CHAPTER 7: ENTROPY

7.1: Entropy a Thermodynamic Property

In general, a P- plot for a Carnot Cycle is given by:

P
1
12 isothermals
2 34

4 23
3 41 adiabatics

It is possible to represent a reversible cycle by a series of Carnot Cycles. Consider the

following reversible cycle with a series of Carnot Cycles added:

P Carnot Cycles

adiabats
reversible cycle

isotherms

The isotherms and part of the adiabats of the Carnot Cycles form a zigzag curved (the
portion of the adiabats which is shared by adjacent cycles will cancel each other because
each section is traversed once in a forward direction and in in a revered direction) which
follows closely the path of the original cycle

As the number of Carnot Cycles is increased the zigzag curve can be made to approach
the reversible cycle to any desires degree of accuracy
For each small individual Carnot Cycle, we have:
 QHi
+ TQiL = 0
i

THi L
th
where i denotes the i Carnot Cycle. Therefore,
N

( TQiH + TQiL ) = 0
i i

H L
i =1
where N is the total number of Carnot Cycle

Q Q
T 0 (1) T =0 (2)

valid for all cycles; valid for reversible cycle

Trepresents the temperature of the source which considers the quantity of heat Q and
is not necessarily equal to the temperature T of the system which receives the heat Q.
Indeed, if the cycle is irreversible, Ts T when Q is positive because heat cannot flow
from a colder body to a hotter body; and when Q is negative T T. If the cycle is
reversible, however, we must always have T = T, because an exchange of heat between
two bodies at different temperatures is not reversible. In Equation (2) we may therefore
take T to be the temperature of the source and also the temperature of the part of the
system that receives the heat Q.
In the limit, as N goes to infinity, we have

Q
T
=0
cycle
But this is for reversible cycle only, hence we denote that by

T)
Q
=0
(1)
(
rev

It follows that (see the derivation of Q the first law for a closed
(
Q
system undergo a cycle the differential ( T ) rev is an exact different and )
T rev
is a property of the system (i.e. path independent). This
property is called entropy and is denoted by the symbol S. Thus

dS ( TQ ) rev (2)

Integrating along a reversible path between two equilibrium state (1 and 2) give:

2
S = S2 S1 = ( TQ ) rev (3)
1
Note: Since entropy is a point function, it does not matter which particular reversible
path is followed in the integration as long as it reversible.
According to (2)

Q = Tds for a reversible process

2

1
1 Q 2 = TdS

Therefore the amount of heat transfer in a reversible process is given by the area under
the curve on a T vs. S diagram. This is similar to the calculation of expansion work in a
quasi-equilibrium process. In that case, the amount of work done is given by the area
under the curve on the P vs. plot.
For a reversible adiabatic process, we have

dS = ( TQ ) rev = 0 since Q=0

A reversible adiabatic process during which there is no change in entropy is called

isentropic process

7.2: Inequality of Clausius:

For any irreversible cycle, we have

(
Q
T irr
) <0

This is the Inequality of Clausius

Proof:
From Carnot principles, the efficiency of an irreversible engine is smaller than that of a
reversible engine operating between the same temperature limits, i.e.

irr < rev

In terms of heat quantities

| |
1 |QQHL |irrirr < 1 |QQHL |revrev
| |

1 |QQHL |irrirr < 1 TTHL

| |

|Q L | irr |Q H | irr
TL
+ TH
<0
Q H irr Q Lirr
TH
+ TL
<0
Note: |QL| is the absolute value of heat rejection, its algebraic value, therefore has a
negative sign according our sign convention. Summing up all cycles (similar to last
section) gives:
N

(
i =1
QH
TH
)iirr + ( TQLL )iirr < 0

where N is the total number of individual cycles. Taking the limit N, we have

(
Q
)
T irr
<0 Q.E.D

Note: The entropy of a system is a point function, it depends only on the state that the
system is in, and not on how that state is reached. For example, if a system goes from
state 1 to state 2 its entropy changes from S1 to S2. It is only when the system travels
along a reversible path between the two end states that the entropy change S2 S1, equal
(equation). If the path is irreversible, (equation) has a different value although the change
in entropy is the same as before (since entropy is a point function)
Consider the following:

Property A A A, B: reversible
(e.g. P) 2
B C: irreversible

C
1

Property B (e.g )

