Simulating The Dynamic Response

Simulating the dynamic response
of a soil-pile system using ABAQUS

Master of Science Thesis in the masters Programme Geo and Water Engineering
PETROS FEKADU
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Division of GeoEngineering
Geotechnical Engineering Research Group
CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Gteborg, Sweden 2010
Masters Thesis 2010:58
MASTERS THESIS 2010:58
Simulating the dynamic response

of a soil-pile system using ABAQUS
Master of Science Thesis in the masters Programme Geo and Water Engineering
PETROS FEKADU

CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Gteborg, Sweden
Simulating the dynamic response of a soil-pile system using ABAQUS
Masters Thesis in Geo and Water Engineering

PETROS FEKADU
PETROS FEKADU, 2010
Examensarbete / Institutionen fr bygg- och miljteknik,

Chalmers tekniska hgskola 2010:58

Chalmers University of Technology
SE-412 96 Gteborg
Sweden
Telephone: + 46 (0)31-772 1000
Cover:
Illustration of a response at a section of the soil-pile model
Chalmers Reproservice
Gteborg, Sweden 2010
I
Simulating the dynamic response of a soil-pile system using ABAQUS
Master of Science Thesis in Geo and Water Engineering

PETROS FEKADU
Chalmers University of Technology
ABSTRACT
The football stadium of Gamla Ullevi in Gothenburg, Sweden was opened in 2009.
The arena is established on 55-85 metres of clay with cohesion piles reaching a depth
of 44 metres. Jumping audiences at football games induced dynamic loads which
caused wave propagations. The waves then resulted in vibrations in the surrounding
buildings by passing through soft plastic clay. This has brought an interest in the field
of geo-dynamics.
The objective of this thesis is to study the response of a soil-pile foundation subjected
to a dynamic loading. From this the soil-pile stiffness can be easily obtained.
As a basis for the analysis, the soil has been assumed to be linear elastic and the
loading is described as harmonic. For the analysis FE-models are developed in
Abaqus to simulate a vertical cyclic load of 5 kN at the head of each cohesion pile. A
pile load of 5 kN is aimed to represent the dynamic load caused by a jumping
audience. The amplitude of vertical displacement of the pile head as a function of the
loading frequency is set as a major output of the model. The frequency was varied
between 0-5 Hz where measured frequencies at the stadium where close to 2 Hz.
Results from the model are discussed. Also comparisons between a single pile and a
pile group are made. Furthermore, the dynamic response is checked against the static
one. Then, a parametric study is carried out to determine to what extent variations of
different soil-pile parameters would affect the soil-pile response. The parametric study
has indicated that the E-modulus of the soil and pile spacing have larger impact on the
soil-pile response than the hysteretic damping property. Finally, velocity from field
measurement is compared with a velocity values from Abaqus.
Key words: Abaqus, Complex-harmonic analysis, Damping, Dynamic response,

Linear elastic model, Soil-pile system.
II
Contents
ABSTRACT II
CONTENTS III
PREFACE V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VI
NOTATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS VII
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objective 1
1.3 Delimitations 1
1.4 Methodology 2
2 SITE CHARACTERIZATION 3
2.1 Field tests 4
2.2 Laboratory tests 5
3 DYNAMICS OF A SOIL-PILE SYSTEM 6

3.1 General 6
3.2 Linear elastic model 6
3.3 Basic Equation of Dynamic Behavior 7
3.4 Waves 7
3.4.1 Pressure wave 7
3.4.2 Rayleigh wave 8
3.5 Damping 8
3.5.1 Material damping 9
3.5.2 Geometrical damping 10
3.6 Non-reflecting boundaries 10
3.7 Impedance function 10
4 ANALYSIS USING ABAQUS 11

4.1 General 11
4.2 Preprocessing 11
4.3 Postprocessing 17
5 DISCUSSIONS 18
5.1 Displacement vs. frequency plots 18
5.2 Single pile vs. pile group 20
CHALMERS Civil and Environmental Engineering, Masters Thesis 2010:58

III
5.3 Parametric study 21
5.4 Abaqus results vs. field results 25
6 CONCLUSIONS 26
7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES 27
REFERENCES 28
APPENDIX 29

IV
Preface
This masters thesis deals with simulation of the dynamic response of a soil-pile
system. It was initiated by Norconsult in Gothenburg, Sweden.
It was carried out at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Division of GeoEngineering, Geotechnical Engineering Research Group, Chalmers
University of Technology, Sweden.
Bernhard Eckel, Jimmy He and Gunnar Widn (Geotechnical Department and
Akustikon of Norconsult) were supervisers. Claes Aln (Chalmers University of
Technology) was an advisor and examiner.
The thesis had been planned to be done by a partner (David Rudbeck) and me. Some
of the theoretical parts, especially the first three chapters were done together with him.
However, because of time constraints, we had to work independently using our own
models.

