot = = d) 2 sin = 3 tan
3

ANSWERS : 14.2
1 1 1 3 1
I 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)1 6)
2 2 2 2 2
2
7) 8) -1 9) 2 10) 1
3
III. 1) 0 2) -1 3) Sec A 4) sec A 5) sec2

60 11 61 46 7
IV. 1) , , 2) 40 3) 4)
61 60 60 3 17
5) a) 450, 1350 b) 1500, 2100 c) 1200 3000 d) 0, 1800, 300, 3300

384
 UNIT - IV
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
CHAPTER NAME OF THE CHAPTER TEACHING
HOURS

15 CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
IN A PLANE THEORY 05

16 LOCUS AND ITS EQUATIONS 03

17 STRAIGHT LINE 10

TOTAL 18 Hours
 CHAPTER 15

CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM IN A PLANE

15.1 INTRODUCTION:
Analytical Geometry or Co-ordinate geometry is the branch of Mathematics
which deals with the study of geometry through algebra. It was Rene
Descartes (1596-1650) a famous French Mathematician, who introduced
algebraic methods to solve geometrical problems. The entire subject is a
progressive development of the basic idea of a point. Descartes established
a relationship between the basic geometric concept of Point with basic
algebraic entity Number. This relationship is called as system of co-ordinates.
The plane in which the points are represented by an ordered pair (x,y) of real
numbers uniquely and conversely is called the Cartesian Plane.
Axes of reference: Every ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers x and y can be
represented by a point in a plane with reference to two fixed lines called
reference axes which may be mutually perpendicular or may be not
perpendicular. If the two lines are perpendicular then the axes are called
Rectangular, otherwise they are called Oblique.

15.2 RECTANGULAR CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM

Draw two straight lines XOB and YOY intersecting each other at right angles
and let O be their point of intersection. Now XOB is called the x-axis (axis
of x) and YOY is called the y-axis (axis of y). O is called the origin.
The two mutually perpendicular lines taken
together are called as rectangular axes or co-
ordinate axes or the axes of co-ordinates.
Let P be any point in the plane. Through P
draw PM parallel to the y axis cutting the x
axis at M and draw PN parallel to the x
axis cutting the y axis at N as shown in
the figure.

387
 Then OM is called the x co-ordinate or abscissa of the point P denoted by
x and MP is called the the y co-ordinate or ordinate of the point P
denoted by y. Then the point P is completely determined by the ordered
pair (x,y) of real numbers.
This ordered pair (x,y) is the co-ordinates of P and this is written as P (x,y).
The above system of co-ordinating an ordered pair (x,y) with every point in a
plane is called the Rectangular Cartesian Co ordinate system .
Note:
The co-ordinates of origin is taken as O(0,0)
Any point on x axis can be taken as (x,0) since for any point on the x
axis, the y co-ordinate is zero.
Any point on y axis can be taken as (0,y) since for any point on the y
axis, the x co-ordinate is zero
The abscissa of any point is numerically equal to the distance of the
point from the y axis and the ordinate of any point is numerically equal
to the distance of the point from the x axis.
Quadrants:
Two mutually perpendicular lines XOX and
YOY divide the plane into four parts called
as the Quadrants. The region XOY is called
the first Quadrant, the region YOX is
called the second quadrant, the region
XOY is called the third quadrant and the
region YOX is called the fourth quadrant.
According to our convention of signs of measurement of distances along the
X and Y axes the following table gives the sign of x and y co-ordinates of
the points in different quadrants.

Quadrant x co-ordinate y co-ordinate

First + +
Second - +
Third - -
Fourth + -

388
WORKED EXAMPLES
1. Mark the points (2,3), (-3,2) and (-3,-2) in a rectangular co ordinate
system
Solution :

Reflection / Image of a point with respect to the x axis and y axis

To find the image of a point A(1,2) in x axis , produce AM to A such that MA
=2 units. We arrive at the point A(1,-2) which is the image of A in the x axis.
Similarly to find the image of A(1,2) in y axis, produce AN to B such that NB=1
unit. Then B(-1,2) is the reflection or the image of the point A in the y axis

389
Note: When a point is reflected in the x axis, the sign of its ordinate changes.
For eg, the image of the point A(1,2) in the x axis is A(1,-2).Thus the image of
the point S(x,y) in x axis is S(x,-y).When a point is reflected in the y axis the
sign of its abscissa changes. For example, the image of the point B(2,3) in the y
axis is given by B(-2,3)Thus the Image of the point A (x,y) in y axis is A(-x,y) .
Reflection of a point in the origin
When a point P(x,y) is reflected in the origin the signs of its abscissa and ordinate
both changes. Thus the reflection or the image of the point P(2,3) in the origin is
given by P(-2,-3)
WORKED EXAMPLES
Find the co ordinates of the images of the point (4,5), (-7,8), (-5,-5), (4,-8) with
respect to x axis , y axis and origin
Solution:

Point Reflection in Reflection in Reflection in the

P x axis y axis origin
( 4, 5) ( 4,-5) (-4, 5) (-4,-5)
(-7, 8) (-7,-8) ( 7, 8) ( 7,-8)
(-5,-5) (-5, 5) ( 5,-5) ( 5, 5)
( 4,-8) ( 4, 8) (-4,-8) (-4, 8)

EXERCISE : 15.1
1. Plot the points A(2,3), B(3,-4), C(0,5) and D(-1,4) on the co-ordinate plane.
2. Find in which quadrants do the following lie?
a. (9,8) b. (3,-2) c. (-4,-5)
3. What are the distances of the following points from co-ordinate axes.
a. (3,4) b. (8,-7) c. (-6,-6)
4. Find the co-ordinates of the reflection of the points
a. (2,4) b. (-3,5) with respect to x axis, y axis and the origin.

390
 ANSWERS : 15.1
2. a) First b) Fourth c) Third
3. a) distance of (3,4) from x and y axes are 4 and 3 respectively
b) distance of (8,-7) from x and y axes are 7 and 8 respectively
c) distance of (-6,-6) from x and y axes are 6 and 6 respectively

Point P Reflection in Reflection in Reflection in the

x axis y axis origin
4. ( 2, 4) ( 2,-4) (-2, 4) (-2,-4)
(-3, 5) (-3,-5) ( 3, 5) ( 3,-5)

15.3 DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS (DISTANCE FORMULA)

The distance between any two points in the plane is
the length of the line segment joining them. The
distance between two points P(x1,y1) and Q(x2,y2) is
given by

|PQ| = ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y2 y1 )2 ( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2

Hence the distance PQ is given by

(difference of x coordinates) 2 (difference of y coordinates) 2

Note:
The distance of the point P(x,y) from the origin O(0,0) is given by
( x 0) 2 ( y 0) 2 x2 y 2

When the line PQ is parallel to the y axis , the x co ordinates or the abscissa
of the points P and Q will be equal and so the distance PQ is given by
(y2-y1) or (y1-y2) and it is taken to be positive always.
When the line PQ is parallel to the x axis, the y co ordinates of the points P
and Q will be equal and so the distance PQ is given by (x2-x1) or (x1-x2) and
taken to be positive always.

391
Application of distance formula in geometrical problems
1. If A, B and C are any three given points in the plane, we have the following
results
a. If the sum of the distances between two line segment is equal to the
length of the 3rd line segment, then the three points are said to be
collinear
b. If any two sides of a triangle are equal then the three points form the
vertices of an isosceles triangle
c. If all the three sides are equal then the three points form the vertices of
an equilateral triangle
d. If the sum of the squares of lengths of any two sides of the triangle is
equal to the square of the third side length (Pythagoras theorem) then
the points form a right angled triangle.
2. If A,B,C and D are four points ,no three of which are collinear , the type of
quadrilateral formed by these points is determined by using the distance
formula based on the properties:
i) Square, prove that the four sides are equal and the diagonals are
equal
ii) Rhombus prove that the four sides are equal and the diagonals are
not equal
iii) Rectangle prove that opposite sides are equal and the diagonals are
also equal
iv) Parallelogram prove that opposite sides are equal and the diagonals
are not equal
WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1 Find the distance between the points A (5,8) and B (9,9)

Solution : distance AB = ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y2 y1 ) 2 (9 5) 2 (9 8) 2

= 16 1 17 units

392
Example 2 Show that the points A(7,9),B(3,-7), C(-3,3) are the vertices of
the right angled isosceles triangle
Solution: AB2 = (73)2 + (9+7)2 = 272
BC2 = (33)2 + (3+7)2 = 136
AC2 = (73)2 + (93)2 = 136
Clearly AB2 = AC2 + BC2, Thus ABC is a right angled triangle .Also BC2= AC2
which implies that BC=AC and so ABC is an isosceles triangle. Hence the given
three points form an right angled isosceles triangle.

Example 3 If the distance between the points (3,-2) and (-1,a) is 5 units , find
the values of a
Solution : Let A be (3,-2) and B be (-1,a). Given AB =5
AB= (1 3) 2 (a 2) 2 5
Squaring on both sides we get (1 3) 2 ( a 2) 2 25
Thus (a 2) 2 =9 (a+2) = 3 then a=1 or a = -5

Example 4 Give the relation that must exist between x and y so that (x,y) is
equidistant from (6,-1) and (2,3)
Solution : Let P the point (x,y) and A be (6,-1) and B be (2,3) .
Given that PA= PB
i.e PA2 =PB2
i.e ( x 6)2 ( y 1)2 ( x 2)2 ( y 3)2
On expanding we get, x2-12x+36 +y2+2y +1=x2-4x+4 +y2-6y +9
i.e 8x-8y=24 or x-y=3
Example 5 What point on the x axis is equidistant from (7,6) and (-3,4)?
Solution : Let P (x,0) be the point on the x axis.
Given PA =PB wher A is (7,6) and B(-3,4)
i.e PA2 =PB2
(x7)2 + 36 = (x+3)2 + 16,
x2-14x+49 +36 = x2+6x+ 9 +16
-20x = -60
x=3
therefore the required point is (3,0)
393
Example 6 Show that the points (-2 -1), (1, 0), (4, 3) and (1, 2) are the
vertices of a parallelogram.
Solution : Let A = (-2 -1), B = (1, 0), C (4, 3) and D = (1, 2)
Clearly AB = (1 2) 2 (0 1) 2 9 1 10

BC = (4 1) 2 (3 0) 2 9 9 18

CD = (1 4) 2 (2 3) 2 9 1 10

DA = (1 2) 2 (2 3) 2 9 9 18
We have AB = CD and BC = DA i.e. opposite sides are equal
AC = ( 4 2) 2 (3 1) 2 36 16 52

BD = (1 1) 2 (2 0) 2 04 2
Also the diagonals AC and BD are not equal and so ABCD is a parallelogram.

Example 7 Show that the points (2, -2), (8, 4), (5, 7) and (-1, 1) are the vertices
of a rectangle .
Solution: Let A (2, -2) B = (8, 4), C = (5, 7) and D = (-1, 1)
Consider AB = (8 2) 2 (4 2) 2 36 36 72

BC = (5 8) 2 (7 4) 2 9 9) 18

CD = ( 1 5) 2 (1 7) 2 36 36 72

DA = (1 2) 2 (1 2) 2 9 9 18
Thus AB = CD and BC = DA. That is opposite sides are equal.
AC = (5 2) 2 (7 2) 2 9 81 90

BD = (8 1) 2 ( 4 1) 2 81 9 90
Clearly the diagonals are equal. Therefore ABCD is a rectangle.

394
Example 8 Show that the points (2, -1), (3, 4), (-2, 3) and (-3, -2) form a
rhombus
Solution : Let A (2, -1), B (3, 4), C = (-2, 3) and D = (-3, -2)
Consider AB = (3 2) 2 ( 4 1) 2 1 25 26

BC = (2 3) 2 (3 4) 2 25 1 26

CD = (3 2) 2 (2 3) 2 1 25 26

DA = (3 2) 2 (2 3) 2 1 25 26
The AB = BC = CD = AD. That is all the sides are equal to show that ABCD is a
rhombus, also we have to show that the diagonals are not equal.
Consider AC = ( 2,2 2 (3 1) 2 16 16 32

BD = (3 3) 2 (2 4) 2 36 36 12
Thus AC BD ABCD is a rhombus

Example 9 Find the co ordinates of the circumcentre of the triangle so formed

by the points (1,1), (2,-1) and (3,2)
Solution: Let A = (1, 1), B = (2, -1), C = (3, 2)
Let S(x,y) be the circumcentre of the triangle ABC.
Then SA= SB = SC.
SA2 = SB2 = SC2
Consider SA2 = SB2
i.e. ( x 1) 2 ( y 1)2 ( x 2) 2 ( y 1)2
i.e. x2 - 2x +1 + y2 - 2y +1 = x2 - 4x + 4 + y2 + 2y +1
2x 4y = 3 (1)
Again consider SA2 = SC2
(x 1)2 + (y 1)2 = (x 3)2 + (y 2)2
x2 2x + 1 + y2 2y + 1 = x2 6x + 9 + y2 - 4y + 4
4x + 2y = 11 (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get x = 5/2 and y = 1/2
5 1
Thus the circumcentre is given by ,
2 2
395
Example 10 Show that the points (1, -1), (5, 2) and (9, 5) are collinear.
Solution : We know that the three points A, B and C taken in this order are
collinear if and only if AB + BC = AC
Let A = (1, -1), B = (5, 2) C = (9, 5)
Consider
AB = (5 1) 2 (2 1) 2 16 9 5

BC = (9 5) 2 (5 2) 2 16 9 5

AC = (9 1) 2 (5 1) 2 64 36 10
Clearly AB + BC = AC
The points, A, B and C are collinear

Example 11 Show that the points (1, -1), (-1, 1) and ( 3, 3 ) are the
vertices of an equilateral triangle.
Solution: Let A = (1, -1), B = (-1, 1) C = ( 3, 3 )

Consider AB = ( 1 1) 2 (1 1) 2 4 4 8

BC = ( 3 1) 2 ( 3 1) 2 4 2 3 4 2 3 8

AC = ( 3 1) 2 ( 3 1) 2 4 2 3 4 2 3 8
Thus AB = AC = CA. Hence the points A, B and C are the vertices of an
equilateral triangle.

