Example 2.3-3.- The pressure gradient required for water flowing through a straight horizontal % in, ID tube at a rate of 5 gpm is 1.4 psi/ft. Consider this same tube coiled in an expanding helix with a vertical axis. Water enters the bottoms of the coil and flows upward at a rate of 5 gpm. A. ‘mercury manometer is connected between two pressure taps on the coil, one near the bottom where the coil radius is 8 in., and the other near the top where the coil radius is 14 in. The taps are 1.6 ft apart in the vertical direction, and there is a total of 6 ft of tubing between the two taps. (1 ft? = 7.48 gal). Note: pressure must be in unit of Iby/ft’, g = 32.2 fs’, Ibe = 32.2 Ib-fUs* a) Determine the pressure difference between the two taps due to gravity force only. b) Determine the pressure difference between the two taps due to centrifugal force only. ©) Determine the pressure difference between the two taps due to frictional loss only. Solution — a) The pressure difference between the two taps due to gravity force only is AP, = (62.4)(32.2)(1.6)/32.2 = 99.84 lb/ft? ) ‘The pressure difference between the two taps due to centrifugal force only is AP, . protdr = el; a = pin(rain) sneae annt Tawa oRsTIEG SS AP, = (62.4)(32.68)'In(14/8)/32.2 = 1,158.3 Ibp/ft ¢) The pressure difference between the two taps due to frictional loss only is APe= (1.4)(6\(144) = 1,209.6 Iby/f? 214Chapter 3 Fluid Properties 3.1 Introduction AA fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously when a shear stress is applied to it, Figure 3.1-1 shows the fluid motion when a force F is applied to a plate on top of the fluid ‘causing the plate to move. As long as there is movement of the plate, the fluid continues to flow or deform since the fluid next to the plate is under the action of a shear stress equal to the force F divided by the surface area of the plate. When a fluid is at rest (no relative motion between the fluid elements), there can be no shear stress. Plate F Figure 3.1-1 Fluid moves with the plate, Both liquids and gases are fluids even though they are quite different at the molecular level. In liquids the molecules are held close together by significant attraction forces; in gases ‘molecules are relatively far apart and have very weak attraction forces. Figure 3.1-2 shows a PY diagram for water where the isotherms are plotted with the isotherm of highest temperature on the top. An isotherm is a curve that relates pressure to volume at a constant temperature. As temperature and pressure increase, the differences between liquid and gas become less and less, until the liquid and gas become identical at the critical point. For water the critical point occurs at 374,14°C and 22.09 MPa. Because of their closer molecular spacing, liquids normally have higher densities, viscosities, and other physical properties ‘than gases, iS 5 eobice 3 Pressure (Va) Se BASIS AACS ASNS aie 35 Wasa char oc - ‘to Volume (rvkg) Figure 3.1-2 PY diagram for water. 3-13.2 Rheology Rheology is the study of the deformation and flow behavior of fluids. For a Newtonian fluid, we have a lincar relationship between shear stress (2) and the shear rate (7) or rate of shear strain, t= uy (3.2-1) In this equation, the proportional constant jis called the viscosity of the fluid. The viscosity is the property of a fluid fo resist the rate at which deformation takes place when the fluid is acted upon by a shear forces. As a property of the fluid, the viscosity depends upon the temperature, pressure, and composition of the fluid, but is independent of the shear rate. Most simple homogeneous liquids and gases are Newtonian fluid, yt (pay Wat Figure 3.2-1a Deformation of a fluid element. ‘The rate of deformation of a fluid element for a simple one-dimensional flow is illustrated in Figure 3.2-La. The flow parallel to the x-axis will deform the element if the velocity at the top of the element is different than the velocity at the bottom. The shear rate at a point is defined as dé lim dt Ax,Ay,At0 as lim ay Mel, At Ay] 0/2 dt Ax,Ay,At—>0 At dé lim arctan{(r,|, a Yel, AU Av] dt Ax, Ay,At—>0 At 3.2For small angle 6, aretan(4) = 6, therefore lim The shear stress for this simple flow