TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

AYALA BOULEVARD, ERMITA, MANILA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AC/DC Machinery
ACTIVITY NO.4

Submitted by: DATE GIVEN: FEBUARY 24, 2017

Llorera, Jeshua B. DATE SUBMITTED: FEBUARY 24, 2017
BSME-4D

Submitted To:

ENGR. RAMOS
INSTRUCTOR RATING
Split - Phase Motor
A split-phase motor has no capacitance in the auxiliary circuit. A phase shift with respect to the
main current is achieved by using narrow conductors to achieve a high resistance to reactance
ratio. Increasing the resistance means that the auxiliary winding can only be used during starting,
otherwise, it would overheat.

A split-phase motor has significantly lower torque at starting than any of the capacitor motors
due to the reduced phase angle between main and auxiliary winding currents.

Construction of Split Phase Induction Motor

In addition to the main winding or running winding, the stator of single phase induction motor
carries another winding called auxiliary winding or starting winding. A centrifugal switch is
connected in series with auxiliary winding. The purpose of this switch is to disconnect the
auxiliary winding from the main circuit when the motor attains a speed up to 75 to 80% of the
synchronous speed. We know that the running winding is inductive in nature. Our aim is to
create the phase difference between the two winding and this is possible if the starting winding
carries high resistance. Let us say Irun is the current flowing through the main or running
winding, Istart is the current flowing in starting winding, and VT is the supply voltage.
We know that for highly resistive winding the current is almost in phase with the voltage and for
highly inductive winding the current lag behind the voltage by large angle. The starting winding
is highly resistive so, the current flowing in the starting winding lags behind the applied voltage
by very small angle and the running winding is highly inductive in nature so, the current flowing
in running winding lags behind applied voltage by large angle. The resultant of these two current
is IT. The resultant of these two current produce rotating magnetic field which rotates in one
direction. In split phase induction motor the starting and main current get splitted from each
other by some angle so this motor got its name as split phase induction motor.

Operation of Split Phase Induction Motor

The operation of split phase induction motor are explained below,

When the two stator windings are energized from a single-phase supply, the main winding
carries current Im while the starting winding carries current Is.

Since main winding is made highly inductive while the starting winding highly resistive, the
currents Im and Is have a reasonable phase angle a (25 to 30) between them as shown in
Figure. Consequently, a weak revolving field approximating to that of a 2-phase machine is
produced which starts the motor.

The starting torque is given by;

Ts =k(Im)(Is)sin
where k is a constant whose magnitude depends upon the design of the motor.

When the motor reaches about 75% of synchronous speed, the centrifugal switch opens the
circuit of the starting winding. The motor then operates as a single-phase induction motor and
continues to accelerate till it reaches the normal speed. The normal speed of the motor is below
the synchronous speed and depends upon the load on the motor.

The direction of rotation of such motors can be reversed by reversing the connection of any on of
the stator windings ( not both ). The rotating magnetic field get reversed and hence the motor
rotates in opposite direction. For this purpose four leads are brought outside the frame.

Applications of Split Phase Induction Motor

Split phase induction motors have low starting current and moderate starting torque. So these
motors are used in fans, blowers, centrifugal pumps, washing machine, grinder, lathes, air
conditioning fans, etc. These motors are available in the size ranging from 1 / 20 to 1 / 2 KW.

Capacitor start induction motor

In Figure below a larger capacitor may be used to start a single phase induction motor via the
auxiliary winding if it is switched out by a centrifugal switch once the motor is up to speed.
Moreover, the auxiliary winding may be many more turns of heavier wire than used in a
resistance split-phase motor to mitigate excessive temperature rise. The result is that more
starting torque is available for heavy loads like air conditioning compressors. This motor
configuration works so well that it is available in multi-horsepower (multi-kilowatt) sizes.
 Capacitor-start induction motor.

Capacitor-run motor induction motor

A variation of the capacitor-start motor (Figure below) is to start the motor with a relatively large
capacitor for high starting torque, but leave a smaller value capacitor in place after starting to
improve running characteristics while not drawing excessive current. The additional complexity
of the capacitor-run motor is justified for larger size motors.

Capacitor-run motor induction motor.

A motor starting capacitor may be a double-anode non-polar electrolytic capacitor which could
be two + to + (or - to -) series connected polarized electrolytic capacitors. Such AC rated
electrolytic capacitors have such high losses that they can only be used for intermittent duty (1
second on, 60 seconds off) like motor starting. A capacitor for motor running must not be of
electrolytic construction, but a lower loss polymer type.

