Types of numbers

TYPES OF NUMBERS

Square roots and cube roots

is the square root sign. Taking the square root is the opposite of squaring.

For example, 25 = 5 since 52 = 25, or (5)2 = 25.

3
is the cube root sign. Taking the cube root is the opposite of cubing.
3
For example, 8 = 2 since 23 = 8.

Squares and cubes

Number

Square numbers
Any number raised to the power 2 gives a square number. For example, 62 = 6  6 = 36 (six squared).
Square numbers include:
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
(1  1) (2  2) (3  3) (4  4) (5  5) (6  6) (7  7) (8  8) (9  9) (10  10)
Square numbers can be illustrated by drawing squares:
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2 You need to know
3
4
5 up to 152.
6

Cube numbers
Any number raised to the power 3 gives a cube number. For example, 53 = 5  5  5 = 125 (five cubed).
Cube numbers include:
1 8 27 64 125 216 1000
(1  1  1) (2  2  2) (3  3  3) (4  4  4) (5  5  5) (6  6  6) (10  10  10)
Cube numbers can be illustrated by drawing cubes:
It is important that you
1 1 2
2 recognise square and
1 3 4
2 3 cube numbers because
4
they often appear in
3
4
number sequences.

Multiples Reciprocals
The reciprocal of a number a_x is _ax (= x a).
Multiples are the numbers that appear in Multiplying a number by its reciprocal always gives 1.
multiplication tables. Zero has no reciprocal.
For example, multiples of 8 are Examples
8, 16, 24, 32, 40, The reciprocal of 2_3 is 3_2 .
The reciprocal of 4 is 1_4. (4 is the same as 4_1.)
To find the reciprocal of 13 , first put it in the form a_x
_
2

(12_3 = 5_3 ), then invert it ( 3_5 ).

4
4
 Factors and primes

TYPES OF NUMBERS
Factors
Factors are whole numbers which divide exactly into another number. For example, the factors of 20 are
1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20. To find all the factors of a number, start at 1 and divide by each whole number in
turn. Factors can be split up into factor pairs. For example, for the factors of 20:

So 1  20 = 20 2  10 = 20 4  5 = 20
Prime numbers
A prime number is a number which has only two factors, 1 and itself. Note that 1 is not a prime number.
The prime numbers up to 20 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 and 19.

Prime factors Example

Number
Find the HCF of 84 and 360.
These are factors that are prime. Write the numbers as products of their prime
All whole numbers can be written as products of factors.
their prime factors. 84 = 22 3 7
Example 360 = 222335
The diagram below shows the prime factors Ring the common factors
of 360. These give the HCF = 2  2  3 = 12
Divide 360 by its first prime factor, 2. Lowest common multiple (LCM)
Divide 180 by its first prime factor, 2. The LCM is the lowest number that is a multiple of
Keep on going until the final number is prime. two or more numbers.
As a product of its prime factors, Example
360 can be written as: 360
Find the LCM of 6 and 8.
2  2  2  3  3  5 = 360 2 180
Write the numbers as products of their prime
or 23  32  5 = 360 2 90 factors.
in index notation (using powers). 8=222
2 45

Highest common factor (HCF) 3 15

6= 23
The largest factor that two numbers have 8 and 6 have a common prime factor of 2.
3 5
in common is called the HCF. It is only counted once.
The LCM of 6 and 8 is 2  2  2  3 = 24

KEY
ou TERMS
Make sure y
these
understand
moving on!
QUICK TEST

terms before 1 List the prime numbers up to 20.

number
square 2 Find the HCF and LCM of 24 and 60.
cube n
umber
multip
le 3 Find a) 64 b) 3
216

recipro
cal 4 Write down the reciprocals of
9
a) b) px
factor 12
prime
number
HCF
LCM
5
 Positive and negative numbers
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS

NEGATIVE POSITIVE

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GETTING SMALLER GETTING BIGGER

Directed numbers
Directed numbers are numbers that are either positive or negative.
Positive numbers are above zero, negative are below zero.
-8 Aberdeen
Number

Examples
10 is smaller than 8. 10 < 8
4 is bigger than 8. 4 > 8 -4 Manchester
2 is bigger than 6. 2 > 6
Directed numbers are often seen on the weather
forecast in winter. Quite often the temperature is below 0C.
2 London
Example
On this weather map, Aberdeen is the coldest at 8C.
London is 6 degrees warmer than Manchester.

Integers
The integers are the set of numbers {. . ., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, }.
When referring to integers, the term integral value is used.
A number that is nonintegral is not an integer.

Multiplying and dividing directed numbers

Multiply and divide the numbers as normal.
Then find the sign for the answer using these rules:
Two like signs (both + or both ) give a positive answer.
Two unlike signs (one + and the other ) give a negative answer.
(+) x (+) = +
() x () = + Examples
(+) x () = 6  (+4) = 24 12 (3) =4
() x (+) =
6  (3) = 18 20 (4) = 5
(+) (+) = +
() () = +
(+) () = These rules of multiplication/division need to be remembered.
() (+) = You can also easily use these laws when multiplying out brackets in algebra.

6
 Adding and subtracting directed numbers

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS

Example
The temperature at 6 a.m. was 5C. By 10 a.m. it had risen 8 degrees.
So the new temperature was 3C. +8
Start Finish
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
Example
Find the value of 2 4.
4
This represents the sign of Finish Start
the number. Start at 2.
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
This represents the operation of
subtraction. Move 4 places to the left.
So 2 4 = 6.
When the number to be added (or subtracted) is negative, the normal direction of movement is reversed.

Number
Example
4 (3) is the same as 4 + 3 = 1
The negative changes the direction. Move 3 places to the right.

When two (+) or two () signs are together, these rules are used:
+(+) + +()
() + }
like signs give a positive
(+) }
unlike signs give a negative.
Examples
6 + (2) = 6 2 = 8 2 (+6) = 2 6 = 8
4 (3) = 4 + 3 = 7 9 + (3) = 9 3 = 6
If you find working with directed numbers difficult, sketch a quick number line to help you.