V
Acknowledgements
In doing the thesis, many made considerable contributions for which I would like to
extend heartfelt thanks.
Above all, I should forever glorify the Almighty God who holds my life and all my
ways in his hands. Many thanks for the indescribable and unconditional love and help
in each and every aspect of my life.
It is an honor for me to thank my teacher, advisor and examiner Claes Alen for his
invaluable contribution starting from inception to end of the thesis work. Especially,
his extraordinary readiness and capability to help and give matured ideas is
unforgettable. In a nut shell, it is a big privilege to have such a whole rounded
professor as a course teacher and as an advisor in a research in order to accomplish
meaningful works and hit the goal.
I would like to acknowledge the wonderful people at Norconsult. Bengt Askmar and
Bernhard Eckel made available their support in a number of ways such as thesis
provision, facility provision, giving constructive feedbacks and welcoming spirit are
worth mentioning. Jimmy He had a vital role in giving vital ideas and challenging
questions which pushed me to dig deeper. Gunnar Widn played a major role in
giving guidance and valuable ideas with regard to wave mechanics. Without him the
thesis would not have had the present quality. Also, some other friends at Norconsult
helped in one or other ways. I am heartily grateful to all of them.
I owe my deepest gratitude to Swedish Institute for granting me a scholarship within
the Guest scholarship program. Without this my study would not have been possible.
I am indebted to Doctoral students at Geo Engineering division (Mats Olsson) and at

Structural Engineering, Steel and Timber Structures (Alann Andr & Mustafa Aygul)
for their help in answering questions related to FEM programs.
To run Abaqus software safely, we had to enhance the capacity of computers. Karin
Holmgren, Masters thesis coordinator, facilitated this kindly and timely for which I
am very grateful.
I offer my regards and blessings to all of those who supported me in any respect
during the study time and the thesis work in particular.
Last, but by no means least, special thanks to my family and relatives for their
relentless support and encouragement throughout the study period.
Gteborg, June 2010

Petros Fekadu

VI
Notations and Abbreviations
Roman upper case letters

A deflection amplitude
C damping matrix
D damping factor
Dc nodal damping coefficient
E elastic modulus
E change in elastic modulus
F complex harmonic load
F input value of the load
G shear modulus
H hysteretic damping coefficient
K stiffness martix
M mass matrix
P applied load
R radius
S complex impedance
X, Y amplitude multipliers
Roman lower case letters

a areas
c wave speed
c imaginary stiffness coefficient
f frequency
i
k real stiffness matrix
r radius
s element side area
displacement
velocity
acceleration

VII
Greek letters
absorption coefficient
unit weight
strain
0 initial phase angle
Poissons ratio
mass density
normal stress component
c preconsolidation presuure
shear stress component
angular frequency
Abbreviations
FEM Finite element method
OCR Overconsolidation ratio
SGI Swedish Geotechnical Institute

VIII
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
The phenomenon of ground vibrations in deep layers of clay has been experienced in
the Gothenburg a number of times. In 2009 a new football stadium, Gamla Ullevi,
was completed and ready for domestic and international football games. In April the
same year, it was discovered that cyclic loadings on the standings created vibrations
in the surrounding clay. Nearby buildings were exposed to horizontal vibrations up to
11.5mm/s. This has initiated an interest in the field of geo-dynamics.
Most buildings in the area, including Gamla Ullevi, are constructed on a foundation of
cohesion piles. This makes them subjected to soil borne wave motions. Therefore, the
interest of prediction of soil-pile behaviours has increased. Today, there is little
knowledge about the interaction between piles and the Gothenburg clay.
1.2 Objective
The objective of this masters thesis is to determine the dynamic response of an
interacting soil-pile foundation. From this the soil-pile stiffness can be easily
obtained. Separate analysis results are presented for a single pile and a pile group with
input data for a specific location-Gamla Ullevi. The analysis will include parametric
studies. Studies will be conducted on soil-pile parameters to determine their specific
impact on the dynamic response. Velocity from field measurement is compared with a
velocity values from Abaqus.
1.3 Delimitations
The thesis focuses on predicting the dynamic stiffness of a soil-pile system
considering both single pile and pile group cases. In addition, static response is
determined for the sake of comparison. Only vertical stiffness is dealt with and the
lateral stiffness is recommended for further studies.
In the real scenario, piles are subjected to different loading conditions such as vertical
forces, horizontal forces and moments. However, the predominant component is the
vertical loading in the Gamla Ullevi case. Thus, this study is limited to consider only a
dynamic vertical force which could reasonably represent many practical situations.
The location in consideration is Gamla Ullevi where the soil condition is clay which is
the prevailing soil condition in Gothenburg. The existing soil type is clay with some
varying parameters with depth. Besides these, only undrained condition is set since
the phenomenon is known to happen in a short period of time. Furthermore, concrete
piles are in consideration because they are preferably used very often.
Depending on the stress amount, soil can exhibit different stress-strain behaviors such
as elastic and plastic. Plasticity is known to reduce the stiffness of the soil-pile system
as different studies done so far testify (Maheshwari 1997). But, the study is limited to
an elastic model with a linear case by making the system subjected to a small
amplitude of loading.
CHALMERS, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Masters Thesis 2010:58

