Chapter 2 Problems Solutions: 2.1 The Network Input Impedance Is Given by
Chapter 2 Problems Solutions: 2.1 The Network Input Impedance Is Given by
Chapter 2 Problems Solutions: 2.1 The Network Input Impedance Is Given by
X 12
L 31.83 mH
2 60
1 1
L 31.83 mH
B 2 60 0.08333
2.3 If the source voltage and current are in phase, the circuit must appear pure resistive
(resonance condition). Hence,
1
L 0
LC
or
1/ 2
1
1/ LC 11,952.3 rad / s
140 10 6
50 10 6
11,952.3
f 1.9 kHz
2 2
2.4 A copy of the screen display when using csum.m is shown below. The three
components of V were entered as maximum value phasors so that SUM in polar form
gives directly Vm .
1
2.5 (a) It is convenient to assume V on the reference. The two branch impedances are found
as
1 1 1 90
Z1 j 90 265.258 90
C C 120 10 106
Z 2 R j L 10 j 120 0.025 10 j 9.425 13.74243.3
V 2400
I2 17.465 43.3 A
Z 2 13.74243.3
Applying KCL,
I I1 I 2 0.90590 17.465 43.3
Hence,
I 16.857 A
2
2.6 Problem 2.5 was solved assuming V on the reference. If V shifts by 30 , so does I .
Then, for this problem solution, V 240 30 V and I 16.857 71.06 A .
(a) By [2.55],
S V I * 240 30 16.85771.06 4045.6841.06 VA
(b) The values of average power and reactive power supplied to the circuit are
P VI cos 240 16.857 cos 30 71.06 3050.53 W
The minute difference (0.18%) between the value of P above and the value of PR in part
(b) of Prob. 2.5 is due to numerical accuracy. With S S , known from part (a), the
power triangle below results.
Z
Z1 Z 2
265.258 90 13.74243.3 14.23741.06
Z1 Z 2 j 265.258 10 j 9.425
3
(b) A power method offers the best approach. The required PF is satisfied if the power
triangle seen by the source has an angle cos 1 0.9 25.84 . The power triangle for
the R-L branch can be drawn.
2 Z 2 43.3
V 2 120
2
S2 VI 2 1047.88 VA
Z 2 13.742
But,
V2
CV 2 Q1
XC
Thus,
Q1 349.33
C 64.35 F
120 120
2 2
V
2.8 (a)
Z 2 R j L 10 j 120 0.025 10 j 9.425 13.74243.3
V I 2 Z 2 8.75 30 13.74243.3
The screen display resulting from solution for V using cratio.m is shown below.
4
(b)
V 120.2413.3 120.2413.3
I1
1 1
90 90 53.052 90
C
120 50 10
6
5
2.9 (a) The individual branch currents are found.
V1 1200
Ix 12 30 A
Z x 1030
V2 1200
Iy 12 30 A
Z y 1030
V1 V2 2400
Iz 12 30 A
Zz 2030
Using KCL,
I g I x I y 12 30 12 30 0
I1 I x I z 12 30 12 30 24 30 A
I 2 I y I z 12 30 12 30 24 30 A
2.10 (a)
V1 1200
Ix 6 30 A
Z x 2030
V2 1200
Iy 12 30 A
Z y 1030
V1 V2 2400
Iz 12 30 A
Zz 2030
I g I x I y 6 30 12 30 6 30 6150 A
I1 I x I z 6 30 12 30 18 30 A
I 2 I y I z 12 30 12 30 24 30 A
(b)
P2 V2 I 2 cos 2 120 24 cos30 2494.15 W
2.11 The screen display from the MATLAB session using delwye.m is below:
6
The circuit after delta to wye conversion becomes
7
2.13 The resulting MATLAB session yields
I ab 6.92830 A
2.15 From [2.64] and [2.65] with PT determined from Prob. 2.14,
QT 3 VL I L sin 3 7200 12 sin 30 74.82 kVARs
8
2.16 (a)
cos 1 PF cos 1 0.8 36.87
By [2.63],
PT 1000
I 0.868 A
3V cos 3 480 0.8
P 1000 / 3
RL 442.37
I2 0.868 2
P sin
Q 1000 / 3 tan 36.87 250 VARs
cos
Q 250
XL 331.82
I2 0.868 2
Z L RL jX L 442.37 j 331.82 552.9936.87
(b)
I L 3I 3 0.868 1.50 A
2.17 Since the load is balanced, wye-delta conversion of Z L determined in Prob. 2.16 yields
1 1
ZY Z 552.9936.87 184.3336.87
3 3
But,
ic ia ib
9
Thus,
pT t van ia vbn ib vcn ia ib
van vcn ia vbn vcn ib
vca ia vbc ib
2.19 Let the overall length of the transmission line be of length l meters. If the area of the
single-phase transmission line conductor is A m 2 , then the total conductor volume for
the single-phase transmission line is vol1 2l A m3 , and the power supplied to the load is
P1 VI PF .
