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20032009PeterNoneley
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Reference Errors&Suggestions About
20032009PeterNoneley
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Reference Errors&Suggestions About

FunctionDictionary Pleasecontactmeandletme Thisisallmyownwork.
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Reference Functions Functions
20032009PeterNoneley
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Reference Functions Functions

FunctionDictionary
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20032009PeterNoneley
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FunctionDictionary CHAR MID
FunctionExamples CLEAN PROPER
Function Categories CODE REPLACE
Database CONCATENATE REPT
Date DOLLAR RIGHT
Engineering EXACT SUBSTITUTE
Financial FIND T
Information FIXED TEXT
Logical LEFT TRIM
Lookup LEN UPPER
Mathematical LOWER VALUE
Statistical
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FunctionDictionary AVERAGE PERMUT
FunctionExamples CORREL QUARTILE
Function Categories COUNT RANK
Database COUNTA SMALL
Date FORECAST STDEV
Engineering FREQUENCY STDEVP
Financial FREQUENCY2 TREND
Information LARGE VAR
Logical MAX VARP
Lookup MEDIAN
Mathematical MIN
Statistical MODE
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FunctionDictionary ABS POWER
FunctionExamples CEILING PRODUCT
Function Categories COMBIN QUOTIENT
Database COUNTIF RAND
Date EVEN RANDBETWEEN
Engineering FACT ROMAN
Financial FLOOR ROUND
Information GCD ROUNDDOWN
Logical INT ROUNDUP
Lookup LCM SIGN
Mathematical MMULT SUM
Statistical MOD SUM_as_Running_Total
Text MROUND SUMIF
ODD SUMPRODUCT
About PI TRUNC
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Reference Functions Functions
20032009PeterNoneley
ExcelFunctionDictionary v3.0www.xlfdic.com

Reference Functions Functions

FunctionDictionary CHOOSE
FunctionExamples HLOOKUP
Function Categories INDEX
Database INDIRECT
Date LOOKUP(Array)
Engineering LOOKUP(Vector)
Financial MATCH
Information SUM_with_OFFSET
Logical TRANSPOSE
Lookup VLOOKUP
Mathematical
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FunctionDictionary CELL ISNA
FunctionExamples COUNTBLANK ISNONTEXT
Function Categories ERROR.TYPE ISNUMBER
Database INFO ISODD
Date ISBLANK ISREF
Engineering ISERR ISTEXT
Financial ISERROR N
Information ISEVEN NA
Logical ISLOGICAL
Lookup
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Statistical
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20032009PeterNoneley
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FunctionDictionary BIN2DEC
FunctionExamples CONVERT
Function Categories DEC2BIN
Database DEC2HEX
Date DELTA
Engineering GESTEP
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FunctionDictionary DATE NETWORKDAYS
FunctionExamples DATEDIF NOW
Function Categories DATEVALUE SECOND
Database DAY TIME
Date DAYS360 TIMEVALUE
Engineering EDATE TODAY
Financial EOMONTH WEEKDAY
Information HOUR WORKDAY
Logical MINUTE YEAR
Lookup MONTH YEARFRAC
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FunctionDictionary DAVERAGE
FunctionExamples DCOUNT
Function Categories DCOUNTA
Database DGET
Date DMAX
Engineering DMIN
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20032009PeterNoneley
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Reference Examples Examples

FunctionDictionary AgeCalculation
Function Examples AutoSumShortcutKey
FunctionCategories Bracketsinformula
Filenameformula
InstantCharts
OrderingStock
Percentages
ProjectDates
Showallformula
SplitForenameSurname
TimeCalculation
TimeSheetForFlexi

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ExcelFunctionDictionary v3.0www.xlfdic.com

