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CONTENTS
R. Goebiewski, Changes in the acoustic properties of road porous surface with time . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
K. Kosaa, Global index of the acoustic quality of sacral buildings at incomplete information . . . . . . 165
A. Calixto, C. Pulsides, P. H. T. Zannin, Evaluation of transportation noise in urbanised areas . . . . 185
W. Batko, J. Felis, A. Flach, T. Kaminski, T. Giesko, Z. Zbrowski, A concept of an actuator for

the positioning measurement system in an anechoic room. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
A. Perelomova, Modelling of acoustic heating induced by different types of sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
P. Mrwka, R. Makowski, Normalization of speaker individual characteristics and compensation

of linear transmission distortions in command recognition systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Z. Surowiak, D. Bochenek, Multiferroic materials for sensors, transducers and memory devices
(review article) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Chronicle, The XV Conference on Acoustical and Biomedical Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Chronicle, 7-th EAA International Symposium on Hydroacoustics SHA 2008 and XXVth Sym-
posium on Hydroacoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Chronicle, 18-th National Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Chronicle, The Sixteenth International Congress on Sound and Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS
33, 2, 243260 (2008)
MULTIFERROIC MATERIALS
FOR SENSORS, TRANSDUCERS AND MEMORY DEVICES
(review article)
Zygmunt SUROWIAK, Dariusz BOCHENEK

Silesian University, Faculty of Computer and Materials Science
Department of Materials Science
Sniezna 2, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
(received January 19, 2007; accepted January 25, 2008)
Chemical compositions and basic properties of smart materials (ferroics, biferroics, mul-
tiferroics) are introduced in this paper. Single phase and composite ferroelectromagnetics are
characterized in detail. Multiferroic ferroelectromagnetics are materials which are both ferro-
magnetic/ferrimagnetic/antiferromagnetic and ferroelectric/ferrielectric, antiferrolectric in the
same phase. As a result they have a spontaneous magnetization which can be switched by an
applied magnetic field, a spontaneous polarization which can be switched by an applied elec-
tric field, and often there is some coupling between those fields. The physical mechanisms of
the coupling process were analyzed. In the case of the ferroelectromagnetics in general the
transitions method d electrons, which are essential for magnetism, reduce the tendency for
off-center ferroelectric distortion. Such materials have all the potential applications of both
their parent ferroelectric and ferromagnetic materials.
Keywords: smart materials, ferroics, multiferroics, ferroelectromagnetics, ferroelectroelas-
tics, single-phases, composites, phase transition.
1. Introduction
The development in mainly fields of technique is possible thanks to the search and
production of new materials and the investigation of their properties. The investiga-
tions of smart materials is particularly important for electronics, informatics, electro-
acoustics, optoelectronics etc.
Smart materials are defined broadly as materials that can be altered or controlled by
an external stimulus. They can be grouped into several basic categories including piezo-
electrics, electrostrictive materials, magnetostrictive materials, shape memory alloys,
optical fibers etc. (Fig. 1).
What is smart about them is that, instead of having fixed properties, they can change
their properties in a predesigned way in order to serve for a useful purpose [1].
244 Z. SUROWIAK, D. BOCHENEK
Fig. 1. Smart materials and structures.
Members of the family of products containing smart materials can be used in a va-
riety of applications and in diverse industries such as automation, process control sys-
tems, robotics, material processing, aerospace, and automotive, electronics, defenses
and medical technologies and biotechnologies. Adaptive learning can also be incorpo-
rated in the device of applications called actively smart structures by the use of fast,
real-time, information processing arrangements involving neural networks [2].
Ferroics and multiferroics (biferroics) deserve special attention among the smart
materials (Fig. 1).
Ferroic crystals are crystals which involve at least one phase transition which changes
the directional symmetry of the crystal. In the science of crystals, study of changes of
symmetry as a function of temperature, pressure, etc. is a very developed subject. When
a crystal changes its symmetry, it is a process of going from one phase to another one.
It is called a phase transition entailing a change of symmetry [3].
The term ferroic materials (ferroics) is a general term covering ferromagnetics, fer-
rimagnetics / antiferromagnetics, ferroelectrics / ferrielectrics / antiferroelectrics and
ferroelastics / ferrielastics / antiferroelastics [3]. These three types of ferroics are called
primary ferroics.
Ferroic materials exhibit a hysteresis (Fig. 2).
MULTIFERROIC MATERIALS FOR SENSORS . . . 245
Fig. 2. Typical hysteresis loops for ferroelectrics P (E), ferromagnetics M (H) and ferroelastics () [3].
There are several common features among materials exhibiting the properties of fer-
romagnetism, ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity, the most notable being the occurrence
of a domain structure (a consequence of spontaneous breaking of symmetry), and the
resultant hysteresis behaviour. A. A IZU (1969) [4] therefore coined the general term
ferroics materials (ferroics) for all such materials. Although ferro has been used for
coining the word ferroic, it has nothing to do with the presence or absence of iron in
a ferroic material.
Apart from the domain structure, a second important feature of ferroics is the high
value of certain response functions of the material that can acquire in the vicinity of the
ferroic phase transition.
A third significant feature is the very large temperature dependence of certain macro-
scopic properties in the vicinity of the ferroic phase transition.
Furthermore, if there is a strong coupling between these properties and other prop-
erties, then the latter also behave in a similar way [1].
These four features form the basis of a large variety of device applications of ferroics
(Fig. 3).
In the ferroic materials science, the important notion of prototype symmetry is in
the context of ferroic phase transitions. The symmetry of any ferroic phase of a material
can be regarded as derived by a small distortion of the prototype symmetry. For example
the symmetry of the cubic phase (T > TCE ) of the paraelectric BaTiO3 is the proto-
type for its tetragonal ferroelectric ferroelastic phase occurring at room temperature
(Tr < TCE ).
Ferroelastics are the least well-known ones in the family of ferroics. Let us remind
therefore the basic properties of these materials.
Ferroelasticity must be a mechanical or elastic analogue of ferromagnetism and fer-
roelectricity. A ferroelastic material has a spontaneous strain and a concomitant domain
structure the consequence of which is the observed hysteresis when the bulk sponta-
neous strain is plotted as a function of the applied directional stress. A ferroelastic
crystal contains two or several stable states of orientation with no mechanical stress.
It is possible to change reversibly from one state to another by applying a stress () in
the defined directions. There exist a strain stress elastic hysteresis with spontaneous
strain (s ) and a coercive stress (c ). Transition from a ferroelastic phase to a higher
Fig. 3. Various applications of ferroics.
temperature phase, termed paraelastic, occurs by an increase in symmetry and a change

in the crystalline system [4].
If such a coupling FE FES occurs, the spontaneous strain (s ) may be modified by
applying an electric field (E) and the spontaneous polarization (Ps ) may be modified
applying a mechanical stress (). This leads to a set of four hysteresis cycles: P (E),
(), (E) and P () Fig. 4.
Ferroics are of grate importance in the family of smart materials. Among them are
the most smart multiferroics and biferroics.
The term multiferroics has been coined to describe materials in which two or all
three of ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity occur in the same phase [5].
This means that they have a spontaneous magnetization (Ms ) which can be reoriented
by an applied magnetic field (H), a spontaneous polarization (Ps ) which can be reori-
ented by an applied electric field (E), and a spontaneous deformation (s ) which can be
reoriented by an applied stress ().
Biferroics are materials in which two ferroic states occur in the same phase [6].
Materials with simultaneous ferroelectric and magnetic ordering are called ferroelec-
Fig. 4. Hysteresis loops for ferroelastoelectric FESE (ferroelectric FE ferroelastic FES phase with cou-
pling) [4].
tromagnetics, those with simultaneous ferroelectric and those with mechanical ordering
ferroelectroelastics; when and with simultaneous ferromagnetic and mechanical or-
dering occurs simultaneously they are called ferromagnetoelastics [7].
This work is focused on ferroelectromagnetic multiferroics, which are simultane-
ously ferroelectrics and ferromagnetics (FE + FM FEM).
2. Ferroelectromagnetics
2.1. The magnetoelectric (ME) effect

Magnetoelectricity is a property product and needs a biphasic surrounding to ex-
hibit the behavior. The primary magnetoelectric (ME) materials become magnetized
when placed in an electric field and electrically polarized when placed in an magnetic
field. In the secondary effect, the permeability or permittivity change is expected. The
history of the ME effect dates back to as early as 1894, when P. Curie stated that it
would be possible for an asymmetric molecular body to polarize directionally under the
influence of a magnetic field. Later, L.D. Landau and E. Lifshitz (1958) showed by
symmetry considerations that a linear ME can occur in magnetically ordered crys-
tals. Subsequently, I.E. Dzyaloshinskii (1960), on the basis of a theoretical analysis,
predicted the existence of the ME effect in antiferromagnetic Cr2 O3 . This was con-
firmed by D.W. Astrov (1960) by measuring the electric field induced magnetization and
later by G.T. Rado and V.J. Folen (1961) by the detection of the magnetic field-
induced polarization.
The primary requirement for the observance of the ME effect is the coexistence of
magnetic and electric dipoles.
The magnetoelectric (ME) effect is characterized by a variation of the electrical po-
larization (P ) in response to an external magnetic field (H), or an induced magnetization
(M ) by an external electric field (E) [8]:
P = X E E + X EM H, (1)
M = X M H + X M E E, (2)
where X E electric susceptibility tensor, X M magnetic susceptibility tensor, XijEM =
ME = 2
Xji mixed magnetoelectric susceptibility tensor;
Ei Hj
P
X EM = , (3)
H
M
XME = , (4)
E
thermodynamic potential.
The following equation in the vicinity of the phase transition point (TCE = TCM =
TC ) is in force:
X EM = X M E (T T )1/2 . (5)
Since the discovery of the ME effect in the compound Cr2 O3 in 1950 s, extensive
attention has been drawn to it, in the earlier time to ferroelectromagnetic (FEM) com-
pounds (single-phase FEM) and recently mainly to ferroelectric ferro-/ferrimagnetic
composites [9]. However, the observed ME effect for most of the FEMs is too weak
to be applicable, however it has been found that a number of ferroelectric ferro-
/ferrimagnetic composite structures show an significant ME output qualified for poten-
tial applications. Generally, for the composite structure, the ME effect originates from
a product the magnetostrictive effect from the magnetostrictive phase with the piezo-
electric effect from the piezoelectric phase in the composites. It is well established that
the ME effect is remarkably dependent on the dc magnetic bias field Ho [7] onto which
an ac magnetic signal H is imposed. With increasing the bias Ho magnetoelectric cou-
pling coefficient

dE
E = (6)
dH Ho
first increases and ten drops down slowly after reaching its maximum. Nevertheless, the
dependence of the ME effect on the bias field Ho is rarely considered in theoretical ap-
proaches. For instance, the phenomenological theory proposed recently to explain the
ME effect at the microwave frequency for laminate ferroelectric/ferromagnetic compos-
ites does not take into account this dependence in a reasonable manner.
Ferroelectromagnetic materials exhibiting the ME effect can be classified into two