EXERCISE : 15.2
I. 1. Find the distance between the following pair of points
a) (3, 2) and (7, 5) b) (5, 4) and (0, 0)
c) (4, 5) and (-3, 2) d) (-3, -6) and (-14, -8)
2. Find the value of k if the distance between (2k, 5) and (-k, -4) is 90
3. Fi nd the value of x such that |PQ| = |QR| where P, Q and R are (6, -1),
(1, 3) and (x, 8) respectively.

396
 4. Find a point on the y axis which is equidistant from (7, 6) and (-3, 4)?
5. Find a point on the x axis which is equidistant from (-6, 4) and (2, -4)?
6. Find the distance of the following points from the origin.
a) (4, -2), b) (-3, 1) c) (a + b, a b)
7. Find the distance of the following points from the x axis
3
a) (-4, 11) b) ,4 c) (5, 6)
4
8. Find the distance of the following points from the y axis
a) (8, 6) b) (-4, 9) c) (0, 5)
9 Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle whose vertices are
A(2, -2), B(-1, 2) and C(3, 5)

II. 1. Find the abscissae of points whose ordinate is 4 and which are at a
distance of 5 units from (7, 8)?
2. Find a point in the II quadrant which is at a distance of 2 units from the
x axis and 5 units from the y axis.
3. Prove that (4, 3) is the centre of the circle which passes through the
points (1, 7), (7, -1) and (8, -6)
4. Find the perimeter of the triangle formed by the points (3, -1), (5, 2)
and (-1, 2)
5. Prove that the following points are collinear.
a) (3, -2), (5, 2) and (8, 8)
b) (4, 2), (7, 5) and (9, 7)
c) (4, -2), (2, -4) and (7, 1)
6. Find a relation between x and y if (x, y) is equidistant from (6, -1) and
(2, 3)
7. If the distance of the point (x, y) from the points (1, 2) and (-3, 0) are
equal shown that 2x + y + 1 = 0.

397
III. 1. Show that the following points are the vertices of the right
angled triangle.
a) (10, 4), (-4, 6) and (2, -2)
b) (4, 4), (3, 5) and (-1, -1)
c) (- 9, -16), (2, 6), (-6, 10)
2. Show that each of the triangles whose vertices given below are
isosceles.
a) (8, 2), (5, -3), (0, 0)
b) (0, 6), (-5, 3), (3, 1)
c) (4, 2) (3, 1), (2, 3)
3. Show that the following points form the vertices of an equilateral
triangle. Also find the area
a) (2, 4), (2, 6) (2 3,5)
b) (0, 0) (3, 3 ), (3, 3)

4. Show that the following points are the vertices of a square and hence
find the areas.
a) (1, 1), (4, 1), (4, 4) and (1, 4)
b) (10, -9) (4, -5) (14, -3) and (8, 1)
c) (3, 2), (0, 5), (-3, 2) and (0, -1)
5. Prove that the following sets of points form a rhombus. Also find the
area.
a) (-3, 6), (-2, 11), (3, 12) and (2, 7)
b) (2, -1), (3, 4), (-2, 3) and (-3, -2)
6. Show that the following points are the vertices of a rectangle.
a) (8, 4), (4, 7), (-1, 1) and (2, -2)
b) (3, -2), (3, 1), (5, 1) and (5, -2)
c) (1, 6) , (-1, -2), (4, 1) and (-4, 3)
7. Show that the following points form a parallelogram.
a) (-3, 1), (-6, -7), (3, -9) and (6, -1)
b) (2, 4), (4, -2), (10, 6) and (8, 12)
c) (3, 2), (6, 6), (7, 3) and (4, -1)
d) (0, 1), (-3, 7), (6, -9) and (9, -1)

398
 8. Find a point which is equidistant from the points (1, 2), (5, -6) and (3,
4)
9. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are
(1, 2), (2, 1) and (2, 3). Also find the circumradius.
10. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are
(4, 4), (-3, 3) and (6, 0)
11. Find the centre of the circle passing through the points (0, 0), (-3, 3)
and (5,4)

ANSWERS : 15.2

I. 1) a) 5 b) 41 c) 58 d) 125
2) K= +1 3) x = 5, -3 4) (0, 15) 5) (-2, 0)
6) a) 2 5 b) 10 c) 2 ab
7) a) 11 b) 4 c) 6
8) a) 8 b) 4 c) 0
9) 5, 5, 5 2

II. 1. 10, 4
2. (-5, 2)
4. 5 + 13
5 xy=3

III. 8. (11, 2)
9. (2, 2), radius = 1 unit
10. (1, 0)

17 71
11. ,
18 18

399
15.4 SECTION FORMULA
In this section we shall note a formula to find the co-ordinates of the point
which divides the line joining the two points in the given ratio internally or
externally. Let AB be a straight line. If P is a point on the straight line AB,
then AP/PB is called the position ratio of P on AB. If P lies between A and
B then P is said to divide AB internally in the given ratio. In this case as
both AP and PB are measured in the same direction , they are of the same
sign and hence the ratio AP:PB is positive. On the other hand, if P lies on
AB produced as shown in the figure, then the division is said to be external
and here AP and PB are measured in the opposite directions and so they are
of different signs and hence the ratio AP:PB is negative.

1. To find the co-ordinates of the point P(x,y) which divides the line joining the
points A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) internally in the ratio m:n
The co-ordinates of P is given by

mx 2 nx1 my 2 ny 1
P(x,y) = ,
m n mn

Remarks:
1. If a point P(x,y) divides the line joining the points A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2)
internally in the ratio k:1 then the
The co-ordinates of P is given by

kx 2 x1 ky 2 y1
P(x,y) = ,
k 1 k 1

400
2. To find the co-ordinates of the point P(x,y) which divides the line joining the
points A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) externally in the ratio m:n
The co-ordinates of P is given by
mx2 nx1 my2 ny1
P(x,y) = ,
mn mn

15.5 MID POINT FORMULA

The co-ordinates of the mid point M of the line joining the points A(x1,y1)
and B(x2,y2) is obtained by putting m=1 and n=1 in the section formula since
M divides AB in the ratio 1:1.and so the co ordinates of M is given by

x1 x 2 y1 y 2
M(x,y) = ,
2 2

CENTROID FORMULA
Let G be the centroid of the triangle ABC. G is the point of intersection of the
medians of the triangle; The centroid G divides the median AD (D is the mid
point of BC) in the ratio 2:1 internally. i.e AG:GD =2:1
The co ordinates of the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are given by A(x1,y1),
B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) is given by

x1 x 2 x3 y1 y 2 y 3
G= ,
3 3

WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1 Find the co-ordinates of the point P which divides the line joining
the points.
a) (1, -3) and (-3, 9) internally in the ratio 1: 3
b) (3, 5) and (2, 4) internally in the ratio 1:6
c) (3, -5) and (2, 4) internally in the ratio 3:2
d) (-1, 8) and (-2, 4) externally in the ratio 3:5
e) (3, 5) and (2, 4) externally in the ratio 4:3
401
Solution :
a) Let A (1, -3) and B (-3, 9)
mx 2 nx1 my 2 ny1
P= ,
mn mn

1( 3) 3(1) 1(9) 3(3)

= , = (0, 0)
1 3 1 3

b) Let A = (3, 5) and B = (2, 4)

1( 2) 6(3) 1(4) 6(5) 20 34
P= , ,
1 6 1 6 7 7

c) Let A (3, -5) and B (2, 4)

mx 2 nx1 my 2 ny 1
P= ,
mn mn

3( 2) 2(3) 3( 4) 2( 5)
= ,
32 32

12 2
= ,
5 5

d) Let A = (-1, 8) and B = (- 2, 4)

3( 2) 5( 1) 3( 4) 5(8)
P = ,
35 35

6 5 12 40 1
= , ,14
2 2 2

e) Let A = (3, 5) and B = (2, 4)

4 ( 2) 3(3) 4 ( 4) 3(5)
P= , = (-1, 1)
4 3 43

402
Example 2 Find the points of trisection of the line joining (3, 4) and (5, -2)
Solution : Let A (3, 4) and B (5, -2). Let P and Q be the points of
trisection of AB. Then P divides AB internally in the ratio 1:2
and Q is the mid point of PB.

A P Q B

1( 5) 2(3) 1( 2 ) 2 (4 ) 11
P= , ,2
1 2 1 2 3
11
5
3 2 ( 2 ) 13
, , 0
Q= 2 2 3

Example 3 Find the ratio in which the line joining the points (3, 5) and (-7,
9) is divided by the point
Solution Let A (x1, y1) = (3, 5) and B = (x2, y2) = (-7, 9) and P (x, y) =
1
,6
2

The ratio m:n on which P divides AB is given by

x x1 m y y1 m
or
x2 x n y2 y n

1
3
2 m 6 5 6 5
1 = or =
7 n 96 96
2
1 m 1 m
= or =
3 n 3 n
The ratio is m:n = 1:3
P divides AB in the ratio 1:3 internally.

403
Alternate Method:
Let P divide AB in the ratio r : 1
Then

7r 3 9r 5
P= ,
r 1 r 1

1
But P = 2 , 6

1 7r 3 9r 5
, 6 = ,
2 r 1 r 1

7r 3 1 9r 5
: = 6
r 1 2 r 1
15r = 5 : 3r = 1
r = 1/3 : r = 1/3
The required ratio is r: 1 = 1/3: 1 = 1:3

Example 4 Find the ratio in which the co-ordinate axes, divide the line joining
the points (2, 5) and (1, 9). Find also the co-ordinates of the points
of division.
Solution : The co-ordinate of the point dividing the join of A (2, 5) and B
K 2 9K 5
(1, 9) in the ratio K : 1 are , (1)
K 1 K 1
i) If this point lies on x axis then its y co-ordinate is zero
9K 5
i.e. = 0
K 1

5
K=
9
x axis divides AB externally in the ratio 5:9

404
 5
Substituting K = in (1) the co-ordinates of the point
9
5
2
K 2 9K 5 9 , 0
of division is , = 5
K 1 K 1 1
9
13
= , 0
4
ii) I f the poi nt l i es on y ax i s then i ts absci ssa ( x coordinate) = 0
K 2
i.e. = 0
K 1
K = -2
y axis divides AB externally in the ratio 2:1
Coordinates of the point of division (K = -2)
K 2 9 K 5 9 ( 2) 5
= , 0, 0,13
K 1 K 1 21

Example 5 One end of a diameter of a circle is (1, 3) and its centre is (4, -2).
Find the coordinates of the other end of this diameter.
Solution : Let the co-ordinates of the other end be B (x, y) Mid point of AB
is the centre C (4, -2)
x 1 y3
4 and 2
2 2
x= 7 and y = -7
The other end B (7, -7)
Aliter:
B divides AC in the ratio 2:1 externally
2 ( 4) 1(1) 2( 2 ) 1( 3)
B = ,
2 1 2 1
= (7, -7)

405
Example 6 Three corners of a parallelogram ABCD taken in order are A (-1,
-6), B(2, -5) and C(7, 2) Find the fourth vertex.
Solution : Let the fourth vertex be D (x, y)
Since ABCD is a parallelogram, the midpoint of the diagonal BD
= midpoint of the diagonal AC.
2 x 5 y 17 6 2
, ,
2 2 2 2
2 + x = -1 + 7 and -5 + y = - 6 + 2
x = 4 and y = 1
The fourth vertex is (4, 1)

Example 7 Find the co-ordinates of the centroid of the triangle whose vertices
are (2, 3), (-5, 2) and (1, 7)
Solution : Let A (2, 3), B (-5, 2) , C (1, 7) be the vertices of the triangle
The centroid G is given by
x 1 x 2 x 3 y1 y 2 y3 2 5 1 3 2 7
G = , ,
3 3 3 3

2
= ,4
3

Example 8 Find the third vertex of a triangle if two of its vertices are at (-2,
4) and (7, -3) and the centroid at (3, -2)
Solution : Given A = (- 2, 4) B = (7, -3), G = (3, -2) we have
x1 x 2 x 3 2 7 x3
x 3
4 3
x3 = 4
y1 y 2 y3 4 3 y3
y= -2 =
3 3
-6 = 1 + y3
y3 = -7
Third vertex (x3, y3) = (4, -7)

406
Example 9 Find the co-ordinates of the vertices of the triangle given the mid
points of the sides as (4, -1), (7, 9), (4, 11)
Solution : Let A, B and C be the vertices of the triangle and D, E and F be
the mid points of the sides BC, CA and AB respectively.
Let A = (x1, y1) B = (x2, y2) and C = (x3, y3)

Now D = midpoint of BC

x 2 x3 y 2 y 3 x 2 x 3 8.........(1)
= (4, -1) = 2 , 2
y 2 y 3 2........( 2)

E = mid point of CA
x 3 x1 y 3 y1 x3 x1 14.......(3)
(7, 9) = ,
2 2 y3 y1 18.......( 4)
F = mid point of AB
x1 x2 y1 y 2 x1 x2 8.........( 5)
(4, 11) = ,
2 2 y1 y 2 22......( 6)
Solving (1), (3), (5) we get x1, x2 and x3
Consider (1) + (3) + (5) we get
2 (x1 + x2 + x3) = 30
(x1 + x2 + x3) = 15
x1+ x2 = 8 and x1 + x2 + x3 = 15 x3 = 7
x2 + x3 = 8 and x1 + x2 + x3 = 15 x1 = 7
x3 + x1 = 14 and x1 + x2 + x3 = 15 x2 = 1
407
 Consider (2) + (4) + (6) we get
2 (y1 + y2 + y3) = 38
(y1 + y2 + y3) = 19
Now y2 + y3 = -2 and (y1 + y2 + y3) = 19 y1 = 21
y3 + y1 = 18 and (y1 + y2 + y3) = 19 y2 = 1
y1 + y2 = 22 and (y1 + y2 + y3) = 19 y3 = -3
Thus A = (7, 21) B = (1, 1) and C (7, -3)

EXERCISE : 15.3
1. Find the co-ordinates of the point which divides the line joining the following
pair of points , in the given ratio
a. (3,2) and (1,4) in the ratio 5:6 internally
b. (2,4) and (-3,10) in the ratio 1:4 internally
c. (-1,2) and (5,-7) in the ratio 3:4 internally
d. (0,4) and (-3,7) in the ratio 5:4 externally
e. (3,5) and (-2,7) in the ratio 2:3 externally
f. (1,3) and (2,7) in the ratio 3:4 externally

2. The line joining the points (1,-2) and (-3,4) is trisected. Find the coordinates
of the point of trisection
3. Find the coordinates of the point of trisection of the line joining (5,-6) and
(-3,4)
4. Find the coordinates of the point of trisection of the line joining (15,-
18) and (-9,12)
5. Find the coordinates of the centre of the circle having (-3,4) and (5,8) as
ends of the diameter.
6. Find the other end of the diameter of the circle whose centre is the origin
and one end of the diameter is (-3,6).
7. (-3,4) is a point on a circle whose centre is the origin. Find the coordinates of
the extremity of the diameter through (-3,4). Also find the radius of the circle.