FunctionDictionary
ABS ISBLANK STDEVP
ADDRESS ISERR SUBSTITUTE
AnalysisToolPak ISERROR SUM
AND ISLOGICAL SUM_as_Running_Total
AREAS ISNA SUM_using_names
AVERAGE ISNONTEXT SUM_with_OFFSET
CEILING ISNUMBER SUMIF
CELL ISREF SUMPRODUCT
CHAR ISTEXT SYD
CHOOSE LARGE T
CLEAN LEFT TEXT
CODE LEN TIME
COMBIN LOOKUP(Array) TIMEVALUE
CONCATENATE LOOKUP(Vector) TODAY
CORREL LOWER TRANSPOSE
COUNT MATCH TREND
COUNTA MAX TRIM
COUNTBLANK MEDIAN TRUNC
COUNTIF MID UPPER
DATE MIN VALUE
DATEDIF MINUTE VAR
DATEVALUE MMULT VARP
DAVERAGE MOD VLOOKUP
DAY MODE WEEKDAY
DAYS360 MONTH YEAR
DB N
DCOUNT NA
DCOUNTA NOT
DGET NOW
DMAX ODD Thesefunctionsshow#NAMEif
DMIN OR theAnalysys Toolpakis
Documentation PACKERS notinstalled.
DOLLAR PERMUT
DSUM PI BIN2DEC
EAST POWER CONVERT
FunctionDictionary
EXACT QUARTILE DELTA
FACT RAND EDATE
FIND RANK EOMONTH
FIXED REPLACE GCD
FLOOR REPT GESTEP
FORECAST RIGHT HEX2DEC
FREQUENCY ROMAN ISEVEN
FREQUENCY2 ROUND ISODD
HLOOKUP ROUNDDOWN LCM
HOUR ROUNDUP MROUND
IF SECOND NETWORKDAYS
INDEX SIGN QUOTIENT
INDIRECT SLN RANDBETWEEN
INFO SMALL WORKDAY
INT STDEV YEARFRAC
What Is In The Dictionary ?
Thisworkbookcontains1worksheets,eachexplainingthepurposeandusageof
particularExcelfunctions.

Therearealsoanumberofsampleworksheetswhicharesimplemodelsofcommon
applications,suchasTimesheetandDateCalculations.

Formatting
Eachworksheetusesthesametypeofformattingtoindicatethevarioustypesofentry.

North Textheadingsareshowningrey.
100
100 Dataisshownaspurpletextonayellowbackground.
100
300 TheresultsofFormulaareshownasblueonyellow.

=SUM(C13:C15) Theformulausedinthecalulationsisshownasbluetext.

TheArialfontisusedexclusivleythroughouttheworkbookandshoulddisplaycorrectly
withanyinstallationofWindows.

Eachsheethasbeendesignedtobeassimpleaspossible,withnofancymacrosto
accomplishthedesriredresult.

Printing
EachworksheetissettoprintontoA4portrait.
TheprintoutswillhavethecolumnheadingsofA,B,C...andtherownumbers1,2,3...which
willassistwiththereadingoftheformula.
Theidealprinterwouldbealasersetat600dpi.

Protection
Eachsheetisunprotectedsothatyouwillbeabletochangevaluesandexperiment
withthecalculations.
Analysis ToolPak
What Is The Analysis ToolPak ?
TheAnalysisToolPakisanaddinfilecontaining
extrafunctionswhicharenotbuiltintoExcel.
ThefunctionscoverareassuchasDateandMathematicaloperations.

TheAnalysisToolPakmustbeaddedintoExcelbeforethesefunctionswillbeavailable.

UsetheToolsmenu,thenAdd-ins,thenAnalysis Toolpak.

AnyformulausingthesefunctionswithouttheToolPakloadedwillshowthe#NAMEerror.
Time Calculation
Excelcanworkwithtimeveryeasily.
Timecanbeenteredinvariousdifferentformatsandcalculationsperformed.
Thereareoneortwooddities,butnothingwhichshouldputyouoffworkingwithit.
SeetheTimeSheetexampleforanexample.

Typing time
Whentimeisenteredintoworksheetitshouldbeenteredwithacolonbetween
thehourandtheminutes,suchas12:30,ratherthan12.30

1:30 12:30 20:15 22:45

Excelcancopewitheitherthe24hoursystemortheam/pmsystem.
Tousetheam/pmsystemyoumustentertheamorpmafterthetime.
Youmustleaveaspacebetweenthenumberandthetext.