classes: single phase and composites.
2.2. Single-phase FEM

2.2.1. General characteristics
Single phase materials exhibiting the ME effect have an ordered structure and re-
quire the presence of FE / FIE / AFE and FM / FIM / AFM states. These materials
should show two phase transitions [9]:
T
FE/FIE/AFE CE
PE, (7)
TCM /TN
FM/FIM/AFM PM. (8)
In single-phase ferroelectromagnetics, the ME effect arises due to the local interac-
tion between the ordered magnetic (FM / FIM /AFM) and ordered electric (FE / FIE /
AFE) sublattices. The conditions for the occurrence of ferroelectric and magnetic prop-
erties in the same material, often accompanied by ferroelasticity, imply:
the presence of adequate structural building blocks permitting ferroelectric type
ionic movements;
magnetic interaction pathways, usually of the super exchange type;
the fulfillment of symmetry conditions.
One simple inference from this is that it is possible to synthesized ferroelectromag-
netics by replacing diamagnetic ions by paramagnetic ones on the B-site of oxyoctahe-
dral ferroelectric perovskites ABO3 . G.A. S MOLENSKII and V.A. I OFFE in 1958 [8]
synthesized the FE AFM perovskite ceramic Pb(Fe1/2 Nb1/2 )O3 (PFN). Later the
growing of single crystals of PFN at the presence of a weak spontaneous magnetic mo-
ment (WFM) in ferroelectric phase below T = 9 K was confirmed (D.N. A STROV
et al., 1968 [10]).
Ferroelectromagnetic multiferroics are rare materials being both ferromagnetics and
ferroelectrics in the same phase. N.A. H ILL and A. F ILIPETTI [5] show that their
scarcity results from transition metal d electrons, which are essential for magnetism
destabilizing the off-center ferroelectric distortion. By studying some known multifer-
roics (BiMnO3 , YMnO3 ) authors [5] identify the unconventional driving forces which
can cause ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity to occur simultaneously (identify the
chemistry behind the additional electronic or structural driving forces that must be
present for FE and FM to occur simultaneously).
In ferroelectrics (e.g. in prototypical perovskite structures such as BaTiO3 ) the spon-
taneous polarization (Ps ) is achieved by the of-center distortion of small transition metal
cations (e.g. Ti4+ ) at the center of the octahedron of oxygen anions. The existence or
absence of such an off-center distortion is determined by a balance between short range
repulsions between adjacent electron clouds, which favor the non-ferroelectric symmet-
ric structure, and additional bonding considerations, which might stabilize the ferroelec-
tric phase. It is now widely accepted that the ferroelectricity in conventional perovskite
structure oxides is favored because of ligand field stabilization in which the formally
filled oxygen 2p states donate electron density into the formally empty d states of the
transition metal cations as it moves off-center. Clearly, vacant transition metal d states
in an appropriate energy range are required for such stabilization to occur [11].
The occurrence of magnetic spin polarization is subject to an opposite requirement
there must be filled transition metal d states. According to the E.C. Stoner model (1933)
[5] the fundamental driving force for local spin polarization is the exchange energy,
which is minimized if all the electrons have the same spin. Opposing the alignment of
spins is the increased band energy involved in transferring electrons from the lowest
band states (occupied equally with up-and down-spin electrons) to band states of higher
energy. The exchange effect predominates the band energy only in narrow bands, such
as those arising from d electrons, which have a high density of states at the Fermi energy.
The existence of ferroelectricity (which requires empty d orbitals) should be in-
consistent with the occurrence of spin polarization (which requires filled d orbitals).
Spin-polarization means any kind of a local moment, whether ordered ferro- or antifer-
romagnetically, or not at all.
In the last few decades the FEM effect has been found in numerous single-phase
materials (compounds and solid solutions) of various types of crystalline structures:
perovskites (ABO3 ), e.g. [1216];
bismuth layer perovskite-like oxides (Am1 Bi2 Bm O3m+3 ), e.g. [1720];
boracites (Me3 B7 O13 X), e.g. [8, 10];
RMnO3 -type (R = Y, Ho, Er, Yb, Tu, Lu, Sc) hexagonal manganites, e.g. [8, 10,
21];
Ba Me F4 -type (Me = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) hexagonal fluorites, e.g. [8, 10];
hexagonal BaTiO3 -type compounds, [e.g. 8, 10];
tungstenbronze-type niobiate compounds (e.g. Ba6 Nb9 FeO30 , Sr6 Nb9 FeO30 ),
e.g. [19, 20];
other compounds and solid solutions (e.g. FeS, Cu(HCOO)2 4H2 O,
Li(Fe1/2 Ta1/2 ) O2 F), e.g. [8, 10].
2.2.2. Phase transitions in single-phase multiferroics
With the rapidly increasing interest in the study of structural phase transitions,
the need for a simple representation of the dielectric, elastic, magnetic, and symme-
try properties involved becomes acute. K. A IZU [22, 23] and L.A. S HUVALOV [24]
have recognized and enumerated the various possible phase transitions in terms of their
point groups.
For discontinuous (first-order) type of ferroelectric transitions, there is no neces-
sary symmetry for the compatibility between high- and low-temperature phases. How-
ever, for all continuous (or quasi-continuous) transitions there are symmetry restrictions
which can be probed by the group theory via a Landau free-energy analysis. A con-
cise description of the method is given by R. B LINC and B. EKS [25] and here it will
suffice to state that all the possible ferroelectric states derivable from a particular higher-
symmetry configuration by a quasi-continuous phase transition can be enunciated, to-
gether with the number of possible ferroelectric domains (with different but equivalent
orientations of spontaneous polarization), for each lower-symmetry phase. All the pos-
sible ferroelectric point groups which can result from the 32 paraelectric point groups
are given in Table 1. A simplified but more general representation which includes mag-
netic as well as dielectric and elastic properties of materials has been introduced by
E.T. K EVE and S.C. A BRAHAMS [26]. Its simplicity, and the fact that it can include
recognition of coupling between properties, makes the latter particularly suitable for
discussion in the context of coupled phase transitions.
Each phase of a crystal is represented by a triplet of symbols followed by the point
group of that phase [20].
The first symbol refers to the dielectric state of the crystal as follows:
F for actual or potential ferroelectric in which the spontaneous polarization Ps can
be reversed or reoriented either experimentally or conceptually (i.e. including
pyroelectric);
A for antiferroelectric, characterized by the existence of ordered local dipoles in the
structure but of a net zero polarization (i.e. including antipolar);
for piezoelectric, encompassing all piezoelectric materials except those charac-
terized by F or A;
P for paraelectric, characterized by zero net polarization and containing no ordered
local dipoles in the structure.
The second symbol refers to the elastic state of the crystal as follows:
F for ferroelastic, characterized by the existence of a net spontaneous strain s
which can be reoriented either experimentally or conceptually;
A for antiferroelastic, defined by the existence of a single stable mechanical state
in which the unit cell contains an equal number of opposite local spontaneous
strains with a zero resultant;
P for paraelastic, encompassing all other crystals with a single stable mechanical
state and zero net strain.
The third symbol refers to the magnetic state in the normally accepted terminology
as follows:
F for ferromagnetic, characterized as possessing a non-zero net magnetic moment
Ms (i.e. including ferrimagnetisms, weak ferromagnetism, etc.);
A for antiferromagnetic;
P for a lack of magnetic order (i.e. paramagnetic or diamagnetic).
In multiferroic materials the possibility of any pair of ferroelectric, ferroelastic,
and ferromagnetic order parameters being coupled always exists. When this occurs,
the strongly coupled properties are denoted by a subscript c on both property sym-
bols. The possibility that all three order parameters are strongly coupled in a ferroelec-
tric, ferroelastic, ferromagnetic phase cannot be discounted. The emphasis in this work
is obviously on ferroelectric transitions and most of the examples (Table 2) are taken
from [26].
Table 1. Place of ferroelectrics in the crystal family.
Symbols Non-centric crystal classes

Centro-
Symmetry No Polar
Interna- symmetric Piezo- Piro-
classes class Krentz Schoenflies neutral
tional crystals electrics electrics
crystals
1 L1 C1 1
Triclinic
2 C Ci 1
3 L2y C2 2
Monoclinic 4 Py Cs m
5 L2y C C2h 2/m
6 L2z Py C2v 2mm
Orthorhombic 7 L2z L2y D2 222
8 L2z L2y C D2h mmm
9 A4z S4 4
10 L4z C4 4
11 L4z C 4/m
Tetragonal 12 A4z L2y D2d 42m
13 L4z Py C4v 4mm
14 L4z L2y D4 422
15 L4z L2y C D4h 4/mmm
16 L3z C3 3
17 L3z C S6 /C3i 3
Trigonal 18 L3z Py C3v 3m
19 L3z L2y D3 322
20 L3z L2y C D3d 3m
21 L3z Pz C3h 6
22 L3z L2y Pz D3h 6m2
23 L6z C6 6
Hexagonal 24 L6z C C6h 6/m
25 L6z Py C6v 6mm
26 L6z L2y D6 622
27 L6z L2y C D6h 6/mmm
28 L31 L32 T 23
29 L31 L32 C Th m3
Cubic 30 A4z A4y Td 43m
31 L4z L4y O 432
32 L4z L4y C Oh m3m
20
The sum total 11 10 11
32
Table 2. Characteristic examples of the phase transitions in multiferroics.
No Materials Phase transitions

1. BaTiO3 PPP (m3m) - (Fc Fc P (4mm) - Fc Fc P (mm2) - Fc Fc P (3m)
2. KH2 PO4 PP (42m) - Fc Fc P (mm2)
3. Cd2 (MoO4 )3 PP (42m) - Fc Fc P (mm2)

4. K3 Fe2+
3 Fe 3+
2 F15 PPP (4/mmm) - Fc Fc P (mm2)
5. Na5 W3 O9 F5 PPP - Fc Fc P
6. Ba4 Na2 Nb10 O30 PPP (4/mmm) - FPP (4mm) - FFP (mm2)
7. Bax Sr5x Nb10 O30 PPP (4/mmm) - PP (42m) - FPP (4mm)
8. Pb5 Cr3 F19 PPP (4/mm) - FPP (4mm)
9. Pb5 Al3 F19 PPP (4/mm) - PPP (4/m) - PFP (2/m) - AFP (4/m) - FFP (4mm)
10. Pb5 (Cr0,9 Al0,1 )3 F19 PPP (4/mm) - PPP (4/m) - PFP (2/m) - FFP (4mm)
11. BaCoF4 PPP (mmm) - FPP (mm2) - FFA (2) PPP (mmm) - FPP (mm2) - FAA (mm2)
12. RbFeF4 PPP (4/mmm) - PFP (mmm) - PFA (mmm)
13. K2 NiF4 PPP (4/mmm) - PFc Ac (mmm)
14. KFeF3 PPP (m3m) - PFc Ac (3m)
15. Mn3 O4 PPP (4/mmm) - PFc Fc (m)
2.3. Composite ferroelectromagnetics
The choice of single-phase multiferroics exhibiting coexistence of strong ferro- /

ferrimagnetisms and ferroelectricity is limited.
The ferroelectric ferro- / ferrimagnetic composite exhibits responses that are not
available in the individual component phases.
If new ferroelectromagnetic composites and the conditions of their production are
designed, the researcher should pay attention to the following problems.
No chemical reaction should occur between the ferroelectric and ferro- / ferrimag-
netic materials during the hightemperature sintering process. A chemical reaction may
reduce the piezoelectric and / or magnetostrictive properties of each phase.
The resistivity of the magnetostrictive phase should be as high as possible. If the
resistivity of a magnetostrictive phase is low, the electric poling becomes very difficult
due to the leakage current. Furthermore, the leakage current reduces the ME properties
of the composites. When the ferrite particles make connected chains, the electric re-
sistivity of the composites is reduced significantly because of the low resistivity of the
ferrite. Therefore, good dispersion of the ferrite particles in the ferroelectric matrix is
required in order to sustain sufficient electric resistivity of the composite.
Mechanical defects such as pores at the interface between the two phases should not
exist in the composite in order to achieve a good mechanical coupling.
The basic ideas underlying composite ferroelectromagnetic ceramics can be classi-
fied into three categories: (a) sum properties, (b) product properties and (c) combination
properties (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. Composite properties: a) sum properties, b) product properties, and c) combination properties [9].
Depending on the application, the appropriate properties of the individual phases