1
Analysis of dynamic stiffness involves multidiscipline and comprehensive procedures
which may be geotechnical and non-geotechnical in nature. However, the thesis is
principally concerned in analysis of the geotechnical matters, viz., the soil and the
foundation.
1.4 Methodology
The work encompasses numerous methods and steps to carry out the task
systematically. It entails literature survey, incorporation of available data, modeling
the scenario and using of a FEM program.
First, a literature survey from different books, papers and theses on the topic are done.
This serves as a good plat form to begin and frame the thesis properly.
Then, all characteristics of clay at the specific location are collected as input data.
Furthermore, the basic dynamic soil properties, viz., shear modulus and damping are
modeled by employing the linear elastic model. The measured data from the site
investigation carried out are incorporated in the model. The basic soil parameters and
others are determined to be used in the subsequent steps.
Afterwards, a realistic scenario is conceptualized and a model of the soil-pile system
is produced. This is carried out for both single pile and pile group cases. This is the
most important step in the thesis and serves as a bridge between the input data and the
FEM analyses.
A FEM program-Abaqus is used to analyze the problem. Models are developed and
simulated in Abaqus to perform 3D complex-harmonic analyses. From the analysis,
displacement values for different cases are determined as major output. Finally,
comparisons and conclusions are drawn.

2
2 Site characterization
The arena is constructed on a foundation consisting of nearly 1200 cohesion piles
reaching a depth of 44 meters. The superstructure of concrete is casted at the site and
the framework consists of concrete columns and beams. The roof is a steel
construction made by welded I-beams which stretches 22 meters from the fixed
attachment. (Figure 2.1)
Figure 2.1 A section of a structure at Gamla Ullevi.
At the site of Gamla Ullevi the ground level varies between +11.5 and +12.6 m. In the
local level system,i.e. about 1.5-2.6 m above sea level. In the south, the area borders
to Ullevi tennis club, to the east it borders to Rttscentrum Gteborg and to the north
runs Fattighusn with office buildings, apartment buildings and passing tram lines. A
long the north side, the buildings of Rttscentrum Gteborg are constructed with a
foundation of end bearing piles. The other surrounding buildings are built on cohesion
piles. From previous occasions of concerts high levels of vibrations have been
measured in Katolska kyrkan situated south of Gamla Ullevi. There is risk for
development of fractures.

3
Fattighusn
Rttscentrum
Ullevi tennis club

Gamla Ullevi
Katolska kyrkan
Figure 2.2 Area plan of Gamla Ullevi.
The soil consists of soft plastic clay with varying depths between 5284 meters. In a
report made by Norconsult in 2009 the top 10 meters of the layer was described as
very soft. The surface layer consists of 0.5-2 meters filling material and dry crust.
The filling material consists of sand, gravel, stones and crushed bricks. Beneath the
clay there is an estimated 3 meters layer of friction material. The estimation is based
on an average value for the site according to Gatubolaget (2006).
For the analysis, already collected and organised data are used. However, some of the
field tests and laboratory tests made are mentioned here in subsequent subsections.
2.1 Field tests
Data from field tests have been recorded several times at Gamla Ullevi. In 1985
Gatukontoret carried out tests in 9 different locations.
Static penetration was performed at 6 points.
Compilation of undisturbed soil samples in 1 point.
Measurements of the ground water surface level were measured from an open pipe at
2 points.
Pore pressure measurements were taken by a piezometer at 4 levels at a station.
(Gatukontoret, 1985)

4
Compilation of disturbed soil samples was made using helical auger.
Seismic investigations were made at 4 points to determine the approximate soil depth.
In addition another 5 investigations were carried out between 1961and 2005. A more
recent is dated to 2006 and complements the other investigations. It was carried out by
Gatubolaget on behalf of HIGAB to provide geotechnical results for the arena project.
It comprised the following tests.
Static penetration test was performed at 3 points.
Cone penetration test was carried out at 3 points
Field vane shear test was made at 2 points
2.2 Laboratory tests

In 1985 the geotechnical laboratory of the roadwork department studied the
undisturbed soil samples regarding soil type, density, water content, liquid limit,
sensitivity and shear strength. The disturbed samples were studied to determine the
soil types. Odometer tests were carried out at three depths, 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m
below the ground surface. In addition to the geotechnical investigation, a number of
analyses were carried out to determine the content of different metals and chemicals
in the soil. (Gatukontoret, 1985)
Consolidation tests at 5 levels were made 2 at points.
The moisture content is measured to be 20% in the filling material, 32% in the dry
crust and 45-100% in the clay.
The clay is overconsolidated with an OCR between 1.3 - 1.9 decreasing with depth.
The undrained shear strength is estimated to be 12 kPa at the top of the clay layer. The
shear strength increases with depth by 1.2 kPa/m.
The liquid limit varies between 60-85 % (Norconsult, 2009)
The sensitivity varies between 10-30.

5
3 Dynamics of a soil-pile system
3.1 General
If the long-term response of a structure to applied loads is sought, a static analysis has
to be performed. However, if the loading has a short duration as in the cases of
machine vibrations, compaction, pile driving, wave loading and earthquake, the
loading is dynamic in nature. Thus, a dynamic analysis ought to be executed.
Dynamic stiffness of soil including both elastic stiffness and damping can be
represented by a complex quantity of the data. Thus, it needs to use a FE-program
capable of running complex-harmonic analyses. In the complex data, the real part
represents the spring stiffness and the imaginary part represents damping.
(Maheshwari 2005)
3.2 Linear elastic model