is the negative of the molecular momentum flux in the y-direction and is given as (3.2-2a) The subscript yx on zx denotes the viscous flux of x momentum in the y direction. In this equation, the shear stress is defined to have the opposite sign of the momentum flux (yx) We have defined 1,x in terms of the force exerted on a plane of constant y by fluid at greater 1), positive value of #5, correspond to transfer of x momentum in the - y direction as shown in We can also use the opposite sign convention to defined ry, in terms of the force exerted on a plane of constant y by fluid at lesser y, positive value of ty. correspond to transfer of x momentum in the y direction as shown in Figure 3.2-1e Figure 3.2-Ic Stress in terms of the force per unit area on the bottom surface. 33For this sign convention phe= (eat 6.2.26) a Te ‘The shear stress in this case is just the viscous flux of x momentum in the y direction and we have analogy between transport in simple flows and the transport of heat or chemical species. ‘We may use equation (3.2-2) to obtain an expression for shear stress as a function of the fluid velocity and the system dimension. Consider the situation shown in Figure 3.2-2 where a ‘uid is contained between two large parallel plates both of area A. The plates are separated by a distance h, The system is initially at rest then a force F is suddenly applied to the lower plate to set the plate into motion in the x direction at a constant velocity V. Momentum is transferred from a region of higher velocity to a region of lower velocity. As time proceeds, ‘momentum is transferred in the y direction fo successive layers of fluid from the plate that is in motion in the x direction. t>>0 lower plate velocity steady velocity moves develops profile Figure 3.2-2 Velocity profile development for a flow between two parallel plates. ‘The velocity profile of the fluid between the parallel plates may be obtained by applying the momentum balance, which states that ‘Time rate of change rate of linear rate of linear sum of external oflinear momentum = momentum enters - momentumexits + forces acting on within the CV the CV the CV the CV Since the velocity in the x direction v, is dependent on the y direction, we choose the control volume CY to be 44y as shown in Figure 3.3-3. 34yray Figure 3.3-3 x-Momentum entering and leaving the CV = AAy Applying the x-momentum balance on the CY yields 2 (Asp r= udl,A~ Cut ay A a reenter ly Dividing the equation by Ay and letting 4y + 0, we obtain for constant physical properties tim Cebu ~Cnly Olt day Ayo 0 ay ay 3.2.3) Substituting (¢j.)ae = — ue into equation (3.2-3) yields a second order partial differential equation (PDE) 2, Os 2-4) ay oF where v= sip is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Equation (3.2-4) can be solved with the following initial and boundary conditions: Initial condition: ¢ = 0, v; = 0 3.2-4a) Boundary conditions: y = 0, vy =V and y=, vy = 0 G.2-4b) Equation (3.2-4) with the auxiliary conditions (3.4-2a,b) can be solved by the separation of variables method with the following result ws Lenin? 2 sin( 2”) v= HL x fin The solution can also be expressed in dimensionless form with vy," = 7 : 3.5wy i=1-y"- 2 Siew (-n?x*t)sin(aay’) 2-5) Table 3.2-1 lists the Matlab program to plot dimensionless velocity profiles at various dimensionless times, The results are shown in Figure 3.2-4. 1 Serer os) oatt—\ o7| + o.| ea € 2 ged o.| _—— 9.05 01 a a | | my Figure 3.2-4 Dimensionless velocity profiles for flow between two parallel plates. Table 3.2-1 Matlab program to plot vx" (-n22°l)sin(nzy’)__ yoh=0.05:.05:.95; no=length(yoh);u=yoh; thetav=[.01 .05 .1 .2 1]; nt=length(thetav); ns=n.*n; for y=yoh() ‘sumt=(1.0,n).