408
8. Find the mid point of the line segment joining the points
a. (1,3) ,(5,7)
b. (-2,6),(3,-1)
c. (1/2,3/2),(2,5)
9. Find the centroid of the triangle with vertices
a. (7,-3),(4,6),(-11,-3)
b. (a,0), (0,b), (x,y)
c. (-3,2),(1,-4),(-4,5)
10. The centroid of the triangle ABC is the point (2,3). The co ordinates of A are
(5,6) and B(-1,4).Find the co ordinates of C.
11. Find the distance of the centroid of the triangle formed by the points (7,1),(1,5)
and (1,6) from the origin.
12. Find the co ordinates of the point of trisection of the medians of the triangle
whose vertices are (-2,-3),(-1,7) and (5,2)
13. Find the ratio in which the point (-5,2) divide the join of (-7,1) and (3,6)
internally ?
14. In what ratio does the point (2,3) divides the line joining the points (-1,0)
and (4,5) externally ?
15. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining (2,-3) and (5,6) is divided by
the x axis?
16. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points (4,5) and (1,2) is
divided by the x axis? Also find the Coordinates of the point of division.
17. In what ratio is the line segment joining the points (4,5) and (1,2) divided
by the y axis? Find also the Co ordinates of the point of division.
18. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining (2,-3) and (5,6) is divided by
the y axis?
19. Find the length of the medians of the triangle with vertices (-3,6), (5,4), (1,-2)
20. The three vertices of a rhombus taken in order are (2,-1),(3,4),(-2,3). Find
the fourth vertex?
21. Three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram are A(3,0), B(5,2), C(-2,6).
Find the fourth vertex D.
409
22. If the mid points of the sides of the triangle are (2,6),(4,6) and (3,5) then
find the vertices of the triangle?
23. The mid points of the sides of the triangle ABC is given by P (3,1), Q (5,6)
and R(-3,2). Find the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle

15.6 AREA OF A TRIANGLE

The area of the triangle whose vertices are A(x1,y1) , B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) is
given by
1
ABC = x1 y 2 y 3 x2 y 3 y1 x3 y1 y 2
2
Note:
1. The area of the triangle ABC can also be written in the summation notation
1
ABC =
2
x1 y2 y3
2. It is a convention that the area of the triangle is taken to be positive, when
the vertices A,B,C of the triangle taken in the anticlockwise direction, during
the calculation of the area.
3. If the three points A(x1,y1) , B(x2,y2) and C(x3,y3) are collinear (i.e., lie on the
same line) then the area of the triangle ABC is zero and conversely.Thus the
condition for the three points A,B,C to be collinear is that the area of the
triangle A,B,C is zero.

Example 1 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(3,4) , B(2,-1)
and C(4,-6)
1
Solution ABC = x y y 3 x2 y 3 y1 x3 y1 y 2
2 1 2
1
= 3 1 6 2 6 4 44 1
2
15
=
2
Area of the triangle is 15/2 sq.units.
410
Example 2 Show that the points (-5,1),(5,5) and (10,7) are collinear
Solution : Let A=(-5,1),B=(5,5) and C= (10,7)
we shall show that area of the triangle ABC =0
1
ABC = 55 7 57 1 101 5
2
= 0
Thus the points A,C and B are collinear

Example 3 Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are A(1,1), B(7,-
3) and C(12,2) and D(7,21)
Solution: The required area ABCD= area of the triangle ABC + area of
triangle ACD
A
1
Area of the triangle ABC = 1 3 2 72 1 121 3
2
B
= 25 sq.units

Similarly
area of the triangle ACD =107 sq.units
Area of the triangle ABCD=25+107=132sq.units

Example 4 For what value of a the points (1,4),(a,-2),(-3,16) are collinear

Solution : Let A=(1,4) B=(a,-2) C=(-3,16)
Given these points are collinear.
then the area of the triangle ABC=0
1
i.e. 1 2 16 a16 4 34 2 =0
2
i.e. 1 2 16 a16 4 34 2 =0
i.e. 12a-36=0
i.e. a=3

411
 EXERCISE
I. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are
a) A(6,3), B(-3,5) and C(4,-2)
c) A(0,0), B(-2,3) and C(10,7)
b) A(a,0) , B(0,b) and C(x,y)
d) A(5,2) , B(-9,-3) and C(-3,-5)
II. If the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(x,y) , B(1,2) and C(2,1) is 6,
show that x+y=15
III Show that the following points are collinear
a) A(1,-1) , B(2,1) and C(4,5)
b) A(a,b+c) , B(b,c+a) and C(c,a+b)
c) A(-5,-4) , B(1,2) and C(3,4)
d) A(4,-5) , B(1,1) and C(-2,7)
IV Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are
a) (1,2), (6,2), (5,3), (3,4)
b) (-3,2), (7,-6), (-5,-4), (5,4)
c) (1,1), (3,4), (5,-2), (4,-7)
ANSWERS
I a) 49/2
b) (bx+ay-ab)/2
c) 22
d) 29
II a) 11/2
b) 60
c) 41/2

412
 CHAPTER 16

LOCUS AND ITS EQUATIONS

16.1 INTRODUCTION
The most important aspect in analytical geometry is to express the plane
curve in terms of algebraic equation, called the equation of curve. For this
purpose, we define the curve as the path traced by a moving point under a
given geometrical conditions. This is known as the locus of a point. For
example, the path traced by a point which moves such that the distance
from the fixed point is always the same is a curve called a circle. Locus of a
point which moves so that it is equidistant from two fixed points is the
perpendicular bisector of the line joining the fixed points.

16.2 EQUATION OF THE LOCUS OF A POINT

A relation between x and y when the point P(x,y) moves is called the equation
of the locus of the point P (x, y)
Worked Examples:
Example 1 Find the equation of the locus of
a point which moves so that its
distance from the year is 3 times
its distance from the x axis.
Solution: Let P (x, y) be a point on the locus
Distance from the y axis = x
Distance from the x axis = y
x = 3y or x 3y = 0

Example 2 Find the equation of the locus of the point equidistant from
(-1, 1) and (4,2)
Solution : Let P(x, y) be a point which is equidistant from A (-1, 1) and B
(4, 2) Then |PA| = |PB|
( x 1)2 (y 1)2 ( x 4) 2 ( y 2) 2
413
 Squaring
(x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = (x 4)2 + (y 2)2
i.e. x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 + 2y +1 = x2 8x + 16 + y2 4y + 4
i.e. 2x + 2y + 2 = - 8x 4y + 20
i.e. 5x + 3y = 9
Hence the locus of P is the straight line 5x + 3y = 9
Example 3 Find the equation of the locus of points such that the sum of its
distance from (0, 3) and (0, -3) is 8
Solution : Let P (x, y) be any point of (0, -3) respectively. We are given that
|PA| + |PB| = 8

( x 0) 2 ( y 3) 2 ( x 0) 2 ( y 3) 2 = 8

i.e. x 2 y 2 6 y 9 x 2 y 2 6 y 9 = 8

x2 y2 6 y 9 = 8 - x2 y2 6 y 9

Squaring x2 + y2 6y + 9 = 64 - 16 x 2 y 2 6 y 9 x 2 y 2 6 y 9
12y + 64 = 16
3y + 16 = 4
Squaring again (3y + 16)2 = 16 (x2 + y2 + 6y + 9)
i.e. 16x2 + 7y2 = 112
which is the required equation of the lcus.

Example 4 Find the locus of a point which moves so that its distances from
the point A(3,1) and B(1, 3) are in the ratio 2:3.
Solution : Let P (x, y) be a point on the locus so that
PA 2

PB 3
3PA = 2PB
i.e. 3 ( x 3) 2 ( y 1) 2 = 2 ( x 1) 2 ( y 3) 2

414
Squaring on both sides we get
9 (x2 6x + 9 + y2 2y + 1) = 4 (x2 2x + 1 + y2 6y + 9)
i.e. 5x2 + 5y2 46x + 6y + 50 = 0 is the required locus.
Example 5 Find the equation of the locus of the point which moves such that
it is equidistant from (4, 2) and the x axis.
Solution : Let A = (4, 2) and P (x, y)be any point on the locus.
Thus by data PA = distance of P from x axis.
We know that distance of any point from x axis is its y co-ordinate.

( x 4 ) 2 ( y 2) 2 = y
(x 4)2 + (y 2)2 = y2
x2 8x + 16 + y2 4y + 4 = y2
x2 8x 4y + 20 = 0
This is the equation of the locus.

Example 6 A point P moves such that PA2 = 3PB 2. If A = (5, 0) and B = (-5,
0) Find the equation of the locus of P.
Solution : Let P = (x, y)
By data PA2 = 3 PB2
(x 5)2 + y2 = 3 {(x + 5)2 + y2}
x2 10x + 25 + y2 = 3 (x2 + 10x + 25 + y2)
2x2 + 2y2 + 40x + 50 = 0
x2 + y2 + 20x + 25 = 0
This is the equation of the locus.

Example 7 Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining
A(3, -2) and B (4, 1)
Solution: The perpendicular bisector of the line joining A and B is the locus
of the point which moves such that it is equidistant from A and B
Now we have A (3, -2) and B (4, 1)

415
 Let P (x, y) be any point on the perpendicular bisector. Thus we have.
PA = PB
PA2 = PB2
(x 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = (x 4)2 + (y 1)2
x2 6x + 9 + y2 + 4y + 4 = x2 8x + 16 + y2 2y + 1
2x + 6y 4 = 0
x + 3y 2 = 0
This is the equation of the locus.

EXERCISE : 16.1
I Find the equation of the locus of the point which moves such that
a) its distance from (1, 2) is 3
b) its distance from the co-ordinate axes which is in the rate 5:3
c) the sum of its distance from the co-ordinate axes is 5
d) the square of its distance from (2, 3) is 3
e) the sum of the square of its distances from the co-ordinate axes is 2

II. Find the equation of the locus of the point which moves such that
a) its distance from the point (-4, 0) is 4 times its distance from (0, -2)
b) it forms a right angled triangle with the points (2, 3) and (3,4)
c) it is collinear with the points (2, 4) and (5, 9)
d) it lies on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the points (-1, 5)
and (2,4)

III. 1. Find the equation of the locus of all points equidistant from the point
(4, 2) and x axis.
2. Find the equation of locus of a point such that the sum of its distance
from (0, 2) and (0, -2) is 6.
3. Find the equation of the locus of all points equidistant from the point
(2, 4) and y axis.
4. Find the equation of the locus of the point P(x, y) such that its distance
from (1, -2) is greater than 3.
416
 5. Find the equation of the locus of points twice as far from (-a, 0) as
from (a, 0)

ANSWERS : 16.1
I. a. x2 + y2 2x + 4y 4 = 0
b. 5x = 3y
c. x+y=5
d. x2 + y2 4x- 6y + 10 = 0
e. x2 + y2 = 2

II a. 15x2 + 15y2 8x + 64y + 48 = 0

b. x2 + y2 -5x 7y + 18 = 0
c. 5x 3y + 2 = 0
d. 3x y + 3 = 0

III. 1) x2 8x 4y + 20 = 0
2) 9x2 + 5y2 = 45
3) y2 8y 4x + 20 = 0
4) x2 + y2 + 2x 4y 4 > 0
5) 3x2 + 3y2 10ax + 3a2 = 0

417
 CHAPTER 17

STRAIGHT LINE
17.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter we learn some very important basic terminologies about a
straight line, conditions for the two lines to be parallel and perpendicular.
Also we study different forms of equation of straight line. We shall conclude
this chapter with some important derivations like angle between two lines,
length of the perpendicular from the origin and from any point to a line etc.

17.2 SLOPE OR GRADIENT OF A LINE

In the co-ordinate plane, a line L which is not parallel to the x axis intersects
it such a way that it makes two angles which are supplementary. To be definite
we select an angle which is made going anticlockwise direction from the x
axis. This angle will have values between 00 and 1800 and is called angle
of inclination or simply inclination of the line L. all lines parallel to the x
axis or coincident with the x-axis have inclination 0. Note that when two
lines are parallel they have same inclination. In analytical geometry we
associates a number with the inclination of a line called its slope.

Definition: The slope m of a line with an inclination (not perpendicular to x

axis) is defined to be the tangent of the angle made by the line with the x axis in
the positive direction i.e. m = tan
418
The slope of a line perpendicular to the x axis is not defined since the value of
tan 900 is undefined.
Following observation follows directly from the definition of the slope of a line
1. Let be the angle made by the line with the x axis in the positive direction.
Now
Slope of a line is positive Tan is positive
is lies between 00 and 900
is acute
Slope of a line is negative Tan is negative
lies between 900 and 1800
is obtuse
2. From the above observation we have:
a) If the slope of the line is positive, as we move from left to right along
the line, then the line will rise
b) If the slope of the line is negative, as we move from left to right along
the line, then the line will fall
3. If a line is parallel to x axis (called as horizontal line) then the angle made
by it with the x axis is zero. Hence the slope is zero. In particular.
Slope of x axis is zero.
4. The slope of a line parallel to y axis (called as vertical line) is not defined
since the value of tan 900 is undefined and here we take the slope as
(infinity).
5. If three points A, B and C are collinear then the slope of AB = slope of BC
and conversely. This fact can be used to establish that the given points are
collinear.

