1

VENTURI METER
Orifice Meter ,
Pitot Tube

Group : 1
B.E - Sem-4 I.C I.M ( UGS Mem )
Prepared By :
1) Pritesh shah (150280117055) (Group leader)
2) Gunjan Bhavsar (150280117003) 3) Mistry Vatsal (150280117026) ,
4) Rahul Patel (150280117036) 5) Kanjaria Kishan (150280117021).
 2

BASIC TERMS
Velocity of fluid which passes through a
Flow Rate(v) given area per second (m/s).

Volumetric Flow Volume of the fluid travelled through

a cross sectional area per second
Rate(Q) (m3/s).

Shape of path of the fluid.

Conduit

point in a fluid stream where the

Vena Contracta diameter of the stream is the least,
and fluid velocity is at its maximum.
 3

Turbulent Flow Fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations,

discontinues.
Laminar Flow No disturbances in the flow, continues.
 4

DEFINITION & MAIN PARTS

Venturimeter device used for

measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing
through a pipe.

It consist of three parts,

Converging part
Throat
Diverging part
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 6

WORKING PRINCIPLE
Venturi meter works under the principle of Bernoulli's
equation and Continuity equation.
 7

Bernaullis Equation PV = a constant

Continuity Equation 1A1V1 = 2A2V2

Where, P Pressure
V Velocity
1 Density of converging fluid
2 Density of throat fluid
A1 Pipe area
A2 Throat area
V1 Velocity of converging fluid
V2 Velocity of throat
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 9

Inclined venturimeter Vertical venturimeter

 10

SOME ASSUMPTIONS TAKEN

Incompressible fluids

Frictionless inner surfaces

Steady and irrotational flow

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EXPRESSION FOR RATE OF FLOW

B(m2,2,p2,v2)

A(m1,1,p1,v1)

Z2
Z1

Datum
At pt:-A At pt:-B

P.E = g.z1 P.E = g.z2

V.E = v12 V.E = v22

Pre.E = P1/ Pre.E = P2/

 12

Energy equation (horizontal arrangement)

g(Z1-Z2)+1/2(V12+V22)=(P2-P1)/
If Z1=Z2
(v12-v22)= (P2-P1)/ ----- (1)
As per law at continuity

A1V1=A2V2 (since density is constant)

V1=(A2/A1)V2 & V2=(A1/A2)V1

Sub V1 value in (1)

[(A2/A1)*V22-V22]=P/

V22=(A12/A22-A12) * 2P/
 13

Q2=A2.V2= A1.A2 * 2P/

(A22-A12)

Q 2P

Theoretical-- Q2=M.(2Pg)/

Original-- Q2=CdE M(2P)/

M- velocity approach factor

Q-over all volumetric flow rate
Cd-coefficient of discharge
E- thermal expansion factor
 14

Q2 in terms of specific weight

Q2=Cd . E . M . A2 2g{hm[(wm/w )-1]-(Zx-Zy)}

Q2 in terms of specific gravity

Q2=Cd.E.M.A22g {hm(sg-1)-(Zx-Zy)}
 15

VENTURI METER V/S FLOW

When a venturimeter is placed in a pipe carrying the fluid whose

flow rate is to be measured, a pressure drop occurs between the
entrance and throat of the venturimeter. This pressure drop is
measured using a differential pressure sensor and when
calibrated this pressure drop becomes a measure of flow rate.
 16

CONSTRUCTION
The entry of the venture is cylindrical in shape to match the size of
the pipe through which fluid flows. This enables the venture to be
fitted to the pipe.
After the entry, there is a converging conical section with an
included angle of 19 to 23.
Following the converging section, there is a cylindrical section
with minimum area called as the throat.
After the throat, there is a diverging conical section with an
included angle of 5 to 15.
Openings are provided at the entry and throat of the venturi meter
for attaching a differential pressure sensor.
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MANOMETER
The differential pressure sensor used here is
Manometer.
Manometer is a device to measure pressure.
A common simple manometer consists of a U shaped
tube of glass filled with some liquid.
Manometers measure a pressure difference by
balancing the weight of a fluid column between the two
pressures of interest. Large pressure differences are
measured with heavy fluids, such as mercury (high
density).
Small pressure differences, such as those experienced in
experimental wind tunnels or venturi flowmeters are
measured by lighter fluids such as water .
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 19

OPERATION

The fluid whose flow rate is to be measured enters the entry

section of the venturi meter with a pressure P1.

