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Introductinon: 1.1. Elements of A Communication System

This document provides an overview of communication systems. It discusses the basic elements of a communication system including the transmitter, channel, and receiver. It also covers primary communication resources like transmitter power and bandwidth. Different types of communication channels and classifications of communication systems are described based on the physical infrastructure, signals transmitted, use of modulation, and communication links. Examples of analog and digital carrier and baseband systems are given.

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46 views4 pages

Introductinon: 1.1. Elements of A Communication System

This document provides an overview of communication systems. It discusses the basic elements of a communication system including the transmitter, channel, and receiver. It also covers primary communication resources like transmitter power and bandwidth. Different types of communication channels and classifications of communication systems are described based on the physical infrastructure, signals transmitted, use of modulation, and communication links. Examples of analog and digital carrier and baseband systems are given.

Uploaded by

Lij Girmachew Tekel Hawariat
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTINON
Communication involves the transfer of information from one point to another. A
communication system conveys information signals from its source to some distance away.
Communication engineering involves the transfer of information such as voice, music, data,
videos or graphics, between people or machines at different locations

A typical system involves numerous components-circuits, electronics, electromagnetics, signal


processing, microprocessors and a communication network.

1.1. Elements of a Communication System


There are three basic elements to every communication system. Fig. 1

Transmitter: converts message signal in to a form suitable for transmission through the
channel.

The transmitter performs of matching the message signal to the channel through a
process called modulation.

Modulation involves the use of the information signal to systematically vary either the
amplitude, frequency or phase of a sinusoidal carrier.

Channel: the physical medium in which signals are propagated

Introduces distortion, noise and interference corrupts the transmitted signal in a


random manner

Receiver: reconstruct a recognizable form of the message - Demodulation

Figure 1 Elements of a Communication System


1.2. Primary Communication Resources

In a communication system design, usually two primary resources are employed: Transmitter
power and Bandwidth.

Transmitter power: is the average power of the transmitted signal.

Bandwidth: is the band of frequencies allocated for transmission of the message signal.

The communication channel is central to the operation of a communication system.


Depending on the mode of transmission used there are two basic groups of communication
channels.

I. Guided propagation: telephone channels, coaxial cable, optical fiber, waveguides


II. Unguided (free propagation): wireless channels(free space)

The information carrying capacity of a channel is proportional to the channel bandwidth.

E.g. Copper wire (telephone channel) 1 MHz

Coaxial cable 100 MHz

Microwave GHz

Optical Fiber THz

1.3. Classification of communication systems

Based in physical infrastructure

Line/wired communication systems


Radio/wireless communication systems

Based on the signals they transmit

Analog communication system: signals can assume any value in a continuous range of
values at any point in time t.
Digital communication system: can assume only finite discrete values
(a) (b)
Figure 2 (a) Analog signal (b) Digital signal

Based on the use of modulation

Baseband communication system: has a frequency-domain spectrum clustered around


zero frequency (the base).
Carrier communication system: the message signal is combined with a high-frequency
signal called the carrier.

Based on communication links

One way (simplex) communication system: links that allow communication in only one
direction. e.g. Radio, TV
Two way (duplex) communication system: Links can be used in both directions at the
same time. e.g. Telephone
Half-duplex links: links that can be used in either direction, but only one way at a time.
e.g. Police radio

Examples of analog carrier systems:


o AM and FM radio broadcasting.
o Analog TV broadcasting
Examples of digital carrier systems:
o Digital radio broadcasting (DAB)
o Digital TV broadcasting (DVB-S, DVB-T, ATSC)
o Wi-Fi wireless local area network.
o Cellular Telephony (2nd , 3rd and 4th generations)
Example analog baseband Systems:
o Telephone
o Earphones
Examples of digital baseband systems:
o Serial (RS-232) and USB port connections.
o Ethernet (a popular local area network).

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