IV.

COMPOSITION OF TRANSFORMATION
A. Composition Two Transformation
If F and G respectively a transformation, then the composition of two such transformation is
defined as follows:

Definition

Suppose F and G two transformations with F: V V and G: V V, then the composition F

and G are written G.F defined as (G.F) (P) = G [F (P)], P V.

What about the composition of F and G, is it a transformation? To answer the question

above, whether the composition of two transformations is also a transformation must do the
following steps:
1. Investigate whether the composition of two transformations is functions
2. Investigate whether the composition of two transformations is surjective
3. Investigate whether the composition of two transformations is injective
For that instance compositions F and G is H, or H = G. F.
If the F and G function, it is clear that H is also a function.
Is H surjektif ?
Take any YV. Is there XV such that H (X) = Y? Because the transformation G
then for each YV there is ZV so that G (Z) = Y. Similarly for the transformation F
then for each ZV there is XV that F (X) = Z.
Of G(Z)=Y , is obtained G[F ( X)]=Y or (G F)( X)=Y , so H ( X )=Y
means that H surjective.
Is H injective?
Take P , Q elements of V with P Q
Suppose ( P )=H ( Q ) , then G [ F ( P ) ] =G [ F ( Q ) ]
Therefore G injective then F( P)=F (Q) , and because F injective then
P=Q . This is a contradiction with which it is known that P Q . This means

Q
that the supposition ) is not true. Supposed To Be H ( P) H (Q) .
H (P)=H
H injective.
Because H surjective and injective, then H is bijective. So H is a
transformation.

Theorem
The composition of two transformations is a transformation.
 Example 1
( x , 2 y)
Given that Transformation T 1[( x , y)]=(x +2, y) and . If T is the
T 2
composition of T 1 and T 2 , determine T .
Answer:
T is the transformation T 1 and T 2 then :
T [(x , y )]=(T 1 T 2)( x , y)
T 2 [T 1 (x , y )]
T 2 [( x+2, y)]
( x +2,2 y )
So the transformation T is [(x , y )]=(x+ 2,2 y) .

The Properties of The Composition of The Transformation

It has been discussed above that the composition of two transformations is a

transformation. It means composition of transformations is closed. Furthermore, the
composition of transformations is also associative, but not commutative.
Theorem
B.
If T1, T2, and T3 are the transformation then T1[T2.T3]=[T1.T2].T3

Invers Transformation

' 2
If M g ( P )=P , then M g . M g ( P ) =P or M g ( P )=P .

2
So, M is a transformation that describes each point in it self. This transformation is
called the identity transformation symbolized by the letter I.

So that, I ( P )=P , P .

If T a transformation, then T . I ( P )=T [ I ( P ) ] =T ( P ) , P.

So, T . I =I and I . T ( P )=I [ T ( P ) ] =T ( P ) , P.

Thus I . T =T . Implied T . I =I . T =T
 So that,the identity transformation I is the number 1 in the set of transformations with
multiplication operation between these transformations. In the set of rill numbers by
multiplication operations each transformation T has inverse Q so that T.Q = I = Q.T.

If there is a invers transformation of T, then the transformation of T is written T -1,so that T.T-
1
=T-1 .T = I

Theorem
Each transformation T has a invers

Proof :
Suppose T is a transformation. We define the equivalent F as follows :
Suppose X elements V , V field of euclides. Therefore, T a transformation, then
T is bijective. So An element of V , so that T ( A )=X .

We define then F( X )=X . this Means that F( X ) is pra-map X , so that from

T ( A )=X then T [F (X )]= X or (T . F)( X )=I ( X) , for every X element of V .
So FT=I , so that TF=FT=I .

Now it shall be proved that L is a transformation. From this definition, it is clearthat F an

equivalent surjective. Suppose F( X 1)=F ( X 2) and suppose T ( A 1)=X 1 ,T ( A2 )=X 2
with F( X 1)=A 1 and F( X 2)=A 2

Therefore, T a transformation, then A 1= A 2 , and obtained X 1= X 2 so that F equivalent

of an injective. Thus proven that F is injective.
So F is a transformation.

The transformation F is called the invers transformation T and is denoted by

F=T
1
.

Proof:

Theorem

Transformation has only one invers.

Suppose T is a transformation with two invers, namely S1 and S2. Then :

 ( T S 1 ) ( P )=( S1 T ) ( P )=I ( P ) for all P and
( T S 2 ) ( P )=( S2 T ) ( P )=I ( P ) for all P
so, ( T S 1 ) ( P )=( T S2 ) ( P ) T [ S 1 ( P ) ]=T [S2 ( P ) ]
because T injective , then S 1 ( P ) =S 2 ( P ) for all P
So, S 1=S2=S
Proof:
Theorem

Invers any reflection on the line is a reflection of it self.