As the fluid flows into the converging section, its pressure

keeps on reducing and attains a minimum value P2 when it
enters the throat. That is, in the throat, the fluid pressure P2
will be minimum.
 20

The Manometer attached between the entry and throat section of

the venturi meter records the pressure difference(P1-P2) which
becomes an indication of the flow rate of the fluid through the
pipe when calibrated.

The diverging section has been provided to enable the fluid to

regain its pressure and hence its kinetic energy. Lesser the angle
of the diverging section, greater is the recovery.
 21

converging throat diverging

P1 P ses
p2
High P1-p2
Less
angle angle
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SAMPLE PROBLEM

A horizontal venturimeter with 15 cm inlet . 7.5 cm throat is used for

measurement of flow of water .The differential pressure between inlet
and throat is 17.5 cm, when measured using U-TUBE manometer. Make
the calculations for the water flow rate where Cd for venturi is 0.97.
Specific gravity =13.6.

Sol: Q2= Cd . E . M . A2 2g{ hm [(m/ )-1]}

M=A1/A12-A22

A1=*d2/4=*152/4=176.71 , A2=*d2/4=*7.52/4=44.178

M= 1.03

Q2=0.97
* 1* 1.03* 44.1782*9.8*17.5(13.6-1)
=0.02901 m3/sec
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PRESSURE IN PIPELINE
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APPLICATIONS

used where high pressure recovery is

1 required.

measuring flow rates of water, gases,

2 suspended solids, slurries and dirty liquids.

measure high flow rates in pipes having

3 diameters in a few meters.
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ADVANTAGES

Less chances of getting clogged with

1 sediments.

Coefficient of discharge is high.

2

Its behaviour can be predicted

3 perfectly.

Can be installed vertically,

4 horizontally or inclinded.
 26

DISADVANTAGES

Highly expensive
1

Occupies considerable space

2

Cannot be altered for measuring

3 pressure beyond a maximum velocity
 27

THANK YOU
 INTRODUCTION
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing
pressure or for restricting flow. An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in
it, which is usually placed in a pipe. When a fluid (whether liquid or
gaseous) passes through the orifice, its pressure builds up slightly
upstream of the orifice. but as the fluid is forced to converge to pass
through the hole, the velocity increases and the fluid pressure decreases.
A little downstream of the orifice the flow reaches its point of maximum
convergence, the vena contracta (see drawing to the right) where the
velocity reaches its maximum and the pressure reaches its minimum.
Beyond that, the flow expands, the velocity falls and the pressure increases.
By measuring the difference in fluid pressure across tappings upstream
and downstream of the plate, the flow rate can be obtained from
Bernoulli's equation using coefficients established from extensive research.
 PRINCIPAL OF ORIFIC METER
The principle of the orifice meter is identical with that of the
venturi meter. The reduction of the cross section of the flowing
stream in passing through the orifice increases the velocity
head at the expense of the pressure head, and the reduction in
pressure between the taps is measured by a manometer.
Bernoulli's equation provides a basis for correlating the
increase in velocity head with the decrease in pressure head.

One important complication appears in the orifice meter that

is not found in the venturi. Because of the sharpness of the
orifice, the fluid stream separates from the downstream side of
the orifice plate and forms a free-flowing jet in the
downstream fluid. A vena contracta forms, as shown in figure.
 The jet is not under the control of solid walls, as is the case in the venture
and the area of the jet varies from that of the opening in the orifice to that
of the vena contracta. The area at any given point, for example at the
downstream tap, is not easily determinable and the velocity of the jet at
the downstream tap is not easily related to the diameter of the orifice.
Orifice coefficients are smaller and more variable than those for the
venturi and the quantitative treatment of the orifice meter is modified
accordingly.

The basic equation for the orifice meter is obtained by writing the
Bernouli equation for the incompressible fluids across the upstream cone.
Va and Vb are the average upstream and downstream velocities
respectively and is the density of the fluid.
( )
bVb2 - aVa2 = --------------(1)

The continuity relation can be written,

Va = ( )2Vb ----------------(2)

Where Da=diameter of pipe, Db=diameter of throat of meter, 4=diameter

ratio Db/Da
 If Va is eliminated from Eq.(1) and (2), the result is Vb
()
=( ) -------------------------(3)


Eq.(3) applies strictly to the frictionless flow of noncompressible fluids. To
account for the small friction loss between location a and b, Eq.(3) is
corrected by introducing an empirical factor Co and writing
()
Vb = ( ) -------------------------(4)

The small effect of the kinetic energy factors a and b are also taken into
account in the definition of Co. The coefficient Co is determined
experimentally. It is called the venturi coefficient, velocity of approach not
included.