Construction of Capacitor Motor

The working principle and construction of Capacitor start inductor motors and capacitor start
capacitor run induction motors are almost the same. single phase induction motor is not self-
starting because the magnetic field produced is not rotating type. In order to produce rotating
magnetic field there must be some phase difference. In case of split phase induction motor we
use resistance for creating phase difference but here we use capacitor for this purpose. with this
fact that the current flowing through the capacitor leads the voltage. So, in capacitor start
inductor motor and capacitor start capacitor run induction motor we are using two winding, the
main winding and the starting winding. With starting winding we connect a capacitor so the
current flowing in the capacitor i.e Ist leads the applied voltage by some angle, st.
The running winding is inductive in nature so, the current flowing in running winding lags
behind applied voltage by an angle, m. Now there occur large phase angle differences between
these two currents which produce an resultant current, I and this will produce a rotating magnetic
field. Since the torque produced by these motors depends upon the phase angle difference, which
is almost 90. So, these motors produce very high starting torque. In case of capacitor start
induction motor, the centrifugal switch is provided so as to disconnect the starting winding when
the motor attains a speed up to 75 to 80% of the synchronous speed but in case of capacitor start
capacitors run induction motor there is no centrifugal switch so, the >capacitor remains in the
circuit and helps to improve the power factor and the running conditions of single phase
induction motor.

Operation of Capacitor Motor

In capacitor start inductor motor and capacitor start capacitor run induction motor we are using
two winding, the main winding and the starting winding. With starting winding we connect a
capacitor so the current flowing in the capacitor i.e Ist leads the applied voltage by some angle,
st.

The running winding is inductive in nature so, the current flowing in running winding lags
behind applied voltage by an angle, m. Now there occur large phase angle differences between
these two currents which produce an resultant current, I and this will produce a rotating magnetic
field. Since the torque produced by these motors depends upon the phase angle difference, which
is almost 90. So, these motors produce very high starting torque. In case of capacitor start
induction motor, the centrifugal switch is provided so as to disconnect the starting winding when
the motor attains a speed up to 75 to 80% of the synchronous speed but in case of capacitor start
capacitors run induction motor there is no centrifugal switch so, the >capacitor remains in the
circuit and helps to improve the power factor and the running conditions of single phase
induction motor.

Application of Capacitor Start IM and Capacitor Start Capacitor Run IM

These motors have high starting torque hence they are used in conveyors, grinder, air
conditioners, compressor, etc. They are available up to 6 KW.

Repulsion motor
Repulsion motors are classified under Single Phase motors. In magnetic repulsion motors the
stator windings are connected directly to the ac power supply and the rotor is connected to
commutator and brush assembly, very similar to that of DC armature.

Construction of Repulsion Motor

Constructionally, it consists of the following:

1. Stator winding of the distributed non-salient pole type housed in the slots of a smooth-cored
stator (just as in the case of split-phase motors). The stator is generally wound for four, six or
eight poles.
2. A rotor (slotted core type) carrying a distributed winding (either lap or wave) which is
connected to the commutator. The rotor is identical in construction to the d.c. armature.

3. A commutator, which may be one of the two types : an axial commutator with bars parallel to
the shaft or a radial or vertical commutator having radial bars on which brushes press
horizontally.

4. Carbon brushes (fitted in brush holders) which ride against the commutator and are used for
conducting current through the armature (i.e. rotor) winding.

Operation of Repulsion Motor

To understand how torque is developed by the repulsion principle, consider Fig. 36.37 which
shows a 2-pole salient pole motor with the magnetic axis vertical. For easy understanding, the
stator winding has been shown with concentrated salient-pole construction (actually it is of
distributed non- salient type). The basic functioning of the machine will be the same with either
type of construction. As mentioned before, the armature is of standard d.c. construction with
commutator and brushes (which are short-circuited with a low-resistance jumper).