A reflection in the line g is Mg

For X g then Mg (X) = X, So Mg . Mg (X) = Mg (X) = X = I(X)
So, Mg . Mg = I
Thus , the M g1=Mg
For X g , Mg (X) = X, so the g axis XX , then Mg . Mg (X) = Mg (X) = X = I(X)
with g axis XX -1
. So, Mg . Mg = I atau Mg = Mg

Definition

A transformation that the invers is the transformation itself is called an involution.

Theorem

If T and S transformations-the transformation , then ( T S )=S1 T 1

Proof:

Since (T.S) -1 returns from (T.S) then (T.S) -1 then (T.S) = I. While (S-1 .T-1) (T.S) = S-1.T-1.T.S
= S-1.I.S = S-1.S = I

Since each transform has only one reciprocal, then (TOS) -1 = S-1 T-1

Turning back the result of a transformation is the result of reversal of the transformations in
reverse order.

Example 1
In an orthogonal XOY axis system the transforms F and G are defined as follows

For P (x, y), F (P) = (x + 2.1 / 2 y) and G (P) = (x-2,2y). (FG) (P) = F [G (P)] = F [(x-
2,2y)] = (x, y) = P

While (GF) (P) = G [F (P)] = G [(x + 2.1 / 2 y) = (x, y) = P. So (FG) (P) = (GF) (P ) = P = I
(P), P or FG = GF = I

Thus F and G are the mutual transformations of each other, and written G = F-1 or F = G-1

Example 2

On an orthogonal axis system, the line g = {f (x, y) | y = x} and h = {(x, y) y = 0}

Find P so (Mh.Mg) (P) = R with R (2,7)

Answer:

Let P (x, y)

(Mh.Mg) (P) = R => Mh (Mh.Mg) (P) = Mh (R)

(Mh Mh Mg) (P) = Mh(R)

(Mh Mh ) (Mg) (P) = Mh(R)

(Mg) (P) = Mh(R)

Mg.Mg (P) = Mg.Mh(R)

P = Mg.Mh(R)

Means P (x,y) = Mg.Mh(2,7) = Mg(2,-7) = (-7,2).

So the coordinates of the point P (-7,2)

Questions

1. Given lines g and h, point K is the intersection of g and h, as well as the points P and Q
points on g and h. Draw:
P
 h Q

a. A = Mg [Mh(P)]
b. B = Mh [Mg (P)]
c. C = Mh [Mh (P)]
d. D = Mg [Mh (K)]
e. R so Mh [Mg (R)] = Q
f. Do Mg.Mh = Mh.Mg ? Why?
2. Given T and S is the isometries, investigate whether the expression below is true, give
the reason.
a. TS is an isometry
b. TS = ST
c. If g is a line, then g = (TS) (g) is also a line.
d. If g//h, and g = (TS) (g), h=(TS) (h), then g//h

3. Given two intersecting lines g and h. Draw it!

a. K so that Mg [Mb (k)] = g
b. b m so that Mh [Mg (m)] = g
c. N so that Mh [Mg (n)] line divides the pointed angle between g and h.
4. The line g is the x-axis of an orthogonal axis system and h {(x, y | y = x}. Define:
a. The line equation Mh [Mg (g)]
b. P '' = Mh [Mg (P)], with P (0,3)
c. Q= Mg [Mb (Q)], with Q (3,-1)
d. R= Mg. Mh (R) with R (x,y)
e. Large <RQR "when O is the origin
5. Let g axis x, and h = {(x, y | y = x}. S is the equivalent defined as follows. If Pg then S
(P) = P, And if Pg then S (P) is the midpoint of the perpendicular line from P to G.
a. Prove that S is a transformation.
b. If P (x, y) any point, determine the coordinates of point S.Mg (P)
c. Investigate whether S. Mg = Mg.S.
d. Investigate whether S. Mh = Mh.S.
6. If g = (x, y) | y = 0} and h {(x, y) | y = x} and S the transformation is defined as question
5, whereas A (2, -8) and P (x, y) , Determine the coordinates of the following points
a. Mg Mh S(A).
b. Mg.S .Mh (A).
c. S Mg.S. (A).
d. Mh.S .Mg (P).
 e. S2.Mh (P).
f. S Mg2(P)
7. Suppose that two and two lines are perpendicular to each other. A, B, and C are three
points so that Mg (A) = B and Mh (A) = C. Determine the following points.
a. Mg3(A)
b. Mh Mg Mh (A)
c. Mh Mg Mh Mh Mg (A)
d. Mg2 Mh3 (A)

8. Simplify.!
a. (WgVhMg)-1
b. (Mh Vh Wg Mg)-1
1
9. Given the transformations of T1 [(x,y)] = (-x,y) and T2 [(x,y)]= (x, y). Write the
2
formula for T2. T1 then if T 1= T2. T1 find the equation T (g) if g = {(x, y) | x + y = 0}.
What is T2. T1 = T1. T2?
10. If two different lines g and h intersect at point P, prove that M g Mh (A) = P if and only if
A=P
11. It is known that g // h and point P, Q are neither g nor h.
a. Painting P = Mg Mh(P) and Q= Mg Mh(P)
b. What is rectangular PPQQ ?
c. Prove your opinion!