Negative numbers on the calculator

The +/ or () key on the calculator gives a Example
negative number. 4 (2) = 2
For example, to get 6, press 6 +/ or is keyed in the calculator like this:
() 6 . 4 +/ 2 +/ =

sign operation sign

Make sure you know how to enter negative numbers in your calculator.
QUICK TEST

KEY 1 If the temperature was 12 C at 2 a.m., and it rose by

ou TERMS 15 degrees by 11 a.m., what was the temperature at
Make sure y 11 a.m.?
these
understand
moving on! 2
terms before Work these out, without a calculator.
directe
d numbers a) 2 (6) b) 9 + (7) c) 2  6
d) 9 + (3) e) 20 (4) f) 18 (3)
integers g) 4 (3) h) 7 + (3) i) 9  4

7
 Fractions
A fraction is a part of a whole. _ means 4 parts out of 5.
4
5
The top number is the numerator.
The bottom one is the denominator.
FRACTIONS

A fraction such as 4_5 is called a proper fraction.

A fraction such as 24 is called an improper fraction.
17
21_2 is called a mixed number.

Equivalent fractions
Equivalent fractions have the same value. Examples
Number

Example Change 5_7 to its equivalent

fraction with a
1

2

3

4 x4 denominator of 28.
4
2 6 8
5 20 Multiply top and bottom
7 28
From the diagrams it can be seen that by 4.
_ = 2_ = 3_ = 4_ .
1 x4
2 4 6 8 So _5 is equivalent to 20
7 .
28
They are equivalent fractions. Fractions can be 40
Change to its equivalent
60
changed to their equivalents by multiplying or
20 fraction with a denominator of 3.
dividing both the numerator and denominator by
the same amount. 40 2 Divide top and bottom by 20.
60 3
So 40
_
2
60 is equivalent to 3 .
20

Using the fraction key on the calculator

abc is the fraction key on the calculator.
Example
__
12 is keyed in as 1 2 abc 1 8 . This is displayed as 12818 or 12818 .
18
The calculator will automatically cancel down fractions when the == key is pressed.
__ becomes 283 or 2 83 . This means two-thirds.
For example, 12
18

A display of 18 48 9 means 14_. If you now press shift

9
shift aabbcc , it converts back to an
improper fraction, 1389 (__
13
9 ).

Multiplication and division of fractions

When multiplying and dividing fractions, write out whole or mixed numbers as improper fractions before starting.
Example Example
129 x 47 =
11
9
x 47 =
44
63
Multiply numerators together.
Multiply denominators together.
7 12 = 7
x 18 Take the reciprocal of
9 18 9 12
the second fraction.
Change a division into a multiplication by turning the second = 126 Rewrite the answer as
108
fraction upside down and multiplying both fractions together; 1 a mixed number.
=1
to divide by a fraction, multiply by the reciprocal. 6

8
 Addition and subtraction of fractions
These examples show the basic principles of adding and subtracting fractions.
Example
1
+ 34 First make the denominators the same:
x2 +
8 3
4
= 68
3 6
4
is equivalent to 8 . x2
1 6 3 6
= + Replace with .

FRACTIONS
8 8 4 8
7
= 8
Add the numerators 1 + 6 = 7.
Do not add the denominators; the denominator stays the same.
Example
9 1
12 3
First make the denominators the same: x4
1 4
1 4 3
= 12
3 is equivalent to 12 .
x4
9 4 1 4
= 12 12 Replace the 3 with 12 .
5
= Subtract the numerators but not the denominators;

Number
12
the denominator stays the same .
On a calculator, you would type in: 9 abc 12 1 abc 3 =

Proportional changes with fractions and percentages

Increase and decrease Method 1
There are two methods. Use the one that is 3
5
 290 = 174 Work out 3
5
of 290.
familiar to you. Remember that of means 290 + 174 = 464 people Add this to the original
multiply. number.
Method 2
Example Increasing by 3
is the same as multiplying by 1 3
5 5
Last year a gym had 290 members. 3
This year there are 35 more. (1 + 5
):
How many members are there now? 1 3
5
 290 = 464
On the calculator, key in 1 abc 3 abc 5 x 290 =

Questions involving fractions are quite common on the non-calculator paper. Learn the quick
way of finding a fraction of a quantity.

KEY 1
QUICK TEST

Without using a calculator, work out the following:

ou TERMS
Make sure y a) 2 3
+ 27 b) 3
1
c) 6

72
x 104 d) 8
2
these 9 5 4 9 9 3
understand
moving on! 4 1 2
1 12 g) 7
22 h) 2 4
terms before
e) 7
3
f) 7 11 14 9
+ 7

numera
tor 2 Calculate 2
9 of 180.
denom
inator
proper
fraction 3 __
7 more rain fell this year than last.
12

improp
er fraction If 156 mm fell last year, how much fell this year?

9
 Decimals
A decimal point is used to separate whole number columns from
fractional columns.
Example
Thousands Hundreds Tens Units Tenths Hundredths Thousandths
DECIMALS

5 9 2 4 . 1 6 3

The 1 means __
1 ___
6 ___
3
10, the 6 means 100, the 3 means 1000
Recurring decimals
A decimal that recurs is shown by placing a dot over the first and last digits in a group of numbers that repeat.
Examples

0.333 . . . = 0.3 0.17777 . . . = 0.17 0.232323 . . . = 0.23
Number

Decimal places (d.p.) if it is less than 5, then the digit remains

the same.
When rounding numbers to a specified number of Examples 12.49
decimal places: Round 12.49 to 1 d.p.
12.4 12.45 12.5
look at the last number that is wanted 12.49 rounds up to 12.5.
(e.g. if rounding 12.367 to 2 d.p., look at 8.735

the 6 which is in the second d.p.); Round 8.735 to 2 d.p.

8.73 8.735 8.74
look at the number to the right of it (the 8.735 rounds up to 8.74.
number which is not needed i.e. the 7); 9.624
if it is 5 or more, then round up the last digit Round 9.624 to 2 d.p.
9.62 9.625 9.63
(7 is greater than 5, so round up the 6 to a 7); 9.624 rounds down to 9.62

Ordering decimals Examples

Arrange these numbers in order of size,
When ordering decimals:
smallest first:
First write them all with the same number of
6.21, 6.023, 6.4, 6.04, 2.71, 9.4
digits after the decimal point.
First rewrite them:
Then compare whole numbers, digits in the
6.210, 6.023, 6.400, 6.040, 2.710, 9.400
tenths place, digits in the hundredths place,
Then re-order them:
and so on.
2.710, 6.023, 6.040, 6.210, 6.400, 9.400
10 1 6 1
Remember, hundredths are smaller than tenths: 100 = 10 so 100 < 10

Multiplying and dividing by numbers between 0 and 1

When multiplying by numbers between 0 and 1, the result is smaller than the starting value.
When dividing by numbers between 0 and 1, the result is bigger than the starting value.
Examples
6  0.1 = 0.6 6 0.1 = 60
6  0.01 = 0.06 6 0.01 = 600
6  0.001 = 0.006 6 0.001 = 6000
The results are all smaller than the starting values. The results are all bigger than the starting values.

