Scribd
Upload
175 views

Logic Practice Answers

This document contains sample logic and FOL questions and exercises. It covers topics like logical equivalences, truth tables, resolution, translating English sentences to FOL, and correcting invalid FOL translations. For example, one question uses resolution to prove that a sentence entails G, while another asks to translate sentences about wine prices and quality into FOL.

Uploaded by

Ravi Tej
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
175 views

Logic Practice Answers

This document contains sample logic and FOL questions and exercises. It covers topics like logical equivalences, truth tables, resolution, translating English sentences to FOL, and correcting invalid FOL translations. For example, one question uses resolution to prove that a sentence entails G, while another asks to translate sentences about wine prices and quality into FOL.

Uploaded by

Ravi Tej
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Logic SampleQuestions

1. T/F:
a. ( A B ) C entails ( A C ) ( B C ) True,actuallyequivalent usetruth
tablesorconverttoCNF
b. ( P R ) ( Q R ) canbeconvertedintoaHornclause. True usinglogical
equivalences: P Q R
c. ( "x P ( x) ) ( "x P ( x)) is avalidsentence. False P couldbetruesometimesbutnot
always
d. "x x = x issatisfiable. True(alsovalid)
2. Consider ( A B ) ( A C ) ( B D ) ( C G ) ( D G )
Useresolutiontoprovethatthesentenceentails G.
clauses1and2resolveto ( B C )thisresolveswithclause4togive ( B G )thisresolves

withclause3togive ( G D )which resolveswithclause5togive,whichresolveswiththe


negatedquerytogivetheemptyclause
3. Correcteachlogicrepresentation ofthefollowingsentences:
a. Notwopeoplehavethesamesocialsecuritynumber
$x, y , n Person ( x ) Person ( y ) ( HasSS #( x, n ) HasSS #( y, n ))
incorrect usesimplicationwithexistential.Correctis
$x , y , n Person( x ) Person ( y ) ( x = y ) ( HasSS #( x , n) HasSS #( y , n ))
b. JohnssocialsecuritynumberisthesameasMarys
$n HasSS #( John, n ) HasSS #( Mary , n )
correct
c. Everyonessocialsecuritynumberhas9digits
"x, n Person ( x) ( HasSS #( x, n) Digits ( n, 9))
Incorrect sayseveryonehasanumber.Correctis:
"x , n ( Person( x ) HasSS #( x, n ) ) Digits ( n, 9)
d. Rewritetheabovesentences(uncorrected)usingthefunctionsymbolsSS#insteadof
thepredicateHasSS#.
$x, y Person ( x) Person ( y ) SS #( x ) =SS #( y )
SS #( John ) = SS #( Mary )
"x Person ( x) Digits ( SS #( x),9)
4. TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoFOLusingthepredicates French,Chilean,Wine,>, andthe
functions Price and Quality:
a. AllFrenchwinescostmorethanChileanwines.
"x French( x) Wine( x ) ( "y Chilean( y ) Wine( y ) >( Price( x), Price( y )))
b. ThebestChileanwinesarebetterthansomeFrenchwines.
$x Chilean( x) Wine( x) ( "y Chilean( y ) Wine( y ) > (Quality ( y ), Quality ( x)) ) ($z Frenc

5. Showthatthesentences:
a. "x ( "y P ( x, y ) ) Q( x)

= "x ( "y P( x, y ) ) Q( x)
= "x ( $y P( x, y ) )Q( x)
= P ( x, f ( x)) Q ( x)
b. "x $y ( P ( x, y ) Q( x))

= "x$y ( P( x, y ) Q ( x ))
= P ( x, f ( x)) Q ( x)
are logicallyequivalentbyconvertingthemtoCNF.GiveEnglishsentencesthatinterpret
P and Q tomakethesentencestrueintherealworld.
P couldbe hatesand Q couldbemisanthrope,or P couldbelovesand Q could
bephilanthrope
6. Assumethefollowingpropositions: BatteryDead, RadioWorks,OutOfGas, and CarStarts.
a. Whatisthetotalnumberofmodels? 24 =16models
b. Howmanymodelsarethereinwhichthefollowingsentenceisfalse?
( RadioWorks CarStarts ) ( OutOfGas BatteryDead )
R C istruein4 models, ( O B )= O B isfalseinthreeofthefourmodels
c. IsthesentenceaboveequivalenttoasetofHornclauses?
Yes, R C O and R C B
d. Showthatthesentenceaboveisnotentailedbythesentence
RadioWorks BatteryDead
Findamodelinwhichsentence 2 istrueandsentence1 isfalse,i.e.R,C,Oaretrue,B
isfalse
7. Let M(x) betrueifxisamailcarrier, B(x) istrueifxlivesinBerkeley,and K(x,y) betrueifx
knowsy.TranslatethefollowingintoFOL:
a. ThereareatleasttwomailcarrierswholiveinBerkeley.
$x, y M ( x) M ( y ) B( x) B( y ) ( x = y )
b. AllthemailcarrierswholiveinBerkeleyknoweachother.
"x, y M ( x) M ( y ) B ( x) B ( y ) K ( x, y )
8. Considerthefollowingsentence:
( ( Food Party) ( Drinks Party) ) ( ( Food Drinks) Party )
a. Determine,usingenumeration,whetherthesentenceisvalid,satisfiableor
unsatisfiable. Valid
b. ConverttheleftandrighthandsidesofthemainimplicationtoCNFandverifyyour
answertoa.
F D P forLHS andsameforRHS.Thusthisislike Q Q whichisvalid
c. Useresolutiontoprovea.
NegateandconverttoCNF:
( ( Food Party ) ( Drinks Party ) ( ( Food Drinks)Party ) )
= (( F P ) ( D P )) ( F D P )
= ( F D P ) ( F ) ( D ) ( P ) whichresolvestoemptyclause,thusthe
originalsentenceisvalid
9. CorrectthefollowingFOLtranslationsasnecessary:
a. AnyapartmentinBerkeleyhaslowerrentthansomeapartmentsinPaloAlto.
"x ( Apt ( x ) In( x, Berkeley ) $y ( ( Apt ( y ) In( x, PaloAlto)) <( Rnt ( x ), Rnt ( y )))

Incorrect,shouldbe
"x ( Apt ( x ) In( x, Berkeley ) $y ( ( Apt ( y ) In( y, PaloAlto)) <( Rnt ( x), Rnt ( y )))

b. ThereisexactlyoneapartmentinPaloAltowithrentbelow$1000.
$x Apt ( x) In( x, PaloAlto) "y ( Apt ( y ) In( y, PaloAlto) < ( Rnt ( y ), Dollars (1000)) ) y = x

Incorrect,shouldbe
(
$x Apt ( x) In( x, PaloAlto) < ( Rnt ( x), Dollars (1000)) "y ( Apt ( y ) In( y, PaloAlto) < ( Rnt (

c. IfanapartmentismoreexpensivethanallapartmentsinBerkeley,itmustbeinSan
Francisco
"x Apt ( x) ( "y Apt ( y ) In( y, Berkeley ) > ( Rnt ( x ), Rnt ( y ) ) ) In( x, SanFrancisco)

Incorrect,shouldbe
"x Apt ( x) ( "y Apt ( y ) In( y, Berkeley ) > ( Rnt ( x), Rnt ( y ) ) ) In( x, SanFrancisco)

You might also like