17.3 SLOPE OF PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES:

a) If two lines are parallel then their slopes are equal and conversely.
b) If two lines are perpendicular to each other, then the product of their
slopes is -1 and conversely. i.e. If m1 and m2 are the slopes of two lines
then we have the condition for parallel lines given by m1 = m2. And if
the lines are perpendicular then m1 m2 = -1.
419
NOTE: If the slope of the line is m then the slope of any line parallel to it is
1
given by m. Also the slope of any line perpendicular to it is given (negative
m
reciprocal of m)

17.4 SLOPE OF THE LINE JOINING TWO POINTS

The slope of the line joining the points (x1 , y1) and (x2 , y2) is given by
y2 y1
m=
x2 x1

Worked out Examples:

Example 1 Find the slope of the line joining the points A and B where
A (3, -2) and B(-2, 1)
y 2 y1 1 ( 2) 3 3
Solution: Slope = x x 2 3 5 5
2 1

Example 2 Find the value of x so that the slope of the line joining the points
(2, 5) and (x,13) is 20
Solution : Let A = (2, 5) B = (x, 13)
Slope m = 20
13 5
= 20
x2
8 = 20 (x 2)
8 = 20x 40
48 = 20x
48 12
x= =
20 5

Example 3 Show that the points (-4, -5) , (1, -1) and (6, 3) are collinear
Solution: Let A (-4, -5) B (1, -1) and C (6, 3) be the given points. If the
points are collinear then they lie on the same line.
Then the slope of AB = slope of AC
420
 1 ( 5) 4
Slope of AB =
1 ( 4) 5
3 ( 5) 8 4
Slope of AC =
6 ( 4 ) 10 5
A, B, C are collinear.

Example 4 Find the value of K if the points A (2, 3) B (-1, -2) and C (5, K)
are collinear.
Solution : If A, B and C are collinear then
Slope of AB = slope of BC = slope of AC
2 3 5 5
Slope of AB =
1 2 3 3
K 3 K 3
Slope of AC =
52 3
5 K 3
5 = K -3 K = 8
3 3
Example 5 Show that the line joining the points (3, -4) and (-4, 0) is
a) Parallel to the line joining (7, -1) and (0, 3)
b) Perpendicular to the line joining (4, 5) and (0, -2)
Solution : Let A (3, -4), B (-4, 0)
0 ( 4) 4
Slope of AB = m1 =
43 7
a) Let C (7, -1) and D (0, 3)
3 ( 1) 4
Slope of CD = m2 =
07 7
m1 = m2 AB || CD
b) Let E (4, 5) and F (0, -2)
2 5 7
Slope of EF = m3 =
04 4
4 7
m1 m2 = 1 AB EF
7 4
421
Example 6 If the line joining the points (2, 3) and (5, 4) is parallel to the line
joining the points (3, K) and (4, 2) find the value of K.
Solution Let A (2, 3) B (5, 4) C (3, K) D (4, 2)
By data AB || CD
Then slope of AB = slope of CD
43 2 K

52 43
1
= 2K
3
5
K =
3

Example 7 If A (2, 3), B (-3, -2), C (6, K) and D (5, 2) are four points such
that the line AB is perpendicular to the line CD then find K.
Solution If AB || CD then slope of AB slope of CD = -1
2 3 2 K
= -1
3 2 5 6

5 2 K
= -1
5 1
2K=1
K = 1

Example 8 Show that the points (8, 6), (3, 4) and (7, -6) form a right angled
triangle.
Solution Let A = (8, 6) B = (3, 4) C = (7, -6)
4 6 2
Slope of AB = = m1
3 8 5
6 4 10 5
Slope of BC = = = m2
7 3 4 2

2 5
m1 m2 = = -1. So AB BC
5 2
ABC is a right angled triangle.
422
Example 9 Using the concept of the slope, show that the points A(-3, 2), B
(3, 4), C (5, -2) and D (-1, -4) are the vertices of a parallelogram.

42 2 1
Slope of AB =
3 (3) 6 3

42 2 1
Slope of CD =
1 5 6 3

24 6
Slope of BC = 3
53 2

42 6
Slope of DA = 3
1 3 2

Solution Slope of AB = Slope of CD & Slope of AD = Slope of BC =

We find AB || CD since their slopes are equal. Also AD || BC.
A, B, C, D form the vertices of a parallelogram.

EXERCISE: 17.1
I.
1. Find the slope of the line joining the points
a) (3, 2) and (-1, 5) b) (2, 0) and (0, 2)
2. If the slope of the line joining (3, a) and (4, 3) is 7/2, find a
3. If the line joining the points (6, 4) and (8, K) makes an angle of 45
with the x axis find K.
4. Find the slopes of the lines with the following inclinations

a) b) 600 c)
4 2
3
5. If the slope of the line AB is and the line CD is perpendicular to
2
AB, then find the slope of CD

423
II.
1. Using slopes, prove that the points (1, 1), (-2, 4) and (3, -1) are collinear.
2. Find K if AB is parallel to CD where A (K,1), B (4, 3), C (1, 5) and D
(-1, 1)
3. If (3,a) lies on the line joining (1, -4) and (-2, 5) find a
4. Show that (3, 2) (0, 4) (-4, -2) and (-1, -4) are the vertices of a
parallelogram.
5. Show that the following points form a right angled triangle
a) A (5, 4), B (-6, 2), C (2, -2)
a) A (6, 8), B (1, 3), C (4, 2)
6. What is the value of y so that the line joining (4,1) and (y, 3) is
perpendicular to the line joining (1, 6) and (-1, -2)
7. State whether the two lines AB and CD are parallel, perpendicular or
neither
a) A (5, 6), B (2, 3) and C (9, 2), D (6, -5)
b) A (8, 2),B (-5, 3) and (C 16, 6), D (3, 15)
c) A (2, -5), B (-2, 5) and C (6, 3), D (1, 1)
8. Show that the line joining (2, -3) and (-5, 1) is
a) Parallel to the line joining (7, -1) and (0, 3)
b) Perpendicular to the line joining (4, 5) and (0, -2)
9. What is the value of x so that the line joining (x, 2) and (11, 8) is
parallel to the line through (8, 12) and (0, 6)

ANSWERS : 17.1
I.
3
1. a) b) 1
4

1
2.
2
3. 6

424
 4. a) 1 b) 3 c)
2
5.
3

II.
2. 3
3. a = -10
6. y=-4
7. a) parallel b) neither c) perpendicular
9. x=3

17.5 STANDARD FORMS OF EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINES

Equation of the coordinate axes and the lines parallel to the co-ordinate
axes
a) Equation of x axis
We know that the y co-ordinate of every point on the x-axis is zero. This is
the common property that every point on the x-axis will satisfy. Thus, the
equation of x axis is y = 0
b) Equation of y axis
The x coordinate of each point on the y axis is zero. Thus the equation of y
axis is x = 0
To Find the equation of the St. line parallel to x axis
Let l be a straight line parallel to x axis and at
a directed distance h from it. Let P (x, y) be a
general point on the line l y = h
This is the required equation of the line
Note: If a line is parallel to x axis at a distance
of a units from the x axis (lying above the x
axis) the equation of the line is y = a provided
a is positive. If a is negative, then the line
lies below the x axis and so the equation becomes y = -a

425
For Example, equation of the line parallel to x axis which is at a distance of 15
units above the x axis is y = 15 or y 15 = 0
The equation y + 3 = 0 or y = -3 represent the line parallel to x axis, which is 3
units below the x-axis.

Example 1 Find the equation of the line which is parallel to x axis and at a
distance of 5 units below the x axis
Solution : Equation of the line parallel to x axis and is 5 units below the x
axis is given by y = -5

Example 2 Find the equation of the line which is parallel to the x axis and at
5
a distance of units above x axis.
2
Solution : Since the line is above the x axis and parallel to x axis equation is
given by
5
y=
2
2y = 5 or 2y 5 = 0

To Find the equation of the Straight line which is parallel to y axis

Let l b a straight line parallel to y axis and at a
directed distance k from it Let P (x, y) be a
general point on the line. x = k which is the
required equation of the line.
Note: Equation of y axis is x = 0. If k > 0, then
the line lies on the right of the y axis and if
k < 0 then the line lies on the left of the y axis.

Example 1 Find the equation of the line parallel to y axis and is at a distance
of
a) 2 units to the right of it
b) 4/7 units to the left of it

426
Solution : Equation of the line parallel to y axis and is at a
a) distance of 2 units to the right of it is given by x = 2
4
b) Equation of the required line is x = i.e. 7x + 4 = 0
7

Example 2 Find the equation of the line which is

a) Parallel to x axis and passing through (2, -3)
b) Parallel to y axis and passing through (3, -4)
Solution : Any line parallel to x axis is of the form y = k. By data
a) this should pass through (2, -3). So K = -3.
Thus the equation of the line is y = -3 i.e. y + 3 = 0
b) Any line parallel to y axis is of the form x = k. By data.
This should pass through (3, -4). Thus k = 3
Thus equation of the line is x = 3.
Equation of the line in slope point form.
To find the equation of the line whose slope is
m and passing through the point A(x1, y1)
Let A = (x1, y1) . Let P (x, y) be any point on the
y y1
line, Now slope of AP = x x By data, slope
1

y y1
of the line is m = x x
1

This relation is true for any point on the line.

Thus, the equation of the line whose slope is m and passing through (x1, y1) is
given by
y y1 = m (x x1)
This form of the equation of a line is called slope point form.
Note: Equation of the line passing through the origin and having slope m is
given by y=mx.

427
Example 1 Determine the equation of the line passing through (-1, -2) and
4
with slope
7

Solution (x1, y1) = (-1, -2)

4
m=
7
Equation of the line is given by y y1 = m (x x1)
4
y (- 2) = (x 1)
7

4
y+2= (x + 1)
7
7(y + 2) = 4 (x + 1)
i.e. 4x 7y = 10

Example 2 Find the equation of the line passing through (0, -4) and making
an angle of 300 with the x axis
1
Solution : m = tan 300 =
3
(x1, y1) = (0, -4)
Equation of the line is given by y y1 = m (x x1)
1
y+4= (x 0)
3

3 (y + 4) = x

i.e. x - 3y = 4 3

Example 3 Find the equation of the line passing through (-1, -1) and
2
perpendicular to the line whose slope is
5

428
 2
Solution : Let m1 = . Let m2 be the slope of the required line.
5
By data m1. m2 = - 1
2 5
m =-1 m2 =
5 2 2
Let (x1 y1) = (-1, -1)
Equation of the required line is
y y1 = m (x x1)
5
y+1= (x + 1)
2
2y + 2 = 5x + 5
5x 2y + 3 = 0
Example 4 Find the equation of the line passing through (3, -2), and parallel
5
to the line whose slope is
7

5
Solution : Let m1 = . Then the slope of required line m2 will be the same
7
since the lines are parallel.
5
So m2 =
7
Let (x1,y1) = (3, -2)
Equation of the required line is given by y y1 = m (x x1)
5
y+2= (x 3)
7
7 (y + 2) = -5 (x 3)
i.e. 5x + 7y = 1

429
Equation of the line in two point form
Let A = (x1, y1) and B = (x2, y2). Let P(x,y)
be any point on the line joining A and
B.Now we observe A, B and P are
collinear So slope of AP = slope of AB.
y y1 y2 y1

x x1 x2 x1

This relation is true for all points on the

line.
Thus the equation of the line joining the points (x1 y1) and (x2 y2) is given by

y y1 y2 y1

x x1 x2 x1

This equation can also be written as

y y1 x x1

y1 y 2 x1 x2

This form of equation of a line is called two point form.

Example 1 Find the equation of the line passing through (0, -4) and (-6, 2)
Solution : x1 = 0, y1 = -4,x2 = -6, y2 = 2
Equation of the required line is
y y1 x x1 y 4 x0
i.e.
y1 y 2 x1 x2 4 2 0 6

y4 x
i.e.
6 6
x+y+4=0

430
Example 2 Find the equation of the medians of the triangle whose vertices
are A (2, 3), B (-1, -4) and C (5, -2)
Solution : D is the mid point of
1 5 4 2
BCD = , = (2, -3)
2 2
Equation of the median AD is
y 3 3 3 6

x2 22 0
x 2 = 0E is the midpoint of
AC
5 2 23
7 1
E= 2 , ,
2 2 2
Equation of the median BE is
1
(4)
y (4) 2 y 4
1
x (1) 7 x1
(1)
2
y+4=x+1
xy=3
1 2 43
Mid point of AB = F = ,
2 2

1 1
= ,
2 2
Equation of CF is
1
(2)
y (2) 2

x 5 1
5
2
y 2 1
x 5
3
x + 3y + 1 = 0
431
Example 3 The vertices of a triangle are the points (0,0), (2,4) and (6,4).
Find the equations of its sides
Solution : Let A (0,0), B (2, 4) and C (6, 4) be the vertices of the triangle.
The equation of the side AB is
x 0 y0

20 40

x y

2 4
2x y = 0
The equation of the side BC is
x2 y4

62 4 4
x 2 y4
y 4
4 0
The equation of the side AC is
x6 y4 x6 y4
i .e., i .e., 2 x 3 y 0
0 6 04 6 4

Example 4 Find the ratio in which the line joining (1, 2) and (4, 3) is divided
by the line joining the points (2, 3) and (4, 1)
Solution Let A = (2,3) and B (4,1). The equation of the line AB is given by

y 3 1 3
y 3 = x + 2
x 2 42
x+y=5
Let the line joining the pints C (1, 2) and D (4, 3) cut the line AB
at P(x, y) in the ratio r:1. Then

4 r 1 3r 2
P = ,
r 1 r 1

432
 This lies on the line x + y = 5
Thus the co-ordinates of P must satisfy this equation.

4r 1 3r 2
5
r 1 r 1
4r + 1 + 3r + 2 = 5 (r + 1)
7r + 3 = 5r + 5 r = 1
Thus the required ratio is 1:1

Equation of a line in slope intercept form

To find the equation of the line whose,
slope is m which cuts off intercept c on
y axis.
Solution.: Given y intercept = OB = c
B = (0, c) By data slope of the line = mLet
P (x, y) be any point on the line Slope of
y c
BP = = m (given)
x0
y c = m (x 0)
y = mx + c is the equation of the line. This form is called slope intercept form.
Remarks: If the equation of the straight line is put in the slope intercept form
y = mx + c then the x coefficient gives the slope of the line.
Note: Equation of the line passing through the origin and having slope m is
y = mx.