10
 Calculations with decimals
When adding and subtracting decimals, align the When multiplying decimals, the answer must have
decimal points in a column. the same number of decimal places as the total
Examples number of decimal places in the numbers which
are being multiplied.
27.46 Line up the digits carefully.
Examples
7.291 +

DECIMALS
34.751 Put the decimal points under Work out 24.6  7.
1 1 each other. Multiply 246 by 7 = 1722,
246
ignoring the decimal point.
7x
691 24.6 has 1 digit after the
17.00 1722
34 decimal point. The answer must have 1
12.84 The decimal point in the decimal place (1 d.p.).
4.16 answer will be in line.
So 24.6  7 = 172.2

Number
When dividing decimals, divide as normal, placing Work out 4.52  0.2
the decimal points in line.
Example 452 Work out 452  2, ignoring
2x the decimal points.
4.8 Put the decimal points in line. 904 4.52 has 2 d.p.; 0.2 has 1 d.p.
1 2 1 So the answer must have 3 d.p.
3 14.4

904 0.904 Move the digits 3 places to the right.

So 4.52  0.2 = 0.904

Remember to check your answer with a calculator.

Multiplying and dividing by numbers between 0 and 1 usually occur on the non-calculator paper it is wise
to practise these by writing out several calculations and then checking the answer with a calculator.
QUICK TEST

1 Without using a calculator, work out the following.

a) 27.16 + 9.32 b) 29.04 11.361 c) 12.8  2.1
e) 600  0.01 f) 520  0.1
KEY d) 49.2 4
g) 20  0.02 h) 37  0.0001 i) 400 0.1
ou TERMS
Make sure y j) 450 0.01 k) 470 0.001 l) 650 0.02
these
understand
moving on! 2
terms before Round the following numbers to 2 decimal places.
decima
l point a) 7.469
l place b) 12.0372
decima c) 9.365
d) 10.042
e) 8.1794

11
 Percentages 1
Percentages are fractions with a denominator of 100.
PERCENTAGES 1

% is the percentage sign.

75% means 100 _
75 (this is also equal to 3
4).
75%

Percentage of a quantity
Again, the word of means multiply. Example
Example A meal for four costs 92.20.
40% of 600 becomes VAT (value added tax) is charged at 17.5%.
40
 600 = 240 a) How much VAT is there to pay on the meal?
100
b) What is the final price of the meal?
Number

On the calculator, key in 17.5

40 100 x 600 = a) 17.5% of 92.20 = 100  92.20
= 16.14 to the nearest penny
If this is on the non-calculator paper: VAT = 16.14
Work out 10% first by dividing by 10
600 10 = 60 b) Price of meal = 92.20 + 16.14 = 108.34
Multiply by 4 to get 40%
An alternative is to use a scale factor method:
4  60 = 240
An increase of 17.5%, is the same as multiplying
17.5
Percentage questions appear frequently at by 1.175 = 1 + 100 .
GCSE. If there is a percentage question on the 92.20  1.175
non-calculator paper, first work out what 10%
= 108.34 (to the nearest penny)
is equal to, as shown in the examples above.

Percentage increase and decrease

The answers to these questions will be a percentage so multiply
the change by 100%.
change
% change = original  100%

Example
A coat costs 125.
In a sale it is reduced to 85.
What is the percentage reduction?
Example
Reduction = 125 85 = 40 Matthew bought a flat for 45 000.
40  100%
% reduction = 125
125 85 Three years later, he sold it for 62 000.
What was his percentage profit?
= 32%
Profit = 62 000 45 000
= 17 000
17000
% Profit = 45000  100%
= 37.78%

12
 One quantity as a percentage of another
Again, to make the answer a percentage, multiply by 100%.
x 100%
fraction percentage

PERCENTAGES 1
Example
In a carton of milk, 6.2 g of the contents are fat.
If 2.5 g of the fat is saturated, what percentage of
the total fat content is this?
2.5
6.2 x 100% = 40.3% (to 1 d.p.)
On the calculator, key in
2.5 6.2 x 100 =

Reverse percentage problems

Number
In reverse percentage problems the original quantity is calculated.
Example
The price of a television is reduced by 20% in the sales.
It now costs 250. What was the original price?
The sale price is 100% 20% = 80% of the pre-sale price.
80
100 = 0.8
0.8  (original price) = 250
So, original price = 250

0.8 = 312.50

x 0.8
original price sale price
0.8
It is 80% of the original price which is
Is the original price more than the sale price? being found, not 80% of the new one.
Always check the answer is sensible.

1
QUICK TEST

Work out 30% of 700.

2 Sarah got 94 out of 126 in a maths test.
C
What was her result as a percentage?
3 Reece weighed 6 lb when he was born. If his weight has C
KEY increased by 65%, how much does he weigh now?
ou TERMS
Make sure y
this
4 The price of a hi-fi is reduced by 15% in the sales.
C
understand It now costs 350. What was the original price?
moving on!
term before 5 Supers football boots Joes football boots
C
percen
tage 1
3 off 28% off
If a pair of football boots costs 49.99, which shop is
selling them cheaper in the sale and what is their price?
C Indicates that a calculator may be used.

13
 Percentages 2
Repeated percentage change
PERCENTAGES 2

Example
A car was bought for 8000 in 2004. Each year it depreciated
in value by 20%. What was the car worth 3 years later? Beware! Do not do 3  20 = 60%
Method 1 reduction over 3 years!
First find 80% of the original value of the car.
80
Year 1 100  8000 = 6400
Then work out the value year by year.
80
Year 2 100  6400 = 5120 (6400 depreciated in value by 20%)
80
Number

Year 3 100  5120 = 4096 after 3 years (5120 depreciated by 20%)

Method 2
A quick way to work this out uses the scale factor method.
Finding 80% of the value of the car is the same as multiplying by 0.8. The scale factor is 0.8.
Year 1 0.8  8000 = 6400
Year 2 0.8  6400 = 5120
Year 3 0.8  5120 = 4096
This is the same as working out (0.8)3  8000 = 4096
A much quicker way, if you understand it!