The soil is modelled to be linear elastic which is governed by Hookes law. Thus the
elastic properties can be described by two parameters, the E-modulus and Poissons
ratio. Hookes law is not appropriate for soils because soils are neither linear elastic
nor isotropic. Nevertheless, sometimes it needs to idealize soils as being linear elastic
and isotropic materialsonly then Hookes law can be used to estimate the elastic
strains associated with applied stresses within a soil mass.
If the E-modulus and Poissons ratio are constant, the equation is linear. This
assumption implies that there is no limit of failure which makes the linear elastic soil
model a limited model. In practice, clay is not an elastic material and has a non linear
behaviour. However, the cyclic loads that will be applied in the simulations are
assumed to be small enough not to exceed any stress limits causing any significant
non linear behaviour. Therefore the assumption of linearity is supposed to generate
results with sufficient accuracy for the actual loading case.
Poissons ratio
Poissons ratio describes how a material deforms laterally when exposed to
compressive or tensile stress. When a force is applied along one axis the material is
strained parallel and orthogonally to that axis. The relation between these strains is
represented by the ratio which is defined between -1 0.5. If the figure is set to 0.5 it
means that the volume is unchanged during deformation. The analysis is an undrained
condition and the ratio is set to 0.495. To avoid numerical problems with Abaqus it is
recommended to use a value near 0.5. (Gabrielsson, 2007)
Isotropy
Isotropy is assumed for concrete piles instead of the more accurate orthotropic
assumption. With small deformations is it reasonable to describe the pile behaviour as
elastic. Isotropy is also assumed for the clay instead of a more realistic anisotropy.

6
3.3 Basic Equation of Dynamic Behavior
According to Abaqus manual (2010), the fundamental equation for the movement of a
volume under dynamic load is:
(3.1)
where, C = damping matrix
K = stiffness matrix
M = mass
= acceleration
= velocity
= displacement
P= applied load
The basic difference between static and dynamic analyses is the inclusion of the
inertial forces ( ) in the equation of equilibrium. Another difference between the
two types of simulations is in the definition of the internal forces ( . In a
static analysis the internal forces arise only from the deformation of the structure,
while in a dynamic analysis the internal forces contain contributions created by both
the motion and the deformation of the structure.
3.4 Waves
The definition of a wave is a motion around a state of equilibrium. In soil, it can be
caused by tectonic movement resulting in earth tremors or in more extreme cases,
earthquakes. In this case the vibrations are caused by vertical cyclic loads on the
surface that dislocates the soil particles from equilibrium. If the impact is large
enough the dislocation can be permanent which densifies the soil. In the field of
ground improvement, the technique of dynamic compaction is a commonly used
method to densify soil. The magnitude of the impact for this case is limited to 3 kPa
on undrained soil. Under these circumstances no permanent dislocation of soil
particles will occur.
There are mainly three wave types that are studied in dynamic soil tests. The pressure
wave (P-wave), shear wave (S-wave) and the surface bound Rayleigh wave are
described below. (SGI, 2000)
3.4.1 Pressure wave

P-wave is a propagation of compression and extension (variation of pressure and
volume change).The P-wave has higher velocity than the S- wave and has a particle
motion in the same direction as the propagation of the wave. The term used for this
kind of wave is longitudinal. Shear wave
S-wave is a propagation of shear deformation that arrives at earthquake observation
station after (second to) the primary (P-wave). The S-waves are transversal wave,

7
which means that the particle movement is perpendicular to the direction of the
propagation. (SGI, 2000)
Figure 3.1 illustrates the appearances of a P- and an S-wave. The P-wave is
characterized as a longitudinal wave. (SGI, 2000)
Figure 3.1 A P-wave is illustrated at the top of the figure and an S-wave at the
bottom.
3.4.2 Rayleigh wave

Rayleigh waves are categorized as surface waves since they mostly propagate at the
ground surface. It is a combination of a transversal and longitudinal wave and the
particle motion path is close to elliptic. The amplitude decreases rapidly with depth
and can be measured to a depth of one wave length. (SGI, 2000) Since the waves
primarily are surface bound and the simulated soil depth is 84 meters the Rayleigh
waves are neglected in the model.
3.5 Damping
If an undamped structure is allowed to vibrate freely, the magnitude of the oscillation
is constant. In reality, however, energy is dissipated by the structure's motion and the
magnitude of the oscillation decreases until the oscillation stops. Every
nonconservative system exhibits some energy loss that is attributed to material
nonlinearity, internal material friction, or to external (mostly joint) frictional behavior.
This energy dissipation is known as damping. Damping is usually assumed to be
viscous or proportional to velocity. Damping is a convenient way of including the
important absorption of energy without modeling the effects in detail.
When waves propagate through soil a certain amount of absorption occur. The waves
are damped and wave energy is converted to heat. The soil damping properties are
dependent of wave velocity and frequency.
In soil dynamics, two different kinds of damping properties can be estimated which
determine the decay of the wave by distance. They are material damping and
geometrical damping.