(i) 1A2B1: reversible cycle

2 1

Q Q
T
+ T
=0
1, A 2, B

(ii) 1A2C1: irreversible cycle

2 1

Q Q
T
+ T
<0
1, A 2,C

Eq (2) Eq(1) gives:

1 1

Q Q
T
T
<0
2,C 2, B
 1 1

Q Q

T
> T
2, B 2,C

dS = ( TQ ) rev
1 1

= dS
But Q ; since
T
2, B 2

1 1 1

dS = dS = dS
and

2, B 2,C 2

(since S is a property)
1 1

dS >
Q
T
2 2,C

or dS > ( TQ )irr
2
or S = S 2 S1 > ( TQ )irr
1

Summary:

(
Q
(i) T
)0
(ii) dS TQ
where equality hods for reversible process cycle and inequality holds for irreversible
process cycle

7.3: The Priciple of Increase of Entropy for an Isolated system

For an isolated system, Q = 0. From previous results,

Q
dS T
=0 for isolated system

or dS isolate 0
This is the Principle of Increase of Entropy for an isolated system. Those are the only
process that can take place are those in which net change in entropy of the system plus its
surroundings increases (or in the limit remains constant)
Example: cooling of a higher temperature system by a lower temperature surroundings

system
Temp = T

Q To < T

Surroundings
Temp = To

dS system TQ (since heat is transferred out of the system)

dS surrounding TQ0

v dS isolatdsystem = dS system + dS surrounding Q( T10 T1 )

Q
dS system + dS surrounding T
+ TQ0
since T > T0 1
T0 T1 > 0
d .S isolatedsystem = dS system + dS surrounding > 0

When an iso lated system is in the state of maximum entropy consistent with its energy it
cannot undergo any function transformation because any transformation could result in a
decreased of entropy. Thus, the state of maximum entropy is the most static state for an
isolated system.
7.4 Entropy Change for a Carnot Cycle

It can be shown that a Carnot Cycle can be represented as a rectangular cycle on the T-S
diagram.
T

TH 1 2

TL 4 3

0 a b S

1 2: reversible isothermal process

2
S1 S 2 = 1
TH Q =
1
1 Q2
H

1 Q2 = TH ( S 2 S1 ) = Area12ba1

2 3: reversible adiabatic process

3
S 3 S 2 = TQ = 0 since Q =0
2
S3 = S2

3 4: reversible isothermal process

4
S4 S3 = 1
TL Q =
3
3 Q4
TL

(-3Q4 because heat is transferred from the system to the surrounding)

3 Q4 = TL ( S 4 S 3 ) = Area 43ba 4

4 1: reversible adiabatic process

S4 = S1

Recall Work done

Energy Input
= Area12341
Area12 ba1
7.5: Two Important Thermodynamic Relations for a Simple Compressible
Substance

1. Tds = du + Pdv
2. Tds = dh vdP

Derivation:

1. 1From 1st law: Q = dU + W .

For reversible process: Q = TdS ,W = Pd

1st law becomes: TdS = dU + Pd (1)

or Tds = du + Pdv (2)

Note: Even though this relation is derived by assuming that the process is reversible.
Since it only involve properties, and properties are point function which are independent
of path, the relation is valid for any process. However, it can only be integrated for a
reversible process

2. H = U + P

dH = dU + Pd + dP

sub. into (1) gives: TdS = dH - dP

or Tds = dh vdP
7.6: Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas

From the results of section 7.5

Tds = du + Pdv (1)
Tds = dh vdP (2)

For ideal gas : du = Cvo dT (3)

and
P= RT
v

dh = Cpo dT
Sub. into (1) gives:

TdS = Cvo dT + RTv dv

dS = C vo dTT + R dvv
2

s1 s 2 = Cvo dT
T + R ln vv21 (4)
1

sub. (3) into (2) gives:

Tds = C po dT RT dP
P

ds = C po dT
T R dPP
2

s 2 s1 = C po dT
T R ln PP12 (5)
1

Special Case: Cpo = constant; Cvo = constant

Equ. (4) becomes: s 2 s1 = C vo ln TT12 + R ln vv21

Equ (5) becomes:
s 2 s1 = C po ln TT21 + R ln PP21
Example:
Air is heated form 540R to 1200R while pressure drops form 50 psia to 40 psia.
Assume: Cpo = 0.241 Btu / lbm-R; R = 53.3 ft-lbf / lbm-R. Calculate the change in
entropy
T1 = 540R P1 = 50 psia
T2 = 1200R P2 = 40 psia