Simple interest Compound interest

Simple interest is the interest that is sometimes Compound interest is the type of interest where
paid on money in banks and building societies. the bank pays interest on the interest earned as
The interest is paid each year (per annum or p.a.) well as on the original money.
and is the same amount each year. Example
Example Jonathan has 2500 in his savings account.
Jonathan has 2500 in his savings account. Compound interest is paid at 4.4% p.a.
Simple interest is paid at 4.4% p.a. How much will he have in his account after
How much does he have in his account at the 4 years?
end of the year? Method 1
Increasing by 4.4% is the same as multiplying Year 1: 104.4
100
 2500 = 2610
by 100 + 4.4 = 104.4%. Year 2: 1.044  2610 = 2724.84
Total savings = 2500 
104.4
100 = 2610 Year 3: 1.044  2724.84 = 2844.73
Year 4: 1.044  2844.73 = 2969.90
Interest paid = 2610 2500 = 110 Total = 2969.90 (to the nearest penny)
Note: If the money was in the account for Method 2
4 years, simple interest at the end of the 4 years Using the scale factor method:
would be 4  110 = 440. 104.4
100
= 1.044 is the scale factor
= 2500  (1.044)4
Total = 2969.90 (to the nearest penny)

14
 Tax and National Insurance
National Insurance
National Insurance (NI) is usually deducted from a wage as a percentage.

PERCENTAGES 2
Example
Sue earns 1402.65 a month. National Insurance is deducted at 9%. How much NI must she pay?
9% of 1402.65 = 0.09  1402.65
= 126.24

Income Tax
A percentage of a wage or salary is deducted as income tax.
Personal allowances must first be deducted, in order to obtain the taxable income.

Example
Harold earns 190 per week. The first 62 is not taxable; the remainder is taxed at 24%.

Number
How much income tax does he pay each week?
Taxable income = 190 62 = 128
24% tax = 0.24  128 = 30.72
Tax per week = 30.72

Being able to answer questions like the examples in this section is important not only because they often
appear on the GCSE examination paper but because you will come across them in everyday life.
There are really only two types of percentage questions:
1. Percentage of Here you are given the percentage, so you divide by 100.
2. You are asked to find a percentage. Here you need to multiply by 100.

1
QUICK TEST

Charlotte has 4250 in the bank. If the interest rate is

6.8% p.a., how much interest on the savings will she get at C
the end of the year?

KEY 2 A car costs 6000 cash, or can be bought by hire purchase

C
ou TERMS with a 30% deposit followed by 12 monthly instalments of
Make sure y 365. Find:
these
understand a) the deposit
rms befo re moving on! b) the total amount paid for the car on hire purchase.
te
interest
simple
und interest
3 A flat was bought in 1998 for 62 000. The price increased C
compo by 20% in 1999 and then by a further 35% in 2000.
Nation
al Insurance How much was the flat worth at the end of 2000?
C
tax
income 4 Fiona has 3200 in savings. If compound interest is paid at
3% p.a., how much will she have in her account after 3 years?
C Indicates that a calculator may be used.

15
 Equivalents
Fractions to decimals to percentages
EQUIVALENTS

Equivalent fractions, decimals and percentages are all different ways of expressing the same number.

Fraction Decimal Percentage

1
2 0.5 50%
1
3 0.33 33.3 %
2
3 0.66 66.6 %
1
4 0.25 25%
3 34 0.75  100% 75%
Number

4
1
5 0.2 20%
1
8 0.125 12.5%
3
8 0.375 37.5%
1
10 0.1 10%
1
100 0.01 1%

The above table shows:

Some common fractions and their equivalents which you need to learn
How to convert fractions decimals percentages
Get a friend to test you on the equivalences between fractions, decimals and percentages.
You need to learn all the ones in this table.

Ordering different numbers

When putting a mixture of fractions, decimals and percentages in order of size, it is best to change
them all to decimals first.
Example
3 4
5 , 0.65, 0.273, 27%, 62%, 9

0.6, 0.65, 0.273, 0.27, 0.62, 0.44 Put into decimals first.

0.27, 0.273, 0.44, 0.6, 0.62, 0.65 Place in order of size, smallest first.
27%, 0.273, 49 , 35 , 62%, 0.65

1
QUICK TEST

Change the following fractions into:

a) decimals b) percentages
C Make sure y K
ou TE EY
i) 27 ii) 35 iii) 8 understand
this
RMS
9
term before
2 Place these numbers in order of size, smallest first.
equiva
moving on!
_2, 0.42, 0.041, 1
, 5%, 26% lents
5 3

C Indicates that a calculator may be used.

16
 Using a calculator

USING A CALCULATOR
Order of operations
BIDMAS is a made-up word which helps you to remember the order in which calculations take place.
B I D M A S
Brackets Indices Division Multiplication Addition Subtraction
This just means anything in brackets is done first, then the other operations are done in this order.
Examples
(2 + 4)  3 = 18 but 2 + 4  3 = 14, not 18, because without the brackets the multiplication is done first.

Calculating powers

Number
yx or xy is used for calculating powers such as 27.
Use the power key on your calculator to work out 27.
Write down calculator keys used. Check that you obtain the answer 128.
Now try writing down the keys that would be needed for these calculations.
Check that you get the right answers.
1
2
3 x (5.2) 3
2.9 x 3.6
b) 9 x 45 = 2130
3
a) (4.2 + 3.7) = 1.322 c) 9.6 x (12.4)3
= 4.432 x 10

This calculator is an imaginary

one to show you some of the
most important keys. Make
Important calculator keys sure you are familiar with
your own calculator.
square root
square
Shift or 2nd or Inv allow
Shift trigonometric buttons
2nd functions to be carried out
memory keys
allows a fraction to be put
works out powers
in the calculator
cancels only the last key
or +/
+/ changes positive
you have pressed
numbers to negative ones
memory key
bracket keys
pressing shift or EXP
often puts the 10 part in
when working in standard form
often gives 
QUICK TEST

1 Work out these on your calculator:

27.1 x 6.4 (9.3)4
a) 9.3 + 2.7 b) 2.7 x 3.6

252 5
c) 4 d) 9 (25 10)

17
APPROXIMATING & CHECKING CALCULATIONS

Approximating and checking calculations

Significant figures (s.f. or sig. fig.)