*exp(-ns*pi*pi"theta)*sin(n*pi'y)’; u(i=(1-y)-2°sumt/pi; end yp=(0 yoh 1];up=[1 u 0]; plot(up,yp) end xlabel('v_x/V");ylabel('yih’); grid on 3-6‘As time approaches infinity, the system reaches steady state and the summation terms in equation (3.2-5) become zero, The steady state velocity profile is then 82-6) The steady state solution can also be obtained directly from equation (3.2-4) by setting the temporal derivative equal to zeo. ay 2-7) Integrating equation (3.2-7) twice, we obtain y +B The two constants of integration are evaluated from the boundary conditions: Y= 0, v9 = Vand y=h, ve Therefore B= Vand A = -Vih Hence vg = VL =ylhi) => vx" y Haas oe av, ‘The shear rate at any position y in the fluid is given as aes ty ‘The force to pull the lower plate at velocity V can be evaluated: F=Ar,|, = aun Fluids are classified as Newtonian or non-Newtonian, depending upon the relation between shear stress and shear rate. In Newtonian fluids the relation is linear while in non-Newtonian fluids, the shear stress is not a linear function of shear rate as shown in Figure 3.2-5. ‘deal plastic Real plastic 1 Pseudo plastic Newtonian fluid Dilatant wei ibe Shear rate Figure 3.2-5 Behaviors of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. 37‘The slope of the Newtonian fluid line is the viscosity. For the non-Newtonian fluids, the slope is not constant therefore its value at a given shear rate is called the apparent viscosity. ‘The apparent viscosity of a dilatant fluid increases with shear rate while the apparent viscosity of a pseudo platic decreases with shear rate. The ideal or Bingham plastic has a linear shear stress-shear rate relation for stresses greater than the yield stress, Real plastic or Carson fluid also flows with stresses greater than the yield stress. The apparent viscosity however decreases with shear rate and at some point the Carson fluid behaves as a ‘Newtonian fluid. Heterogeneous fluids that contain a particulate phase that forms aggregates at low rates of shear require a yield stress. Blood is a heterogeneous fluid with the particulates consisting primarily of the red blood cells. Therefore blood follows the curve shown for real plastic. At low shear rates, red blood cells clump together to form aggregates. This behavior results in high value of apparent viscosity. However, at shear rate higher than 100/s, red blood cells do not clump together, therefore blood behaves as a Newtonian fluid with an apparent viscosity of about 3 cP. The properties of blood change rapidly if removed from the system and so it is extremely difficult to perform experiments on it under laboratory conditions. Example 3.2-1 A fluid of viscosity 0.4 kg/ m-s flows steadily through a 0.10 m diameter pipe with a velocity profile given by v, = 2.0[1 —(r/R)’] (m/s). The pipe is 25 m long. a) Determine the shear stress at the inside surface of the pipe. b) If the shear stress at the inside surface of the pipe is 6 N/m’, determine the shear force on the pipe Solution - a) The shear stress at the inside surface of the pipe is a = -4url R = 2, = ~4ul R= ~4(0.4)/ 0.05 = 32 Pas ir b) If the shear stress at the inside surface of the pipe is 6 N/m’, the shear force on the pipe is F = (6)(n)(0.10)(25) = 47.42 N 383.3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in Tube We want to develop a telationship for shear stress-shear rate given volume flow rate Q and pressure drop AP across the horizontal tube as shown in Figure 3.3-1. We use cylindrical coordinates with the following assumptions: the length of the tube (Z) is much larger than the tube radius (R) (ie. Z/R > 100) to eliminate entrance effect; steady incompressible and isothermal flow; one-dimensional flow in the z direction only, therefore v, = v,(r); and no- slip boundary condition at the wall. Figure 3.3-1 Forces acting on a cylindrical fluid element within a tubey. Consider the control volume Az shown in Figure 3,3-1, For steady flow, the summation of the viscous and pressure forces acting on the control volume must be equal to zero. Plene? + te2rrbz — Plrsagt” = 0 Dividing the equation by the control volume yields Tin G.3-1) Since tye = the right hand side of equation (3.3-1) is a function of r only and the left hand side of equation (3.3-1) is a function of z only. They both must be equal to a constant ae EF, & + L The equation is rearranged to rdP__ (P-Py eens Ere 3.3-2) ee 2L ce ‘The shear stress vanishes at the centerline of the tube and achieves its highest value, ty, at the wall. 3.9wen teene RE BAAR WR 2 de 2 3-3) Equations (3.3-2) and (3.3-3) are valid for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids since we has not specified a relationship between the shear stress and shear rate. Solving equations (8.3-2) and (3. 