11.2.

The Promotion (Communication) Mix

Learning Objectives

1. Understand the different components of the promotion mix.

2. Understand the different types of media and vehicles.

Although the money organizations spend promoting their offerings may go to different media
channels, a company still wants to send its customers and potential consumers a consistent
message (IMC). The different types of marketing communications an organization uses comprise
its promotion or communication mixpromotion or communication mixCommunication tools that
may include advertising, sales promotions, public relations and publicity, personal selling, and
direct marketing., which consists of advertising, sales promotions, public relations and publicity,
personal selling, and direct marketing.

AdvertisingadvertisingA message that is paid for and sent to large groups of the population at
one time with an identified organization or brand (product or service) being promoted. involves
paying to disseminate a message that identifies a brand (product or service) or an organization
being promoted to many people at one time. The typical media that organizations utilize for
advertising of course include television, magazines, newspapers, the Internet, direct mail, and
radio. As we explained, businesses are also advertising on social media such as Facebook, blogs,
Twitter, and mobile devices. Each medium (television or magazines or mobile phones) has
different advantages and disadvantages. A few examples of advantages and disadvantages are
discussed below.

For example, mobile phones provide continuous access to people on the go although reception
may vary in different markets. Radios, magazines, and newspapers are also portable. People tend
to own more than one radio, but there are so many radio stations in each market that it may be
difficult to reach all target customers. People typically are doing another activity (e.g., driving or
studying) while listening to the radio, and without visuals, radio relies solely on audio. Both
television and radio must get a message to consumers quickly. Although many people change
channels or leave the room during commercials, television does allow for demonstrations. In an
effort to get attention, advertisers have changed the volume for television commercials for years.
However, the Federal Trade Commission passed a new regulation effective in 2010 that prohibits
advertisers from changing the volume level of commercials on television.

People may save magazines for a long time, but advertisers must plan in advance to have ads in
certain issues. With the Internet, both magazines and newspapers are suffering in terms of
readership and advertising dollars. Many major newspapers, such as papers in Seattle and
Chicago, have gone out of business. Local news and the fact that local retailers get cheaper rates
for advertising in local newspapers may encourage both local businesses and consumers to
support newspapers in some markets.

Figure 11.4. 
The first issue of Sports Illustrated was published August 16, 1954. Today, the companies that
advertise in Sports Illustrated do so not only in the magazine but also on the Web site.

One of the biggest factors an organization must determine is which medium or media provides
the biggest bang for the buck, given a product’s characteristics and target market. For example, a
thirty-second ad aired during Super Bowl XLII cost $2.7 million. However, a record number of
97.5 million people watched the game, so the cost per ad was less than three cents per viewer.
But do the ads pay off for companies in terms of sales? Many advertising professionals believe
many of the ads don’t. However, the ads probably do have a brand awareness or public relations
type of effect.

Within each different medium, an organization might select a different vehicle. A

vehiclevehicleThe specific means, such as a particular magazine or a specific television show,
within a medium to reach a selected target market. is the specific means within a medium to
reach a selected target market. For example, if a company wants to develop commercials on
television to reach teenagers, it might select Gossip Girl on the CW as the best vehicle. If an
organization wants to use magazines to reach males interested in sports, it might use Sports
Illustrated. As technology changed, Sports Illustrated launched SI.com so readers could get up-
to-date information on the Web. On SI.com, readers can also access links to popular articles and
“SIVault” (http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault), where they can search articles and
pictures that have run in the magazine since it was launched in 1954.

Personal sellingpersonal sellingAn interactive, personal, paid promotional approach between a

buyer and a seller. is an interactive, paid approach to marketing that involves a buyer and a
seller. The interaction between the two parties can occur in person, by telephone, or via another
technology. Whatever medium is used, developing a relationship with the buyer is usually
something the seller desires.
When you interview for internships or full-time positions and try to convince potential
employers to hire you, you are engaging in personal selling. The interview is very similar to a
buyer-seller situation. Both the buyer and seller have objectives they hope to achieve. Although
business-to-business markets utilize more personal selling, some business-to-consumer markets
do as well. If you have ever attended a Pampered Chef or Tupperware party or purchased
something from an Amway or Mary Kay representative, you’ve been exposed to personal
selling. Chapter 13, Professional Selling discusses personal selling in more detail and when it
should and should not be used.