S = S 2 S1 = C po ln TT21 R ln PP12
ft lbf
53.3 lbm R
= 0.241 Btu
lbm R ln 1200
540 778
ft lbf ln 40
50
Btu

= 0.207 lbm
Btu
R
Note: the equation used to calculate S consists of properties only and hence path
independent. Even though the process is not reversible, thechange in entropy can

7.7: Insetropic Process for an Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats

k
C po
Define specific heat ratio, k, by (1)
Cvo

Recall: Cpo - Cvo = R

1 =
C po R
C vo Cco

C vo = R
k 1 (2)

Also: ( k 1 )
C po = C vo + R = k R1 + R ( k 1 )

C po = kRk1 (3)

Note: Although Cpo - Cvo = R is a constant for ideal gas, Cpo and Cvo are function of
temperature. It follows that k is also a function of temperature. In the following
deviation, Cpo and Cvo and hence k are assumed to be constant.

For an isotropic process, dS = 0

Tds = du + Pdv = 0
du + Pdv = 0
Cvo dT = -Pdv.. (4)

But Pv = RT
pdv + vdP = RdT

dT =
Pdv + vdT
R

Sub. into (4) gives:

C vo
R
( pdv + vdp ) = pdv

1
k 1 ( pdv + vdp) = pdv
pdv + vdp + kpdv pdv =0
ln(P) + vdp + kln(U) = constant

pv k = const (5)
Note: This is valid for
(i) isentropic process, with
(ii) ideal gas
(iii) constant specific heats

Form (5) P1v1k = P2v2k = constant

P1
P2
= ( vv12 ) k (6)

From Ideal gas law: Pv = Rt

P1
P2 = T1 v2
T2 v1

Sub. into (6) gives:

T1 v2
T2 v1
= ( vv21 ) k (7)

T1
T2 = ( vv12 ) k 1

Also
v2
v1 = p1 T2
p 2 T1

Sub. into (7) gives

T1
T2
= ( pp12 ) k 1 ( TT21 ) k 1

( TT12 ) k = ( pp12 ) k 1
k 1
T1
T2
= ( pp12 ) k (8)

7.8 Reversible Polytropic Process for an Ideal Gas

Define: A polytropic process is a process during which Pn = constant (n is called the

polytropic constant)

On a P- plot we have
log P

slope = -n

log
 Pn = const P11 = P2 2
n n

Similar to the procedure used in the last section, we have (with n replaced by k)

( PP12 ) = ( 21 ) n
( TT12 ) = ( vv12 ) n1
n 1
( )=( )
T1
T2
P2
P1
n

For a reversible process: W = Pd

For a reversible polytropic process: Pn = C

2
W2 = Cn d
1
1

(i) for n 1
n +1

1W2 = C n +1 |12
1 n 1 n
= 1Cn [ 2 1 ]
Now:
C = P n = P11 = P2 2
n n

C 2 1 n C 11 n
1W 2 =

1 n

P2 2 n 2 1 n P111 n 11 n
= 1 n

P2 2 P11
1 W2 = 1 n

or W2 = mR (1T2nT1 )
1

(ii) for n = 1 2
W2 = C d = C ln 12
1
1

W2 = P11 ln 12 = P2 1 ln 21
1
7.9: Worked Example

Air

Initially:
1 = 10 ft3
P1 = 20 psia P2 = 80 psia
T1 = 70F (reversible polytropic Pn = C T2 = 250R

Determine: (a) n the polytropic constant

(b) 2
(c) 1W2
(d) 1Q2
(e) Snet

Assume ideal gas with constant specific heats:

Cvo = 0.171 Btu / lbm-R
Cvo = 0.241 Btu / lbm-R
R = 53.34 ft-lbf / lbm-R
lbf 2
(a) ( 20 )(144 in 2 )(10 ft 3
P11
m= RT1 = in 2
ft lbf
ft

( 53.34 lbm R )(530 R )

= 1.02 lbm

1
v1 = = 110
.02 lbm = 9.8 lbm
3 3
ft ft
m

v2 = = = 3.28 lbm
3
RT2 ( 53.34 )( 710) ft
P2 ( 80 )(144 )
p1v1 = p 2 v 2
n n

p2
ln( )
n= p1
v1 = ln( 80 / 20 )
ln( 9.8 / 3.28 ) = 1 .27
ln( v2
)

