Mechanical Engineering Bolt (screws) selection

Outline

Bolt Tension with External Joint-Separation Force

Bolt (Screw) selection for static loading

Bolt (or Screw) selection for fatigue loading

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Conical Effective Clamped Volume

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Conical Effective Clamped Volume

dw

Compression of a member with the equivalent elastic

properties represented by a frustum of a hollow cone.

0.5774Ed dw the diameter of washer face,

k=
(1.155t + D d )( D + d ) D the diameter of the frustum top
circle,
ln
(1.155t + D + d )( D d ) d the fastener diameter
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Mechanical Engineering
Bolt Tension with External Joint-Separation Force

Spring constant of the bolt:

At: tensile-stress area
E
kb = lt: length of threaded portion of grip
Ad: Major-diameter area of fastener
lt ld
+ ld: length of unthreaded portion in grip

At Ad
Spring constant of the clamped members:

1 1 1 1 1
= + + ... +
kc k1 k 2 k3 ki

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Bolt (or Screw) Selection for Static Loading

Example 1:

A ball bearing encased in a pillow block and supporting one end of a

rotation shaft. The shaft applies a static load of 9kN to the pillow block,
as shown. Select appropriate metric (ISO) screws for the pillow block
attachment and specify an appropriate tightening torque.

Decision/Assumption:

1. relatively inexpensive class 5.8 steel is

chosen for the screw material.

2. The load of 9kN is shared equally by each

screw.

3. The bolt load is axial tension.

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The proof load is 380MPa.

The nominal load for each bolt is 4.5 kN.

if screw failure would not endanger human life, cause other damage,
or entail costly shutdown, a safety factor of 2.5 would be reasonable.
In this case, the cost of using a higher safety factor is trivial, and
failure might prove rather costly, then increase the safety factor to
4 based on our engineering judgment. Therefore, the Design
Overload for each bolt is 4.5x4 = 18 kN.

When axial load F is equal to design overload, the tensile stress = Sp

18,000 N
380 MPa = At = 47.4mm 2
At
Reference to Table 8-1, proper standard size of class 5.8 screw is
M10x1.5 (At=58 mm2)
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The initial tightening force:

Fi = 0.9AtSp =0.9(58mm2)(380MPa)=19836N

The corresponding estimated tightening torque will be:

T= K Fi d = 0.2 x (19836 N) x (10 mm) =39.6 Nm

KK is
is the
the torque
torque coefficient:
coefficient:

Bolt
Bolt Condition
Condition KK

Nonplated,
Nonplated, black
black finish
finish 0.30
0.30
Zinc-plated
Zinc-plated 0.20
0.20
Lubricated
Lubricated 0.18
0.18
Cadmium-plated
Cadmium-plated 0.16
0.16
With
With Bowman
Bowman Anti-seize
Anti-seize 0.12
0.12
with
with Bowman-Grip
Bowman-Grip nuts
nuts 0.09
0.09 8
Mechanical Engineering
Bolt Tension with External Joint-Separation Force

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Mechanical Engineering Fatigue loading of tension joints
se
Factor of safety
Goodman
Sa
nf =
Alternating stress a

Load line
a
sa C
a B
A
F
i = i m sm sut
At
sa

Steady stress m

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Examples
Bolt (or Screw) Selection for Fatigue Loading
Example 2:
The flanged joint involves a cylinder internal diameter of 250mm, a bolt circle diameter of
350mm, and an internal gage pressure that fluctuates rapidly between zero and 2.5MPa.
Twelve conventional class 8.8 steel bolts with threads rolled before heat treatment are to be
used. The cylinder is made of cast iron (E=100 GPa) and the cover plate of aluminum (E=70
GPa). Construction details are such that the effective clamped area Ac can conservatively be
assumed equal to 5Ab. The clamped thickness of the cast iron and aluminum members are the
same. For infinite fatigue life with a safety factor of 2, determine an appropriate bolt size.
Assume that after a period of operation, the initial tension may be as low as 0.55SpAt.

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Assumptions:
1. The load is shared equally by each of the 12 bolts.
2. The initial bolt tension may be as low as 0.55SpAt after a period of
operation.
3. Table 8-17 lists the endurance strength for the bolt material.
Analysis:
1. The external force (safety factor included)

Fe = d Pmax =
2
(250mm) 2 (2 5.0 MPa ) = 245.4kN
4 4
divided among 12 bolts, gives 20.5 kN per bolt.

2. The clamping member stiffness kc is the resultant of two springs

in series. 1 1 1
= +
kc kiron k al
kiron is the stiffness of cylinder, kal is the stiffness of the cover plate.12
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A1 E1 5 Ab (100)
kiron = =
L1 g/2
A2 E2 5 Ab (70)
k al = =
L2 g/2
Therefore,
k al kiron 5 Ab (70) 412 Ab
kc = = =
k al + kiron g/2 g
stiffness of bolt:

Ab Eb Ab (200)
kb = =
g g
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The increased bolt force is
kb 200
Fb = Fe = (20500) = 6766 N
kb + kc 612
The alternating force is:
Fa = Fb / 2 = 3383 N
From Table 8-11 and 8-17, for class 8.8 steel:

Sut = 830 MPa S p = 600 MPa S e = 129MPa

Since the initial load is given as:

Fi = 0.55S p Ab i = 0.55S p = 330 MPa

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Using Goodman criterion (eq. 8-40):
S e ( Sut i ) 129(830 330)
Sa = = = 67.26 MPa
Sut + S e 830 + 129
Since safety factor has been considered when calculating external
force:
a = S a = 67.25MPa
The value of alternating nominal stress is:
Fa
a = = 67.25MPa
Ab
Hence, the required value of Ab is 3383/67.25 =50.3mm2:

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From Table 8-1, select M10x1.5 ANS.

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