can be invoked to design a composite which will have a sum property or a product
property. These concepts are of fundamental importance.
A sum property (Fig. 5a) of a composite is a weighted sum of the contributions
from the individual component phases proportional to the volume of weight fractions
of these phases in the composite (physical quantities like density and resistivity are sum
properties).
A product property (Fig. 5b) is reflected in the composite structure but is absent in
the individual phases. In a biphasic composite material, if one phase exhibits a property
AB (application of an independent variable A resulting in an effect B) with a pro-
portionality tensor dB/dA = X (may be a constant or dependent on A or B) and the
second phase exhibits a property BC with a proportionality tensor dC/dB = Y, then
the composite will exhibit a property AC (product property of the composite) which
is absent in either of the initial phases. The proportionality tensor dC/dA is the product
of the proportionality tensor of the phases, i.e. dC/dA = (dC/dB) (dB/dA) = YX.
A combination property (Fig. 5c) of a composite takes place in the following situa-
tion. In certain cases, the averaged value of the output, B , of a composite does exceed
the magnitude of end components B1 and B2 . This enhanced output refers to an effect
B/C which depends on the two parameters B and C. Suppose that A and C follow con-
vex and concave type sum effects, respectively. The combination value B/C will exhibit
a maximum at an intermediate ratio of the phases.
All these properties (Fig. 5a, b, c) can be exploited to yield the requisite effect for
the desired application.
In composite ferroelectromagnetics magnetoelectric (ME) the effect is realized by
using the concept of product properties [8]. A suitable combination of two phases can
yield the desirable property such as a combination of piezomagnetic and piezoelectric
phases or a combination of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric phases. The ME effect can
be realized also by coupling the thermal interaction in pyroelectric-pyromagnetic com-
posites. Most ferromagnetic materials show a magnetostrictive effect, however
a piezomagnetic effect has not been observed in these materials. This means that in
these materials the strain caused by a magnetic field is not linearly proportional to the
field strength but is related to the square of the magnetic field strength. This makes the
product property, the magnetoelectric effect in the piezoelectric-magnetostrictive com-
posites, a nonlinear effect unlike the single phase materials where the magnetoelectric
effect is a linear effect over a wide range of the of the magnetic or electric field values.
Also the magnetoelectric effect in these composites shows hysteresis behavior. This
makes the applications of such composites difficult in linear devices. Linearity in such
composites is achieved by applying a bias magnetic field across them so that the mag-
netoelectric effect over a short range around this bias can be approximated as a linear
effect. The hysteresis nature of this effect can be used in memory devices, for which
there is no necessity of a bias magnetic field.
The ME effect obtained in composites is more than a hundred times larger than that
of single-phase ME materials (such as Co2 O3 ).
A strong ME effect in a composite can be observed if the following conditions are
fulfilled [9]:
two individual phases should be in equilibrium;
mismatching between grains should not be present;
the magnitude of the magnetostriction coefficient of the piezomagnetic or magne-
tostrictive phase and the magnitude of the piezoelectric coefficient of the piezo-
electric phase must be greater;
the accumulated charge must not leak through the piezomagnetic or magne-
tostrictive phases;
the strategy for poling of the composites must be determinated.
At present many various ferroelectromagnetic composites are received, among other
things e.g.:
BaTiO3 Ni(Co, Mn)Fe2 O4 ; BaTiO3 CoFe2 O4 ; BaTiO3 Ni Fe2 O4 ; BaTiO3

LiFe5 O8 ;
Bi4 Ti3 O12 CoFe2 O4 ;
PZT (Pb(Zro0.52 Ti0.48 )O3 ) TerfenolD (Tb0.3 Dy0.7 Fe1.9 );
PZT4 (20 %) CoFe2 O3 (80 %); PZT (80 %) NiFe2 O4 (20 %);
SrTiO3 (or BaTiO3 , Bi2 SrTaO9 ) LaFeO3 (or LaCrO3 , (La, Sr) MnO3 ).
Various ferroelectromagnetic composites are produced by different methods and
forms, among other things e.g. [27]:
bulk ceramics (x [%] ferro- / ferrimagnetic powders in (1-x) [%] ferroelectric
matrix);
multilayer geometry consisting of alternating layers of the ferroelectric phase,
e.g. perovsikite BaTiO3 , and the ferro- / ferrimagnetic phase e.g. spinel CoFe2 O4
(a thin film on substrate geometry);
a heterostructure consisting of nanopillars of the ferro- / ferrimagnetic phase em-
bedded in a ferroelectric matrix (a thin film on substrate geometry);
a laminated structure made by using piezoelectric and magnetostrictive mate-
rials (by sandwiching and bonding a PZT ceramic disk between two layers of
TerfenolD disks or a ferroelectric single crystal disc (e.g. Pb(Mg1/3 Nb2/3 )O3
PbTiO3 (PMN PT), Pb (Zn1/3 Nb2/3 )O3 PbTiO3 (PZT PT)) between two
discs of TerfenolD).
The ferroelectromagnetic composites are manufactured by using various processes,
e.g. [28]: a high advanced ceramic technology (bulk ceramic composites), rf sputter-
ing, the sol-gel process, pulsed laser deposition (thin film and multilayer composites).
The ferroelectromagnetic composites consist of two different phases: the ferroelec-
tric phase and ferro- / ferrimagnetic phase. These phases can not be mutually indepen-
dent, but they have to be coupled. This coupling is set between order parameters of the
electric (Ps ) and magnetic (Ms ) systems.
In ferroelectromagnetics, the temperature dependent magnetic measurements illus-
trate the coupling between two order parameters, which is manifested as a change in the
magnetization at the ferroelectric Curie temperature (TCE ). In case of the multiferroic
multilayer (for example ferroelectric BaTiO3 with a perovskite-type structure and ferro-
/ ferrimagnetic CoFe2 O4 with a spinel-type structure [27]), the thermodynamic analy-
ses show that the magnetoelectric coupling in such a structure can be understood on
the basis of the strong elastic interaction between the two phases. In other cases (e.g. in
single-phase multiferroics), the problem becomes considerably more complicated and
more difficult.
H. Z ENG et al. [27] proposed that composite piezoelectric and magnetostrictive
phases can be electromagnetically coupled via the mediation of stress. When the mag-
netoelectric coupling is purely by elastic interaction, the effect in a multilayer structure
of a substrate will be negligible due to the clamping effect of the substrate. This system
shows a strong coupling of the order parameters trough the heteroepitaxy of the two lat-
tices (e.g. BaTiO3 CoFe2 O4 ). This approach is general. At the present technologists
have been able to create similar structures of other spinel perovskite systems, such as
bismuth ferrite or cobalt ferrite / lead titanate, etc. This enlarged significantly the family
of the ferroelectromagnetic materials.
H. TABATA et al. [29] constructed ferroelectric and / or ferromagnetic superlat-
tices by a layerbylayer successive deposition technique with a laser MBE. An ideal
hetero epitaxy can be obtained due to the similar crystal structure of the perovskite
type ferroelectrics (BaTiO3 , SrTiO3 , Bi-based layered compound) and ferro- or antifer-
romagnetics (LaFeO3 , LaCrO3 , (La, Sr)MnO3 ). In both superlattices, the strain effect
plays an important role in deterring their ferroelectromagnetic properties.
J.L. P RIETO et al. [30] presented a new working configuration for magnetostric-
tive piezoelectric magnetic sensors. Magnetostrictive piezoelectric sensors are very
interesting because of their good characteristics such as their high sensitivity, great fre-
quency response, easy construction, law cost etc. The sensor, like the traditional mag-
netostrictive piezoelectric sensor, was made by interfacing a highly magnetostrictive
ferromagnetic material with a piezoelectric support thought a viscous fluid. In this oper-
ating mode, the excitation was caused using a current flowing through the ferromagnetic
sample, and the piezoelectric support detects the size of changes of the ferromagnetic
material. The sensitivity of this magnetic sensor is really good, but it can be easily in-
creased taking into account the following points:
the mechanical coupling between the ferromagnetic and piezoelectric materials
must be improved;
the size of the ferromagnetic material compared to the piezoelectric support must
increase to a comparable size (or even larger) to obtain a larger effect;
alternative configurations can improve the characteristics.
Despite the very good characteristics of the actual sensor, it would be very inter-
esting to develop a magnetic sensor without a coil in order to open up the possibility
of a planar or integrated device. The more promising planar or integrated technologies
could be (1) the magnetotranzistor, (2) a bimetallic compound, (3) magnetoresistance
or magneto impedance, (4) other interesting devices of the Lorentz force, (5) Hall
sensors and even flux-gate in the planar technology. J.L. P RIETO et al. [31] presented
a new planar technology of magnetic sensors.
T. U ENO et al. [32] described the principle of a magnetic force control by an inverse
magnetostrictive effect of the magnetostrictive material and a device, which is a com-
position of a giant magnetostrictive rod and a stack piezoelectric actuator fabricated
to realize the principle practically. The magnetic force control is based on the inverse
magnetostrictive effect of Terfenol-D coupled via strain with the piezoelectric actua-
tor and the variation of the voltage applied to the piezoelectric actuator is converted
to the variation of the magnetic force via a magnetic circuit in the device. The advan-
tage of zero power consumption and heat generation of the device in a steady-state
operation was also confirmed by the comparison of the device with the electromag-
net.
In the paper of Y.X. L IN et al. [33], the significant effect of a dc magnetic bias field
on the magnetoelectric coupling in a magnetoelectric composite structure has been stud-
ied using the finite-element method. It has been demonstrated that the dc bias effect of
the magnetoelectric coupling is ascribed to the nonlinear response of the magnetostress

coupling in the magnetostrictive materials to the applied dc bias field. A numerical
calculation of the Terfenol-D (Tb0.3 Dy0.7 Fe1.9 )-epoxy / Pb (Zr0.52 Ti0.48 )O3 (PZT)-
epoxy composite structure has revealed that the magnetostress coupling coefficient first
increases rapidly and then fall slowly down with an increasing bias field. A significant
effect of the bias field on the magnetoelectric yield has been demonstrated too. A rough
consistency between the numerical calculation and the experiments has been given.
Composite ferroelectromagnetics, which display simultaneous magnetic and elec-
tric ordering, have recently stimulated much scientific and technological interest [29].
The coexistence of magnetic and electric subsystems engenders the material with the
product property, thus allowing an additional degree of freedom in the design of actua-
tors, transducers and storage devices.
3. Conclusions
Ferroics form an essential subgroup of smart (or functional) materials whose physi-
cal properties are sensitive to changes at external conditions such as temperature, pres-
sure, electric and magnetic field. Ferroelectric, ferromagnetic and ferroelastic materials
are the best known examples of ferroics that are principally distinguished by two main
characteristics:
Firstly, their property specific order parameters (e.g. polarization, magnetization,
or selfstrain, for ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics and ferroelastics, respectively),
spontaneously assume nonzero values below a threshold temperature oven in the
absence of an applied stimulus. Thus these substances are usually high-energy
density materials that can be configured to store and release energy (electrical,
magnetic and mechanical) in well-regulated manners, making them highly useful
as sensor and actuators.
Secondly, ferroics (as a general class of materials) exhibit hysteresis in their stim-
ulus response behaviour: e.g. polarization versus the applied electric field, mag-
netization versus the applied magnetic field and strain versus the applied stress.
By definition, for a material to be ferroelectromagnetic multiferroic it must be si-
multaneously ferromagnetic and ferroelectric. Therefore, its allowed physical, structural
and electronic properties are restricted to those which occur both in ferromagnetic and
in ferroelectric materials.
The first ferroelectromagnetic material to be discovered (E. A SCHER et al., 1966
[34]) was a weakly ferromagnetic nickel iodine boracite Ni3 B7 O13 J. The latter was
followed by the synthesis of many more ferroic, biferroic and multiferroic single-phase
compounds and by the production of magnetoelectric composites.
Specific device applications which have been suggested for such materials include
multiple state memory elements, electric field controlled ferromagnetic resonance de-
vices, and transducers with magnetically modulated piezoelectricity.
Exciting developments can be expected in the area of smart materials and structures
in the near future. Investigations of ferroic and multiferroic materials can thus pay rich
dividends.
Acknowledgement
This work was partially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education
(Poland), under the research grant N507 142 31/3568.
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C H R O N I C L E
The XV Conference on Acoustical and Biomedical Engineering

Krakw Zakopane, Poland, April 14 18, 2008
The XVth Conference on Acoustic and Biomedical Engineering was held in Zakopane from
14th to 18th of April, 2008. The conference was organized by the Krakw Division of the Polish
Acoustic Society and the Department of Mechanics and Vibroacoustics at the Faculty of Me-
chanical Engineering and Robotics, University of Science and Technology AGH. The Confer-
ence was organized under the auspices of the Rector of the University of Science and Technology
AGH in Krakw, Prof. Antoni Tajdus and the Chairman of The Committee on Acoustics of
the Polish Academy of Sciences, Prof. Zbigniew Engel.
The Conference had an interdisciplinary character and integrated researchers who repre-
sented technical sciences, physics and medical studies. The scope of the Conference covered
topics of acoustic engineering like: radiation of sources, speakers and headphones designing,
home theatres designing, energy flow in structures, smart structures and control of sound flow
and vibration energy, prediction of acoustic fields, environmental noise protection, acoustical
emission, technologies for acoustic reproduction of sound, DSP in acoustical engineering. Also
papers focused on waves and effects on human beings and environment deal with subjective and
objective methods of evaluation of loudspeakers, radiation/headphone properties, music and hu-
man, low frequency waves and vibrations, electromagnetic waves, methods of protection, effects
of waves and vibrations on human.
Totally 70 participants have contributed to the Conference and 47 papers were presented
(including 7 invited papers). The conference organizers published materials of the The XVth
Conference on Acoustic and Biomedical Engineering that contained most of the presented lec-
tures.
33, 2, 263284 (2008)
C H R O N I C L E
7-th EAA International Symposium on Hydroacoustics SHA 2008

XXVth Symposium on Hydroacoustics
Gdynia Jastrzebia Gra, Poland, May 26 29, 2008
This year we celebrated the 25-th jubilee of Symposia on Hydroacoustics in Poland.