Example 1 Find the equation of the line whose y intercept is -2 and slope is
3
2
3
Solution : Let m = and C = -2
2
Equation of the required line is of the form y = mx + c
3
y= x2
2
3x 2y = 4
433
Example 2 Find the equation of the straight line which cuts off y intercept -
3 and inclined at 600 to x axis.
Solution : Slope of the line m = tan 600 = 3
Y intercept C = -3
Equation of the line y = m x+c
y= 3x 3
ie. 3x y = 3
Example 3 Find the equation of the straight line which is parallel to the line
whose slope is 10 and with y intercept 2.
Solution: Slope of the required line = slope of the given line
[ the two lines are parallel m1 = m2]
slope of required line m = 10 and C = 2 (given)
Equation of the required line is of the form y = mx + c.
y = 10x + 2
Equation of the line in the intercept form
Let a line cut the x axis at A and y axis at B. Let OA
= a and OB = b. Then the length OA = a is called
the x intercept of the line and the length OB = b is
called the y intercept of the line. If the line passes
the origin. Then both the x intercept and y intercepts
are zero.
Consider the XOY plane. Let the line cut the x axis
at A and y axis at B. By data OA = a and OB = b. Thus A = (0, 0) and B = (0, b).
Hence the required line is the line joining A and B, Its equation can be obtained
by using two point form of the equation of a line.
Then the equation of AB is
y o 0b

xa a0
y b

xa a
ay = -bx + ab
bx + ay = ab
434
 Dividing throughout by ab we have

bx ay ab

ab ab ab
x y
= 1
a b
This form of equation of the line is called Intercept form.

Example 1 Find the equation of the line whose intercepts on the x axis and y
axis are 3 and -4.
Solution : Let a = 3, b = -4. The equation of the line is given by
x y
=1
a b
x y x y
1 or 1
3 4 3 4
4x 3y = 12

Example 2 Find the equation to the straight line cutting of equal intercepts
and passing through (-2, 5)
Solution : Let the straight line AB cut off equal intercept with both the axes.
Let OA = OB = a
x y
Hence equation of AB is given by 1
a a
i.e. x + y = a
Since this line passes through (-2, 5) we get -2 + 5 = a i.e. a = 3
Hence the required equation of AB is x + y = 3

Example 3 Find the equation of the line passing through (2, -3) which cuts
off intercepts on X and Y axes which are in the ratio 3:4
Solution : Let the intercepts be 3K and 4K (because they are in 3:4)
x y
Equation of line is given by 1
3K 4K

435
 i.e. 4x + 3y = 12K . (1)
This line passes through (2, -3)
4 (2) + 3 (-3) = 12K
- 1 = 12K, K = -1/12
Substituting the value of K in (1) we get
4x + 3y + 1 = 0 as the required equation.

Example 4 A line passes through (2, 3) and

this point bisects the portion of the
line intercepted between the co-
ordinate axis. Find the equation
of the line.
Solution : Let the required line cut the axis
at A(a, 0) and the y axis at B(0, b)
Then x intercept = a and y intercept
= b.Thus the equation of the line is given by
x y
1
a b
Let P = (2, 3) by data P is the mid point of AB

a b
(2, 3) = ,
2 2

a b
= 2 and = 3
2 2
a = 4 and b = 6
Thus the equation of the line is
x y
= 1 3x + 2y = 12
4 6
Note: In general, the equation of the line, such that its portion between the
axes is bisected at the point (x1,y1) is given by
x y

2 x1 2 y1 = 1
436
Example 5 Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point
(2,2) such that the sum of its intercepts on the axes = 9
Solution : Let a = x intercept and b = y intercept of the line.
By data a + b = 9
b=9-a
Now the equation of the line is given by
x y
1
a b
x y
1 ..... (1)
a 9a
(9 a) x + ay = a(9 a) ..... (2)

By data this must pass through (2, 2)

Equation (2) must satisfy x = 2 and y = 2

(9 a) 2 + a 2 = 9a a2
a2 9a + 18 = 0
(a 6) (a 3) = 0
a = 6 or 3 and so b = 3 or 6 respectively.

Putting these values in (1) we get

x y x y
1 and 1
6 3 3 6

x + 2y = 6 and 2x + y = 6

Example 6 Find the equation of a line which passes through the point (-4, 5)
and whose intercepts are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
Solution : Let a = x intercept. Then y intercept = -a
x y
Equation of the line is =1
a a

437
 xy=a ..........(1)
-4 -5 = a a = -9.
Putting these value of a in (1) we get the equation of the line
x y = -9 x y + 9 = 0

Example 7 Find the equation of a line which passes through (-4, 1) and portion
of it between the axes is divided by the point in the ratio 1:2
Solution : Let A = (a, 0) B = (0, b). Then x intercept = a and y intercept = b.
x y
Thus the equation of the line will be of the form 1 ..(1)
a b
Now by data P (-4, 1) divides AB in the ratio 1:2
1( 0) 2( a ) 2.(b ) 2.( 0)
P= ,
1 2 1 2

2a b
(-4, 1) = ,
3 3
a = - 6 and b = 3
x y
Putting these values in (1) we get 1
6 3
x 2y + 6 = 0
This is the required equation.

EXERCISE : 17.2
I. 1) Find the equation of the line.
a) Parallel to the x axis and at distance of +7 from it.
b) Parallel to the x axis and passing through (3, -4)
c) Parallel to the y axis and at a distance of 5 units to the left of it.
d) Parallel to the y axis and passing through (- 8, 6)

2. Find the equation of the line in each of the following

a) Passing through (4, 3) and with slope 2
438
 b) Passing through (0, -2) with slope 4 .
c) Passing through (-2, 2) with slope -3.
d) Passing through (-3, -1) with slope 5/6
3. Find the equation of the line.
a) Passing through (3, 5) and making an angle 450 with the positive
di rection of x axis.
b) Passing through (1, 2) and parallel to the join of (3, 1) and (4, -
5)
c) Passing through (3, -1) and perpendicular to the join of (0, 0) and
(7, 2)
d) Passing through (-5, 2) and parallel to x axis.
e) Passing through (-5, 12) and parallel to y axis.

4. Find the equation of the line joining the points

a) (0, -3), (5, 0) (b) (-1, -2), (-5, -2) (c) (-1, -3) (6, 11)

5. Write down the equation of the line which

a) has x intercept = 3, y intercept = 5
b) has x intercept = -7, y intercept = 2

2
c) Passing through ,0 and has y intercept = 4
5

5 5
d) Passes through 0, and has x intercept
7 4

II. 1. Find the equation of the line which passes through (5, 2) and cutting
off intercepts which are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
2. Find the equation of a straight line which passes through the point (3,
4) and have intercepts on the axes such that their sum is 14.
3. If a straight line cuts the co-ordinate axes at A and B and if (3, 2) is
the mid point of AB, find the equation of AB.

439
 4. A line passes through (3, 4) and the portion of the line between the
axes is divided at that point in the ratio 1:2. Find the equation.
5. Find the equation of the line whose x and y intercepts are equal and
passes through (2, -3)
6. The intercepts of a straight line on the x and y axes are in the ratio 2:1
and it bisects the join of (3, -4) and (5, 2). Find the equation of the
straight line.
III.
1. Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the point
(-5, 4) and is such that the portion of it between the co-ordinate axes is
divided by this point in the ratio 3:2.
2. In what ratio is the line joining the points (2, 3) and (4, -5) is divided
by the line joining (6, 8) and (-3, 2)
3. Find the equation of the straight line given a + b = 1 and ab = 6 where
a and b are the x intercept and y intercept respectively.
4. Find the equations of the medians of the triangle formed by the points
(-1, 3) (-3, 5) and (7, -9)

x y
5. If the straight line 1 passes through (8, -9) and (12, -15) find
a b
the values of a and b.

ANSWERS : 17.2
I. 1. a) y = 7 b) y = -4
c) x = -5 or x + 5 = 0 d) x + 8 = 0
2. a) 2x y = 5, b) 4x + y + 2 = 0
c) 3x + y + 4 = 0 d) 5x 6y + 9 = 0
3. a) x y +2 = 0 b) 6x + y = 8
c) 7x + 2y = 19 d) y = 2, e) x + 5 = 0
4. a) 3x 5y = 15 b) y + 2 = 0 c) 2x y = 1

440
 5. a) 5x + 3y = 15, b) 2x 7y + 14 = 0
c) 10x y + 4 = 0 d) 4x 7y + 5 = 0

II. 1) x y = 3 2) x + y = 7; 4x + 3y = 24 3) 2x + 3y = 12
4) 8x + 3y = 36 5) x + y + 1 = 0 6) x + 2y = 2

III. 1) 8x 15y + 100 = 0

2) 1 : 5 externally
3) 2x 3y = 6, 3x 2y + 6 = 0
4) 5x + 3y = 4, 4x + 3y = 3, 13x + 9y 10 = 0
5) a = 2 b = 3.

17.6. EQUATION OF A LINE IN GENERAL FORM.

A general linear equation in x and y of the form ax + by + c = 0 provided a
and b are not both zero always represents a straight line.
An equation of this form ax + by + c = 0 can be reduced to any of the forms.
1. Reduction to slope intercept form
We have ax + by + c = 0
by = - ax c
Dividing throughout by b we have
ax c
y= (b 0)
b b
a c
y = x which is of the form y = mx + c.
b b
a coefficien t of x
Where slope m =
b coefficien t of y

c cons tan t term

And y intercept c =
b coefficient of y

a
Note: Slope of the straight line ax + by + c = is
b

441
2. Reduction to intercept form
We have ax + by + c = 0 ax + by = -c
ax by c
(dividing by c, provided c 0)
c c c
x y x y
= 1 which is of the form 1
( c / a ) ( c / b ) a b
Thus we have the following important results.

For the equation ax + by + c = 0 of a line, we have

a coefficient of x
Slope =
b coefficient of y

c constant term
x intercept =
a coefficient of x

c constant term
y intercept =
b coefficien t of y

Also the area of the triangle formed by A (a, 0), B (0, b) and the origin 0 (0,0) is
1 1 c2
given by Area of OAB = OA..OB
2 2 ab

WORKED EXAMPLES:
Example 1 Find the slopes of the following lines. Also find the x intercept
and y intercept.
a) 5x7y +11 = 0 (b) 3 x+y+2 = 0 c) 4y 3 = 0
Solution : a) 5x 7y + 11 = 0, a = 5 b = 7 c = 11

a 5 5
Then slope =
b 7 7

442
 c 11
x intercept =
a 5
c 11 11
y intercept =
b 7 7
b) 3 x+ y + 2 = 0
a
Slope = 3
b
c 2
x intercept =
a 3
c 2
y intercept = 2
b 1
3
c) 4y 3 = 0 ; y=
4
This equation is of the form of y = K. Thus it is a line parallel to the x axis. And
3
units above it.
4
c
slope = 0, x intercept = does not exist.
a
3
y intercept =
4

Example 2 Reduce the following equation to (i) slope intercept form (ii) the
intercept form

(a) 2x + 3y = 7 (b) 3x + y + 8 = 0

Solution:
a) 2x + 3y = 7
3y = -2x + 7
2 7
y= x (y = mx + c)
3 3
This is the equation of the line in the slope intercept form with

443
 2 7
Slope m = and c, the y-intercept as
3 3
For the intercept form, 2x + 3y = 7 has to be divided by 7
2x 3y
We get 1
7 7
x y x y
1
7/2 7 /3 a b
x y
Thus the equation of the line is intercept form is ( 7 / 2) ( 7 / 3) = 1
b) 3 x+ y + 8 = 0
In slope intercept form, we have y = - 3 x - 8 where
m = - 3 and y intercept is 8
In the intercept form 3 x + y + 8=0 3 x+ y = -8
3x y
=1
8 8
x y x y
1 1
8 ( 8) a b

3

Example 3 Show that the lines i) 3x + 4y + 1 = 0 and 6x + 8y + 3 = 0 are

parallel and (ii) 5x + y + 2 = 0 and x 5y + 1 = 0 are perpendicular.
3
Solution : 1) Slope of 3x + 4y + 1 = 0 is = m,
4
6 3
Slope of 6x + 8y + 3 = 0 is = = m2
8 4
Since m1 = m2 the lines are parallel
5
ii) Slope of 5x + y + 2 = 0 is = m1
1
1 1
Slope of x 5x + 1 = 0 is m2
5 5
1
Since m1 m2 = - 5 =-1
5
The lines are perpendicular.
444
Example 4 Find the value of K such that the line.
(K 2) x + (K + 3) y 5 = 0 is perpendicular to the line 2x y
+7=0
Solution : (K 2) x + (K + 3) y 5 = 0 (1)
2x y + 7 = 0 .(2)
( k 2) 2
Slope of (1) = m, slope of (2) = - = 2 = m2
K 3 1
By data (1) and (2) are perpendicular
m1 m2 = - 1

K 2
- (2) = - 1
K 3
2K 4 = K + 3
K=7

Example 5 Find the ratio in which the line 2x 3y + 4 = 0 divides the line
joining the points (-1, 2) and (3, -4).
Solution : If the line joining (x1 y1) and (x2 y2) is divided by the line ax + by
+ c = 0, then the ratio of division is given by

K ax1 by 1 c
K : 1 = 1 ax by c
2 2
If (-1, 2) = (x1 y1) and (3, -4) = (x2 y2) then

2(1) 3(2) 4
K = -
2(3) 3(4) 4

2
=
11

2
K : 1 = : 1 = 2: 11
1
11

445
Example 6 Find the ratio in which the line x + y + 1 = 0 divides the line
joining the points (2, 3) and (-1, 4). Also find the point of division.
Solution : Let A = (2, 3) B (-1, 4). Let the line x + y + 1 = 0 .. (1)
Cut the segment AB at P in the ratio K : 1
K 2 4K 3
P= ,
K 1 K 1
But this lies on the line (1)
K 2 4K 3
= 1=0
K 1 K 1
-K+2+4K+3+K+1=0
3
K=
2
Thus the line AB is divided by the point P in the ratio 3:2
externally.
Point of division is given by
3 3
2 4( ) 3
2 2
P = 3
,
3
1 1

2 2
= (- 7, 6)

Example 7 Find the equation of the line parallel to

a) 2x + 3y + 1 = 0 and passing through (-1, 1)
b) x =y and passing through (-1, 4)
Solution : (a) Equation of a line passing through (x1 y1) and with slope m is
given by y y1 = m (x x1)
Slope of the required line parallel to 2x + 3y + 1 = 0 is the same
as the slope of the given line.
coefficient of x 2
So m =
coefficient of y 3

(x1 y1) = (-1, 1)