Public relations (PR)public relations (PR)The process of creating a positive image for a
company, an offering, or a person via publicity. helps improve and promote an organization’s
image and products by putting a positive spin on news stories. Public relations materials include
press releases, publicity, product placement, and sponsorships. Companies also use PR to
promote products and to supplement their sales efforts. PR is often perceived as more neutral and
objective than other forms of promotion because much of the information is tailored to sound as
if it has been created by an organization independent of the seller. Many companies have internal
PR departments or hire PR firms to find and create public relations opportunities for them. As
such, PR is part of a company’s promotion budget. In Chapter 12, Public Relations and Sales
Promotions we’ll discuss the specific PR tools companies use as part of their integrated
marketing communications.

Sales promotionssales promotionOther forms of promotions (coupons, contests, rebates, mail-in

offers) not included as a component of a communication mix. consist of other types of
promotions—coupons, contests, games, rebates, mail-in offers, and so forth—that are not
included as part of another component of the communication mix. Sales promotions are often
developed to get customers and potential customers to take action quickly, make larger
purchases, and make repeat purchases. Many stores now place coupons next to products to
encourage consumers to select a particular brand and products.

Figure 11.5. 
Consumers cut out and use more coupons in a weak economy.

In business-to-business marketing, sales promotions are typically called trade promotionstrade

promotionsSales promotions aimed at businesses. because they are targeted to channel members
who conduct business or trade with consumers. Trade promotions include trade shows,
sponsorships, event marketing, and special incentives given to retailers, such as extra money, in-
store displays, and prizes to market particular products and services. Sales promotions are often
used to supplement advertising and create incentives for customers to buy products more
quickly. Chapter 12, Public Relations and Sales Promotions also discusses the different types of
sales promotion tools companies have available.

Direct marketingdirect marketingDelivering personalized promotional materials directly to

individual consumers. Materials may be delivered via mail, catalogs, Internet, e-mail, or
telephone, or in person. involves delivering personalized promotional materials directly to
individual consumers. It provides an interactive approach for organizations to reach consumers
in hopes of getting consumers to take action. Materials may be delivered via mail, catalogs,
Internet, e-mail, telephone, or direct-response advertising. Several benefits of direct marketing
include the ability to target a specific set of customers, measure the return on investment (ROI),
and test different strategies before implementing to all targeted consumers. However, direct
marketing is very intrusive and many consumers may ignore attempts to reach them.
TelemarketingtelemarketingA form of direct marketing that involves contacting people by
phone. involves direct marketing by phone. You just sat down for dinner and the phone rings.
It’s a local charity calling to raise money. The calls always seem to come at dinner or at other
inconvenient times. Although expensive, telemarketing can be extremely effective for charitable
organizations and different service firms and retailers. However, because some consumers have
negative perceptions of telemarketers many organizations do not use it. The Do Not Call
RegistryDo Not Call RegistryEstablished by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in 2008, the
service prevents organizations from calling any phone numbers registered with the FTC., which
was established in 2008, prevents organizations from calling any numbers registered with the
Federal Trade Commission.

Catalogs and direct maildirect mailA form of direct marketing that is mailed to consumers. It can
be personalized and ask consumers to make a certain response. Catalogs are often part of direct
mail campaigns. provide popular alternatives for many marketers although the volume sent drops
significantly in a weak economy. Direct mail can be personalized and ask consumers to make a
call to actioncall to actionIn direct marketing, requesting consumers to make a specific response
such as a purchase or a call for more information., which is a certain response the organization
requests.

Direct response advertisingdirect response advertisingDirect marketing that includes an offer and
a call to action. includes an offer and a call to action. You’re watching television and an
interesting product is shown. The announcer says, “Call now and receive a bonus package.”
They want consumers to call to purchase the product or to get more information. However, the
Internet provides the preferred direct-response medium because it is less expensive and easier for
the organization. The Internet is also an important medium for direct marketing.

Key Takeaway

The promotion (communication) mix is composed of advertising, personal selling, public

relations, sales promotion, and direct marketing. Once a company decides on a component of the
promotion mix, such as advertising, it must still decide which medium (e.g., television, cell
phones, magazines) or media (more than one medium) to use. Within each medium, the company
must also select a vehicle, which may be a particular television show, radio station, or magazine.

Review Questions

1. Define each component of the promotion (communication) mix.

2. What is the difference between a medium and a vehicle?
3. Identify examples of traditional media and new media.