The 7-th EAA International Symposium on Hydroacoustics together with domestic
XXVth Symposium on Hydroacoustics took place in Jastrzebia Gra in Hotel Astor,
on 2629 May 2008. The Symposium was organized by the Gdansk Division of the
Polish Acoustical Society together with the Polish Naval Academy in Gdynia and the
Gdansk University of Technology. European Acoustics Association, and the Ultrasonic
Division of the Committee on Acoustics of the Polish Academy of Sciences took the sci-
entific patronage. Prof. Grazyna Grelowska, the vice-rector of the Polish Naval Acad-
emy in Gdynia, was the chairman of the Organizing Committee. Famous professors,
who participated in the Scientific Committee, had arrived from among others Germany,
Denmark, Russia, France, Greece, USA, Spain, Norway, United Kingdom and Poland,
representing European universities. Prof. Eugeniusz Kozaczka, the president of the Pol-
ish Acoustical Society, representative of Poland in the European Acoustics Association
and the member of the board of the International Commission for Acoustics, was the
chairman of Scientific Committee.
The jubilee was an occasion to recapitulate the achievements of the Polish hydroa-
coustics. During the Jubilee Plenary Session special lectures were devoted to this theme:
E. Kozaczka, Historical aspects of symposia on hydroacoustics in Poland;
R. Salamon, Hydroacoustic systems performed in the Gdansk University of Tech-
nology for the Polish Navy;
I. Gloza, Hydroacoustic systems performed in the Polish Naval Academy for the
Polish Navy.
The main aim of the symposium was giving opportunity to exchanging experiences
and information among research centres dealing with underwater acoustics and ultra-
sound.
264 CHRONICLE
The Symposium included four structured sessions:

Bubbles and cavitation, organized by Prof. Tim Leighton;
Ultrasound and applications, organized by Prof. Andrzej Nowicki;
Seabed acoustics, organized by Dr. Alessandra Tesei;
Bioacoustics, organized by Prof. Andrzej Orowski;
and few plenary sessions devoted to specific problems of hydroacoustics, such as:
sonars,
ocean acoustics,
general hydroacoustics and underwater noise.
75 scientists have registered to the Symposium representing research centres mainly
from Poland but also from other European countries, the USA and Canada.
47 papers were submitted, including 3 following plenary papers:
L. Bjorno, 25 years with sonar systems;
P. Blondel, A review of acoustic techniques for habitat mapping;
A. Nowicki, J. Wjcik, W. Secomski, Multitone nonlinear coding.
All papers accepted by reviewer will be published in the Journal Hydroacoustics
vol. 11.
Abstracts
1. Experimental evidence for enhanced target detection by sonar in bubbly water

L EIGHTON Timothy, [email protected]
F INFER Daniel, W HITE Paul
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton
Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
A sonar system has been developed which allows one to discriminate targets from scattered energy
from bubbles. The underlying theory and experimental testing of this system are presented. The effective-
ness of this sonar system is demonstrated through experimentation within a large fresh water tank in which
bubble clouds are generated. Some of the practical requirements associated with such an experiment are
detailed.
? ? ?
2. Sources of the variability of acoustic response of clupeoids in the Baltic
O ROWSKI Andrzej, [email protected]
Sea Fisheries Institute
Koataja
1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
Acoustic information, collected in the form of calibrated measurements of integrated echo energies,
has been applied at the Sea Fisheries Institute since 1981 to examine the relationships between clupeoids
distribution in the Baltic and the relevant environmental factors. Data were collected during different sea-
sons for each elementary distance unit (EDSU) at standardised depth intervals and compared to the values
of selected environmental parameters measured in parallel. Acoustic, biological and hydrological data were
correlated temporally and spatially, then transferred to a comprehensive database, thereby enabling the 4D
analysis of the factors characterising a wide range of fish behaviour. Selected characteristics describe the
variability of environmental factors during the short- and long-term life cycles of clupeoids. Apart from
SHA 2008 265
the analysis of abiotic factors, specially prepared cross-sections of the herring in different stages of gonad
maturity are presented. The aspects of variability have been described for their inclusion in the measuring
and modelling herring and sprat target strength, particularly under the specific circumstances of the Baltic
Sea.
? ? ?
3. A review of acoustic techniques for habitat mapping
B LONDEL Philippe, [email protected]
Department of Physics, University of Bath
Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
Habitat mapping has become an increasingly important application of remote sensing. Active and
passive acoustic techniques have greatly improved in the last decade, and their use extends into other
spheres to show their economic, legal, political and environmental benefits. This paper reviews the current
status of acoustic techniques for habitat mapping. Traditional techniques include echosounders, multibeam
systems and sidescan sonars. Passive techniques are also presented, along with geoacoustic inversion and
acoustic daylight imaging. The developments in new techniques such as non-linear acoustics, synthetic
aperture and interferometry are reviewed. Some emerging techniques are showing increasing potential for
habitat mapping, and bistatic sonar, parametric SAS and 3-D chirp profiling are briefly reviewed. Leading
international programmes are now making use of these techniques, most often in combination, and their
results inform the recommendations for future uses and desired technological developments.
? ? ?
4. Laboratory modelling and acoustic diagnostics of hydrodynamical processes
C HERNOV Vladimir, [email protected]
Institute of Applied Physics, RAS
46 Ulyanov str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
In the present paper results of modelling of wind interaction with a water layer surface and research
of the vortical structures arising downstream the flow around bodies are described. Results of the use of
the method of acoustic diagnostics of spatially-periodic vortical flows are presented. At physical modelling
in laboratory conditions wind was created with a low-velocity wind tunnel. The structure of an air stream
and convective cells on water surface was investigated with the help of visualization. Some pictures of
structures on the shallow sea surface are also demonstrated and discussed.
? ? ?
5. Comparison of experimental results and numerical calculations of ultrasonic waves scattering
on a model of the artery
W JCIK Janusz, [email protected]
T RAWI NSKI Zbigniew, P OWAOWSKI Tadeusz
Ultrasonic Department
Institute of Fundamental Technological Research
Polish Academy of Sciences
Swietokrzyska 21, 00-049 Warszawa, Poland
The aim of this paper is to compare the results of the mathematical modeling and experimental results
of the ultrasonic waves scattering in the inhomogeneous dissipative medium. The research was carried out
for an artery model (a pipe made of a latex), with internal diameter of 3, 5 and 8 mm and wall thickness
of 0.75, 1.25 and 2 mm. The numerical solver was created for calculation of the fields of ultrasonic beams
and scattered fields under different boundary conditions, different angles and transversal displacement of
ultrasonic beams with respect to the position of the arterial wall. The investigations employed the VED
266 CHRONICLE
ultrasonic apparatus. The frequency of the transmitted ultrasound was 6.75 MHz. The good agreement
between the numerical calculation and experimental results was obtained. The numerical solver is used for
verified proposed methods for determining of the IMT in the artery walls.
? ? ?
6. Acoustical monitoring of fish at an electric barrier
G ODLEWSKA Magorzata1 , [email protected]
D OROSZCZYK Lech2 , [email protected]
D UGOSZEWSKI Bronisaw2 , [email protected]
M OKWA Marian3 , [email protected]
1
European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology under auspices of UNESCO
Polish Academy of Sciences, dz, Poland
2
Stanislaw Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute, Olsztyn, Poland
3
Wrocaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Acoustical monitoring of fish at an electric barrier was performed using EY 500 split beam echo-
sounder with the transducer directed horizontally. Stationary measurements done during the operating bar-
rier and when the electric power was switched off have shown statistically significant difference in the
number of fish approaching the barrier, 11 fish in the first case, and over 280 in the second. The electric
barrier affected more strongly large fish than the small ones. Mobile measurements performed in a basin
from which fish were approaching barrier revealed the higher fish concentration just in front of the operat-
ing barrier than elsewhere.
? ? ?
7. Sounds in space: the potential uses for acoustics in the exploration of other worlds
L EIGHTON Timothy1 , [email protected]
P ETCULESCU Andi2 , [email protected]
1
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research
University of Southampton
2
Department of Physics
University of Louisiana Lafayette,
PO Box 44210, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
This paper examines the past and future uses for acoustics in space research. Whilst on the larger
scales in some topic areas, acoustical models have proved to be useful in extraterrestrial research, in other
areas there has been not so much use made of acoustical techniques. One particular area where greater use
might be made of acoustical sensors is in the deployment of acoustical sensors on probes sent out to other
moons and planets. This is surprising given that acoustical sensors deliver benefits that are particularly
useful for planetary probes, in terms of weight, bandwidth, ruggedness and cost. Whilst geoacoustical data
could be obtained from many bodies, those which contain a dense atmosphere or an ocean offer intriguing
additional possibilities. Examples from Mars, Venus, Titan, Enceladus and Europa will be discussed.
? ? ?
8. The use of the time reverse acoustics in a shallow sea
A LBERTOVICH Stromkov Alexander, [email protected]
Institute of Applied Physics of Russian Academy of Science
46 Ulyanov st., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
In this report the results of theoretical, numerical and experimental analysis of TRM in a shallow sea
are submitted. It is shown that in shallow sea the characteristics of focusing depend first of all on the sizes
SHA 2008 267
of the array of imaginary sources which essentially exceeds the sizes of any real array. The method of an
experimental research of characteristics of TRM is founded only on the receiving elements and a probe
sources is offered. The spatial sizes and the form of focal area of TRM are measured. It is experimentally
confirmed the identity of focal area of TRM with one element and the vertical arrays. The estimation of
efficiency of such systems is executed.
? ? ?
9. Data processing of broad-band signals received by multi-element cylindrical transducer
JANOWSKI Tadeusz, E LMINOWICZ Andrzej, [email protected]
S ZWORSKI Krzysztof
R&D Marine Technology Centre
Dickmana 62, 81-109 Gdynia, Poland
Commonly used Diver Detection Sonar (DDS), with limited detection range 300400 m, needs in-
creased coverage effectiveness. Wideband (chirp) sonars offer following advantages: extended detection
range, improved range resolution, high signal to noise and reverberation ratio. Additionally, several sonars
can operate in the same frequency band using different types of modulation.
The sonar based on cylindrical transducer compared with linear transducer has few advantages. Partic-
ularly its omni-directional central symmetry enables simplification of the echo signal Direction of Arrival
(DOA) estimation. When the number of transducer staves is the power of two the efficient Fast Fourier
Transformation can be used to calculate spatial convolution.
The article presents theoretical and technological principles of the real time digital data processing
of the wideband echo signals received by cylindrical hydroacoustic transducer. Described procedures en-
able high resolution underwater target location and precise data display. The implementation of effective
broadband pulse compression technique with high range resolution will be presented. The results of signal
processing modeling and examples of application will be also discussed.
? ? ?
10. Active control of a submerged circular plate
W ICIAK Jerzy, [email protected]
AGH University of Science and Technology
Department of Mechanics and Vibroacoustics
Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-095 Krakw, Poland
Structure vibrations and structure borne sound may be reduced by passive and active isolation, by pas-
sive and active vibration and sound absorbers or by active control. The experiment presented in this paper
is a part of an ongoing research project connected with the structural acoustic control in fluid loading struc-
tures. The paper presents the opportunity of active control of vibrations and sound through the application
of a circular plate containing distributed piezoelectric actuators and sensors. The plate is supported on the
edges in a rectangular enclosure and is loaded on one side by heavy fluid (sweet water) and on the other
side has contact with a gaseous medium (air). Piezoelectric elements are arranged in sets, each containing
four elements located on two concentric circles with different radii.
? ? ?
11. Modeling of the finite amplitude plane wave propagation in non-dissipative medium
BARANOWSKA Anna, [email protected]
Gdansk University of Technology
Department of Mathematical and Numerical Analysis
G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
The paper presents results of theoretical analysis of the finite amplitude plane wave propagation prob-
lem. The case of harmonic plane wave propagation in non-dissipative medium was considered. The math-
268 CHRONICLE
ematical model and some results of numerical investigations are presented. The mathematical model was
built on the basis of one-dimensional continuity equation, equation of motion in differential form and
state equation. The finite difference method was applied to solve the problem numerically. The pressure
changes and harmonic pressure amplitude changes were analysed. The results of computer calculations
were compared with solution of the Burgers equation.
? ? ?
12. An assessment of cleaning mechanisms driven by power ultrasound using electrochemistry

and high-speed imaging techniques
O FFINA Douglas
V IANA Christopher
B IRKINA Peter, [email protected]
L EIGHTONB Timothy
A School of Chemistry
BISVR
University of Southampton
Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
The cleaning of a surface is monitored in real time using a number of physical measurements. In
particular an electrochemically inactive material is removed from an electrode while the electrode is able
to detect a redox system in the bulk liquid. The removal of the material from the surface is monitored
as an increased Faradaic current at the electrode surface. This signal is used to assess the ability of the
cleaning method employed, in this case the application of power ultrasound to the system, as a function of
the position of the electrode with respect to the sound source. It is shown that, depending on the conditions
employed, surface cleaning is driven by different mechanisms. In order to validate these findings high-
speed imaging of the system was undertaken and the results correlated with the electrochemical data. In
addition a number of novel electrodes were also employed to assess the cleaning efficiency as a function
of the electrode geometry employed. Implications for surface cleaning in the presence of power ultrasound
are suggested.
? ? ?
13. Compression algorithms for multibeam sonar records