The volumetric flow rate is calculated by using below equation,

q = Vb * Sb Where q=Volumetric flow rate, Sb=area of
throat
 ITS DESIGN
Orifice meter is type of variable head meter. In this meter the
obstruction to the flow consist of an engineering constriction in the
metered fluid which causes a reduction in the flow pressure. An
orifice meter is a conduit and a restriction to create a pressure drop.

It uses the same principle as a Venturi nozzle, namely Bernoulli's

principle which states that there is a relationship between the
pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the fluid. When the velocity
increases, the pressure decreases and vice versa.

An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in the center of the plate.
It is usually placed in a pipe in such a way that fluid passed through
the hole. When the fluid reaches the orifice plate, with the hole in
the middle, the fluid is forced to converge to go through the small
hole; the point of maximum convergence actually occurs shortly
downstream of the physical orifice, at the so-called vena contracta .
 Vena contracta is a point where the velocity and the pressure changes. Beyond
the vena contracta, the fluid expands and the velocity and pressure change once
again. By measuring the difference in fluid pressure between the normal pipe
section and at the vena contracta, the volumetric and mass flow rates can be
obtained from Bernoulli's equation. There are different types of orifice plate that
are namely Concentric, Segmental, Eccentric and Quadrant Edge and Conic Edge.

In order to use any of these devices for measurement it is necessary to empirically

calibrate them. That is, pass a known volume through the meter and note the
reading in order to provide a standard for measuring other quantities. Due to the
ease of duplicating and the simple construction, the thin sharp edged orifice has
been adopted as a standard and extensive calibration work has been done so that it
is widely accepted as a standard means of measuring fluids. Provided the standard
mechanics of construction are followed no further calibration is required. An orifice
in a pipeline with a manometer for measuring the drop in pressure (differential) as
the fluid passes through the orifice. The minimum cross sectional area of the jet is
known as the vena contracta where the velocity is maximum and static pressure is
minimum. It is observed at some distance from orifice because of inertia effects
persisting in flow direction. Materials used for orifice plate are mild steel, stainless
steel, phosphor bronze and gun metal.
 Orifice plates can be a surprisingly good way of measuring small gas flows. To be
able to use orifice plates of very small orifice diameter in an existing installation
in a declining gas field may be much more economical than to replace the
metering or shut the field.

From the beginning of the flow measurement to its conclusion a 4 orifice meter
with different orifice plates (including those described in this appendix) might
measure a range of around 3000:1 in terms of mass flow rate.

The orifice fitting, which enables the operator to change or remove an orifice
plate easily.
 APPLICATION
Orifice plates are most commonly used to measure flow rates in pipes,
when the fluid is single-phase (rather than being a mixture of gases and
liquids, or of liquids and solids) and well-mixed, the flow is continuous
rather than pulsating, the fluid occupies the entire pipe (precluding silt or
trapped gas), the flow profile is even and well-developed and the fluid and
flow rate meet certain other conditions.

Under these circumstances and when the orifice plate is constructed and
installed according to appropriate standards, the flow rate can easily be
determined using published formulae based on substantial research and
published in industry, national and international standards.

Plates are commonly made with sharp-edged circular orifices and installed
concentric with the pipe and with pressure tappings at one of three
standard pairs of distances upstream and downstream of the plate; these
types are covered by ISO 5167 and other major standards. There are many
other possibilities
 The edges may be rounded or conical, the plate may have an orifice the
same size as the pipe except for a segment at top or bottom which is
obstructed, the orifice may be installed eccentric to the pipe, and the
pressure tappings may be at other positions. Variations on these
possibilities are covered in various standards and handbooks. Each
combination gives rise to different coefficients of discharge which can be
predicted so long as various conditions are met, conditions which differ
from one type to another.

Once the orifice plate is designed and installed, the flow rate can often be
indicated with an acceptably low uncertainty simply by taking the square
root of the differential pressure across the orifice's pressure tappings and
applying an appropriate constant. Even compressible flows of gases that
vary in pressure and temperature may be measured with acceptable
uncertainty by merely taking the square roots of the absolute pressure
and/or temperature, depending on the purpose of the measurement and
the costs of ancillary instrumentation.