(b) 2 = mv2 = (1.02)(3.28) = 3.35 ft3

(c) p2 2 p11 mR (T2 T1 )

1W2 = 1 n
= 1 n

(1.02 )( 53 .34 )( 710 530 )

= (11.27 )( 778 ) = 46.6 Btu
(d) 1Q2 = U2 U1 + 1W2
= m(u2 u1) + 1W2
= Cvo(T2T1) + 1W2
= (1.02)(0.171)(710-530) + (-46.6)
= -15.2 Btu

(e) S net = S system + S sum

system = m[C po ln TT12 R ln PP21 ]

= (1.02)[0.24 ln( 710

530 ) 778 ln( 20 )
53.34 80

= 0.0251 Btu
R

S surr = 1TW02 = 15530.2 = 0.0297 Btu

R

S net = S system + S sum = 0.0046 Btu

R

Entropy Change of a Solid or Liquid

Recall, for either a solid or a liquid

dh du C dT (1)

where C is either Cp or Cv, as the two would be nearly the same. Interpolating gives:
h2 h1 u2 u1 C (T2 T1) (2)

From one of the two thermodynamic relation:

Tds = du + Pdv (3)

since dv 0 for solid and liquid, we have

Tds du

ds du
T
sub. (1) for du gives:
(4)
ds CdT
T

For many process involving liquid and solid. C remains constant, (4) because after
interpolation
(5)
S 2 S1 C ln TT21
7.10 The Second Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Volume

For a closed system, 2nd law says:

dS TQ

Consider the closed system along with the C. shown below: (similar to the C. analysis
of chapter 5)

Closed system
Pi Pe
Ti mt mt + t Te
vi St St + t ve
C. ei mi ee
si se

at time t at time t +t

Notations :
mt mass in C. at time t
mt + t mass in C. at time t + t
St entropy of system at time t
St + t entropy of system at time t + t
m1 mass of the system at time t
m2 mass of the system at time t + t
S1 entropy of system at time t
S2 entropy of system at time t + t
Q heat transfer into the C.

S 2 S1 TQ (1)

m1 = mt + mi
m2 = mt+t + me
S1 = St + + Simi
S2 = St+t + Seme

L.H.S of (1):
S1 - S2 = (St+t - St) + Seme - Simi
R.H.S of (1):
Q
= ( qT dA)t
.''

T
c.s .
Equ. (1) become:
S t +t S t + s e me s i mi ( qT dA)t
.' '

c.s .
Dividing by t gives:
S t + t St me mi
qT dA
.''

t + se t si t
c .s .

taking the limit t 0 gives:

+ m . e s e m . i si qT dA
.' '
dSc . v
dt
c. s.

This is the second law of thermodynamics for a control volume with single inlet and
single exit. For multiple inlets and multiple exits, we have,

+ m . e se m . i si qT dA
.' '
dSc . v
dt
exit inlet c .s .

7.11 SSSF Process Reverted

For SSSF process, dS c . v

dt =0 the second law becomes:

m s m . i s i qT dA
.' '
.
e e
c. s .

For single inlet and single exit, we have

m . ( s e s i ) qT dA
.''

c. s .
In addition if the process is adiabatic, it yields:

se si or s e si 0
where equality holds for reversible process

Note: for irreversible adiabatic process, i.e. isentropic process, Se = Si. This is the same
as in the case of closed system where we have (equa)
7.12: Reversible SSSF Process

Consider the case of single inlet and single outlet:

Ve 2 Vi 2
1st law: q w = (he hi ) + 2
+ g (Z i Z e ) (1)

m . ( s e si ) qT dA
.' '

2nd law: (2)

c. s.

Well consider two situations: adiabatic and isothermal

(i) Adiabatic
reversible and adiabatic isentropic Se = Si
Recall: Tds = dh - vdP
For ds = 0, we have:
dh = vdP
pe
or he hi = vdp (3)
Pi

Substituting (3) into (1) gives:

pe

w = vdp + Ve Vi 2
2

2
+ g (Z e Z i ) (4)
pi

(ii) Isothermal

q.' ' Q .c . v
Equ. (2) becomes: m . ( s e si ) 1
T T dA = T
(5)
c .s .
or se si = qc . v
T
(note: q = heat transfer per unit mass flow)

Recall: Tds = dh vdP

pe
T ( s e si ) = (he hi ) vdp (6)
pi

sub. (5) and (6) into (1) gives:

pe

T ( s e si ) w = T ( s e si ) + vdp + Ve Vi
2 2

2 + g (Z e Z i )
pi
pe

w = vdp + Ve Vi
2 2

2 + g (Z i Z e ) (7)
pi
Note that Equ. (4) is identical to Equ (7) even though one is for reversible adiabatic
process while the other is for reversible isothermal process. Since any reversible process
can be constructed, in the limit, from a revies os alternated reversible adiabatic and
reversible isothermal process, we may conclude that Equ. (4) is valid for any reversible
SSSF process.