C HYBICKI Andrzej1 , [email protected]
M OSZY NSKI Marek1
P O CWIARDOWSKI Pawe2 , [email protected]
1
Narutowicza 11/12 Street, Gdansk-Wrzeszcz, Poland
2
Reson Inc.
100 Lopez Road Goleta, California 9311, USA
Operational requirements of multibeam sonar systems result in very large volumes of datasets stored
on local hard drives of operators station. In this context, the process of archiving acquired data becomes
a crucial problem. The paper investigates various lossy and lossless compression methods that can be
applied to multibeam sonar data to reduce the size of acquired files without loosing relevant information.
The specific character of MBS data allows applying various signal, image and video compression methods
to achieve better results than when using standard compression tools. Various techniques of reordering the
data were analyzed to achieve best possible compression ratio.
? ? ?
SHA 2008 269
14. The development of a passive acoustic device for monitoring the effectiveness of shockwave
lithotripsy in real time
F EDELE Fiammetta2 , C OLEMAN Andrew2
M CCARTHY Catherine2 , JAMALUDDIN Ahmad3
T URANGAN Cary3 , BALL Graham4 , RYVES Simon5
H URRELL Andrew6 , D E S TEFANO Antonello7
W HITE Paul1
1
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton,
2
Medical Physics Department, Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust,
Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
3
School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton,
4
Atomic Weapons Establishment,
Aldermaston, Reading, RG7 4PR, UK
5
Stone Unit, Day Surgery Department, Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust,
St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
6
Precision Acoustics Ltd., Hampton Farm Business Park,
Higher Bockhampton, Dorchester DT2 8QH, Dorset, UK
7
Radiological Science Group, Medical Physics Department, St Marys Hospital,
Portsmouth PO3 6AD, Hampshire, UK
This paper reports how laboratory experiments and hydrocode simulations (of cavitation and shock
wave propagation) have been used to generate a clinical device which can deliver real benefit to patients
with kidney stones. Currently X-ray or ultrasound B-scan imaging are used to locate the stone and to
check that it remains targeted at the focus of the lithotripter during treatment. Neither imaging method is
particularly effective in allowing the efficacy of treatment to be judged during the treatment session. In this
study, laboratory experiment and Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations of the complex interactions
between the shock wave, the stone, and the human tissue, have been used to develop a new clinical device.
This device, which has been tested in clinical trials, exploits the passive acoustic emissions generated by
these interactions, to identify whether the stone remains in the focus, and to what extent the treatment has
been successful.
? ? ?
15. High accuracy hydroacoustic system to study codend model parameters

M ARSZAL Jacek, [email protected]
S CHMIDT Jan, J EDEL Andrzej, S CHMIDT Aleksander
W OJAN Zbigniew, Z ACHARIASZ Krzysztof, L E SNIAK Wojciech
Faculty of Electronics Telecommunications and Informatics
Department of Marine Electronic Systems
Narutowicza 11/12, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
An important task of fishing gear designers is to develop effective selective fishing gears by optimizing
its geometry. The high accuracy hydroacoustic system for codend geometry measurements was designed
for developing the construction of cod codend for the Baltic fishery. The system consists of 10 pairs of
hydrophones, measuring microprocessor device and notebook computer. The high frequency short pulse
excitation combined with the matched digital filtering make it possible to obtain high resolution of measure
data. Additionally the thermistors mounted in the hydrophones are used to calculate the local sound velocity
270 CHRONICLE
and enable precision calibration of obtained measuring data. The construction solutions, the measuring
procedure and examples of obtained data are presented below.
? ? ?
16. Propagation of pulsed sound signals on a shelf of free tidal sea: effects from coastal eddies
and internal waves
M IKRYUKOV Andrey, P OPOV Oleg
S EREBRYANY Andrey, [email protected]
Andreyev Acoustics Institute
Shvernik Str. 4, Moscow 117036, Russia
A long-term experiment on studying fluctuations of the parameters of pulsed sound signals in a shal-
low sea was carried out in the region of the northeastern coast of the Black Sea in autumn, 2004. The data
were collected on a 1.2-km fixed propagation path at a 2-km distance from the coastline. During the entire
experimentation, observations of temperature fluctuations near the receiving point were performed by the
using the line temperature sensor. Fluctuations of the shape, energy, and propagation time of the pulsed sig-
nals were studied. An attempt of their relation to the hydrodynamic processes on the shelf was taken. The
change in the shape and the energy level of the signals was analyzed for the moment of passing the anticy-
clonic topographic eddy over the coastal zone. It was shown that the fluctuations of the propagation time
were sometimes as high as 17.6 ms. An enhance of the short-period acoustic fluctuations accompanying
the intensification of the internal waves was observed.
? ? ?
17. Design and implementation fir filters using FPGA
JASTRZ EBSKI
Sawomir, [email protected]
University of Technology and Life Sciences
Kordeckiego 20, 85-225 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Underwater acoustic channels are characterized by multipath phenomenon whose characteristics are
time varying. Multipath propagation contributes to signal fading, and causes intersymbol interference (ISI)
in a digital communication system.
Raised cosine filters are widely used in wireless communication systems and the effects of these fil-
ters are crucial to wireless communication systems, for example underwater communication systems. Pulse
shaping filters are commonly used in digital data communication systems to limit intersymbol interference.
Thus, digital filters have been recognized as primary digital signal processing operation. In order to apply
DSP algorithms to wireless communication systems high density Field Programmable Gate Arrays have re-
cently emerged as ideal implementation platforms for digital filters due to its potential speed and flexibility.
This paper presents the design and implementation of FIR filters using FPGA technology. The fol-
lowing architectures of filters are studied: multiply and accumulate (MAC) standard FIR filter, parallel
transposed FIR filter, and direct-form filter using Distributed Arithmetic (DA). The proposed filters have
been designed and synthesized with ISE software, and implemented with a Virtex-II FPGA device.
? ? ?
18. Determination of the B/A of biological media by measuring and modeling nonlinear distortion
of pulsed acoustic wave in two-layer media
K UJAWSKA Tamara, [email protected]
The acoustic nonlinearity parameter, B/A, is a fundamental material constant characterizing nonlinear
properties of biological media. Knowledge of the B/A of biological fluids or soft tissues through which
SHA 2008 271
pulsed acoustic waves generated from clinically relevant probes are propagating is necessary whenever
high intensity pressure fields are produced. The numerical model recently developed in our lab, capable
of predicting the pulsed sound fields generated from axisymmetric sources in nonlinear attenuating media,
was a powerful instrument for investigating nonlinear acoustic fields produced from circular plane or fo-
cused sources in attenuating media in dependence on boundary condition parameters. Quantitative analysis
of the obtained results enabled developing the alternative method for determination of the B/A parameter
of biological media. First, the method involves measuring in the near field of a piezoelectric transducer
the nonlinear waveform distortion of the pulsed acoustic wave propagating through the two-layer system
of media: water-tested material. Then, the method involves numerical modeling, in frequency domain and
under experimental boundary conditions, the nonlinear waveform distortion of the propagating wave by us-
ing the Time-Averaged Wave Envelope (TAWE) approach [1]. The obtained numerical simulation results
were fitted to the experimental data by adjusting the B/A parameter of the tested material. The determined
values of the B/A for standard media considered (corn oil, glycerol, pig blood, homogenized pig liver),
whose density, sound velocity and attenuation law have been preliminary determined experimentally, are
in a good agreement with those published. The proposed method ensure the decimal degree of accuracy, is
relatively simple to use and requires small volume of tested materials that is important because of difficulty
of their availability.
? ? ?
19. Ultrasonic method for relative changes of intima-media thickness measurements

in common carotid artery
T RAWI NSKI Zbigniew, [email protected]
Department of Ultrasound
This paper presents results of examinations of the intima-media thickness (IMT) in human common
carotid arteries. Ultrasonic examinations were carried out on healthy volunteers with the use of the appara-
tus Vascular Echo Doppler (VED), designed in IFTR-PAS to measure the elasticity of arteries. Application
of the PDA-14 PC-card (Signatec) allowed for the acquisition of ultrasonic RF signal from the output of the
apparatus VED and for further analysis of dynamic changes of the IMT during a heart cycle. Changing of
the IMT in time as a difference between the instantaneous position of the two tracking slopes of RF echoes
was obtained. For this purpose the zero-crossing method, for tracking phase changes of two characteristic
rising slopes of the RF ultrasonic echo, was used.
? ? ?
20. Preliminary acoustic research of diving arctic birds

S ZCZUCKA Joanna, [email protected]
Institute of Oceanology
Powstancw Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
This paper aims to introduce the preliminary results of acoustic studies of the diving strategy of Arctic
birds. It presents the inverted echosounding and noise measurements performed by the Autonomous Hy-
droacoustic System (AHS) in Isfjorden (Spitsbergen). Both the echograms and the noise record have been
analysed as far as the birds diving is concerned.
? ? ?
272 CHRONICLE
21. Acoustic studies of the diel migratory behaviour of Baltic fauna