The 1st significant figure is the first digit which is not zero. The 2nd, 3rd, 4th,
significant figures follow on after the 1st digit. They may or may not be zeros.
Examples
6 . 4 0 2 7 has 5 s.f. 0 . 0 0 0 4 7 0 1 has 4 s.f.

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

To round a number to a given number of significant places, apply the same rule as with decimal places:
if the next digit is 5 or more, round up.
Examples
Number to 3 s.f. to 2 s.f. to 1 s.f.
Number

4.207 4.21 4.2 4

4379 4380 4400 4000
0.006209 0.00621 0.0062 0.006

After rounding the last digit, you must fill in the end zeros. Take care when rounding that you do
For example, 4380 = 4400 to 2 s.f. (not 44). not change the place values.

Estimates and approximations

Estimating is a good way of checking answers.
Round the numbers to easy numbers, usually ones with 1 or 2 significant figures.
Work out the estimate using these easy numbers.
Use the symbol , which means approximately equal to.
For multiplying or dividing, never approximate a number to zero.
Use 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, etc.
Examples
a) 8.93  25.09 10  25 = 250 b) (6.29)2 62 = 36
x 1.14
296 x 52.1 300 x 50 15000
c) 9.72 10 x 1 = 10 = 1500 d) 0.096  79.2 0.1  80 = 8
Example
Jack does the calculation 9.6(2.9)
x 103
2

a) Estimate the answer to this calculation, without using a calculator.

b) Jacks answer is 1175.7. Is this the right order of magnitude (about the right size)?
a) Estimate:
9.6 x 103
(2.9)2 10 x3100
2 = 1000
9 1000
10 = 100
b) Jacks answer is not the right order of magnitude. It is 10 times too big.
When adding and subtracting, very small numbers may be approximated to zero.
Examples
109.6 + 0.0002 110 + 0 = 110 63.87 0.01 64 0 = 64
Questions which involve approximating are common on the non-calculator paper. For most of these questions,
you are expected to round to 1 significant figure. Even if you find the calculation difficult, show your
approximations to pick up method marks.

18
 APPROXIMATING & CHECKING CALCULATIONS
Checking calculations
When checking calculations, the process can be reversed.
Examples
5 
x3

3695 739 106 318


x5 3
3695 5 = 739 106  3 = 318
Check: 739  5 = 3695 Check: 318 3 = 106

Calculations

Number
When solving problems the answers should be rounded sensibly.

Example
95.26  6.39 = 608.7114 = 608.71 (2 d.p.)
Example
Round to 2 d.p. because the values in the Paint is sold in 8 litre tins. Sandra needs
question are to 2 d.p. 27 litres of paint. How many tins must she buy?
When rounding remainders, consider the context 27 8 = 3 remainder 3
of the question.
Sandra needs 4 tins of paint.
Example Sandra would not have enough paint with 3 tins
Jackie has 9.37. She divides it equally between she would be 3 litres short. Hence the number of
5 people. How much does each person receive? tins of paint must be rounded up.
9.37 5 = 1.874
You will lose marks if you do not write money to
= 1.87
2 d.p. If the answer to a money calculation is
(Round to 2 d.p. as it is money.)
9.7, always write it to 2 d.p. i.e. 9.70.

1 Round the following numbers to 3 significant figures (3 s.f.)

QUICK TEST

a) 0.003786 b) 27 490 c) 30 7250

2
2
(29.4) + 106
Estimate the answer to 2.2 x 5.1
KEY
ou TERMS 3 Sukvinder decided to decorate her living room.
Make sure y The total area of the walls was 48 m2. If one roll of C
this
understand wallpaper covers 5 m2 of wall, how many rolls
moving on!
term before of wallpaper did Sukvinder need?
signific
ant figure 4 Thomas earned 109.25 for working a 23-hour week.
How much was he paid per hour?
Check your calculation by estimating.
C Indicates that a calculator may be used.

19
 Ratio
Ratios
A ratio is used to compare two or more Examples
related quantities. Simplify the ratio 21 : 28.
Compared to is replaced with two dots : 21 : 28 = 3 : 4 (Divide both sides by 7)
For example, 16 boys compared to 20 girls The ratio of red flowers to yellow flowers can
be written:
RATIO

can be written as 16 : 20.

To simplify ratios, divide both parts of the ratio
10 : 4
by their highest common factor.
=5:2

For example, 16 : 20 = 4 : 5 In other words, for every 5 red flowers there are 2
(Divide both sides by 4.) yellow flowers.
Number

To express the ratio 5 : 2 as the ratio n : 1,

divide both sides by 2:
5 : 2 = 5_2 : 2_2
= 2.5 : 1

Sharing a quantity in a given ratio

Add up the total parts.

Work out what one part is worth.
Work out what the other parts are worth.
Example
20 000 is shared between Ewan and Leroy in the ratio 1 : 4.
How much does each receive?
1 + 4 = 5 parts
5 parts = 20 000 so, 1 part = 205000 = 4000
So Ewan gets 1  4000 = 4000 and Leroy gets 4  4000 = 16000.

Best buys
Use unit amounts to decide which option is the better value for money.

Example
The same brand of coffee is sold in two different-sized jars.
Which jar represents the better value for money? 247p

Find the cost per gram for both jars. 186p

100 g costs 186 p so 186 100 = 1.86 p per gram.

250 g costs 247 p so 247 250 = 0.988 p per gram.
100g
Since the larger jar costs less per gram it offers the better
250g
value for money.

20
 Increasing and decreasing in a given ratio
9 cm
Divide to get one part.
Multiply for each new part.

Example
A photograph of length 9 cm is to be enlarged in the ratio 5 : 3. 3 3 3
What is the length of the enlarged photograph? 15 cm
Divide 9 cm by 3 to get 1 part.
93=3

RATIO
Multiply this by 5.
5  3 = 15 cm
So the length 9 cm is 15 cm on the enlarged photograph.
3 3 3 3 3
Example

Number
A house took 8 people 6 days to build.
At the same rate, how long would it take 3 people?
Time for 8 people = 6 days
Time for 1 person = 8  6 = 48 days
It takes 1 person longer to build the house.
So time for 3 people = 48 3
= 16 days
3 people will take 1_3 of the time taken by 1 person.