8
3.5.1 Material damping
The damping type determines how damping is applied to a dynamic system. Two
primary types of damping are available in Abaqus (2010):
velocity proportional viscous damping; and

displacement proportional structural damping, which is for use in frequency
domain dynamics.
Viscous Damping
The most common approach is to use viscous damping or Rayleigh damping, in which
it is assumed that the damping matrix is proportional to the mass M and stiffness
matrices K, or:
[C]=[M]+[K] (3.2)
For large systems, identification of valid damping coefficients and for all
significant modes is a very complicated task.
Structural Damping
When the materials are deformed, energy is absorbed and dissipated by the material
itself. The effect is due to friction between the internal planes, which slip or slide as
the deformations take place. When a structure having material damping is subjected to
vibration, the stress-strain diagram shows a hysteresis loop. Therefore, the structural
damping is also called hysteretic damping. The area of this loop denotes the energy
lost per unit volume of the body per cycle due to the damping. The cyclic stress-strain
curve forms hysteretic loop, as seen in Figure 3.2 below.
Figure 3.2 Cyclic stress-strain curve.
The area enclosed by the ellipse, Aloop, is related to the amount of energy dissipated
by the material during a cycle of harmonic loading. Atriangle is the maximum strain
energy stored during that cycle. Strain energy is the work done on an elastic body
causing it to deform, which makes it a form of potential energy. The deforming
energy is provided by the propagating wave. A relation between Aloop and Atriangle
gives the material damping ratio H.
(3.3)

9
3.5.2 Geometrical damping
In many applications of damping theory it is important to estimate the vibrations at a
given distance from the source. The geometrical damping property describes the
decay of amplitude as a function of distance from the source. The decay occurs due to
dispersion of wave energy over an increasing volume. For P- and S-waves the
theoretical amplitude decay is 1/r. (SGI, 2000)
3.6 Non-reflecting boundaries

For dynamic calculations, the boundaries should be much further away than those for
static calculations, because, otherwise, stress waves will be reflected leading to
distortions in the computed results. However, locating the boundaries far away
requires many extra elements and therefore a lot of extra memory and calculating
time.
To counteract reflections, special non-reflecting boundary conditions have to be
defined to account for the fact that in reality the soil ought to be modeled as a semi-
infinite medium. Without these special boundaries the waves would be reflected on
the model boundaries. Hence, to avoid these unrealistic reflections, non-reflecting
boundaries need to be specified at pertinent boundaries.
3.7 Impedance function

The dynamic stiffness of the soil-pile system at the pile head is known as an
impedance function. They are obtained by applying a load in a specific direction on
the pile head and measuring the complex displacement in the direction of the load at
the same point. The complex impedance function is defined as:
(3.4)
where F0 and U0 are the amplitude of the force excitation and complex displacement
amplitude, respectively for a particular direction for which the impedance function is
sought. The impedance function is a complex quantity and can be separated in to real
parts (corresponding to stiffness) and imaginary parts (corresponding to damping).
Both are frequency dependent i.e.
(3.5)

10
4 Analysis using Abaqus
4.1 General
The finite element method is a common tool within various fields of engineering. It is
used for advanced numerical calculations and is developed from the theories of
continuum mechanics, which studies equilibrium, motion and deformation of physical
solids. FEM prerequisites that the mathematical models which describe the motions of
the media has to be based on continuous functions.
In FEM the continuous functions are approximated by a discrete model where the
body to be studied is divided into several smaller parts, so-called elements. The
discretisized model is composed by a number of element functions that are continuous
over each separate element. These elements are connected in nodes, which is
primarily where the calculations are made. Numerical values for the nodes are
compiled to make the element functions an accurate approximation of the global
function. Accuracy improves when the number of nodes increases.
The element functions are gathered in the global equation system containing material
and geometrical data. The forces applied on the element geometry are represented by
load vectors that act in the nodes. The matrixes quickly increase in size and demand
high computer performance to be solved. The nodal deflections are the solution to the
equation system. The values between the nodes are received by interpolation with
either linearly approximations or polynomials of n degrees.
In linear elasticity problems, the stiffness matrix is constant which brings linear
element equations. Soil is a non linear material, as previously mentioned, but in this
thesis it is assumed to have elastic properties. Thus the problem can be solved by
applying all the loads in a single calculation step. (Gabrielsson, 2007)
Abaqus is a powerful FEM tool to analyze 3D problems in various fields. It is also
capable of running Complex-harmonic analyses. In this thesis, Abaqus CAE version
6.8-2 is used.
Generally analysis using Abaqus involves two major procedures, viz, preprocessing
and postprocessing.
4.2 Preprocessing
It comprises all the steps to create the model with Abaqus/CAE. The following
principal steps are taken sequentially:
-Creating a part /defining the model geometry
-Defining the material and section properties
-Creating an assembly
-Configuring the analysis
-Assigning interaction properties
-Applying boundary conditions and applied loads

11
-Designing the mesh
-Creating, running, and monitoring a job
Below are discussions of procedures and assumptions made for the preceding steps in
modeling the soil-pile system:
I- Creating a part /defining the model geometry
The first step in creating the model is to define its geometry. The model is created
with a three-dimensional, deformable body with a solid, extruded base feature. The
following dimensions are used:
(a) Soil: 202x202x84 m3
The soil is divided into 8 layers.
(b) Pile: 44.27 m long and 0.27x0.27 m2 in cross-section.
The analysis is executed for single pile and pile group (2x2) cases to make
comparisons. In case of the pile group, the piles are spaced 1.2 m.
At this stage, it is important to decide what system of units to use in the model as
Abaqus has no built-in system of units. Thus, the SI system of units is used.
II-Defining the material and section properties
The next step in creating the model involves defining and assigning material and
section properties to the part. Each region of a deformable body must refer to a
section property, which includes the material definition. In this model linear elastic
materials are created for both concrete pile and clay.
Material properties are taken from the report by Gatubolaget (2006). Hereunder the
relevant material properties for the concrete pile and clay at different layers are
tabulated:
Table 4.1 Properties of concrete pile.
(kg/m3) E [GPa]
2400 0.3 37