Suppose that the direction of flow of the alternating current in the exciting or field (stator)
winding is such that it creates a N-pole at the top and a S-pole at the bottom. The alternating flux
produced by the stator winding will induce e.m.f. in the armature conductors by transformer
action. The direction of the induced e.m.f. can be found by using Lenzs law and is as shown in
Fig. 36.37 (a). However, the direction of the induced currents in the armature conductors will
depend on the positions of the short-circuited brushes. If brush axis is colinear with magnetic
axis of the main poles, the directions of the induced currents (shown by dots and arrows) will be
as indicated in Fig. 36.37 (a)*. As a result, the armature will become an electromagnet with a N-
pole on its top, directly under the main N-pole and with a S-pole at the bottom, directly over the
main S-pole. Because of this face-to- face positioning of the main and induced magnetic poles,
no torque will be developed. The two forces of repulsion on top and bottom act along Y Y in
direct opposition to each other.

The position shown in Fig. 36.37 (b) so that the brush axis is at right angles to the magnetic axis
of the main poles, the directions of the induced voltages at any time in the respective armature
conductors are exactly the same as they were for the brush position of Fig.
36.37 (a). However, with brush positions of Fig. 36.37 (b), the voltages induced in the armature
conductors in each path between the brush terminals will neutralize each other, hence there will
be no net voltage across brushes to produce armature current. If there is no armature current,
obviously, no torque will be developed.

If the brushes are set in position shown in Fig. 36.38 (a) so that the brush axis is neither in line
with nor 90 from the mag- netic axis Y Y of the main poles, a net volt- age*** will be induced
between the brush terminals which will produce armature current. The armature will again act as
an electromagnet and develop its own N-and S-poles which, in this case, will not directly face
the respective main poles.

.As shown in Fig. 36.38 (a), the armature poles lie along A A making an angle of a with Y Y.

Hence, rotor N-pole will be repelled by the main N-pole and the rotor S-pole will, similarly, be
repelled by the main S-pole. Consequently, the rotor will rotate in clockwise direction [Fig.36.38
(b)]. Since the forces are those of repulsion, it is appropriate to call the motor as repulsion motor.

It should be noted that if the brushes are shifted counter-clockwise from YY , rotation will also
be counter-clockwise. Obviously, direction of rotation of the motor is determined by the position
of brushes with respect to the main magnetic axis.

It is worth noting that the value of starting torque developed by such a motor will depends on
the amount of brush-shift whereas direction of

Rotation will depend on the direction of shift [Fig. 36.39 (a)]. Maximum starting torque is
developed at some position where brush axis makes, an angle lying between 0 and 45 with the
magnetic axis of main poles. Motor speed can also be controlled by means of brush shift.
Variation of starting torque of a repulsion motor with brush-shift is shown in Fig. 36.39 (b).
Application of Repulsion Motor
Repulsion motor applications included: High speed, lifts Fans and pumps Printing, presses
Textile machines, Film winding machines (smooth manual speed and direction adjustment could
be achieved without complicated circuitry)

Universal motor
A universal motor is a special type of motor which is designed to run on either DC or single
phase AC supply. These motors are generally series wound (armature and field winding are in
series), and hence produce high starting torque (See characteristics of DC motors here). That is
why, universal motorsgenerally comes built into the device they are meant to drive. Most of the
universal motors are designed to operate at higher speeds, exceeding 3500 RPM. They run at
lower speed on AC supply than they run on DC supply of same voltage, due to the reactance
voltage drop which is present in AC and not in DC.
There are two basic types of universal motor : (i)compensated type and (ii) uncompensated type

Construction of Universal Motor

Construction of a universal motor is very similar to the construction of a DC machine. It consists
of a stator on which field poles are mounted. Field coils are wound on the field poles.
However, the whole magnetic path (stator field circuit and also armature) is laminated.
Lamination is necessary to minimize the eddy currents which induce while operating on AC.
The rotary armature is of wound type having straight or skewed slots and commutator with
brushes resting on it. The commutation on AC is poorer than that for DC. because of the current
induced in the armature coils. For that reason brushes used are having high resistance.

Operation of Universal Motor

A universal motor works on either DC or single phase AC supply. When the universal motor is
fed with a DC supply, it works as a DC series motor. When current flows in the field winding, it
produces an electromagnetic field. The same current also flows from the armature conductors.
When a current carrying conductor is placed in an electromagnetic field, it experiences a
mechanical force. Due to this mechanical force, or torque, the rotor starts to rotate. The direction
of this force is given by Fleming's left hand rule.
When fed with AC supply, it still produces unidirectional torque. Because, armature winding and
field winding are connected in series, they are in same phase. Hence, as polarity of AC changes
periodically, the direction of current in armature and field winding reverses at the same time.
Thus, direction of magnetic field and the direction of armature current reverses in such a way
that the direction of force experienced by armature conductors remains same. Thus, regardless of
AC or DC supply, universal motor works on the same principle that DC series motor works.

