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The document discusses the anatomy and development of the foregut and its derivatives. It describes how the foregut forms the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gallbladder and part of the pancreas. It explains the rotation of the stomach and duodenum during development. Clinical correlates relating to abnormalities of foregut derivatives like tracheo-esophageal atresia and gastroschisis are also covered.

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M DAaud SAleem
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96 views11 pages

Git

The document discusses the anatomy and development of the foregut and its derivatives. It describes how the foregut forms the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gallbladder and part of the pancreas. It explains the rotation of the stomach and duodenum during development. Clinical correlates relating to abnormalities of foregut derivatives like tracheo-esophageal atresia and gastroschisis are also covered.

Uploaded by

M DAaud SAleem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Anatomy of GIT

DERIVATIVES OF FOREGUT

Learning Objectives
At the end of lecture student should be able to:

Describe the divisions of primitive gut.


Describe the derivatives of foregut.
Describe the development of the derivatives of foregut.
Describe the applied anatomy of derivatives of foregut.

Divisions of the Primitive gut:

1. Pharyngeal gut or pharynx: From buccopharyngeal membrane to


tracheobronchial diverticulum

2. Foregut: tracheobronchial diverticulim to the liver diverticulum

3. Mid gut: Liver diverticulum to the junction of the right two-thirds and
left third of the transverse colon in adults

4. Hind gut: From the left third of the transverse colon to the cloacal
membrane
FOREGUT:
The foregut is the anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the
mouth to the duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct. At this point it
is continuous with the midgut.
Derivatives of the foregut are:
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum (1st part)
Liver
Gallbladder
Superior portion of pancreas.
Development of esophagus:
Begins at 4-weeks
A respiratory diverticulum (lung bud) appears at the ventral wall of
the foregut at the junction of the pharyngeal gut and the foregut
A tracheoesophageal septum appears & gradually divides this
diverticulum into a ventral & a dorsal portion
Ventral portion forms the respiratory primordium
Dorsal portion forms the esophagus
At first short, but with the descent of the heart & lungs, esophagus
lengthens rapidly
Epithlial lining --- Endoderm
Connective tissues & muscular coat--- splanchnic mesoderm.
Muscular layer in upper 2/3 is striated
Muscular layer in lower 1/3 is smooth
Abdominal Foregut:
Stomach:

4th wk: stomach is first apparent


5th wk: dorsal wall grows faster than the ventral wall resulting in the
greater curvature
7th wk: continued differential expansion of the superior part of the
greater curvature results in formation of the fundus and the cardiac
incisure

Rotation of the Stomach:

Stomach rotates during the 7th & 8th wks


90 degree rotation around a craniocaudal axis
Right & left Vagus plexuses rotate with it to become posterior &
anterior vagal trunks
The duodenum bends into a C shape from rotation of the stomach
Development of duodenum:

Derives from:
Foregut upto the bile duct (first and second parts).
Midgut from bileduct to jejunum.

Rotation of duodenum
As the stomach rotates so does the duodenum.
Development of liver,gall bladder (Duodenal Buds):
Liver, gallbladder, and their ducts bud from the duodenal endoderm
and grow into the septum transversum
Day 26 cystic diverticulum forms and eventually becomes the
gallbladder and cystic duct.
The liver is the major hematopoetic organ of the embryo
4th wk blood cells begin to be produced by foci of
hematopoetic cells derived from the septum transversum.

Abdominal Foregut:
Duodenal Buds
By the 6th wk, the two pancreatic buds fuse and become the pancreas.

Development of Gall Bladder:


It develops as an outgrowth (Cystic bud) from the distal narrow part
of the hepatic duct / bile duct on its ventral aspect.
The distal part of the cystic bud dilates and forms the gall bladder
while its proximal part remains narrow and forms the cystic duct.
Pancreas
Development
Clinical Correlates:-

Tracheo-esophageal Atresia:-
Results from deviation of trachio oesophageal septum in posterior
direction results in incomplete separation of oesophagus from
laryngotracheal tube
Atresia may be result from failure of recanalization
Oesophageal Stenosis:

Narrowing of lumen of oesophagus may be


any where but commonly occurs in its distal
third

Blood vessels are interrupted as a result


atrophy of segment of oesophageal wall
occurs
Gastroschisis:

Occurs in 1 in 10,000 births


Defect of the ventral abdominal wall between the rectus muscles
lateral to the umbilicus
Occurs on the right side
Arises through an abnormality in the involution of the right
umbilical vein during the 5th & 6th wks causing a
maldevelopment of associated mesodermal elements in that
region of the body wall
Not covered by a membrane
Herniated intestine is often edematous, and can be ischemic-
especially if the defect is small
Increased risk of sepsis
Increased fluid and heat losses
Not associated with other abnormalities

REFERENCES
Langmans Medical Embryology by Sadler
Clinically Oriented Embryology by Moore-Persaud
Internet

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