12
Table 4.2 Properties of soil layers.
Cumulative E H
Thickness depth
Layer [MPa]
no. [m] [m] (kg/m3)
1 11 11 1600 0.495 30 0.02
2 11 22 1600 0.495 55 0.02
3 11 33 1600 0.495 80 0.02
4 11 44 1600 0.495 105 0.02
5 10 54 1650 0.495 130 0.02
6 10 64 1650 0.495 150 0.02
7 10 74 1750 0.495 170 0.02
8 10 84 1800 0.495 195 0.02
III-Creating an assembly
Each part created is oriented in its own coordinate system and is independent of the
other parts in the model. Although a model may contain many parts, it contains only
one assembly. The geometry of the assembly is defined by creating instances of a part
and then positioning the instances relative to each other in a global coordinate system.
Thus, the soil and piles are assembled together.
IV- Configuring the analysis

Analysis steps can be broadly categorized as an initial step and analysis steps. They
are dealt subsequently.
A-The initial step
Abaqus/CAE creates a special initial step at the beginning of the model's step
sequence and names it Initial. It allows defining boundary conditions, predefined
fields, and interactions that are applicable at the very beginning of the analysis.
B-Analysis steps
The initial step is followed by one or more analysis steps. Each analysis step is
associated with a specific procedure that defines the type of analysis to be performed
during the step.

13
There are two kinds of analysis steps in Abaqus: general analysis steps, which can be
used to analyze linear or nonlinear response, and linear perturbation steps, which can
be used only to analyze linear problems. In this case, a static linear perturbation step is
defined. Specifically, Direct-solution steady-state dynamic analysis step is used
because it is used to calculate the steady-state dynamic linearized response of a
system to harmonic excitation. Multiple frequency ranges or multiple single frequency
points can be requested for a direct-solution steady-state dynamic step.
Requesting data output

Finite element analyses can create very large amounts of output. Abaqus allows
controlling and managing this output so that only data required to interpret the results
of the simulation are produced. Thus the analysis is limited to give such a relevant
output as displacement.
V-Assigning interaction properties

The interaction between contacting surfaces consists of two components: one normal
to the surfaces and one tangential to the surfaces. The tangential component consists
of the relative motion (sliding) of the surfaces and, possibly, frictional shear stresses.
The contact constraint is applied in Abaqus when the clearance between two surfaces
becomes zero. The surfaces separate when the contact pressure between them
becomes zero or negative, and the constraint is removed. This behavior, referred to as
hard contact.
The system is subjected to a small force which does not induce slip. Thus, for the
tangential component, rough interaction is assumed as there is no slip between the
surfaces.
Thus, for the normal behavior and the tangential behavior hard and rough contacts
respectively are used in all interactions.
In addition, a nodal damping coefficient is introduced at lateral exterior nodes to
prevent reflections of energy back to the system from the lateral surfaces. Thereby an
amplitude that is undisturbed by reflected horizontal waves can be obtained.
Calculation of the damping coefficient is based on the theory of equilibrium between
the soil wave force and the damping force. The damping coefficient is specified as
force per velocity (N/(m/s)) where the velocity is the relative motion between two
nodes. (Abaqus manual, 2010)
(4.1)
(4.2)
(4.3)
Where Dc = nodal damping coefficient [N/(m/s)]

E = elastic modulus (Pa)

14
= density (kg/m3)
c = wave speed (m/s)
s = element side area (m2)
An = area of a node face (m2)
Table 4.3 Nodal damping coefficient of soil layers.
Layer Dc
no. [N/(m/s)]
1 9,859
2 13,349
3 16,100
4 18,730
5 20,841
6 22,724
7 24,545
8 26,660
VI-Applying boundary conditions and applied loads

Prescribed conditions, such as loads and boundary conditions, are step dependent,
which means that the step or steps in which they become active is specified
accordingly.
Applying boundary conditions

Boundary conditions are applied to those regions of the model where the
displacements and/or rotations are known. Such regions may be constrained to remain
fixed (have zero displacement and/or rotation) during the simulation or may have
specified, nonzero displacements and/or rotations. Thus, a fixed boundary is set at the
bottom and at the sides of the model.
Applying a load
The loads are assumed to vary sinusoidally with time over 0-5 Hz of frequencies.
Thus,
F= F[X sin(t+0 )+iYcos (t+0 )] (4.4)

15
In which
F= Complex harmonic load
F= Input value of the load
X,Y= Amplitude multipliers
= 2f, with f= frequency in Hz
0= Initial phase angle in degrees in the sine function.
In here, a dynamic load of 5 KN/ pile for a frequency range of 0-5 Hz is used. It is
important to note that the static case corresponds to a frequency of zero and a phase
angle of an integral multiple of /2.
VII-Designing the mesh

The Mesh module contains tools that allow generating meshes on parts and
assemblies created within Abaqus/CAE. In the model, a structure meshing is used.
Structure meshing is a technique that gives the most control over the mesh because it
applies preestablished mesh patterns to particular model topologies. Considerable care
is taken to optimize the mesh size so as to get reliable results. Fig 4.1 shows the mesh
of the assembly.
Figure 5.1 Mesh of the assembly.