Equation of the required line is y y1 = m (x x1)
446
 2
y -1= (x + 1)
3

3y 3 = -2x 2
2x + 3y 1 = 0
b) Slope of the required line parallel to x = y i.e. x y = 0 is the
same as the slope of the given line.
coefficient of x 1
Slope m = = 1
coefficient of y 1
(x1, y1) = (-1, 4)
Equation of the required line is
y y1 = m (x x1)
y 4 = 1 (x + 1)
xy+5=0
Example 8 Find the equation of the line perpendicular to 3x 2y + 1 = 0 and
passing through (1, -2)
3
Solution : Slope of the given line 3x 2y + 1 = 0 is m1
2
Since the two lines are perpendicular m1 m2 = - 1
1 1 2
m2 = m 3 / 2 3
1

2
Thus the equation of the line with slope m = and passing through
3
(x1 y1) = (1, -2) is given by
y y1 = m (x x1)
2
y+2= (x 1)
3
3y + 6 = -2x + 2
2x + 3y + 4 = 0
447
Example 9 If the line 2x + 3y -1 = 0 cuts the x and y axis at A and B
respectively. Find the area of the triangle OAB.
Solution: Equation of the line which cuts the x axis and y axis at A and B is
x y
given by 1 where
a b
a = x intercept and b = y interceptThen area of the triangle OAB
1
= ab From the given equation 2x + 3y 1 = 0
2
c 1
a = x intercept =
a 2
c 1
b = y intercept =
b 3
1 1 1
Area of OAB =
2 2 3
1
= Sq. units
12

EXERCISE : 17.3
I.
1. Write the slope x intercept and y intercept of the lines
a) 3x 2y + 1 = 0 b) y = 3x 4
c) y + 7 = 0 d) 2y 3x + 7 = 0
2. Find k if the line (k + 1) x + (2k + 3) y + 3 = 0 and 2x 5y + 1 = 0 are
perpendicular to each other.
3. Find k if the lines 2x 3y + 4 = 0 and x + ky = 3 are (i) parallel (ii)
perpendicular
4. Show that the lines are parallel
a) 2x 3y + 7 = 0 and 12y = 8x 5
x y
b) 1 and 7x = 4 (7 y)
4 7
448
 5. Show that the lines are perpendicular
a) 4x 7y = 2 and 7x + 4y = 5
b) 3y = 2x + 7 and 6x = 13 8y
6. If the line x y + 2 = 0 cuts the x and y axes at P and Q respectively,
find the area of the triangle OPQ.
2
7. Find the equation of the line which has y intercept as units and is
3
perpendicular to 2x + y = 1
3
8. Find the equation of the line which has x intercept units and is parallel
2
to 3x y + 1 = 0
9. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining (2, 3) and (4, 1) is
divided by the line x 3y + 5 = 0
10. Reduce the following equations to slope intercept form
a) 4x + 3y 9 = 0 b) 8x + y 4 = 0
c) 3x 2y + 1 = 0

ANSWERS : 17.3
I.
1. Slope x intercept y intercept
3 1 1
a)
2 3 2

4
b) 3 -4
3
c) 0 does not exist -7
3 7 7
d)
2 3 2

13
2.
8
449
 3 2
3. and
2 3
6. 2 Sq. units
7. 3x 6y = 4
8. 6x 2y = 9
9. 1:3
10. Slope intercept form
4
a) y= x 3
3
b) y = -8x + 4
3 1
c) y= x
2 2

Conditions for parallelism of lines (Equations of parallel lines)

Any line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 is of the form ax + by + k = 0
Note: Keep the terms containing x and y unaltered, change the constant. The
constant k is determined from an additional condition given in the problem.

Example 1 Find the equation of the line passing through (1, -1) and parallel
to 2x 3y + 1 = 0
Solution : Any line parallel to 2x 3y + 1 = 0 is of the form 2x 3y + k =
0. This line passes through (1, -1). So put x = 1 and y = -1 in the
new equation. We get 2 + 3 + k = 0 k = -5
Required equation of the line 2x 3y 5 = 0

Condition for perpendicularity of lines (Equation of perpendicular lines)

Any line perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 is of the form bx ay + k = 0
Rule:Interchange the coefficient of x and y and change the sign of one of
them and change the constant. The constant k can be determined from an
additional condition given in the problem.

450
Example 1 Find the equation of a line perpendicular to 5x + 3y + 8 = 0 and
passing through (1,2)
Solution : Any line perpendicular to 5x + 3y + 8 = 0 of the form 3x 5y +
k = 0. This is passing through (1,2). Therefore put x = 1, y = 2 we
get 3 5 x 2 + k = 0 k = 7 Equation of the required line is 3x
5y + 7 = 0

EXERCISE : 17.3
1. Find the equation of the line
i) Parallel to the 4x + 3y + 2 = 0 and passing through (4, 1)
ii) Passing through (2, 2) and parallel to 2x 3y + 1 = 0
iii) Passing through (-2, 4) and parallel to 3x 4y + 1 = 0
2. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to
i) 3x 2y + 1 = 0 and passing through (1, - 2)
ii) 3x + 2y 1 = 0 and passing through (-2, 1)
iii) 3x 4y + 7 = 0 and passing through (5, -1)

ANSWERS : 17.4
1.
i) 4x + 3y = 19
ii) 2x 3y + 2 = 0
iii) 3x 4y + 14 = 0
2.
i) 2x + 3y + 4 = 0
ii) 2x 3y + 7 = 0
iii) 4x + 3y 17 = 0

451
17.7 POINT OF INTERSECTION OF TWO LINES
Let a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0 be two straight lines intersecting
each other at a point (x1,y1)
Then a1x1 + b1y1 + c1= 0 (1)
And a2x2 + b2y2 + c2 = 0 (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get the point of intersection of two lines as
b1c2 b2 c1 c1a2 c2 a1
,
a1b2 a 2 b1 a1b2 a2 b1

Remember that a1b2 b1a2 0.

Note: Method of cross multiplication can also be used to obtain the point of
intersection. Thus, the find the co-ordinates of point of intersection of two
non parallel lines we solve the equations of the lines simultaneously and the
values of x and y so obtained are the co-ordinates of the point of intersection.
Example 1 Find the point of intersection of the straight lines
3x 4y = 1 and 5x 7y = 1
Solution We have 3x 4y = 1 and 5x 7y = 1
Solving by the method of cross multiplication
x y 1
3 -4 -1 3 -4
5 -7 -1 5 -7
x y 1

4 7 5 3 21 20
x y 1

3 2 1
x 1
x=3
3 1
y 1
and y=2
2 1
Point of intersection is (3, 2)
452
Example 2 Find the point of intersection of the lines 3x + 2y 5 = 0 and
4x y 3 = 0
Solution : We have
3x + 2y 5 = 0 (1)
4x + y 3 = 0 (2)
Solving the above equation using simultaneous method we get
3x + 2y 5 = 0 (1)
8x 2y 6 = 0 (3) (Multiplying eqn. (2) by 2)
(1) + (3) 11x 11 = 0
x=1
Substituting x = 1 in 3x + 2y 5 = 0 we get 3 + 2y 5 = 0
2y = 2
y =1
Point of intersection is (1, 1)

Example 3 Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the
point of intersection of the lines 3x + y = 10 and x + 7y = 10 and
parallel to the line 4x-3y+1=0
Solution : The point of intersection of the given lines is obtained by solving
the given equations by simultaneous method or by the method of
cross multiplication.
Solving the above given equation we get
(x, y) = (3, 1)
Now equation of the required line which is parallel to 4x 3y + 1 = 0 is given by
4x 3y + k = 0 . (1)
Since this is passing through (3, 1)
Therefore 4(3) 3 (1) + K = 0 K = - 9
Hence required equation of the straight line is 4x 3y = 9

453
Example 4 Find the equation of the straight line which passes through the
point of intersection of 2x 3y = 4 and 2x + 2y = 1 and
perpendicular to the x + 4y = 8
Solution : Solving 2x 3y = 4 (1)
And 2x + 2y = 1 (2)
3
(1) (2) - 5y = 3 y=
5

3 11
But y = in 2x 3y = 4, we get x =
5 10

11 3
Point of intersection is (x, y) = ,
10 5
Now any line perpendicular to x + 4y = 8 is of the form 4x y + k = 0. Since
11 3 11 3
the line is passing through , . Therefore 4 +K=0
10 5 10 5
K = -5
Required line is 4x y 5 = 0

Example 5 Find the equation of the line passing through the point of
intersection of the lines 2x + 3y 7 = 0 and 5x 6y + 8 = 0 and
the point (4, 3)
Solution:
Note: Equation of the straight line passing through the point of intersection of the
lines L=0 and L = 0 is L + L = 0. is determined by using an additional
condition provided in the problem. This method can also be employed.
Equation of any line through the intersection of the lines 2x + 3y 7 = 0 and
5x 6y + 8 = 0 is of the form
2x + 3y 7 + (5x 6y + 8) = 0
(2 + 5 ) x + (3 - 6 ) y 7 + 8 = 0 (1)

454
 By data this passes through (4, 3). Thus we have
(2 + 5 ) (4) + (3 - 6 ) 3 7 + 8 = 0
10 + 10 = 0
=-1
Putting in (1) we get the required line as
(2 5)x + (3 6) y 7 8 = 0
-3x + 9y 15 = 0
3x 9y + 15 = 0
OR
x 3y + 5 = 0

Example 6 Find the image of the point (2, 4) on the line x + y 10= 0
Solution : Let P be the point (2, 4) and Q (x1,y1) be its reflection on the line
x + y 10= 0 . Let PQ cut the line at R. Then R is the mid point
of PQ and PQ is perpendicular to the given line.

x1 2 y1 4
Now R = ,
2 2
Since R lies on x + y 10 = 0,
We have
x1 2 y1 4
- 10 = 0
2 2
i.e x1 + y1 14 = 0 (1)
y1 4
Slope of PQ = x 2
1

Slope of the given line x + y 10 = 0 is 1

Since PQ is perpendicular to the line x + y 10 = 0
m1 m2 = - 1

y1 4
So x 2 (- 1) = - 1
1

455
 x1 y1 + 2 = 0 (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get the point of intersection as x1 = 6 and y1 = 8
Image = Q (6, 8)

Alter method : The image point Q (h, k) of the point P (x1 y1) along the line ax +
by + c = 0 is given by
h x1 k y 1 2( ax1 by1 c)
=
a b a2 b2
So take P (x1,y1) as P(2, 4) and the line is x + y 10 = 0 where
a = 1, b = 1 and c = -10
h 2 k 4 2 (1 2 1 4 10)

1 1 1 2 12

h 2 K 4 2( 4)

1 1 2

h 2 2( 4 ) k 4 2 ( 4)
,
1 2 1 2
h2=4 K4=4
h = 2 + 4 = 6, K=8
image of the point is given by Q (h, k) = (6, 8)

Example 7 Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (-2, -1)
on the line 3x + 2y 5 = 0.
Solution : Let P (x1 ,y1) = (-2, -1) and Q (h, k) be the foot of the perpendicular
n the 3x + 2y 5 = 0
Note: If Q (h, k) is the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P (x1 ,y1) into ax + by
+ c = 0, then the co-ordinates of Q are given by
h x1 k y 1 ax1 by1 c
=
a b a2 b2

So here a = 3, b = 2, c = 5 and (x1 y1) = (-2, -1)

456
Substituting all these values in the above expression we get

h ( 2) K 1 3 (2 ) 2 (1) 5

3 2 32 22

h 2 K 1
= - (-1) = 1
3 2

h2 K 1
1, 1
3 2
h+2=3 K+1=2
h = 1 and K = 1
foot of the perpendicular is given by Q(1, 1)
EXERCISE: 17.5
I. 1. Find the points of intersection of the lines
a) x + 5y + 4 = 0 and 3x 4y 7 = 0
b) 2x + y + 2 = 0 and x + y 1 = 0
c) 3x + 2y 9 = 0 and x y + 2 = 0
2. Find the equation of the line through the point of intersection of
2x-5y=1 and 3x 2y = 8 and parallel to the line 2x + y = 3.
3. Find the equation of the line through the point of intersection of
x-8y+11=0 and 4x -7y + 3 = 0 and perpendicular to the line 3x+2y+5=0.
4. Find the equation of the line through the intersection of the lines x -2y
+ 5 = 0 and 2x= 3y 8 and the intersection of the lines 4x-9y+13=0
and y = 8x 3
5. Find the coordinate of the foot of the perpendicular from (-6, 2) on the
line 3x 4y + 1 = 0
6. Find the image of the point (2, 5) on the line 4x 3y + 1 = 0
7. Find the image of the point (2, 3) on the line 3x + 5y + 4 = 0
8. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point of
3
intersection x +2y + 3 = 0 and 3x + 4y + 7 = 0 and has a slope
2
457
 ANSWERS : 17.5
I. 1. a) (1, -1) b) (-1, 0) c) (1, 3)
2. 38x + 19y 97 = 0
3. 50x 75y + 17 = 0
4. 5x + 27y 49 = 0
5. (-3, -2)

98 89
6. ,
25 25
7. (-1, -2)
8. 3x + 2y = 5

17.8 CONDITION FOR CONCURRENCY OF THREE LINES:

Let a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 (1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 (2)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 (3)
be the three given lines. The above three lines are said to be concurrent if
one of the lines passes through the point of intersection of the other two lines.
Hence solving (2) and (3) for x and y. We get the point of intersection given by

b2 c3 b3 c 2 c 2 a 3 c3 a 2
,
a b
2 3 a b
3 2 a b
2 3 a b
3 2

If (1), (2) and (3) are concurrent, then the line (1) must pass through this above
point.
b2 c3 b3 c2 c 2 a3 c3 a2
a1 a b a b + b1 a b a b + c1= 0
2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2

i.e. a1 (b2 c3 b3c2) + b1 (c2 a3 c3 a2) + c1 (a2 b3 a3 b2) = 0 is the required

condition.
Note: Problems on concurrency can be worked out using the above formula or
directly.