Example When answering problems

A recipe for 4 people needs 1600 g of flour. of the type shown here,
How much is needed to make the recipe for 6 people? always try and work out
Divide 1600 g by 4: 400 g for 1 person. what a unit (or one) is
Multiply by 6, so 6  400 g = 2400 g for 6 people. worth. You should then be
able to work out what any
other value is worth.

1
QUICK TEST

Write the following ratios in their simplest form:

a) 12 : 15
b) 6 : 12
c) 25 : 10
KEY
Make sure y
ou TERMS 2 Three sisters share 60 sweets between them in the ratio 2 : 3 : 7.
How many sweets does each sister receive?
this
understand
term before
moving on! 3 If 15 oranges cost 1.80, how much will 23 identical
oranges cost?
ratio
4 A map is being enlarged in the ratio 12 : 7. If a road length
was 21 cm on the original map, what is the length of the road
on the enlarged map?

21
 Indices
Indices
An index is sometimes known as a power.
ab
INDICES

the base the index or power

Examples
64 is read as 6 to the power of 4. It means 6  6  6  6.
27 is read as 2 to the power 7. It means 2  2  2  2  2  2  2.
The base has to be the same when the rules of indices are applied.

Rules of indices
Number

You need to learn these rules: Anything to the power 1 is itself.

When multiplying, add the powers. 151 = 15 19231 = 1923
47  43 = 47+3 = 410 All these rules also apply when the powers
When dividing, subtract the powers. are negative.
69 64 = 694 = 65
When raising one power to another,
multiply the powers. Examples
(72)4 = 72x4 = 78 62  612 = 62 +12 = 610
84  83 = 84 + 3 = 87
Anything raised to the power zero is 1,
(64)2 = 64  2 = 68
provided the number is not zero.
50 = 1
50 = 1 60 = 1
2.71890 = 1 00 = undefined

Negative and fractional powers

At GCSE Higher level there are a few more Examples
1 1
3
properties of indices that need to be learnt: 25 2 = 25 = 5 83 = 8 = 2
Negative powers 1 4

Turn a negative power upside down (take the 814 = 81 = 3

reciprocal) to make the power positive. Sometimes powers and fractions are put together.
n
1 m n
In general, an = an . In general, a m = ( a ) .
Examples Examples
1 2 3 2 2 2
42 = 142 = 16 ( 23 ) = ( 2 ) = 94 2x3= x3
3
8 3 = ( 8 ) = 22 = 4
2

Fractional powers 5
6 5

These mean roots! 646 = ( 64 ) = 25 = 32

1
In general, am = m a . If there is a negative fraction, remember to turn
The power 1
means square root it upside down as well (take the reciprocal).
2 . 2
1
1 2 1 1
The power
1
means cube root
3
125 3 = 125 3
=
(3
125 ) 2
= 52 = 25
3 .
1 4
The power 4 means fourth root , etc. 3
(2x) = 1
= 1
(2x)3 8x 3

22
 Indices and algebra
Note that the numbers
The rules that apply with numbers also apply Examples are multiplied
with letters. 4x2  3x5 = 12x7

but the powers of the

Laws of indices 12x4 3x7 = 4x3
same letter are added
(7x2)2 = 49x4
an x am = an + m x0 = 1
an am = an m (2x4)3 = 8x12

INDICES
Simplify the following expressions:
(an)m = an x m
3x7  4x9 12x16
= 4 = 2x12
a0 = 1 6x4 6x
a1 = a Work this out in 2 stages.

Number
x6  4x3 = 4x9

Indices are a very common topic on

12a2b3 2b
the non-calculator paper learn the rules =
6a3b2 a
and you should be OK!

4a4b3
= 2a3b2
2ab

1
QUICK TEST

Simplify the following:

a) 124  128 b) 92  94 c) 40
KEY d) 186 182 e) (42)5 f ) 120
ou TERMS 2
Make sure y Simplify the following:
these a) x4  x9 b) 2x6  3x7 c) 12x4 3x2
understand
rms before moving on! d) 25x 5x e) 5x6  4x9
9 2

te 10x3
index
power 3 Evaluate:
_ 2 _1 1_2
base b) 53
3 2
a) (64) c) 144 d) 36

4 Simplify:
a) (4x)2 b) (6x2 y4)2

23
 Standard index form (Standard form)
STANDARD INDEX FORM

Standard index form

Standard index form is used to write very large numbers or very small numbers in a simpler way.
When written in standard form, a number will be written as:
a  10n
a must be at least 1 but not greater than 10, i.e. 1  a < 10.
n is the power of 10 by which you multiply (if n is positive),
or divide (if n is negative).

Learn these rules:

The front number (a) must always be at least 1 but less than 10.
Number

The power of 10, n:

If the number is big, n is positive.
If the number is small, n is negative.

Big numbers Small numbers

Examples Examples
Write 6 230 000 in standard form. Write 0.003 71 in standard form.
Place the decimal point between the Place the decimal point between the
6 and 2 to give 3 and 7 to give 3.71 (1  3.71 < 10).
6.230 000 (1  6.23 < 10).
Work out how many times you divide the
Work out how many times you multiply by 10 number by 10.
to restore the number. 0.00371 (n = 3)
6 2 3 0 0 0 0 (n = 6)
In standard form, 0.00371 = 3.71  103
In standard form, 6 230 000 = 6.23  106
0.000 047 9 = 4.79  105 in standard form.
4371 = 4.371  103 in standard form.

Standard form and the calculator

To key a number in standard form into the calculator, use the EXP key.
(Some calculators use EE . Make sure that you check your calculator, as calculators vary greatly.)

Examples
6
6.23  10 can be keyed in as: 6 . 2 3 EXP 6

4.93  105 can be keyed in as: 4 . 9 3 EXP 5 +/

Most calculators do not show standard form correctly on the display.
7.63209 means 7.632  109. 4.6207 means 4.62  107.

Remember to put in the times 10 part if the sign has been left out. C

24
 Calculations with standard form

STANDARD INDEX FORM

You can use the calculator to do complex calculations in standard form.
Examples
(2.6  103)  (8.9  1012) = 2.314  1016
This would be keyed in as:
2 . 6 EXP 3 X 8 . 9 EXP 1 2 =

Check that for (1.8  106) (2.7  103) Just key in as normal:
the answer is 6.7  108.
2 . 7 EXP 3 +/
If a calculation with standard form is on the
non-calculator paper, the laws of indices can be used when multiplying and dividing
numbers written in standard form.