16
VIII-Creating, running, and monitoring a job
Once defining a model is finished, the model is analyzed using the Job module. The
Job module allows interactively submitting a job for analysis and monitoring its
progress.
4.3 Postprocessing
The Visualization module provides graphical display of finite element models and
results. It obtains model and result information from the output database; it is
controlled what information is written to the output database by modifying output
requests in the Step module.

17
5 Discussions
In here the analysis results are compared and verified based on some theoretical and
field measured references. As mentioned in the foregoing discussions, displacement
of the pile is focused. Because it is direct to imply the stiffness from displacement.
The vertical stiffness is the applied force divided by the corresponding vertical
displacement.
5.1 Displacement vs. frequency plots
In both single pile and pile group, the complex response of the system has the
tendency to decrease as the frequency increases. This is because faster loads cause
smaller strains. It could also be seen that the real part is much higher than the
imaginary part in the frequency range. See Fig 5.1 below.
(a) single pile

18
(b) pile group
Figure 5.1 Displacement vs. frequency plot
It is important to note that the static response is the one corresponding to 0 Hz
frequency. It can easily obtained by executing static analyses.
Here are the corresponding displacement values:
Single pile: 25 E-06 m
Pile group: 34 E-06 m
Using the static and the dynamic response values, it is very important to plot the
normalized curve of the response versus the frequency. The normalized values are
obtained by dividing the responses by the corresponding static response. Here are the
plots for both single pile and pile group in Fig 5.2.

19
Figure 5.2 Normalized curve.
A point worth mentioning is the natural frequency of the soil-pile system. This is the
frequency corresponding to the peak response. In this case it lies in the ranges 1.5-
1.75 Hz and 1-1.25 Hz for single pile and pile group cases respectively. At this
frequency, the dynamic response is most pronounced. It is important to know that the
response increases at the natural frequency increases with the number of calculation
steps. However, in this case, it is not important to consider it since the measured
frequency is out of these ranges.
5.2 Single pile vs. pile group

Here is the plot of complex responses of a single pile and a pile group in Fig 5.3.

20
Figure 5.3 Displacement vs. frequency plot comparing pile group and single pile.
To make comparisons, displacements corresponding to 2.22 Hz as in the case of

Gamla Ullevi are considered for the two cases:
Single pile: 25 E-06 m
Pile group: 35 E-06 m
At this specific frequency, the displacement in a pile group is greater as compared to
that of a single pile by 40% approximately. Thus, the pile group is less stiff than the
single pile. This is attributed to overlap of high stresses of the piles in the vicinity.
5.3 Parametric study

To see how variation of results affect the response of the system, parametric studies
are made by doing sensitivity analysis on the basic dynamic soil parameters, viz.,
elastic modulus and structural damping. Also, a parametric study is done based on pile
spacing. Consideration is given to the maximum complex response values in the
frequency range for nodes at the head of the piles.
(a) Elastic modulus
A sensitivity analysis is done using the single pile system by varying the modulus by
+10%. The following results in Fig 5.4 are obtained.

21
Figure 5.4 Displacement vs. frequency plot for parametric study on E.
Considering the response at 2.75 Hz, the following are obtained as tabulated below:
Table 5.1 Sensitivity analysis on elastic modulus.
Cases Response % Increase of Remark on

(x10-6 m) response the response
Reference 24.95 - -
Increase by 10% 23.3 -6.61 decreased
Decrease by 26.5 6.25 increased

10%
(b) Hysteretic damping

In this case, sensitivity is done using the single pile system on hysteretic damping by
varying the value by +50%. The following results in Fig 5.5 are obtained.

22
Figure 5.5 Displacement vs. frequency plot for parametric study on H.
Table 5.2 Sensitivity analysis on structural damping.
Cases Response % Increase of remark on

-6
(x10 m) response the response
Reference 24.95 - -
Increase by 50% 25.2 1 increased
Decrease by 24.3 -2.6 decreased

50%
(c) Pile spacing

Obviously the interaction of piles is insignificant when the spacing is large. As a
result, pile spacing has got an influence on the response. Now, analysis is done on a
pile group system by reducing the spacing from 1.2 m to 0.6 m.

23
Figure 5.6 Displacement vs. frequency plot for parametric study on pile spacing.
As the pile spacing decreases, the efficiency of each pile in the group decreases.
Table 5.3 Sensitivity analysis on pile spacing.
Cases Response % Increase of remark on

(x10-6 m) response the response
1.2 m spacing 35.42 reference -
0.6 m spacing 38.8 +9.54 higher
As can be seen from the preceding tables, the response is sensitive to the elastic
modulus. On the other hand, the response is not that much sensitive to the change in
hysteretic damping since the response is varied by 2.6% only for a change of 50% in
damping. Also, it is worth noting that pile spacing has significant impact on pile
efficiency.