S ZCZUCKA Joanna, [email protected]
S CHMIDT Beata
Marine animals, fish and zooplankton, migrate vertically in a diel cycle in search of food and to
avoid predators. Their crusades are determined mainly by the light amount, but also seasonally variable
hydrological conditions have a big influence on the distribution of marine fauna and their aggregative
and migratory behaviour. This paper presents the results of numerous series of acoustic measurements
(echosounders and ADCPs) conducted in the Baltic Sea in various seasons at different frequencies (30
300 kHz) during the last 17 years. Long-term variability of echo signal parameters on the background of
other environmental factors reveals some key features of marine fauna behaviour, among them a double-
cycle of diel migration, a loop shape and hysteresis of the dependence between mean gravity centre depth
of the signal envelope and backscattering strength, a diel variability of the distribution of SV-values, and
seriously limited vertical migration in windy time. The vertical migration velocity is determined by three
methods and the results are compared.
? ? ?
22. Extraction of seabed geomorphologic features of svalbard fjords

using high-resolution side scan sonar
T EGOWSKI
Jarosaw1 , [email protected]
G I ZEJEWSKI Jerzy2 , [email protected]
Z IELINSKI Adam3 , [email protected]
1
2
Institute of Geophysics
Ks. Janusza 64, 01-452 Warszawa, Poland
3
University of Victoria
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, B.C., Canada V8W 3P6
This paper presents results of a study on the relationship between features of side scan sonar acoustic
imagery of zones with active bedforms and geomorphologic seafloor characteristics. Acoustic measure-
ments were conducted in Hornsund, a Svalbard fjord representing a periglacial environment with great
intensity of morphodynamic processes and rapidly progressing changes of tidewater glaciers. Due to
the intensity of these processes, Arctic fjords are the most promising areas to study the effects of cli-
mate change on the ecosystem. Acoustic identification of sedimentary structures and morphological forms
created by currents and iceberg transport of glacier sediment away from the ice margin was performed.
The spectral and fractal features of the recorded signals were analysed. The proposed analysis
scheme allows identification of the morphodynamic active zones in the changing Arctic fjord environ-
ments. Measurements of acoustical features of seafloor surface were made during the 2006 Arctic cruise
of r/v Oceania.
? ? ?
SHA 2008 273
23. Towards field measurements of populations of methane gas bubbles in marine sediment:
an inversion method required for interpreting two-frequency insonification data
from sediment containing gas bubbles
M ANTOUKA Agni1 , W HITE Paul1
K LUSEK Zygmunt2
1
Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton
2
Institute of Oceanography, Polish Academy of Sciences
Sopot, P.O. Box 148, Poland
This paper describes a key stage in the process for developing a new device for the measurement of
gas bubbles in sediment. The device is designed to measure gas bubble populations within the top 2 m of
marine sediments, and has been deployed at inter-tidal sites along the South coast of England. Acoustic
techniques are particularly attractive for such purposes because they can be minimally invasive. However
they suffer from the limitation that their results can be ambiguous. Therefore it is good practice to deploy
more than one acoustic technique at a time. The new device does just this, but it is designed with the
practical economy that the task is accomplished with the minimum number of transducers. One of the
measurement techniques relies on insonifying the sediment with two frequencies. This paper outlines how
the bubble size distribution is inferred through inversion of the signals detected when two frequencies
are projected into the sediment. The high attenuation of the sediment makes this interpretation far more
difficult than it would be in water. This paper outlines these difficulties and describes how they can be
overcome.
? ? ?
24. Ocean average current measurement using acoustic phase monitoring
Z IELINSKI Adam, [email protected]
Z HOU Li, B UTOWSKI Marek
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Victoria
Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P6 Canada
Knowledge of water currents is important in several ocean-related activities. Typically, current speed
and direction are measured at a certain fixed location and depth (or depth profile) by a suitable current
meter. In this paper, we propose a novel method for average current speed measurement along a path,
based on acoustic phase monitoring. In this method, a transmitter and a receiver are installed at the ends
of a designated path. A transmitted sinusoidal signal propagates along the path to the receiver. Intervening
currents will introduce Doppler frequency shifts that can be measured as a rate of phase change in the
received signal. The phase is recovered by means of a phase detector and unwrapping techniques. The
desirable feature of the proposed method is that average current speed is monitored along the entire path.
Moreover, the estimated frequency shift via the phase measurement achieves a higher accuracy in current
measurement than does a measure of frequency directly by an FM demodulator.
? ? ?
25. Artificial neural networks for interpolation and identification of underwater object features
BALICKI Jerzy, [email protected]
G LOZA Ignacy, [email protected]
Naval University of Gdynia
Smidowicza 69, 81-103 Gdynia, Poland
Artificial neural networks can be applied for interpolation of function with multiple variables. Be-
cause of concurrent processing of data by neurons, that approach can be seen as hopeful alternative for
274 CHRONICLE
numerical algorithms. From these reasons, the analysis of capabilities for some models of neural networks
has been carried out in the purpose for identification of the underwater object properties. Features of the
underwater objects can be recognized by characteristics of a amplitude according to the frequency of
measured signals. The feed-forward multi-layer networks with different transfer functions have been ap-
plied. Those network models have been trained by some versions of back-propagation algorithm as well as
the Levenberg-Marquardt gradient optimization technique. Finally, for determination of the amplitude for
the frequency of signal by the two-layer network with the hidden layer of the radial neurons has been
proposed.
? ? ?
26. Bistatic sonars: sea trials, laboratory experiments and future surveys
B LONDEL Philippe, [email protected]
PACE Nick G.
Department of Physics
University of Bath
Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
Bistatic sonars use separate transmitter and receiver(s), optimising the information received from
seabed/target(s) scattering. Laboratory experiments are ideal to understand scattering processes and to
optimise data collection strategies. They can be full-scale or scaled down. In the latter case, the influ-
ence on bistatic scattering processes needs to be carefully weighed, to validate the transition to full-
scale experiments. This is particularly relevant as sea trials are expensive, difficult to conduct, and gen-
erally impossible to repeat. This article presents the results from: (1) scaled experiments on bare seabed
and targets, performed at Bath and other places; (2) full-scale experiments in the GESMA submarine
pens during the EC-SITAR project and (3) sea trials from similar experiments in Italy and Sweden.
These results are put into the wider context of other international efforts. These three approaches (scaled
and full-scale experiments plus sea trials) can be used in synergy. This has important implications
for future experiments, the design of surveys and instruments, and analyses of past/future acoustic
datasets.
? ? ?
27. Vibration and radiated noise of a small ship

G LOZA Ignacy, [email protected]
Polish Naval Academy
Smidowicza, 81-919 Gdynia, Poland
Extensive measurements in situ both of the sound intensity and the vibration were made of M25,
a small ship (length 8 m, beam 4 m, displacement 2 tons) powered by 20 kW a direct-drive low-speed diesel
engine. A small ship creates a series of harmonics which amplitudes and frequencies are connected with
ship speed. The underwater sound measurement was performed for anchored condition. In this paper, two
different methods of measurement were used, which provide complementary information. A static method
to measure noise from an anchored ship was used when only the main engine was running. In addition to
the radiated noise measurements, vibration measurements were conducted aboard this ship. The coherence
function was performed to associate each component of underwater noise with the vibrating part of the
engine which generates it. The calculation of the sound intensity was made to locate the main source of
noise on board. Underwater noise from small ships elevates the natural ambient by 1020 dB in many area;
the effects of this noise on the biological environment have been rarely reported.
? ? ?
SHA 2008 275
28. Sound and vibration analysis for 70 m supply vessel in aspect of underwater noise reduction
W ERYK Mateusz, [email protected]
K USMIREK -O CHRYMIUK Magdalena, [email protected]
Ship Design and Research Centre
Aleja Rzeczypospolitej 8, 80-369 Gdansk, Poland
The underwater noise and on-board noise measurement analysis, for 70 m supply ship, are presented
in the paper, as well as the noise data for main machinery installed on-board. The results were completed
by vibration measurements, then comparative analysis and identification of main sources of sound were
executed. The main aim for this project was to analyse noise propagation and identify main noise excitation
components resulting in underwater noise propagation. Some preliminary proposals of underwater noise
reduction are put forward in the paper.
? ? ?
29. Modelling multistatic of target detection
K LUSEK Zygmunt1 , [email protected]
E LMINOWICZ Andrzej2 , T EGOWSKI
Jarosaw1
S ZCZUCKA Joanna , D RAGAN Agata1
1
1
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences
2
R&D Marine Technology Centre
The paper presents a numerical approach to modelling the detection of underwater targets with a bi-
or multistatic active sonar systems in the shallow water areas using different waveform signals. The results
of the numerical modelling of surface, bubble clouds and bottom reverberation for CW and using up and
down time-varying instantaneous frequency of chirp signals are presented. Some suggestions are made
on the basis of the development and practicality for the shallow sea modeling techniques and approaches
to existing sonar models. The paper reports the literature of the model components required for active
sonar modelling for different propagation conditions. Some examples of scattering of CW and chirp source
signals at bubble clouds and corrugated surfaces, and coherence are given. Active propagation and the
system performance are surveyed and modelled adaptable to the specific environmental condition of the
shallow sea area of the Gdansk Gulf.
? ? ?
30. The examination of position of ships noises sources based on hydroacoustics method
L ISTEWNIK Karol, [email protected]
The paper presents the experimental research associated with the transmission of acoustic energy
generated by moving ship into the water. The paper present the methodology of evaluations acoustics
energy from the mechanisms of ship into the water environment. For that purpose the research of noise
distribution over ships hull were conducted along with the hydroacoustic field. The hull is source of waves
of complex surface shape inducing waves of different amplitudes and phases depending on the position of
ships machinery. As a result of the hull vibrations generated wave distribution depending on the primary
sources, as the main propulsion units, generators or other mechanisms. This research allowed to determine
position of the main noises sources of acoustics energy of machinery and propulsion system depending
on class of ships.
? ? ?
276 CHRONICLE
31. Acoustic method of valuation of ships drive mechanism operation

D OMAGALSKI Jacek
D OBRZENIECKI Jerzy, [email protected]
Polish Naval University in Gdynia
The paper is presented the method of valuation of ships drive mechanism operation by comparison
of noise level in ships rooms, vibrations in selected places of drive fastening and acoustic disturbances
generated by a ship to water environment. Selected researches results are presented in form of graphs.
? ? ?
32. The acoustic excitation of newly-formed bubbles

D EANE Grant, [email protected]
C ZERSKI Helen, S TOKES Dale
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD
Code 0238, La Jolla, CA 92093-0238, USA
Gas bubbles in water act as oscillators with a natural frequency inversely proportional to their radius
and a quality factor determined by thermal, radiation, and viscous losses. Newly-formed gas bubbles are
excited into breathing mode oscillations immediately after creation, causing them to radiate a pulse of
sound. Although the linear dynamics of spherical gas bubbles are well-understood, the mechanism driving
the sound production has not been unambiguously identified. Using bubbles released from a nozzle as
a model system, it can be shown that sound production is consistant with the rapid change in volume
associated with the collapse of an air neck formed immediately after bubble pinch-off. The model is able
to adequately describe the production of sound by bubbles released from a nozzle, and can also explain
some of the acoustic properties of bubbles fragmenting in fluid turbulence. Laboratory experiments and
model calculations of the mechanism are presented. [Work supported by ONR and NSF].
? ? ?
33. The acostic radiation impedance of a circular membrane vibrating near

the three-wall corner
R DZANEK Wojciech P., [email protected]
R DZANEK Witold J., S ZEMELA Krzysztof
Department of Acoustics, Institute of Physics
University of Rzeszw
Al. Rejtana 16A, 35-310 Rzeszw, Poland
A flat circular membrane is located near the three- wall corner, limited by the three rigid baffles
arranged perpendicularly to each other. The problem of sound radiation has been solved using the spec-
tral form of the Green function for this Neumann boundary value problem together with the complete
eigenfunction system of the axisymmetric and asymmetric modes of the membrane is excited by a surface
vibrating harmonically with respect to time within the vacuum. The membrane is excited by a surface
force. The acoustic attenuation 3399effect has been taken into account as well as the influence of the cor-
ner baffles. The resultant sound pressure and the resultant acoustic impedance have been presented as their
eigenfunction series. The modal, self and mutual, radiation resistance has been presented in the form of
the approximation valid within the low frequency vibration range. The low frequency approximation for
the modal radiation reactance has been obtained on the basis of the radiation resistance using the Hilbert
transform.
? ? ?
SHA 2008 277
34. Kohonen networks as ships classifier