458
Example 1 Show that the lines 3x 4y + 5 = 0, 4x + 5y 45 = 0 and 7x 8y
+ 5=0 are concurrence.
Solution : Solving the first two lines we get the point of intersection
3x 4y + 5 = 0 (1)
4x + 5y - 45 = 0 (2)
x = 5 and y = 5 and so (x, y) = (5, 5)
Substituting x = 5 and y = 5 in the third line 7x 8y + 5 = 0
we find 7(5) - 8(5) + 5 = 0
i.e. 0 = 0
Hence the three given lines are concurrent and the point of concurrency is (5, 5)

Example 2 Find a so that the lines x 6y + a = 0, 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 and

x + 4y + 1 = 0 are concurrent.
Solution : Consider x 6y + a = 0 (1)
2x + 3y + 4 = 0 (2)
x + 4y + 1 = 0 (3)
We know that the condition for 3 lines may be concurrent is
a1 (b2 c3 b3 c2) + b1 (c2a3 c3 a2) +c1 (a2 b3 a3 b2 ) = 0
i.e. 1 (3(1) 4(4)) + (-6) (4(1) 1(2)) + a (2(4) 1(3)) = 0
i.e. 13 12 + 5a = 0
5a = 25
a = 5
Example 3 If the lines 2x y = 5, Kx y = 6 and 4x y = 7 are concurrent,
find K.
Solution : We have 2x y = 5 (1)
Kx y = 6 (2)
4x y = 7 (3)
Solving (1) and (3) we get x = 1 and y = - 3
Since the lines are concurrent put x = 1 and y = -3 in (2)
We get K (1) (- 3) = 6 K + 3 = 6
K=3

459
 EXERCISE : 17.6
1. Show that the straight lines given by the following equations are concurrent.
Also find the point of concurrence.
a) 2x 3y = 7, 3x 4y = 13, 8x 11y = 33
b) x y 1 = 0, 4x + 3y = 25, 2x 3y + 1 = 0
c) 3x y + 4 = 0, 2x + 7y 5 = 0, 5x + 6y 1 = 0
d) 4x + 7y 9 = 0, 5x 8y + 15 = 0, 9x y + 6 = 0
2. For what values of k are the three lines x 2y + 1 = 0, 2x 5y + 3 = 0 and
5x 9y + k = 0 concurrent?
3. Find the value of a if the lines x 2y = 1, 2x + y = 7 and ax 5y = 4 are
concurrent.
4. If the three lines ax + by + c = 0, bx + cy + a = 0, cx + ay + b = 0 are
concurrent, show that a + b + c = 0

ANSWERS : 17.6
2) k=4
3) a=3
Sign of ax + by + c (position of two points with respect to a line)
Two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) lies on
(i) Same side of the line ax + by + c = 0, if ax1 + by1 + c and ax2 + by2 +
c are of the same sign.
(ii) opposite side of the line ax + by + c = 0, if ax1 + by1 + c and ax2 + by2
+ c are of the opposite signs.
Example 1 Are the points (3, -4) and (2, 6) are on the same side or opposite
sides of the line 3x 4y = 8
Solution Let ax + by + c = 0 be 3x 4y 8 = 0 and (x1, y1) = (3, -4) and (x2,
y2) = (2, 6)
Now consider as1 + by1 + c = 9 + 16 8 = 17 > 0
ax2 + by2 + c = 6 24 8 = - 26 < 0
Since they are of opposite signs, the points lie on opposite sides
of the line.
460
Example 2 Determine the position of the points (0, 0) and (1, -1) w.r.t the
line 2x + 4y 1 = 0
Solution : ax + by + c = 0 be 2x + 4y 1 = 0
(x1, y1) = (0, 0) and (x2, y2) = (1, -1)
ax1 + by1 + c = 2 (0) + 4 (0) 1 = -1 < 0
ax2 + by2 + c = 2 (1) + 4(-1) 1 = - 3 < 0
since the two are of the same signs, the two points lie on the same
side of the line 2x + 4y 1 = 0

EXERCISE : 17.7
a) Show that the points (5, -1) and (-3, 4) lie on either side of the line
6x 5y +1=0
b) Show that the points (3, -1) and (-2, 5) lie on either side of the line
3x 7y + 8 = 0
c) Show that the points (3, 1) and (2, -4) lie on either side of the line
2x + 3y-1=0
d) Prove that the points (0, 0) and (1, -1) lie on the same side of the line
4x 7y + 1 = 0.
e) Show that the points (0, 0) and (2, 1) lie on the same side of the line
2x 3y = 5

17.9 Length of the perpendicular drawn from the point P(x1 y1) to the line
ax + by + c = 0
Length of the perpendicular from
P(x1 y1) to the line ax+by+c=0 us
ax1 by1 c
PQ = Particular caseThe
a2 b2
length of the perpendicular from the
origin by (0,0) to the line ax + by + c
C
= 0 is given by P =
a b2
2

The absolute value is taken to show that the length of the perpendicular is
measured positively.
461
17.10 DISTANCE BETWEEN PARALLEL LINES:
Definition: The distance between two parallel lines is the length of the
perpendicular from any point on one line on to the other line.
Distance between the parallel lines ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 is
given by

c 2 c1
P =
a2 b2

Example 1 Find the length of the perpendicular from (-3, 2) to the line 12x-
5y+7= 0

ax1 by1 c
Solution : Length of the perpendicular =
a2 b2

12 ( 3) 5( 2) 7
=
(12) ( 5)
2 2

= 3 units

Example 2 Find the distance between the line 3x 4y + 12 = 0 and the point
(4, 1)
Solution : Perpendicular distance from (4, 1) to 3x 4y + 12 = 0

ax1 by1 c
=
a2 b2

3(4) (4)(1) 12
=
32 (4)2
= 4 units

Example 3 Find the distance between the following pair of parallel lines
a) 5x + 12y + 7 = 0 and 5x + 12y 19 = 0
b) 2x 3y + 4 = 0 and 4x 6y 5 = 0
462
Solution:
c1 c 2
a) Distance between parallel lines is given by
a2 b2

19 7 26
= = = |-2 | = 2
5 12
2 2
13
b) Equations are 2x 3y + 4 = 0 and 4x 6y 5 = 0.
Note: The coefficients of x and y are not equal and so we shall rewrite the equations
by multiplying the first equation by 2.
i.e. 4x 6y + 8 = 0 and 4x 6y 5 = 0
Now a = 4, b = -6 c1- = 8 c2 = -5

c1 c 2 8 5
distance between the lines =
4 ( 6)
2 2
a2 b2

13 13 13
= =
52 2 13 2

Example 4 Find the equation of the locus of the point which moves such that
its distance from 3x 4y + 1 = 0 is equal to its distance from
(1, -1)
Solution: Let A (1, -1) and P (x, y) be any point on the locus.
Then PA = distance of P from the line 3x 4y + 1 = 0
3x 4 y 1
( x 1) 2 ( y 1) 2 =
9 2 16 2

(3 x 4 y 1) 2
(x 1) + (y + 1) =
2 2
25
25 (x2 2x + 1 + y2 + 2y + 1) = 9x2 + 16y2 + 124 xy 8y + 6x
16x2 + 24xy + 9y2 56x + 58y + 49 = 0
which is the equation of the locus.

463
 EXERCISE : 17.8
I. 1. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point.
a) (-2, -1) to the line 4x + 3y 5 = 0
b) (3, 0) to the line 5x + 12y -41 = 0
c) (2, 3) to the line y 4 = 0
d) (-2, -3) to the line x 2y + 6 = 0
2. Find K so that the distance from (2, 3) to the line 8x + 15y + K = 0
may be equal to 4 units.
3. Find the lengths of the altitudes of the triangle whose vertices are
(5, 2), (3, -3) and (-4, 3)
4. Show that the point (1, 2) is equi distant from the lines 4x 3y + 7 = 0
and 5x + 12y = 16
5. Find the co-ordinates of a point on the line x + y + 3 = 0 whose distance
from x + 2y + 2 = 0 is 5 units..

II. 1. Find the distance between the parallel lines

a) x + 2y + 3 = 0 and x + 2y 7 = 0
b) 3x + 4y 7 = 0 and 3x + 4y + 13 = 0
c) x + 7y 3 = 0 and 2x + 14y 7 = 0
d) 4x 3y 6 = 0 and 4x 3y 2 = 0
e) 3x + 4y 7 = 0 and 6x + 8y 9 = 0
2. Find the equation of the lines parallel to 4x + 3y = 10 at a distance of 3
units.
3. Find the co-ordinates of a point on the x axis whose distance from
5x + 12y 12=0 is 1 unit.
4. Find the equation of the locus of a point which moves so that its distance
from (3, 2) is equal to its distance from 2x + y = 3
5. Show that the line 4x 3y + 15 = 0 and 8x + 6y 30 = 0 are tangents
to the circle of diameter 6cm and centre at the origin.
6. Find the equation of the locus of the point which moves such that its
distance from x y + 1 = 0 is twice its distance from x + y + 6 = 0
464
 7. Find the distance of the point of intersection of the lines 2x + 3y = 21
and 3x 4y + 11 = 0 from the line 8x + 6y + 5 = 0
8. Find the equation of the locus of the point which moves such that its
distance from (a, 0) is equal to its distance from the line x + a = 0
9. Find the locus of the point which moves so that it is equidistant from
the lines x + y + 4 = 0 and 7x + y + 20 = 0

ANSWERS : 17.8

16
I. 1. a) b) 2 c) 1 d) 2 5
5

2. K = 7 or - 129

47 47 47
3. , ,
85 82 29

5. (-9, 6) and (1, -4)

II. 1. a) 2 5 b) 4 c) 1/10 2 d) 4/5 e)

2. 4x + 3y = 25 or 4x + 3y + 5 = 0

1
3. (5, 0) , ,0
5

4. 2x2 4xy + 4y2 18 14y + 56 = 0

5. x + 3y + 11 = 0

59
7.
10

8. y2 = 4ax
9. x = 2y

465
 BLUE PRINT
BASIC MATHEMATICS
[NEW NCERT SYLLABUS 2013-14 ONWARDS]
NO.OF
UNIT NAME OF THE Total
TEACHING 1M 2M 3M 4M 5M
CHAPTER CHAPTERS Marks
HOURS
Unit I ALGEBRA (64 Hours)
1. Number Theory 08 1 3 1 - - 10
2. Sets, Relation
and Functions 16 1 1 1 1 1 15
3. Theory of Indices 04 1 - 1 - - 04
4. Logarithms 06 1 - 1 - 1 09
5. Progressions 12 1 1 1 1 1 15
6. Theory of equations 12 1 2 1 - 1 13
7. Linear inequalities 06 - 1 - 1 - 06
Unit II Commercial Arithmetic (28 hours)
8. Simple interest and 08 1 - 1 - 1 09
Compound interest
9. Annuities 06 1 - - 1 1 10
10. Averages 04 - 2 - - - 04
11. Percentage, 06 1 - 1 - 1 09
profit and loss
12. Linear functions 04 - - 2 - - 06
Unit III Trigonometry (10 hours)
13. Angles and 06 1 - 1 - 1 09
Trigonometric ratios
14. Standard and 04 1 1 1 - - 06
Allied angles
Unit IV Analytical Geometry (18 hours)
15 Co-ordinate system 05 - 1 - - 1 07
in a plane
16 Locus and 03 1 1 - - - 03
its Equation
17 Straight Line 10 - 2 1 - 1 12
120 12 30 39 16 50 147
 Model Question Paper I

BASIC MATHEMATICS
Time: 3 hrs 15min Marks :100

Instructions : 1) The question paper consists of five parts A,B,C,D and E.

2) Part A carries 10 marks, Part B carries 20 marks,
Part C carries 30 marks, Part D carries 30 marks and
Part E carries 10 marks.
3) Write the question numbers properly as indicated in the
question paper.

PART A
I. Answer any Ten questions. 10 x 1 = 10
1. Define an imaginary number.
2. If A= {1,2} and B= {a,b} then find BA.

If f:RR is defined by f(x)=2x+3 then find f ?

1
3.
2
1

4. Simplify 81 4
256
5. Find the value of log0.110
6. Find the nature of the roots without solving the equation x2-x+1=0?
7. What is the present value of an income of ` 1000 a year to be received
for ever? Assume the discount rate to be 12%.
1
8. Convert into percentage
4
9. Define a radian
10. Convert 315 into radians
3
11. If the slope of the line AB is and AB CD then find the slope of CD
4
12. Find the centroid of the triangle formed by the points (2,4),(5,3) and
(8,3)
468
 PART B
II Answer any Ten Questions. 10x2=20
13. Find the number of divisors of 960
14. If A= {1,3,5,7,9} and B= {2,4,6,8,10,12} define a function f:AB by
f(x)=x+1 xA, is the function one- one and onto?

a b b c ca
xa xb xc
15. Simplify b c a
x x x

16. Prove that log 2 log 2 log 2 16 1

17. Is -300 a term of the A.P.10,7,4..?

18. If k 9, k 6,4 are in GP then find the value of K.

19. If and are the roots of the equation x2 - x + 2 = 0 then show that
2 + 2 =2
20. Solve 5x-3 3x +1 when x is an integer and x is a real number
21. Sowmya invested ` 1500 for 8 years and Anisha invested ` 7500 for 3
years at the same rate of interest. If altogether they received ` 1725
as interest find the rate of simple Interest charged
22. If the cost price of a machine is ` 150 and selling price is ` 100 fimd
the loss percentage?
23. The average score of 20 boys is 60% and average score of 30 girls is
70%. Find the combined average of boys and girls?
24. Derive the equation of the line in one point form. i.e.y-y1 =m(x x1)
geometrically where m is the slope and P(x1,y1) is the given point.
25. Find the value of x if the distance between (x,3) and (4,5) is 5 units

469
 PART C
III Answer any ten questions. 10x3=30

26. Prove that 2 is an irrational number

27. Define an equivalence relation with an example. Also give an example
of a relation which is only symmetric

1 1 2
28. If ax = by = cz and b2 = ac. Show that x z y

29. Find the number of zeroes in (0.2)100 after the decimal point and the
first significant figure.
30. Find the sum of the following series : 7+77+777+7777+.n terms
31. A Father is 28 years older than the son, After 5 years the fathers age
will be 7 years more than twice that of the son. Find their present ages.
32. Solve the linear inequalities graphically:
x + 3y > 3, 2x + y > 2, x > 0, y > 0
33. In what time a sum of ` 500 will earn ` 975 at the rate of 6% p.a if the
compound interest is payable half yearly?
34. Calculate the arithmetic mean for the following data.