3) for ¢ yields Therefore t= : ty hy G.3-4) If = = = constant, the fluid is a Newtonian fluid and sis called the viscosity, If 2 = n 7 constant, the fluid is a non-Newtonian fluid and 7 is called the apparent viscosity. We will follow different procedures to determine a relationship between shear stress and shear rate depending on whether or not} and 1;, are known directly, A)? and 7 are not known directly We want to find a general relationship between the shear rate and some function of the shear stress in terms of the measurable quantities Qe. Po — Pt, L, and R. That is: 7 Sear) G35) ‘We can follow the following procedures to obtain a relationship between the shear rate j7 and shear stress Tz. 1) We calculate the volumetric flow rate from the axial velocity profile as follows. a Ora = 20 [. ()rdr 2) We express Qj in terms of shear rate using integration by part. dw) = vdu + udv => Jodu = Jaw) - fuav Let v = vi(1)) => dv = dv.) = a du=rdr =u 3” 3-10Therefore — ou = 2n> Lyf = anf or 2 (Sa wf (Sa ir 3) Next, we change the integration variable from r to fq, using equation (3.3-4) motors k nada? di R r, r, ou = xf" w(t } PA din ove aa = I 5 6d die 636) 7% 4) We then assume a relationship between and tr, (for example j= H Equation (3.3-6) is then integrated to obtain Qea. We will accept the assumed expression between 7 and tix if Qoai * Qncas. Otherwise step (4) is repeated. B)? and 7, are known directly The shear stress and shear rate can be determined using a cup-and-bob or Couette viscometer. As the name implies, the Couette viscometer consists of two concentric cylinders as shown in Figure 3.3-2. The fluid is in the annular gap between the outer cylinder (cup) and the inner cylinder (bob). Figure 3.3-2 Couette viscometer. ‘The outer cylinder is rotated at a fixed angular velocity (Q). The shearing force is transmitted to the fluid, causing it to deform or flow. The inner cylinder is kept stationary by a torque (1) 3-11that can be measured by a torsion spring. The shear stress at any position r within the gap (Rj 1 Ro) is determined by a balance of moments on a cylindrical surface 2nrZ, T= te(2arLyr Solving for the shear stress, we have T Foo 33-7) te = sap 63-7 Setting r = Rj gives the stress on the bob surface (q), and setting r = Ry gives the stress on the cub surface (r5). If the gap is small [i.e., (Ro ~ Ri)/Ro $0.02], the flow in the annular gap can be approximated by the flow between two parallel plates. In this case, an average shear stress should be used +n, T 2 2nR?L to where R= (Rj + RoV2 3-8) The average shear rate is given by LV ROO dr R,-R, R,-R, 1-R/R, B39) Equations (3.3-8, 9) provide the experimental values for the shear stress and the shear rate that can be fitted by a non-Newtonian fluid model. Example 3.3 The viscosity of a fluid sample is measured in a cup-and-bob viscometer. The bob is 15 cm long with a diameter of 9.8, and the cup has a diameter of 10 cm. The cup rotates, and the torque is measured on the bob. The following data were obtained: Ofpm) 2 4 10 20 40 T(dyn-em) | 3.6x10° | 3.8x10" 44x10 5.4x10 74x10 (a) Determine the viscosity of the sample. (b) Fit the data with the following model equations T= %)+ Hey (Bingham Plastic Model) and 1 =m" (Power Law Model) (c) Determine the viscosity of this sample at a cup speed of 100 rpm in the viscometer using the above models. * Darby, R., Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanies, Marcel Dekker, 2001, p. 74 3-12Solution - Since (Ry ~ Ri)/Re = (10 ~ 9.8/10 = 0.02, we can use the equation (3.3-8, 9) to determine the shear stress and the shear rate to < Ty and ro oop and 7 ‘The apparent viscosity 17 is determined from eae 1-R,/R, Table 3.3-1 lists the results from the calculation. Table 3.3-2 lists the Matlab program to fit data with the Bingham plastic and power law model. ‘Table 3.3-1 Fluid apparent viscosity at different shear rates _ [2@pm) | T(dyn-cm) #8) ro(dyne/em’) | (Poise = lems) 2 360000 10.5 156 14.89 4 380000 20.9 165 7.86 10 440000 52.5 191 3.64 20 540000 105 234 2.23 40 740000 209 320 1.53 100 524 For the Bingham plastic model, we obtain t(dynelem?) = 