Examples
(2.4  104)  (3  107) (12.4  104) (4  107)

Number
= (2.4  3)  (104  107) = (12.4 4)  (104 107)
= 7.2  103 = 3.1  1011

Standard form questions are very common on both the calculator and non-calculator paper.

Watch Out!
Several common mistakes when answering standard form questions are:
Reading a calculator display 2.407 incorrectly and writing down 2.47 instead of 2.4  107.
Forgetting to write the answer in standard form, particularly on the non-calculator paper.
e.g. (2  106)  (6  103) = (2  6)  (106  103)
= 12  109
= 1.2  1010

1
QUICK TEST

Write the following numbers in standard form:

a) 630 000 b) 2730 c) 0.000 042 9 d) 0.000 000 63

2 Without a calculator work out the following, leaving your answers in standard form.
a) (2  105)  (3  107) b) (6.1  1012)  (2  10-4)
c) (8  10 ) (2  10 )
9 6
d) (6  108) (2  10-10)

3 Work these out on a calculator. Give your answers to 3 s.f. C

a) 1.279  109 b) (1.693  104)  (2.71  1012)
2.94  10-2

4 Calculate, giving your answer in standard form correct to 3 s.f.

C
(3.72  108) (1.6  104)
3.81  103
C Indicates that a calculator may be used.

25
 Direct and inverse proportion
DIRECT AND INVERSE PROPORTION

The notation  means is directly proportional to. This is often abbreviated to

is proportional to. For example, y  x3 is read as y is proportional to x cubed.

Direct proportion Inverse proportion

y  x means that when x is multiplied by a y  1x means that y is inversely proportional
number, then so is the corresponding value of y. to x: when x is multiplied by a number, then
Example y is divided by that number, and vice versa.
x2 x3 x4 Example
x 2 4 12 48 x4 x3 2
y 3 6 18 72 x 4 16 48 24
x2 x3 x4 y 12 3 1 2
4 3 x2
Number

For direct proportion, the graph of y against x

For inverse proportion, the graphs of y against x
goes through the origin. For y  x, the graph is
go to infinity when x or y = 0.
a straight line through the origin.
The graph of y = 1_x looks like this:

y y
yx y = 1x

x x

Variation Step 5 Put the value of k back into the equation:

V = 100w2
These are common GCSE questions that usually Step 6 Now answer the question using the
involve statements such as: equation you have found.
a is proportional to the square of b 6000 = 100  w2
c is proportional to the square root of d 6000 = w2

100
p is inversely proportional to a2 w = 60
d varies as the square of x w = 7.75 g (2 d.p.)
Example
The value (V) of a diamond varies directly with You use exactly the same steps if y is inversely
the square of its weight (w). proportional to x, except the equation in Step 2
A diamond weighing 5.0 g is worth 2500. would be y = xk .
How heavy is a diamond that is worth 6000?
Step 1 Change the sentence into a proportionality
QUICK TEST

expression using the symbol : V  w2 1 y is inversely proportional to the square

Step 2 Replace  with = k to make an equation: of x. If x = 5 when y = 4, work out the
V = kw2 value of y when x = 10.
Step 3 Substitute the values given in the question 2 p varies as the square root of t.
in order to find k: 2500 = k  52 If t = 16 when p = 12, find the value
Step 4 Rearrange the equation to find the of p when t = 49.
value of k.
2500 = k k = 100
3 s is inversely proportional to the cube
2 of r. If r = 2 when s = 5, what is the
5
value of r when s = 10?
26
 RECURRING DECIMALS AND SURDS
Recurring decimals and surds
Changing recurring Surds
decimals into fractions Numbers written under a square root sign
are called surds 2, 3,
13 etc.
As recurring decimals are rational numbers, we can Surds are irrational numbers.
change them to fractions. To work with surds, there are a few rules
Example you need to learn.

Change 0.13 to a fraction in its lowest terms. a  b = a
b
Let x = 0.131313 (1) 3 
Example 5 =
15
then 100x = 13.131313(2)
(Multiply by 10n, where n is the length of the (
b)2 =
b 
b=b
recurring pattern. In this example it is 2.)
Subtract equation (1) from equation (2). Example (3 )2 = 3
99x = 13 a
a

Number
=
This has the effect of making the recurring pattern b b
disappear.
Divide to leave x.
Example
10
=
2

10
=
2
5
x = 13

99 (a + b )2 = (a +
b )(a + b)
Since 13 is a prime number, this fraction is in its lowest = a + 2a b + ( b ) = a + 2a
2 2 2
b+b
terms.
(a +
b )(a
b)
So 0.13 = 13 .
99 = a a b + a b (
2 b )2 = a2 b
Trick method
There is a quick method of changing recurring decimals Examples
to fractions the fraction has the repeating unit on the Simplify 200.
top and the same number of nines on the bottom. (Hint look for perfect square factors.)
200 = 2  100
Examples
2 41 123
= 10  2
0.2 = 0.41 = 0.123 =

9 99 999 = 10 2
0.2713 = 2713

9999 Simplify ( 2 + 3)( 2 + 3).
Remember to simplify if possible.
= (2 )2 + 3
2 + 3
2+9
If you have a question where there is one or more
= 2 + 6 2+9
numbers that are not repeated, extra care is needed.
= 11 + 6 2
Example 1
Simplify .
5
Change 0.23 into a fraction. Multiply the top and bottom by
5.
x = 0.2333 (1)
1
 5
= 5
10x = 2.3333 (2) multiply by 10 5 5 5
100x = 23.3333 (3) multiply by 100
Subtract equation (2) from equation (3). This is known as rationalising the
21 = 7 denominator.
90x = 21 x = 90 30

KEY
QUICK TEST

TERMS 1 Change the following recurring decimals into fractions.

ou
Make sure y Write them in their simplest form.

these a) 0.15 b) 0.7 c) 0.283
understand
te rm s b efore moving on! 2 Simplify the following:
a) 7 b) 5
0 c) (2 3)2
g decimal
5 0
recurrin d) 6(2 + 3) 2(2 + 3 )
surd
al number
3 Simplify 1
3
.
irration

27
 Upper and lower bounds of measurement
UPPER & LOWER BOUNDS OF MEASUREMENT

Upper and lower bounds for a single measurement

If a length x (cm) is given as 6.2, correct to the nearest millimetre, then by the usual
conventions of rounding:

6.15  x < 6.25

6.15 is called 6.25 is called

the lower bound the upper bound
In general, the real value can be as much as half the rounded unit above and below the rounded-off
value.
Number

Examples
If x = 6.23 (correct to 2 d.p.) then the rounded unit is 0.01, so the real value can be anything between
6.225  6.23 < 6.235

Finding the maximum and minimum possible

values of a calculation

When calculations are carried out using rounded-off values, then the calculated value lies
between a maximum and minimum possible value.