24
5.4 Abaqus results vs. field results
It is very essential to make justification of outputs from a FEM program by checking
with certain field measurements. Unfortunately, only velocity measurements at a
specific spots at Gamla Ullevi are available. The value is tabulated below together
with the Abaqus result.
Table 5.4 Velocity values from Abaqus analysis and field measurements.
Cases Vz
(x10-3 m/s)
Abaqus analysis 1
Field measurement 2.5
In comparison, it could be seen that the difference is not large. To make sound
comparisons, the actual field condition ought to be intercepted and modelled.
However, in this case, there are tangible differences between the Abaqus model and
the field situation. The lack of accurate value of the load at the field is the major one.

25
6 Conclusions
In accordance with the preceding discussions, the analysis results obtained from
Abaqus are discussed and relevant comparisons such as a single pile versus a pile
group, parametric studies and measured values versus Abaqus results are done. The
following conclusions are drawn:
In the results, it could be seen that generally the response has a tendency to decrease
with frequency since faster loads induce smaller response as a result.
In design of a pile subjected to dynamic loads, it is important to know that the

stiffness of a pile group is less than a single pile.
In addition, in design the natural frequency of the system has to be determined.

Because it is important to design structures in such a way that the frequencies at
which they may be loaded are not close to the natural frequencies which are seen in
the discussion.
From the two basic dynamic soil properties, the response is more sensitive to changes
in the elastic modulus than changes in hysteretic damping properties. Besides this,
pile spacing is seen to have considerable effect on pile efficiency.
It is important to justify FEM results with field measured values or calculated values.
Obviously, the field situations have to be intercepted in a reliable accuracy to the
FEM model.

26
7 Recommendations for further studies
Dynamic analysis of a soil-pile system is a vast field which needs plenty time and
effort when a comprehensive analysis is sought. So, in this Masters thesis, the focus
has been prediction of the vertical stiffness subjected to a reasonably small dynamic
load inducing small strains, i.e. linear analysis. However, there are a few areas to be
recommended for further work as elaborated next.
Lateral Stiffness
Practically, a pile is subjected to different actions even though the predominant type
of loading is an axial force. There are occasions when a lateral load can be
considerable in a structure located in areas where earthquake or wind loads are
prominent. In such cases, a dynamic lateral stiffness becomes a fundamental part of
the pile design. Thus, it is recommended to be studied.
Nonlinearity
In this thesis, the analysis is limited to a linear dynamics by assuming the load to be
small enough so as not to induce nonlinear behaviors. Nevertheless, nonlinear
behaviors can be induced if the load is large. Also, it is important to notice that soil
behaves nonlinearly even in small loads.
A lot of researches have also been made on effects of nonlinearity on dynamic
analysis of a soil-pile system. It has been proven that nonlinearity decreases the
stiffness significantly. (Maheshwari, 1997). It is not prudent to overlook nonlinear
behaviors. Thus, this is highly recommended to be studied.
Permeability
In a report written by Maeso et al. (2004), it is found that permeability has significant
effect on the dynamic response. Thus, it is recommended for further studies.

27
References
Abaqus Inc., Pawtucket, RI. Abaqus Analysis Users manual, 2010, Version 6.8-2
Axelsson, K. (1971) Introduktion till byggnadsdynamiken. Chalmers tekniska
hgskola, Gteborg. pp8
H.M Hgel, S. Henke, S. Kinzler. (2008): High-performance Abaqus simulations in
soil mechanics. pp. 4
Gabrielsson, J. (2007). Numerisk simulering av stabilitet fr vgbank p sulfidjord.
Lile Tekniska Universtet, Sweden
Gatubolaget. (2006). Rapport over geotekniska och markjunderskningar fr
fotbollsarena. Gteborg, Sweden
Kramer, S.L. (1996). Geotechnical earthquake engineering. 3ed. Prentice Hall, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Maeso, O., Aznarez. J, and Garcis, F. (2004). Dynamic impedance of piles and groups
of piles in saturated soil. Tecnologico del campus universitario de Tafira, Spain
Maheshwari, B.K. & Watanabe, H. (2005). Dynamic analysis of pile foundations.
Saitama University, Japan. Paper
Maheshwari, B.K. & Watanabe, H.(1997). Nonlinear dynamic analysis of pile
foundation. Japan, Saitama University. Paper
Murthy, V. (2007). Textbook of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Satish
Kumar Jain for CBR publishers and distributers. New Delhi
Norconsult AB. (2009): Gteborg/HIGAB Gamla Ullevi, Vibrationer PM
betrffande vibrationskontroll. pp 8-10.
Parrales, R. (2004). Different definitions of energy dissipation in geological
amaterials. Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden
Helwany, S. (2007). Applied soil mechanics with abaqus applications. John Wiley &
Sons,Inc., Hoboken, New jersey.
SGI. (2000). Geodynamik I praktiken. Linkping, Sweden.
Skredkommisionen (1995): Anvisningar fr slntstabilitetsutredning. pp. 5.26

28
Appendix
3D plots of complex responses
(a) Single pile
(b) Pile group

A-1 Vertical displacement 3D plot @ f= 0.555 Hz

29
(a) Single pile
(b) Pile group
A-2 Vertical displacement 3D plot @ f= 2.222 Hz

30
(a) Single pile
(b) Pile group
A2-3 Vertical displacement 3D plot @ f= 5 Hz

31

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