75+ Hy = 147 + 0.827 7 (1/8) For the power law model, we obtain adynefom?) = my = 83.277 At 100 rpm or 7-= 524 s", for the Bingham plastic model r= 147 + 0.827524 = 580 dyne/em” = 580/524= 1.11 For the power law model = Et. = 83.27! = 0.69 gems 7 glems Table 3.3-2 Matlab program to fit shear stress and shear rate data% Example 3.3-4 % tpm=[2 4 10 20 40}; Torque=[36 38 44 54 74]*164; ndata=length(rpm); Ri9.8/2;Ro=10/2;L=15; ‘omega=rpm”2*pil60; shear_rate=omega/(1-Ri/Ro) Rave=(RitRo)/2; stress=Torque/(2"pi"Raver2"L) vis=stress./shear_rate polyfit(shear_rate,stress, 1); tao=co(2) az rate:shear_rate(ndata); +vis_inf's_rate;vis1=tao1 /s_rate; *9_rate.“n- Joglog(shear_rate,vis,'d’,s_rate,vis1,s_rate,vis2,":') xlabel(’Shear rate (1/5)'),yiabel('Viscosity (Poise)’) legend(Data',"Bingham plastic’ Power law’) grid on % Evaluate the correlation coefficient vis_ave=mean(vis); is_ave)*(vis-vis_avey’ taot=tao+vis_inf'shear_rate;vist=tao‘./shear_rate; vis2=m'shear_rate.(n-1); S1=(vis-vis1)"(vis-vis1);r1=sqrt(1-S1/St), S2=(vis-vis2)*(vis-vis2)'r2=sqrt(1-S2/St); {printf(‘Correlation coefficient for Bingham plastic = %8.4f\n',r1) {print((Correlation coefficient for Power law = %8.4fin'r2) >> edd1 shear_rate = 10.4720 20.9440 52.3599 104.7198 209.4395 stress = 155.8910 164.5516 190.5334 233.8365 320.4426 vis = 14.8865 7.8568 3.6389 2.2330 1.5300 tao = 147.2304 vis_int 3270 0.2337 m= 83.1932 Correlation coefficient for Bingham plastic = 1.0000 Correlation coefficient for Power law= 0.9938 314A crude measure of the how well the data is fitted by an expression is given by the correlation coefficient r, which is defined as In this expression S; = }°(¥,—Y)? is the spread of the data around the mean ¥ of the a x dependent variable and S'= )°(Y, — y,)” is the sum of the square of the difference between the data (Yi) and the calculated value ()). Figure 3.3-3 shows a plot of viscosity versus flow rate for the Bingham plastic and the Power Jaw models. The Bingham plastic model fits the data better as evident by its higher correlation coefficient (1.0) in comparison with that (0.9938) of the Power law model. 107 10 10° 10 ‘Shear rate (1) Figure 3.3-3 Behavior of non-Newtonian fluid. 3153.4 The Hagan-Poiseuille Equation ‘We now consider the case of a Newtonian fluid flowing through a capillary. The shear rate- shear stress relation 7(r,) = “2 is substituted into equation (3.3-6) to obtain u The velocity profile inside the capillary can also be obtained by integrating equation (3.3-2) a= pts - P= P 7 ta WE OL 3.3-2) dy, =~ e-8) [rar Ee || Example 3.4-1.7 —- You are asked to measure the viscosity of an emulsion, so you use a tube flow viscometer similar to that shown below, with the container open to the atmosphere. ‘The length of the tube is 10 cm, its diameter is 2 mm, and the diameter of the container is 3 in. When the level of the sample is 10 cm above the bottom of the container the emulsion drains through the tube at a rate of 12 cm’/min, and when the level is 20 cm the flow rate is * Darby, R,, Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Marcel Dekker, 2001, p. 80 3-1630 cm*/min. The emulsion density is 1.3 g/cm’, What can you tell from the data about the viscous properties of the emulsion? Solution - Equation (3.3-3) provides a relation between the wall shear stress and the pressure drop across the tube -3) This equation is valid for any Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid. P. is essentially the pressure at the bottom of the container and Py, is the ambient pressure Parm. Therefore Py~PL= poh ‘The magnitude of the wall shear stress is then given by num Cehd 4L where d is the inside diameter of the tube. = (1.3)(980)(10)(0.2) = 63.7 dyne/em? (00) ii When f= 10 em, tw = (1.3)(980)(20)(0.2) When h=20 cm, en. om, ty2 (C0) = 127.4 dyne/cm™ If the fluid is a Newtonian fluid then om oa so that 2 Be 22 a tm Therefore the viscosity at high shear rate is smaller than that at lower shear rate. The emulsion is a shear thinning liquid, 3-17Example 3.4-2. A Cannon-Fenske Viscometer is used to measure the viscosity of an unknown liquid. This liquid is drawn into the tube to a level above the top etched line. The time is then measured