Example 1
A desk measures 62cm by 95cm. Work out the lower and upper bounds of the area of
the desk.
lower bound upper bound
94.5 95.5
61.5 62.5

lower bound of area upper bound of area

= 61.5  94.5 = 5811.75cm2 = 62.5  95.5 = 5968.75cm2
The rounded value = 95  62 = 5890cm2

This is a popular topic on exam papers. You must be careful on questions with
division and subtraction, as it is easy to make a mistake. If in doubt, try all the
different combinations (if you have time), but dont forget to cross out the ones you
dont want!

28
 UPPER & LOWER BOUNDS OF MEASUREMENT
Example 2
A toy has a mass of 120g and a volume of 60cm3, both measurements are correct to the
nearest 10 units.
Calculate the lower and upper bounds for the density of the toy.
The upper and lower bounds of the mass are 115g and 125g;
the upper and lower bounds of the volume are 55cm3 and 65cm3.
___ = 1.77g/cm3 (2 d.p.)
Lower bound of density = 115
65

___ = 2.27g/cm3 (2 d.p.)

Upper bound of density = 125
55

The process for working out the lower and upper bounds in multiplication and addition is
quite straightforward. For subtraction and division, more care is needed. Here are a few tips:
Finding a difference

Number
upper bound of
lower bound of lower bound of
upper bound of
upper bound = lower bound =
larger quantity smaller quantity larger quantity smaller quantity
Division
upper bound of quantity 1 lower bound of quantity 1
upper bound = lower bound =
lower bound of quantity 2 upper bound of quantity 2

Maximum percentage error

This is found by using the following formula:

maximum error
Percentage error =  100%
original
The original is the value that is the furthest from the rounded value.
For the desk in the example opposite:
Percentage error = 5968.75 5890  100% = 1.34%
5890
Calculations are not always as straightforward as this.

KEY 1
QUICK TEST

4
If x =
y and y = 6.2 (1 d.p.), calculate the upper
ou TERMS C
Make sure y and lower bounds of x.
these
understand 2 If h = ab, a = 2.7 (1 d.p.) and b = 20 (to the nearest
s before moving on!
term whole number), calculate the lower and upper C
lower b
ound bounds of h.
upper
bound
C Indicates that a calculator may be used.

29
 Practice questions
Use the questions to test your progress.
Check your answers on page 108.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Mrs Patel inherits 55 000. She divides the money between her children in the ratio 3 : 3 : 5.
How much does the child with the largest share receive?
..........................................................................................................................................
2. Work these out on your calculator, giving your answers to 3 s.f.
a) 4.2 (3.6 + 5.1) = b) 3.8 + 4.6 = C
2 1.9 2.9 4.1

..........................................................................................................................................
3. Show how you would estimate the answer to this expression without using a calculator.
Work out the estimate.
8.7 + 9.02
0.2 48

..........................................................................................................................................
Number

4. Toothpaste is sold in three different-sized tubes.

C
50 ml = 1.24 75 ml = 1.96 100 ml = 2.42
Which of the tubes of toothpaste is the best value for money?
You must show full working in order to justify your answer.
..........................................................................................................................................

5. A piece of writing paper is 0.01 cm thick. A notepad has 150 sheets of paper.
How thick is the notepad?
..........................................................................................................................................
6. The price of a CD player has been reduced by 15% in a sale. It now costs 320.
What was the original price? C

..........................................................................................................................................

7. A car was bought in 2004 for 9000. Each year it depreciates in value by 15%.
What is the car worth two years later? C

..........................................................................................................................................

8. James put 632 in a new savings account. At the end of every year interest at 4.2%
is added to the amount in his savings account at the beginning of that year.
Calculate the amount in Jamess savings account at the end of 3 years. C

..........................................................................................................................................
9. The price of a television has risen from 350 to 420.
Work out the percentage increase in the price.
..........................................................................................................................................

10. Write these numbers in standard form:

a) 2 670 000 b) 4270 c) 0.03296 d) 0.027 C

..........................................................................................................................................

C Indicates that a calculator may be used.

30
11. The mass of a hair is 0.000 042 g.
a) Write this number in standard form. ................................................................................
b) Calculate, in standard form, the mass of 6 105 hairs. ....................................................

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
12. Work out the answers to these questions giving your answer in standard form:
a) (2 109) (6 1012) ....................................................................................................

b) (8 109) (4 102) ..................................................................................................

13. y is directly proportional to x. When x = 4, y = 12. Find:
C
a) an equation connecting x and y. ......................................................................................

b) the value of x when y = 20. ............................................................................................

14. y is inversely proportional to x2. When x = 2, y = 5. Find:

C
a) the value of y when x = 4. ..............................................................................................
b) the value of x when y = 10...............................................................................................

Number
15. Write these recurring decimals as fractions:

a) 0.4 b) 0.2.1 c) 0.234 d) 0.27
..........................................................................................................................................

16. Simplify the following:

a)
12 b) 75 c)
20
0 d)
6 (
3 2) e) 7
3 5
..........................................................................................................................................

17. A rectangular carpet is measured as 1.42 m by 1.61 m.

Find the upper and the lower bounds for the area of the carpet. C

..........................................................................................................................................

18. Thomas cycles 1250 m in 95 s. Assuming that the time is measured to the nearest second
and the distance to the nearest 10 metres, find the upper and lower bounds of
Thomas average speed in metres per second. C

..........................................................................................................................................

19. The area of a circle is 142 cm2 (correct to 3 significant figures).

Find the upper and lower bounds of the radius of the circle. C

..........................................................................................................................................

20. Evaluate the following:

1 2 1 1
g) ( 57 ) 2
2
a) 64 3 b) 8 3 c) 62 d) 49 2 e) 25 2 f) (4)

..................................................................................................................................................

How well did you do? 05 Try again 610 Getting there 1115 Good work 1620 Excellent!
31
31