Z AK Andrzej, [email protected]
The paper presents the technique of artificial neural networks used as classifier of hydroacoustic sig-
natures generated by moving ship. In the paper firstly the method of feature extraction from hydroacoustic
signatures using calculation of Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients was discussed. Next the method of
feature matching using for purpose of object classification basing on hydroacoustic signatures was de-
scribed. The technique of artificial neural networks especially Kohonen networks which belongs to group
of self organizing networks where chosen to solve the research problem of classification. The choice was
caused by some advantages of mentioned kind of neural networks for example they are ideal for finding
relationships amongst complex sets of data, they have possibility to self expand the set of answers for
new input vectors. To check the correctness of classifier work the research in which the number of right
classification for presented and not presented before hydroacoustic signatures were made. Some results of
research were presented on this paper.
? ? ?
35. The influence of the transducer bandwidth and double pulse transmission on the encoded imaging
ultrasound
T ROTS Ihor, [email protected]
N OWICKI Andrzej, L EWANDOWSKI Marcin
S ECOMSKI Wojciech, L ITNIEWSKI Jerzy
An influence effect of fractional bandwidth of ultrasound imaging transducer on the gain of com-
pressed echo signal being the complementary Golay sequences (CGS) with different spectral widths is
studied in this paper. Also, a new composing transmission method of CGS is discussed together with com-
pression technique applied in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and penetration.
The CGS with two different bit lengths, one-cycle and two-cycles are investigated. Two transduc-
ers with fractional bandwidth of 25% and 80% at centre frequency 6 MHz are used. The experimental
results are presented, clearly proofing that increasing of the code length leads to compressed echo am-
plitude enhancement. The smaller the bandwidth is the larger is this effect; the pulse-echo sensitivity of
the echo amplitude increases by 1.88 for 25% fractional bandwidth and 1.47 for 80% while preserving
time resolution. The presented results of double transmission of short codes show the penetration and SNR
improvement while maintaining dead zone.
? ? ?
36. SHL-101/T Sonar results of the harbour and sea trials
KOTOWSKI Andrzej, [email protected]
M ECI
NSKI Wadysaw, [email protected]
O KUNIEWSKI Marcin, [email protected]
P OROSI NSKA Edyta, [email protected]
Z AJAC
Ryszard, [email protected]
Research & Development Marine Technology Centre
The safeguard of seaways, naval basis, harbours and sea frontiers from minefields, attackers, gun-
running is essential in hazardous nowadays. Particularly modern sea mines sometimes buried and make in
stealth technology are very difficult to detect.
278 CHRONICLE
Therefore the echo-ranging detection systems require state-of-the-art hardware and efficient process-
ing algorithms to protect sea areas. Such up-to-date hydroacoustic equipment was developed by R&D
Marine Technology Centre. The SHL-101/T system is the triple frequency, wideband and very high reso-
lution hull-mounted minehunting sonar. It was put into service to Polish Navy minesweeper on April 2007.
Sonar underwent factory, harbour and sea acceptance trials. Presently Polish Navy carries out further ex-
ploitation and military tests. The results are remarkable and they enable to explore mysteries of the sunken
objects in the Gdansk Gulf.
The paper presents the results of SHL-101/T sonar harbour and sea trials. Its performances for different
detection and classification modes are also depicted. Additionally displays of the found various underwater
objects are included and detailed discussed.
? ? ?
37. Ferroelectric and ferroelectromagnetic ceramics in a view of possibillities
to be used in electroacoustic
C ZERWIEC Marek, [email protected]
Z ACHARIASZ Radosaw, B RZEZI NSKA Dagmara
I LCZUK Jan
University of Silesia, Faculty of Computer Science and Materials Science
Department of Materials Science
Zeromskiego St., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
Ferroelectric ceramics were born in the early 1940s with the discovery of the phenomenon of fer-
roelectricity as the source of the unusually high dielectric constant in ceramic barium titanate capacitors.
Since that time, they have been the heart and soul several multibillion dollar industries, ranging from
high-dielectric-constant capacitors to later developments in piezoelectric transducers, positive temperature
coefficient devices, and electrooptic light valves. Various ceramic formulations, their form, fabrications,
functions, and future are described in relation to their ferroelectric nature and specific areas of applica-
tions. This paper is intended to illustrate practical uses of ferroelectric and ferroelectromagnetic ceramics
obtained and investigated by the authors.
? ? ?
38. PC-based high frequency imaging system with coded excitation
L EWANDOWSKI Marcin, [email protected]
N OWICKI Andrzej
Coded transmission is a technique that gives significant improvement in SNR and enables higher con-
trast imaging without sacrificing the resolution. A novel HF (2035 MHz) ultrasound real-time imaging
system for research and evaluation of the coded transmission was developed. The digital programmable
coder-digitizer module based on the field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip supports arbitrary wave-
form coded transmission and RF echoes sampling up to 200 MSPS. A novel balanced software architecture
supports real-time RF processing and display at rates up to 30 frames/sec. The system was used to gather
data for sine burst and 16-bit Golay code excitation using a single element scanning head with thick film
focused spherical transducer 25 MHz center frequency and 56% system bandwidth. SNR gain for the Go-
lay codes (referenced to single burst) of 15 dB for 20 MHz and 16 dB for 35 MHz were obtained. In water
the axial resolution for both single burst and the Golay codes was the same FWMH=20 ns at 20 MHz
and FWMH=15 ns at 35 MHz. The presented system is a practical and low cost implementation of coded
excitation technique in HF ultrasound imaging.
? ? ?
SHA 2008 279
39. Statistical properties of pulse-echo signal backscattered in trabecular bone

L ITNIEWSKI Jerzy, [email protected]
The paper considers the application of statistical properties of backscattered ultrasonic signal for as-
sessment of the trabecular bone status. Computer simulations were conducted to investigate the properties
of the ultrasound pulse-echo signal, as it is received on the transducer surface after scattering in trabecu-
lar bone. Results indicated that while for the well-defined trabeculae properties within the simulated bone
structure the signal envelope values are Rayleigh distributed the significant departures from Rayleigh sta-
tistics may be expected as the thickness of trabeculae become random. The influence of the altering of
mechanical properties of the bone tissue building the trabeculae on the signal statistical parameters was
unnoticeable. The initial experiments confirming some cases of departure from Rayleigh statistics for en-
velopes of backscattered signals are also discussed.
? ? ?
40. Using multibeam echoes in seafloor characterisation and classification
UBNIEWSKI Zbigniew, [email protected]
Department of Geoinformatics
The method of seabed identification and classification from multibeam sonar echoes is presented. The
proposed approach is based on calculation of a set of parameters of an echo envelope, similarly as in
seafloor classification using single beam echosounder. These parameters are extracted for each consecutive
beam allowing the estimation of their dependence on the seafloor incident angle. The relation between
seabed type and calculated echo parameters and its angular dependence, is investigated. The results ob-
tained using sonar data records from several bottom types in Gdansk Bay water region are presented and
discussed. It has been primarily justified that the proposed approach may be useful in seafloor characteri-
sation.
? ? ?
41. Multitone nonlinear coding
N OWICKI Andrzej, [email protected]
W JCIK Janusz, S ECOMSKI Wojciech
A new method that utilizes nonlinear properties of tissue (or another media) to improve ultrasound
image resolution is presented. In our novel method the acoustic source is activated with two tones burst
(2.2 and 4.4 MHz) with specially designed polarization of the individual tone burst. This new approach
is called multi tone nonlinear coding MNC because the choice of polarization of the both tones (and
their amplitudes) allowing optimization of the receiving properties depends on the nonlinear properties
of tissue. The calculations were done for two tones bursts propagating in the tissue-like lossy medium
with absorption of 7 Np/mMHz. The concept of the Virtual Fields was introduced to explain abilities
and properties of pulse inversion and MNC method and to compare both. Comparison of the spatial field
distribution obtained using MNC and conventional harmonic imaging approach, in which the first harmonic
is used to reconstruct the image are presented.
? ? ?
280 CHRONICLE
42. Low- and high-frequency elastic scattering analysis of fluid-filled, flat-endcapped cylindrical
shells proud on a sandy seabed
T ESEI Alessandra, [email protected]
G ROEN Johannes
NURC
V.le S. Bartolomeo 400, 19126 La Spezia, Italy
This work presents the analysis of at-sea scattering data by a man-made target which supports the ex-
citation of strong structural waves or resonances, not only at low but even at high frequency (ka>100). The
object is a water-filled, flat-endcapped, 2m-long, steel cylindrical shell, measured both at low frequency
(210 kHz) and at high frequency (120 kHz), where different elastic phenomena are supported and identi-
fied. In particular, in the high-frequency sonar images obtained with an AUV-mounted synthetic aperture
sonar, significant elastic effects clearly appear, which are interpreted as echoes of a shear wave travelling
axially along the cylindrical shell. For interpretation of sonar images it is crucial to understand and predict
these supplementary scattering mechanisms.
? ? ?
43. Contribution of the ims global network of hydroacoustic stations for monitoring the CTBT
B ITTNER Paulina, [email protected]
J ONATHAN Ezekiel, [email protected]
V ILLARROEL Marcela, [email protected]
Provisional Technical Secretariat of the Preparatory Commission
for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO)
Vienna International Centre, PO Box 1200, Vienna, Austria
The International Monitoring System (IMS) of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organi-
zation (CTBTO) Preparatory Commission, in Vienna operates a global network of 321 monitoring stations
and 16 radionuclide laboratories that monitors the earth for evidence of nuclear explosions within the
atmosphere, underwater and underground. The IMS uses a network of four verification technologies: seis-
mic, hydroacoustic, infrasound and radionuclide. All the data recorded by the IMS network are transmitted
to the International Data Centre (IDC) of the CTBTO in Vienna. The data are then received, processed,
resulting data and products distributed and archived by the IDC. This study will give an overview of the
contribution of the IMS hydroacoustic network and will highlight that for areas not well covered with the
seismic network this part of the IMS can be very valuable for detecting events, improving the location
obtained from the seismic network and providing information about the nature of sources.
? ? ?
44. Harnessing inertial cavitation for improved thermal HIFU therapy
A RORA Manish, C OLLIN Jamie RT
A RVANITIS Costas D., K ENNEDY Peter
C OUSSIOS Constantin-C
Biomedical Ultrasonics & Biotherapy Laboratory (BUBL)
Institute of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Engineering Science
University of Oxford
Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is rapidly emerging as the most-promising technique for the
non-invasive ablation of deep-seated tumours. Current limitations of the technique include relatively long
treatment times, difficulty in monitoring treatment in real-time, and occasional unwanted pre-focal damage.
We propose to harness inertial cavitation activity- formation of rapidly oscillating bubbles during a HIFU
SHA 2008 281
exposure to provide a solution to these limitations. Inertial cavitation is accompanied by broadband noise
emissions during the violent bubble collapses. Thus these bubbles redistribute the energy received at the
main HIFU excitation frequency over the entire frequency range, with higher frequencies being very readily
absorbed. The occurrence of inertial cavitation in the focal region therefore results in a greatly enhanced
local rate of heating, thereby reducing treatment times. Furthermore, the specific acoustic signature of these
bubbles can be readily detected remotely and could thus provide a means of monitoring treatment in real
time. Despite these advantages, a number of challenges remain in initiating, monitoring and controlling of
inertial cavitation activity to make a safe, effective and fast cavitation based thermal HIFU system. Our
current knowledge and future challenges towards realizing such a system for thermal HIFU therapy will be
presented and discussed.
? ? ?
45. The acceleration of solid particles subjected to cavitation nucleation

B ORKENT Bram1 , A RORA Manish1,2
O HL Claus-Dieter1,3 , DE J ONG Nico1
V ERSLUIS Michel1 , L OHSE Detlef1
M RCH Knud Aage4 , K LASEBOER Evert5
C HEONG K HOO Boo6
1
Physics of Fluids
Faculty of Science and Technology
University of Twente
Postbus 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
2
Biomedical Ultrasonics & Biotherapy Laboratory
Institute of Biomedical Engineering
University of Oxford
17 Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
3
Division of Physics and Applied Physics
School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Nanyang Technological University
Singapore 637371, Singapore
4
Department of Physics and Center of Quantum Protein
Technical University of Denmark
DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
5
Institute of High Performance Computing, Science Park Road
#01-01 The Capricorn, Singapore Science Park II
Singapore 117528
6
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National University of Singapore
10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260
When hydrophobic spherical particles are suspended in water and exposed to a strong tensile stress
wave cavitation bubbles can appear: cavitation nuclei, being present on the particle surfaces grow unsta-
ble into transient, microscopically observable bubbles. We study the cavity-particle dynamics at cavitation
inception experimentally with high-speed photography. Interestingly, particles, which serve as nucleation
sites for cavitation bubbles, are set into a fast translatory motion (40 m/s) during the explosive growth of
the cavity and are shot away. The experimental observations are simulated with (i) a spherical cavity model
and (ii) with an axisymmetric boundary element calculation. The input for both models is a pressure pulse,
which is obtained from the observed radial cavity dynamics during an individual experiment. The model
then allows to calculate the resulting particle trajectory. The cavity shapes obtained from the BEM calcu-
lations compare well with the photographs until neck formation occurs. Finally, an example is presented to
282 CHRONICLE
demonstrate the potential application of the cavity-particle system as a particle cannon, e.g., in the context
of drug delivery into tissue.
? ? ?
46. Interaction of acoustic field with bubbles and related problems