Class Interval 0 -10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40

No of Items 5 6 7 2

35. By how many percent should the use of tea be increased if the price
of tea is decreased by 10% so that the expenditure remains unchanged

12 3 sin 2 cos A
36. If tan A = and 270 < A < 3600. Find the value of
13 9 cos A 4 sin A
37. Show that the straight lines 2x 3y = 7, 3x 4y = 13, 8x 11y = 33 are
concurrent. Also find the point of concurrence.
38. Find the distance between two parallel lines 3x+4y+5=0 and
6x+8y+20=0
470
 PART D
IV Answer any six questions . 6x5=30
39. In a group of 150 people, 70 like Cricket, 30 like hockey and cricket
both. How many like Cricket only and not hockey? How many like
hockey?Show the result using venn diagram

42.15 0.2713
40. Evaluate using log. tables
0.8932
41. Find the sum of the following series: 1.3.5 + 3.5.7 + 5.7.9 +.n terms
42. The cost of 2 kgs of sugar and 5 bags of dhal ios ` 90. The cost of 5
kgs of sugar and 2 kgs of dhal is ` 120. Find the cost of sugar and dhal
per kg
43. Govind bought 51 bags in the whole sale market at an average price of
` 318 each. In which the price of 33 leather bags was ` 426 each. Find
the price of the remaining cotton bags all in the increasing Arithmetic
progression having the price of the costliest cotton bag was ` 150/-.
Find the price of the cheapest cotton bag.
44. The daily cost of production C in Rs. And x unit of an assembly in
C(x) = 3.5x + 1200. It each unit is sold for ` 6 then find the minimum
number of units that should be produced and sold to ensure no loss. If
the selling price is increased by half a rupee a unit then what would be
the Break-Even Point.

5 5 3 4
45. P.T. sec2 cosec2 - sin2 cos2 =31/8
4 4 4 3

46. Derive the section formula for internal division if A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2)
are the two given points and P(x,y) be the point which divide the join
of AB in the ratio m:n
47. Find the equation of the locus of the point which moves such that the
ratio of its distances (2,-3) and (4,-2) is 2:3
48. Find the equation of the line which passes through the intersection of
the lines x-2y+4=0 and 4x-3y+1=0 and is inclined at an angle 135
with the x axis
471
 PART E
V Answer any one question. 1x10=10
49. a) Find the domain and Range of the function.
x 2 2x 1
f (x) = where x R (4)
x 2 8 x 12

b) what is the future value of ` 1000 deposited annually years

for 12 gathering compound interest at 16%? (4)
c) Form the cubic equation whose roots are 3,5 and 7 (2)

50. a) Find the value of x

x. sin 2 300. sec 2 240
if = cot2 315o. tan2 300 (4)
cos2 225. cos ec 2 240

b) Find the equation of the line perpendicular to 3x-2y+1=0

and passing through the point (1,-2) (4)
c) Insert two geometric means between 1 and 1/27 (2)

472
 Model Question Paper II

BASIC MATHEMATICS
Time: 3 hrs 15min Marks :100

Instructions : 1) The question paper consists of five parts A,B,C,D and E.

2) Part A carries 10 marks, Part B carries 20 marks,
Part C carries 30 marks, Part D carries 30 marks and
Part E carries 10 marks.
3) Write the question numbers properly as indicated in the
question paper.

PART A
I. Answer any Ten questions. 10 x 1 = 10
1. Write the imaginary part of 4-5i.
2. If A= {1,2,3,4} and B= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} find A- B.
3. If f:RR is defined by f(x)=3x+5 then find f (1) ?

4. Simplify
5. Find the value of log10.01
6. Find the 8th term of the progression -2,-4,-6 ?
7. Solve for x: 2(7+x)-10=16-2(x-24).
8. Convert the ratio 3:5 into percentage
9. Define perpetuity
10. Convert 450 into radians
11. The average age of 10 boys in a class is 13 years.What is the sum of
their ages?
12. Find the sslope of the line 2x+5y-11=0

473
 PART B
II Answer any Ten Questions. 10x2=20
13. Find the number which when divided by 36,40 and 48 leaves the same
remainder
14. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6} and U= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
verify (AB)=AB
15. Find the number of positive divisors and the sum of the divisors of 960

2 n1 2 n1
16. Simplify
2 n 2n 2

17. If a,b,c are in G.P and ax =by=cz show that x, y and z are in H.P?
18. The sum of two numbers is 107 and their difference is 17. Find the
numbers
19. Determine the principal which will amount to ` 15000 in 8 years at
11% per annum simple interest?
20. Solve 3x-2 2x +1 when x is an integer and x is a real number.Also
represent on a number line
21. The average score of 20 boys is 60% and the average score of 30 girls
is 70%. Find the combined average.
22. If the cost price of 10 articles is equal to the selling price of 9 articles,
find the gain percent?

23. Find the value of sin2 cos2 - tan2 +cot2
6 3 4 3

24. Prove that (SinA +Cos A)2 +(Sin A CosA)2 =2

25. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (2,3) and (3,4)

474
 PART C
III Answer any ten questions. 10x3=30
26. In a group of 600 people, 150 students were found to be taking tea,
225 like Coffee, 100 like both tea and coffee. Find out how many
were taking neither tea nor coffee? Represent using venn diagram
27. If R-1 ={(2,4), (1,2) (3,1), (3,2)} Find R. Also find its domain and range.

28. Prove 2 is an irrational number..

OR
An electronic device makes a beep after every 60 sec. Another device
makes a beep after every 62 sec,. They beeped together at 10 am.Find
the time when they will next make a beep together at the earliest.

1 1 1
4
29. Prove that log 2 4 log 8 4 log 16 4

30. The sum of three numbers in an A.P is 15 and their product is 105.Find
the numbers.
31. Find the difference between the compound interest and the simple
interest on ` 5000 invested for 4 years at 8% p.a
32. Solve the linear inequalities graphically:
5x + 4y d 40, x > 2, y > 3
33. A batsman finds by getting out for a duck (0 runs) in the 11th innings of
his test matches, his average of the previous innings is decreased by 5
runs. What is his average after the 11th innings?
34. Find the ratio in which the line joining the points (2,5) and (1,9) is
divided by the x axis. Also find the point of division.
35. If an article is sold at ` 24 therre is a profit of ` 4 and if it is sold at
a loss of 10% find the selling price of the article

5 247
36 . If Cot A = and A is acute, show that 2 cosec A- 4secA=
12 50

475
 37. Show that the points A(2,2), B(6,3) and C(4,11) form a right angled
triangle.
38. If a train travels 15km/hr faster it would take 1 hour less to travel 180
km, find the original speed of the train.
OR
If and are the roots of the equation 2x2 +5x + 5 = 0 then find the
1 1
value of 2 2

PART D
IV Answer any six questions 6x5=30
39. Let f = { (1,1), (2,3), (0,1) } be a function from Z to Z defined by
f(x)=ax+b some integers a and b. i) Determine a and b
ii) If f(x)=2x+1, g(x)=x2+2x+1 find i) fog(2) ii) gof(3)
40. Find the sum of all integers between 60 and 400 which are divisible by
13
41. The age of father is 5 times that of his son.Three years ago, the age of
the father was 8 times that of his son. Find the present ages
42. A machine depreciates at 10% of its value at the beginning of the
year.Thhe cost and the scrap value realized at the time of sale being
23240 and 9000 respectively. For how many years the machine was put
to use?
43. Calculate the future value of the annuity immediate of ` 1000p.a for 12
years at 16% p.a. compounded quarterly?
44. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (-2,6) and the
sum of the intercepts on the co ordinate axes is 5.
45 a) Form a quadratic equation whose roots are 2+3, 2-3

0.5634 0.0635
b) Evaluate using log. tables .
2.563

476
 46. Find the reflection of the point P(2,1) in the line x+y=5
47. If x=rcosAcosB, y=rcosAsinB and z=rsinA prove that x2+y2+z2=r2
48. Find the locus of a point equidistant from (2,0) and (-2,0)

PART E
V Answer any one question. 1x10=10
49. a) Find the equation of the straight line passing through the
intersection of the line 2x+3y=5, 7x-y=6 is perpendicular to the
line 3x+4y+1=0. (4)
b) If tan A+ sin A=m and tanA- sin A=n show that m2-n2=4(mn)
(4)
c) Find the number of digits in 320? (2)

50. a) Find the sum to n terms of the series:

7+77+777+..n terms (4)
b) A confectioner makes and sells biscuit.He sells one pack of biscuit
at ` 80. His cost of manufacturing is ` 40 per packet as variable
cost and ` 3000 as fixed cost.Find the
i) Revenue function
ii) Cost function
iii) Profit function
iv) If he limits his production to 100 packets can he make profit?
v) What will be the number of boxes he must sell to make a
profit so that he does not incur loss? (4)
c) If the product of two numbers is 216 and their LCM is 36. Find
the HC F (2)

477
 Model Question Paper III

BASIC MATHEMATICS
Time: 3 hrs 15min Marks :100

Instructions : 1) The question paper consists of five parts A,B,C,D and E.

2) Part A carries 10 marks, Part B carries 20 marks,
Part C carries 30 marks, Part D carries 30 marks and
Part E carries 10 marks.
3) Write the question numbers properly as indicated in the
question paper.

PART A
I. Answer any Ten questions. 10 x 1 = 10
1. Give the canonical representation of 156.
2. If A= (1,2,3,4,5} B= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} find a relation from A to B
defined by R= {(x,y) / x>y}
3. If f(x)=x+1 and g(x)= x2 +1 find fog(1)?
2

Simplify 5 x
3
4.
2y

5. Evaluate x if logx 625=4

6. Find the 6th of 3,6,12 ?
7. Solve for x if (x+2)(x+3)=(x-2)(x-4)+20.
8. What percent is 64m of 12km?
9. Define annuity
10. Express 3 /4 in degrees
11. The average age of 10 boys in a class is 6 years.The sum of the ages
of 9 of them is 52 years.Find the age of the 10th student?
12. Find the slope of the line joining the points (1,2) and (-1,-2)?

478
 PART B
II Answer any Ten Questions. 10x2=20
13. Find the greatest number which when divides 989 and 1327 leaves
the remainder of 5 and 7 respectively.

14. If A= {x : x N and x 3} and B= {x : x 2 16 0 and x 0} find BA

15. Find the number of positive divisors and the sum of the divisors of 825
1 1 1
x b bc x
c ca x
a ab
16. Simplify c a b
x x x

17. Find the value of k so that 2/3,k, (5/3)k are three consecutive terms
of A.P
18. Determine the nature of the roots of 2x 2 -9x+7=0
19. Determine the amount on ` 500 for 10 years at the rate of 15%
compound interest?
20. Solve for x if 4x-5 < 27 and represent on a number line
21. The average score of 65 boys is 60 and the average score of 15 girls is
65. Find the combined average.
22. A shopkeeper buys 50 pencils for Rs.80 and sells them at 40 pencils
for ` 90. Find his gain or loss percent?

1 1
23. Prove that = 2cosec 2A
1 cos A 1 cos A

tan 1 tan 3
24. Prove that if =45 show that
1 tan tan 2

25. Derive the equation of the straight line in the slope point form Show
1 1 2
that x z y

479
 PART C
III Answer any ten questions. 10x3=30
26. In a group of 65 people, 40 were found to like hockey, 10 like both
tennis and hockey. How many like only tennis but not hockey? How
many like tennis? Represent using venn diagram
27. Given A= {2,4,6,8} and R= {(2,4), (4,2), (4,6), (6,4)} Show that R is
not reflexive, symmetric and not transitive.
28. The sum of two number s is 528 and their HCF is 33. Find the number
of pairs satisfying the given condition?

log x log y log z

29. Prove that xyz=1 if
ab bc ca

30. If the first term of G.P is 729 and the 7th term is 64 find the sum of first
seven terms of the G.P
31. Find the present value of the annuity immediate for ` 3000 for 5 years
at 10% p.a
32. Solve the linear inequalities graphically:
3x + 2y < 6, 4 xy<6
33. The average temperature for the first four days of the week was 39C.
The average of the whole week was 40C.What was the average
temperature during the last three days of the wweek?
34. Find the circumcentre of the triangle with vertices A(-3,4),B(3,4) and
C(-4,-3). Also find the circumradius and the area of the circle
35. By selling an article for ` 825 a man loses equal to 1/3rd of its selling
price
Find the i) cost price of the article ii) the gain % or the loss% if the
same article is sold for ` 1265
sin 300 cot 300
36 . Find the value of x if x sin 45.tan60 =
cos 600 cos ec 45
480
 37. Find the third vertex of the triangle if two of its vertices are A(-2,4)
and B(7,-3) and the centroid at (3,2).
38. A number which when decreased by 20 is equal to 69 times the
reciprocal of the number. Find the number.

PART D
IV Answer any six questions. 6x5=30
39. In a survey it was found that 31 people liked a product A,36 liked a
product B and 39 liked the product C. If 24 people liked products A
and B,22 people liked product C andA, 24 people liked products B and
C, 18 liked all the three products, then find how many people liked
product C only?
40. The sum of three numbers which are in G.P is 30 and their product is
216. Find the numbers
41. If and are the roots of the equation 3x2 - 4x +15 = 0 then find the
2 2
value of

42. If the present price of a bike is ` 32,290.If its value decreases every
year by 10% then find its value before 3 years.?
43. In what time will a sum of ` 2000 becomes ` 3900 at 5% p.a compound
interest payable half yearly?
44. Find the equation of the medians of the triangle formed by the points
(-1,3),(-3,5) and (7,-9)
45. a) Form a quadratic equation whose roots are -2 and 5
25.362 0.4569
b) Evaluate using log. tables
847.5
46. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point of
intersection of 2x+4y=3 and x+5y=1 and making equal positive
intercepts on the coordinate axes.

481
 47. Find the locus of a point equidistant from (1,0) and (-1,0)
48. Find the sum of the following series:1+(1+2)+(1+2+3)n terms

PART - E
V Answer any one question 1x10=10
49 a) Prove that the lines x+y+4=0, 2x=3y+7 and 3x+y+6=0
are concurrent. Also find the point of concurrency. (4)
b) If 12 cot2A-31cosecA +32=0, find the value of sinA (4)
c) Find the number of digits in 264? (2)

50 a) Find the sum to n terms of the series:

.3+.33+.333+.3333+..n terms (4)
b) A publishing house finds that the production of each book and
the cost of the book are directly attributed. If the cost of each
book is ` 30 and the fixed costs are ` 15000, selling price of each
book is ` 45 then determine
i) Revenue function
ii) Cost function
iii) Break even point function (4)
c) If n(U)=700, n(A)=200, n(B)=300 and n(AB)=100
find n (AB) (2)

482