Applications of Universal Motor

Universal motors find their use in various home appliances like vacuum cleaners, drink and food
mixers, domestic sewing machine etc.

The higher rating universal motors are used in portable drills, blenders etc.

Shaded Pole Induction Motor

A Shaded Pole Induction Motor is a simple type of starting single phase induction motor. It
consists of a starter and a cage-type rotor. The stator is made of salient poles. A copper ring is
fitted on the smaller part of each pole. This section of the pole is known as Shaded Pole. The ring
is usually a single turn coil and is known as Shading Coil.

The connection diagram of the Shaded Pole Motor is shown below.

Construction of Shaded Pole Induction Motor
A shaded pole motor may be 2 pole or 4 pole. Here we are considering a 2 pole shaded pole
motor. The pictures in this article also shows a 2 pole motor.

Stator

The stator has salient poles. Usually 2 to 4

poles are used. Each of the poles has its own
exciting coil. A part of each pole is wrapped
by a copper coil. The copper coil forms a
closed loop across each pole. This loop is
known as the shading coil.

The poles are laminated. A slot is cut across the lamination of the pole. The slot is approximately
one third distance from the edge of the pole. The short circuited copper coil described above is
placed in this slot. So we can call this part as the shaded part and other part of the pole as
unshaded part.

Selecting a 2 poled stator gives a synchronous speed of 3000 rpm while a 4 poled stator speed
will be 1500rpm for 50Hz supply.

Rotor

The rotor of shaded pole induction motors is Squirrel Cage type rotor. The rotor bars are
provided with a 60 degree skew. This is to obtain an optimum starting torque and for limiting the
torque dip during run up.

Parts of a Shaded Pole Induction Motor

Air gap length between stator and rotor is of the order 0.25 to 0.5 mm. Too short air-gap may
result in starting-torque variations due to rotor slotting.
Shaded pole induction motor has no commutator, brushes, collector rings, contactors, capacitors
or moving switch parts, so it is relatively cheaper, simpler and extremely rugged in construction
and reliable. Absence of centrifugal switch eliminates the possibility of motor failure due to
faulty centrifugal switch mechanisms.

Working of Shaded Pole Induction Motor

The operation of the motor can be understood by referring to figure which shows one pole of the
motor with a shading coil. Considering a cycle of alternating current (fig 1) applied to the stator
winding we will explain the working of shaded pole motor.

During the portion OA

During the portion OA of the alternating-current cycle [Fig 1], the flux begins to increase and an
e.m.f. is induced in the shading coil. The resulting current in the shading coil will be in such a
direction (Lenzs law) so as to oppose the change in flux. Thus the flux in the shaded portion of
the pole is weakened while that in the unshaded portion is strengthened as shown in figure 2.

During the portion AB

During the portion AB of the alternating-current cycle, the flux has reached almost maximum
value and is not changing. Consequently, the flux distribution across the pole is uniform [See Fig
3] since no current is flowing in the shading coil.

During the portion BC

As the flux decreases (portion BC of the alternating current cycle), current is induced in the
shading coil so as to oppose the decrease in current. Thus the flux in the shaded portion of the
pole is strengthened while that in the unshaded portion is weakened as shown in Fig 4.

The effect of the shading coil is to cause the field flux to shift across the pole face from the
unshaded to the shaded portion. This shifting flux is like a rotating weak field moving in the
direction from unshaded portion to the shaded portion of the pole.

The rotor is of the squirrel-cage type and is under the influence of this moving field.
Consequently, a small starting torque is developed. As soon as this torque starts to revolve the
rotor, additional torque is produced by single-phase induction-motor action. The motor
accelerates to a speed slightly below the synchronous speed and runs as a single-phase induction
motor.

Applications of the Shaded Pole Motor

This type of motor is used to drive the devices which require low starting torque. The various
applications of the Shaded Poles Motor are as follows:-

They are suitable for small devices like relays and fans because of its low cost and easy
starting.
Used in exhaust fans, hair dryers and also in table fans.
Used in air conditioning and refrigeration equipment and cooling fans.
Record players, tape recorders, projectors, photocopying machines.
Used for starting electronic clocks and single phase synchronous timing motors.