D IDENKULOV I.N., [email protected]
Institute of Applied Physics
Russian Academy of Sciences
46 Ulyanov str., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
This work describes results of theoretical and experimental investigations of bubble dynamics in
acoustic fields and their application to different problems. The highly nonlinear response of a bubble to
an acoustic excitation makes nonlinear methods possible for bubble observation and sizing. There are
various nonlinear acoustic methods for bubble detection. The difference frequency method is described,
with application to the bubble concentration measurements in laboratory and sea conditions. For moving
bubbles nonlinear acoustic response exhibits a specific frequency shift, which can be used for velocity
estimation. Investigation of strong bubble oscillations has importance for the sonoluminescence problem.
It is discussed in the paper bubble shape instability and parametrically induced energy losses. Experimen-
tal data on observation of sonoluminescence and subharmonic generation are shown. It is also discussed
bubble motion in an acoustic resonator with flowing liquid. The radiation and the hydrodynamic forces in
such a condition produce the bubble grouping effect. As application of bubble acoustic phenomena it is
considered the generation of low-frequency ambient ocean noise due to scattering of wind turbulence by
near surface bubble clouds. Another example of application is the use of acoustic cavitation for degassing
of components of liquid explosives.
? ? ?
47. Development work on acoustic fish surveing methods in DTU Aqua

L UNDGREN Bo, [email protected]
National Institute of Aquatic Resources
Technical University of Denmark
Afd. for Havfiskeri, Nordscentret, Postboks 101
9850 Hirtshals, Denmark
One of the main tasks for the National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Den-
mark (DTU Aqua) (previously the Danish Institute for Fisheries Research) is to contribute to the interna-
tionally coordinated work within ICES to estimate the distribution and size of fish stocks in the Northeast-
ern Atlantic, the North Sea and the Southern Baltic. An important part of this work is estimating the pelagic
fish resources like herring, sprat, and mackerel by combining acoustic surveying with the use of scientific
echosounders and trawl sampling from research vessels . DTU Aqua has participated with a yearly survey
in July in the Skagerrak-Kattegat area since 1982 and with a yearly survey in May in the Norwegian Sea
since 2000. The present lecture will shortly outline the standard methods and procedures used by us to
obtain an estimate of the pelagic stocks. These standard methods have several shortcomings and there-
fore the institute has a research program going to improve the methods. The lecture will describe some
of the activities that are on-going or planned and some of the experimental facilities available. A recently
published work deals with trying to measure the spectral characteristics of the echo from free-swimming
cod-fishes (gadoids) under controlled conditions in order to possibly obtain direct species recognition. An-
other experiment deals with high-frequency scanning of fish in the laboratory in order to find out which
organs in a fish contribute most to the echo at various frequencies. A third activity, recently started, looks
at methods using high-resolution multibeam sonars in order to better describe the 3D-distribution of fish
in the sea, help with fish identification and improve the the sample coverage during surveys. This work is
SHA 2008 283
supplemented with work regarding improved layout of the cruise track and improved methods for auto-
matic processing. Finally the lecture will go through some of the yet untouched problems and outline some
possible solutions that are considered nationally and internationally.
? ? ?
48. 25 years with sonar systems

B JRN Leif
UltraTech Holding
Stendiget 19
DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
The last 25 years have brought great developments in sonar systems for use over the whole spectrum
of underwater applications. This presentation will review the broad variety of applications of and their
demands to sonar systems, including offshore, hydrography, dredging, environmental protection, scientific
research and defence and security. Emphasis will be put on single- and multibeam sonar systems with
presentations of their development over the past 25 years. Their capabilities and limitations at different
stages of the development will by highlighted including frequency, bandwidth, beam patterns, resolution,
range and depth capabilities etc. The-state-of-the-art in sonar systems today will briefly be presented.
? ? ?
49. Laboratory model of high frequency sonar

B USZMAN Krystian, [email protected]
S ZYMCZAK Wojciech, [email protected]
Polish Naval Academy in Gdynia
This article contains the construction and laboratory application of high frequency sonar model. In
view of working in laboratory conditions, they must be fulfilled succeeding parametric cases: very nar-
row beam, low level of side lobes and low acoustic power of transmitted impulse sounding. When all of
these conditions are fulfilled, it makes possible the explanation to students some terms like depth, angular
resolution and making clear, that water is the best environment to acoustic waves transmission. Further-
more, there is used automatic component, namely rotary antenna, which make possibility to precision area
scanning.
? ? ?
50. Laboratory to measure directivity characteristics of underwater arrays

G RELOWSKA Grazyna, [email protected]
S ZYMCZAK Wojciech, [email protected]
B USZMAN Krystian, [email protected]
Polish Naval Academy in Gdynia
The paper presents the laboratory station to measure directivity characteristics of narrow beam sonars
and echo sounders antennas. It will be describe method of collecting samples from surface, unit used
to precise positioning receiving hydrophone, construction and use of rack to direct main beam in exact
direction. Additionally we show station to measure drift of the sea bottom impedance.
? ? ?
284 CHRONICLE
51. Selected results of the parametric soundings of the Gdansk Bay

G RELOWSKA Grazyna1 , [email protected]
KOZACZKA Eugeniusz1,2 , [email protected]
1
Smidowicza 69 , 81-103 Gdynia, Poland
2
The aim of the paper is to present results of experimental investigation using parametric echosounder
in natural conditions for profiling the sub-bottom sediments in the Gdansk Bay. The special experimen-
tal setup has been arranged allowing penetration of bottom sediments as well as precise positioning and
following a given route. Measurements were conducted exactly along given routes, for those geological
profiles have bean taken by means of another method. It allow as to compare detailed date obtained by
means of parametric echosounding to ones given at geological map. In all investigations the primary fre-
quency of the array was of 100 kHz, whereas the secondary frequency changed in range 5 kHz 15 kHz.
? ? ?
52. Acoustic signal processing in passive sonar system with towed array
R AGANOWICZ Aleksandra
RUDNICKI Mariusz, [email protected]
S CHMIDT Jan
Faculty of Electronics
Telecommunication and Information Department of Marine Electronics Systems
The aim of this document is to introduce acoustic signal processing in passive sonar system with towed
array. The concept of the acoustic signals processing includes all possible operations on analogue signals
such as amplifying, filtering, sampling and most importantly - operations on digital signals obtained in the
sampling process. Digital operations executed in the system include: synchronizing, conversion, sorting,
creating deflected beams sets, plotting the power density spectrum received signals and imaging the results.
Apart from digital signals processing, we focus on reciprocal connections between microcontrollers and
processors in which processing is performed. At the end of this document some exemplary imagings of the
output are presented, obtained at the marine testing of this system.
? ? ?
33, 2, 285285 (2008)
C H R O N I C L E
Advance Notice and Call for Abstracts

It is with great pleasure that we invite you to participate in the 18th Biennial Congress of the Australian
Institute of Physics. The Congress will be held from 30 November to 5 December 2008 at the University
of Adelaide, close to the central business district of the City of Adelaide. The Congress will bring to-
gether physicists from around Australia and internationally. Plenary and keynote lectures by world-leading
researchers, both national and international, will ensure a vibrant and exciting program. The five-day sci-
entific program will also include parallel presentations, poster sessions and a trade exhibition.
Submission of Abstracts
Abstract submissions are now being accepted for the Australian Institute of Physics (AIP) 18th National
Congress. Abstracts of no more than 300 words should be submitted by Monday 30 June 2008. Please refer
to the web site for submission details and format instructions. http://www.aipc2008.com
Important Dates
Close of call for abstracts 30 June 2008
Notification of acceptance 8 August 2008
Congress commences 30 November 2008
If you wish to have your paper included in the proceedings:
Full (refereed) papers due 29 August 2008
Referees comments and acceptance notified October 2008
Full (corrected) final paper due 10 November 2008
For further information contact
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33, 2, 287287 (2008)
C H R O N I C L E
The Sixteenth International Congress on Sound and Vibration

Krakw, Poland, July 5 9, 2009
The Sixteenth International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV16), sponsored by the
International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration, the Committee on Acoustics of the Polish
Academy of Sciences, the Polish Acoustical Society, the AGH University of Science and Tech-
nology, and the Silesian University of Technology will be organised in Krakw, Poland, 59
July, 2009, in cooperation with the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
(IUTAM), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers International (ASME International),
and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE).
Theoretical and experimental research papers in the fields of acoustics, noise and vibration
are invited for presentation. Companies are invited to take part in the ICSV16 Exhibition and
sponsoring.
Krakw has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish scientific, cultural and
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academic lecturers and 190,000 students. As the former capital of Poland with a history en-
compassing over a thousand years, the city remains the spiritual heart of Poland. It is a major
attraction for local and international tourists and welcomes seven million visitors annually. In
1978, UNESCO added Krakows historic centre to the list of World Heritage Sites.
Deadline for submission of abstracts: 1 December, 2008.
Deadline for proposals for structured sessions and workshops: 1 November 2008.
Chair of the ICSV16 Organising Committee:

Marek Pawelczyk
Vice-President of the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration
Vice-Director of the Institute of Automatic Control,
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
The congress website is www.icsv16.org.
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Multiferroic materials for sensors, transducers

Article in Archives of Acoustics January 2008

A. Calixto, C. Pulsides, P. H. T. Zannin, Evaluation of transportation noise in urbanised areas . . . . 185

W. Batko, J. Felis, A. Flach, T. Kaminski, T. Giesko, Z. Zbrowski, A concept of an actuator for

A. Perelomova, Modelling of acoustic heating induced by different types of sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

P. Mrwka, R. Makowski, Normalization of speaker individual characteristics and compensation

Chronicle, The XV Conference on Acoustical and Biomedical Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Chronicle, 18-th National Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Chronicle, The Sixteenth International Congress on Sound and Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Zygmunt SUROWIAK, Dariusz BOCHENEK

(received January 19, 2007; accepted January 25, 2008)

Fig. 1. Smart materials and structures.

Fig. 3. Various applications of ferroics.

temperature phase, termed paraelastic, occurs by an increase in symmetry and a change

2.1. The magnetoelectric (ME) effect

Ferroelectromagnetic materials exhibiting the ME effect can be classified into two

2.2. Single-phase FEM

2.2.2. Phase transitions in single-phase multiferroics

Table 1. Place of ferroelectrics in the crystal family.

Symbols Non-centric crystal classes

No Materials Phase transitions

2.3. Composite ferroelectromagnetics

The choice of single-phase multiferroics exhibiting coexistence of strong ferro- /

Depending on the application, the appropriate properties of the individual phases

BaTiO3 Ni(Co, Mn)Fe2 O4 ; BaTiO3 CoFe2 O4 ; BaTiO3 Ni Fe2 O4 ; BaTiO3

the magnetoelectric coupling is ascribed to the nonlinear response of the magnetostress

The XV Conference on Acoustical and Biomedical Engineering

7-th EAA International Symposium on Hydroacoustics SHA 2008

This year we celebrated the 25-th jubilee of Symposia on Hydroacoustics in Poland.

The Symposium included four structured sessions:

1. Experimental evidence for enhanced target detection by sonar in bubbly water

12. An assessment of cleaning mechanisms driven by power ultrasound using electrochemistry

13. Compression algorithms for multibeam sonar records

15. High accuracy hydroacoustic system to study codend model parameters

19. Ultrasonic method for relative changes of intima-media thickness measurements

20. Preliminary acoustic research of diving arctic birds

21. Acoustic studies of the diel migratory behaviour of Baltic fauna

22. Extraction of seabed geomorphologic features of svalbard fjords

27. Vibration and radiated noise of a small ship

31. Acoustic method of valuation of ships drive mechanism operation

32. The acoustic excitation of newly-formed bubbles

33. The acostic radiation impedance of a circular membrane vibrating near

34. Kohonen networks as ships classifier

39. Statistical properties of pulse-echo signal backscattered in trabecular bone

45. The acceleration of solid particles subjected to cavitation nucleation

46. Interaction of acoustic field with bubbles and related problems

47. Development work on acoustic fish surveing methods in DTU Aqua

48. 25 years with sonar systems

49. Laboratory model of high frequency sonar

50. Laboratory to measure directivity characteristics of underwater arrays

51. Selected results of the parametric soundings of the Gdansk Bay

Advance Notice and Call for Abstracts

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The Sixteenth International Congress on Sound and Vibration

Chair of the ICSV16 Organising Committee:

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