Special cases:
(i) w = 0, and v= constant no work done and incompressible
2 2
Equ (4) become
Pe
+ Ve + gZ e = Pi
+ V2i + gZ i
This is the well know Bernoullis Equ.

(2) KE, PE are negligible

pe
Equ (4) becomes: w = vdp
pi

Therefore, for the same Pe + Pi, w is much larger for vapor than for liquid since vg >> vl.
Recall for a steam power plant discuss previously, we have

Boiler

Pump Wpump << W turbine Turbine

Condenser

The power input to the pump is much less than the power output of the turbine
7.13: Worked Example # 1

Consider the following Rankine Cycle:

Boiler

Turbine
2

Pump Condenser

T
2 3

1 4

2:
1 isentropic pumping process
3:
2 heat transfer at constant pressure
4:
3 isentropic expansion in the turbine
1:
4 heat transfer at constant pressure

Given: P1 = P4 = 1 psia
P2 = P3 = 300 psia
X3 = 1, X1 = 0
Find the efficiency of this Rankine Cycle.

2:
1
C.: Pump
1st law: qp wp = h2 h1 where qp = 0
p2
2nd law: s 2 = s1 h2 h1 = vdp = v ( p 2 p1 )
p1

Combining 1st and 2nd laws gives: w2 = v (p2 p1)

Between 1 to 300 psia v 0.01614 ft3 / lbm
Therefore,
 w p = 0.01614 lbm (1 300) inft2
3
ft 144 in 2 1Btu
ft 2 778 ft

= - 0.9 Btu / lbm

3:
2
C.: Boiler
1st law: qb wb = h3 h2 where wb = 0

From last result, h2 = h1 - wp

Now h1 = hf (1 psia) = 69.7 Btu / lbm
h2 = 69.7 (-0.9) = 70.6 Btu / lbm
also h3 = hg (300 psia) = 1203.9 Btu / lbm
qb = h3 h2 = 1203.9 Btu /lbm 70.59 Btu / lbm
= 1133.3 Btu / lbm

4:
3
C.: Turbine
1st law: qt wt = h4 h3 where qt = 0
2nd law: S3 = S4
But S3 = Sg (300 psia) = 1.5115 Btu / lbm-(R
S4 = 1.5115 Btu / lbm-(R
At P4 = 1 psia sf = 0.13266 ; hf = 69.74
sg = 1.9779 ; hg = 1105.8
s4 s f
x4 = sg s f = 11..5115
9779 0.13266 = 0.747
0.13266

h4 = hf + x4 (hg - hf )
= 69.74 + (0.747) (1105 69.74)
= 843.8 Btu / lbm

Applying 1st : wt = h3 - h4 = 1203.9 843.8

= 360.1 Btu / lbm

1:
4
C.: Condenser
1st law: qc wc = h1 h4 where wc = 0
= 69.7 843.8
wc = -774.1 Btu / lbm
Finally,
| wnet | | wt || w p |
|q H | |q H | = 360.1 0.9
1133.3

=31.6%
7.14 Worked Example # 2 (From Test)

steam line 1
1.6 MPa
300C
Throttling
valve

2
Turbine (isentropic expansion)

3 10kPa Exhaust

The throttling valve is used to control the work of turbine load output. It is fully open
for full load of turbine

(a) Find full load work output of turbine (i.e. valve is fully open)
S3 = S1 = 6.8844

At P = 10 kPa, sf = 0.8493 ; hf = 191.83

sg = 8.1502 ; hg = 2584.7

s3 s f
x3 = sg s f = 6.8844 0.6493
8.1502 0.6493 = 0.831

h3 = hf + x3 (hg - hf )
= 191.83 + 0.831 (2584 191.83)
= 2180.30 kJ/ kg

qt wt = h3 h2 where wt = 0 and h2 = h1
= h3 h1
wt = h1 h3 = 3034.8 2180.3
= 854.5 kJ / kg