Orifice plates are also used to reduce pressure or restrict flow, in which
case they are often called restriction plates.
Pitots tube
 Introduction
A pitot tube is a pressure measurement instrument
used to measure fluid flow velocity. The pitot tube was
invented by the French engineer Henri Pitot in the
early 18th century and was modified to its modern
form in the mid-19th century by French
scientist Henry Darcy.

It is widely used to determine the airspeed of

an aircraft, water speed of a boat, and to measure
liquid, air and gas velocities in industrial applications.
The pitot tube is used to measure the local velocity at a
given point in the flow stream and not the average
velocity in the pipe or conduit.
Pitot Tube
 working
The basic pitot tube consists of a tube pointing directly
into the fluid flow. As this tube contains fluid, a pressure
can be measured; the moving fluid is brought to rest
(stagnates) as there is no outlet to allow flow to continue.
This pressure is the stagnation pressure of the fluid, also
known as the total pressure or (particularly in aviation)
the pitot pressure.

The liquid flows up the tube and when equilibrium is

attained, the liquid reaches a height above the free
surface of the water stream.
 Since ,
The static pressure , is equal to the hydrostatic pressure due to its
depth below the free surface, the difference in level between the
liquid in the glass tube and the free surface becomes the measure of
dynamic pressure.

Therefore, we can write, neglecting friction,

p0 - p= g h
where p0, p and V are the stagnation pressure, static pressure and
velocity respectively at point A (fig-1).

v= (2gh)

For an open stream of liquid with a free surface,

This single tube is sufficient to determine the velocity. But for a
fluid flowing through a closed duct, the Pitot tube measures only the
stagnation pressure and so the static pressure must be measured
separately.
 Measurement of static pressure in this case is made at the
boundary of the wall (Fig. 16.3b).

The axis of the tube measuring the static pressure must be

perpendicular to the boundary and free from burrs, so that the
boundary is smooth and hence the streamlines adjacent to it
are not curved.

This is done to sense the static pressure only without any part
of the dynamic pressure.

A Pitot tube is also inserted as shown (Fig.-2) to sense the

stagnation pressure. The ends of the Pitot tube, measuring the
stagnation pressure, and the piezometric tube, measuring the
static pressure, may be connected to a suitable differential
manometer for the determination of flow velocity and hence
the flow rate.
Fig-1 fig-2
 How Pitot Tubes Work
A pitot tube is simply a small cylinder that faces a
fluid so that the fluid can enter it.
Because the cylinder is open on one side and
enclosed on the other, fluid entering it cannot flow
any further and comes to a rest inside of the device.
A diaphragm inside of the pitot tube separates the
incoming pressure (static pressure) from the
stagnation pressure (total pressure) of a system.
The difference between these two measurements
determines the fluids rate of flow.
 opertations
In industry, the velocities being measured are often
those flowing in ducts and tubing where measurements
by an anemometer would be difficult to obtain..

In these kinds of measurements, the most practical

instrument to use is the pitot tube.

The pitot tube can be inserted through a small hole in

the duct with the pitot connected to a U-tube water
gauge or some other differential pressure gauge for
determining the velocity inside the ducted wind tunnel.

One use of this technique is to determine the volume of

air that is being delivered to a conditioned space.
 Advantages:
Pitot tubes measure pressure levels in a fluid. They do not
contain any moving parts and routine use does not easily
damage them. Also, pitot tubes are small and can be used in
tight spaces that other devices cannot fit into.

Disadvantages:
Foreign material in a fluid can easily clog pitot tubes and
disrupt normal readings as a result. This is a major problem
that has already caused several aircraft to crash and many
more to make emergency landings.
 In the pitot tube was discharged by gases ( =
3,4 kg/m3) so the difference of mercury height at
manometer is 2 cm. If the gravity is 10 m/s2 and
density of mercury is 13600 kg/m3 , determine
velocity of gases flow in the pitot tube!
Known:
= 3,4 kg/m3 Gas flow
v
= 13600 kg/m3
g = 10 m/s2
h = 2 cm = 2 10-2 m
h
Asked:
v=? ' Mercur
y
Answer:
Application
Application of pitot
tube equations can be
applied to the aircraft
altimeter.
An Altimeter is used
to measure the height
of a point from the
surface of the sea and
to read the reading
speed relative speed of
aircraft.
 Measuring air speed and the speed of
motion of the aircraft.
Application of the aircraft altimeter.
Altimeter used to measure the height of a
point from the surface of the sea.

Determine the amount of coolant that

was in the room to tell at a hotel.
Determining the wind speed in the
tunnel.
measuring the speed of air or gas in the
pipe is closed.