The three-phase transmission line operates with one-third the value of current per line as
the single-phase transmission line; thus, for identical current density, the conductor
cross-sectional area is A / 3 . The total conductor volume for the three lines is
vol3 3l A / 3 l A m3 while the power supplied to the load is unchanged with value
PT 3V I / 3 PF VI PF .
I a I b I c I
Thinking of Z in polar form, only the magnitude of the impedance changes under
delta-wye transformation and the phase angle is unchanged.
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pT t 3 VI cos
2.23 (a)
Vab 1200
Ib 24126.87 A
Z 553.13
Vca 120120
Ic 2466.87 A
Z 553.13
3
I a I b I c 2 2496.87 41.5796.87 A
2
(b)
PL Vab I b cos Vab I b Vca I c cos Vca I c
PL 3456 W
Vab 1200
I ab
Z 553.13
24 53.13 A
PT 3Vab I ab cos
5184 W
PT 5184
100% 100% 150%
PL 3456
2.25 Since Z bc , divide the numerator and denominator of [2.33] and [2.34] by Z bc to
avoid an indeterminate form. Thus, the wye equivalents of Fig. 2.8a are
Z ab Z ca ZZ Z
Za
Z ab Z bc Z ca Z Z 2
Z ab Z
Zb Z
Z ab Z Z Z
1 ca 1
Z bc Zbc
11
Z ca Z
Zc Z
Z ab Z Z Z
1 ca 1
Zbc Z bc
For a balanced a b c
sequence voltage set,
Vab
Van
3 30
69.28 30
Vcn 69.2890
Van 69.28 30
Ia 27.71 83.13 A
Z /2 5
53.13
2
Vcn 69.2890
Ic 13.8636.87 A
Z 553.13
2.26 The delta load can be converted to an equivalent wye load, then the parallel elements
combined to form a single element in each branch of the wye where Z a , Z b and Z c are
determined by [2.32] to [2.34].
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The screen display from the MATLAB session to determine Z a , Z b and Z c using
delwye.m is shown below:
ZA
Z a Z a
430 2.56522.63 10.2652.63 1.56625.51
Z a Z a 3.464 j 2 2.367 j 0.987 6.5527.12
ZB
Z b Z b
515 5.13022.63 2.53718.77
Z b Z b 515 5.13022.63
ZC
Z c Z c
5 30 5.130 7.37 2.582 18.83
Z c Z c 5 30 5.130 7.37
2.27 With the values for the equivalent delta known from Prob. 2.26, the general wye-delta
conversion using delwye.m gives
13
2.28 The three line voltages are as follows:
Vab Van Vbn
14
Voltage Vbc determination produces
20
2.29 ZY 30 . Execution of Tphckt.m produces
3
15
2.30 The instantaneous power seen by the wattmeter is
p t vi 2V1I1 cos t cos t 1 2V3 I1 cos3 t 3 cos t 1
2V1I 3 cos t cos3 t 3 3
2V3 I 3 cos3 t 3 cos 3 t 3 3
16
When integrated over an integer number of cycles of fundamental frequency, all terms of
the expression for p t yield zero except for the second and last terms. The resulting
value of average power determined by the wattmeter is
P V1I1 cos1 V3 I 3 cos 3 3
2.31 (a) The R-L branches of the delta network can be converted to an equivalent wye
network by
1 1
ZY Z 3 j4
3 3
In order for a unity PF to exist, the reactive power supplied by the capacitor of each
phase must equal the reactive power supplied to the inductor of each phase.
2
V
CV2 LY
ZY
or
1
LY LY 4 /120
C 3 1273.2 F
ZY2 R 2 L 2 3 2 4 2
3 3 3 3
(b)
2
480
QT 3 CV2 3 120 1273.2 10 6
3
110.59 kVARs
Z1 R j L 5 j 120 0.02
9.04756.45
Van1 1200
I a1
Z1 9.04756.45
13.26 56.45 A
I b1 13.26 176.45 A
I c1 13.2663.55 A
17
Third harmonic
Z 3 R j 3 L 5 j 360 0.02
23.1677.53
Van3 200
I a 3 I b3 I c3
Z3 23.1677.53
0.863 77.53 A
The line currents are found by transforming the phasor quantities back to the time
domain and adding.
ia t 13.26 2 cos t 56.45 0.863 2 cos 3 t 77.53 A
vab t 3 120 2 cos t 30 293.94cos t 30 V
Since balanced conditions exist, the remaining voltages are found by appropriate 120
phase shift.
vbc t 293.94cos t 90 V
18