(b) Find P2 which the steam must be throttled to produce 75% of full load output.
w75% = (0.75)(854.5) = 640.9 kJ / kg

h3 h2 = 640.9
But h2 = h2= 3034.8
h3 = h2 - 640.9
= 3034.8 640.9
= 2393.9 kJ / kg
Now s3 s f
x3 = sg s f = 2393.9 191.83
2584.7 191.83 = 0.92

h3 = h f + xh fg
= 0.6493 + 0.92 (8.1502 0.6493)
= 7.552 kJ / kg-K

3 is isentropic, s2 = s3
Since 2

Therefore, we have at 2
s2 = 7.552 kJ / kg-K
h2 = 3034.8 kJ / kb P2 = 0/368 Mpa

We have two properties, theoretically we can determine the state, i.e., P2.

h 0.5 MPa
0.3 MPa

s2, h2 x
s

0.3 Mpa < P2 < 0.5 Mpa

7.15 The Principle of Increase of Entropy for a Control Volume

C.

m .
s
e e
Q . c. v
m .i si

Surrounding

Second law of thermal for C.

+ m . e s e m . i si qT dA
.' '
dS c . v
dt
c.s .
(1)
Second law of thermal for the surroundings

m . e s e m . i si QTc0.b
.
dS c . v
(2)
dt

(1) + (2):

= qT dA QTc0. v
.'' .
+ dS ' sum
dS c .v
dt dt
c .s .

(i) If heat transferred from the surrounding to the C.

T0 > T Q . c.v > 0

q.' ' .

T dA QTc0.v > 0
c. s.

(ii) If heat loss from the C. to the surrounding

T0 > T Q . c.v < 0

q.' ' .

T dA QTc0.v > 0
c. s.

Negative quantity larger negative quantity (because Qc.v <0)

dS c . v
dt
+ dS ' sum
dt
0

7.16 Isentropic Efficiency Device:

The efficiency of a device that involves a process, rather than a cycle, is a composition of
the actual performance to that which would be achieved in a related, but well defined
ideal process. Thus,
Actual Performance
Ideal Performance

Turbine:
Work Output
= wa
ws = Work OutputActual
Assu min g Isotropic Pr ocess
 Va 2 ( Actual Velocity ) 2
Nozzle: = Vs 2 = ( Isentropic Velocity ) 2

Compressor:
Work Input Assu min g Isentropic
= ws
wa = Actual work Input Re ferred

7.17 Worked Example

4 4Mpa 3.8 Mpa

400C 5 380C

Turbine 6 10kPa
Boiler

3 Condenser
4.8Mpa
5MPa
2 Pump 1 10kPa 42C

A steam power plant operates on a cycle with pressures and temperatures as shown
above. The efficiency of the turbine is 86% and the efficiency of the pump is 80%.
Determine the thermal efficiency of this cycle.

Solution:

C.: Turbine
Inlet state: P5, T5 given, i.e state known
Exit state: P6 known
1st law: wt = h5 h6
2nd law: S6s = S5 s: isentropic

h5 h6
= wt
h5 h6 s = h5 h6 s

From the steam tables

h5 =3169.1; S5 = 6.7235
S6s = S5 = 6.7235 = sf + x6s (sg - sf)
= 0.6493 + x6s 7.5009

x6s = 0.8098
h6s = hf + x6s (hg - hf)
= 191.8 + 0.898 (2392.8)
= 2129.5
 wt = ( (h5 - h6s) = 0.86 (3169.1 2129.5)
= 894.10 kJ / kg

C.: Pump
Inlet state: P1, T1 given, state fixed
Exit state: P2 known
1st law: wp = h2 h1
2nd law: S2s = S1
h2 s h1 h2 s h1
= |w p |
= h2 h1

Since: S2s = S1 , h2s - h1 = v (P2 - P1)

h2 s h1 v ( P2 P1 )
| w p |= =

with v 0.001009 m3 / kg
( 0.001009)( 500010)
| w p |= 0.80
= 6.3kJ / kg

( Note: wp<< wt )

Therefor, wnet = wt - |wp| = 984.1 6.3

= 887.8 kJ / kg

C.: Boiler
Inlet state: P3, T3 known; state fixed
Exit state: P4, T4 known; state fixed
1st law: qb = h4 h3
= 3213.6 171.8
= 3041.8 kJ / kg
Finally,

th = = = 292%
| wnet | 887.8
| qb | 3041.8