for the liquid to drain to the bottom etched line. The kinematic viscosity, v, is then obtained form the equation v= KR't where K is a constant, Ris the radius of the capillary tube and ¢ is the drain time. When glycerine at 20°C (v = 0.119 cm*/s) is used to calibrate a particular viscometer, the drain time is 1,430 s. When a liquid having a density of 0.97 g/cm’ is tested in the same viscometer, the drain time is 900 s. What is the dynamic viscosity of this liquid? ~ h= 2-2 * un? =u) 'S From the mass balance we have Dy 3 = = 2025: = >. =2,8294 fi aa »(2)- ae "FO N2y ‘The height of the water in the tank is 20.257 (2)(62.2) 8294? = 50.85 ft If we neglect u;? compared to 1”, the height of the water in the tank is 20.25° 2 2.8204 = 50.97 ft (G22) Example 3.6-2. stone Water (density = 1000 kg/m’) is flowing inside a 0.12 m diameter pipe with a flow rate of 0.14 m’/s. Determine the velocity head in the pipe. Solution —-- aa ; oa Velocity in th ve = 12.38 mi locity inthe pipe is =O = ms ‘Tho velocity head is then: Y = 1238" 7.81 m 2g 2x91 3.24Example 3.6-3.° — A stream of water of diameter d = 0.1 m flows steadily from a tank of diameter D = 1.0 m as shown below. Determine the flowrate, Q, needed from the inflow pipe if the water depth remains constant, h = 2.0 m, Q mney “= i ; digg 1.05 i‘ 05 O2 04 0.6 Os an tab o Solution - Applying the Bemoulli equation between points 1 and 2 we have 2 2 Wisp taaBig rh (1) 2 Pp 2 Pp Since p; = p2 =Pams 21 = h, and 22 = 0, Eq, (E-1) becomes we Al t+ ph = 2 B-2) 7 Taha (2) From the steady mass balance for incompressible fluid we have ay AN = Ava Vi= {2 Y; My V2 => Vi (g) 2 : ay Substituting Vi = (5) V2 imo Ba, (H-2) we have L(dy yo <[4) v2+en +(4) 2g Solving for V2 gives * Munson, Young, and Okiishi, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Wiley, 2006, pg. 115 3.25{22h _|"_[@esne)” _ a fecattsnt {ogee rane Q= AgV = n(0.05)(6.26) = 0.0492 m’/s a ¥; ¥; : : For +04 we ean neglect “compared to “2 since the error in velocity ealeulation is Jess than 1%, The velocity V2 is then V2 = (2gh)* Example 3.6-4.4 —- Shown in Fig. 53.6-4-1 are two flow fields with circular streamlines. The velocity distributions are Wo)= Car for case (a) Vry= > for case (b) oy Figure E3.6-4-1 Rotational and irrotational flows. Determine the pressure distributions, p = p(r), for each, given that p= pp at r=ro. Solution - Case (a) represents forced vortex or rotational flow as in solid rotation of a rigid body. Case (b) represents free vortex or irrotational flow such as a tornado or the swirl of water in a drain. Figure E3.6-4-2 illustrates the position of a fluid particle for cases (a) and (b). For rotational flow the fluid element will rotate in a circular motion while for irrotational flow there will be no rotation of the fluid element during circular motion. * Munson, Young, and Okiishi, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Wiley, 2006, pg. 103 3-26_ he Fe fo « Case @* a (b) s e 77 + ¢ Irrotational flow } Ny — | Figure E3.6-4-2 Orientation of a fluid element during rotational and irrotational flows. Assuming steady, inviscid, and incompressible flow with streamlines in the horizontal plane (deldn = 0) the equation of motion in the normal direction is given as 1) ad We have & = dn Case (a) Integrating the equation we obtain P= dec? =n) *p0 Case (b) & _ ev” _ 0G ror PF 1 1d p= tec (e3) om 2 % 3.27Example 3.6-5. - The flanged joint shown in Figure E3.6-5 bolts a nozzle onto a pipe. The flowing fluid is water. The cross-sectional area perpendicular to the flow at point 1 is 12 in’ and at point 2 is 4 jin’. At point 2 the flow is open to the atmosphere, The pressure at point | is 36 psig, Pipe T Nozzle 1 Figure £3.6-5. Nozzle, bolted to pipe. ‘Neglecting friction loss, determine the velocity of water leaving the nozzle Solution - Applying Bernoulli equation between points 1 and 2 we have 1) (E-2) From the steady mass balance for incompressible fluid we have AN HAN Mi= 2 y= 4 3 a Substituting V:2 = a into Eq. (E-2) and solving for V2 we have = 0.5(V2) (1 = 1/9) = (4/9\(Va)? he Cae @24x4 ] ee * Noel de Nevers, Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineering, McGraw Hill, 3" Edition, 2005, 3-28