1:30AM 1:30PM 10:15AM 10:15PM

Finding the difference between two times

Youcansubtracttwotimevaluestofindthelengthoftimebetween.

Start End Duration

1:30 2:30 1:00 =D24C24
8:00 17:00 9:00 =D25C25
8:00AM 5:00PM 9:00AM Iftheresultisnotshowncorrectly,
Youmayneedtoreformattheanswer.
Lookatthesectionaboutformatting
furtherinthisworksheet.

Adding time
Youcanaddtimetofindatotaltime.
Thisworkswelluntilthetotaltimegoesabove24hours.
Fortotalsgreaterthan24hoursyoumayneedtoapplysomespecialformatting.

Start End Duration

1:30 2:30 1:00
8:00 17:00 9:00
7:30AM 5:45PM 10:15
20:15
Formatting time
Whentimeisaddedtogethertheresultmaygobeyond24hours.
Usuallythisgivesanincorrectresult,asintheexamplebelow.
Tocorrectthiserror,theresultneedstobeformattedwithaCustomformat.

Example 1 : Incorrect formatting

Start End Duration
7:00 18:30 11:30
8:00 17:00 9:00
7:30 17:45 10:15
Total 6:45 =SUM(E49:E51)

Example 2 : Correct formatting

Start End Duration
7:00 18:30 11:30
8:00 17:00 9:00
7:30 17:45 10:15
Total 30:45 =SUM(E56:E58)

How To Apply Custom Formatting

Thecustomformatfortimeuseapairofsquarebrackets[hh]oneitherside
ofthehoursindicators.

1.Clickonthecellwhichneedstheformat.
2.ChoosetheFormatmenu.
3.ChooseCells.
4.ClicktheNumbertagatthetopright.
5.ChooseCustom.
6.ClickinsidetheType:box.
7.Type[hh]:mmastheformat.
8.ClickOKtoconfirm.
TimeSheet for Flexi
Weekbeginning Mon05Jan98 NormalHours 37:30

Day Arrive LunchOut LunchIn Depart Total

Mon05 8:00 13:00 14:00 17:00 8:00 =(F6C6)(E6D6)
Tue06 8:45 12:30 13:30 17:00 7:15
Wed07 9:00 13:00 14:00 18:00 8:00
Thu08 8:30 13:00 14:00 17:00 7:30
Fri09 8:00 12:00 13:00 17:00 8:00
TotalHours 38:45 =SUM(G6:G10)

Underworkedby =IF(G3G11>0,G3G11,"")
Overworkedby 1:15 =IF(G3G11<0,ABS(G3G11),"")

This is simple example of a timesheet.

Instructions :
TypetheweekstartdateincellC3,theWeekbeginning.
Usetheformatdd/mm/yy,thenameofthedaywillappearautomatically.
ThedateisthenpasseddowntotheDaycolumn.

TypetheamountofhoursyouareexpectedtoworkinG3,theNormalHours.
Thisisusedlatertocalculateifhaveworkedoverorundertherequiredhours.

Typethetimesyouarriveandleaveworkintheappropriatecolumns.
Usetheformatofhh:mm.

Note
TheTotalHourscellhasbeenformattedas[hh]:mm.
Thisensuresthetotalhourscanbeexpressedasavalueabove24hours.
Ifthe[hh]:mmformathadnotbeenusedtheTotalHourswouldshowas: 14:45
Ifthe[hh]:mmformatdoesnotshowinthecellformatdialogbox
onyourcomputer,itcanbecreatedusingFormat,Cells,Number,Custom.
Split Forename and Surname
Thefollowingformulaareusefulwhenyouhaveonecellcontainingtextwhichneeds
tobesplitup.
OneofthemostcommonexamplesofthisiswhenapersonsForenameandSurname
areenteredinfullintoacell.

Theformulausevarioustextfunctionstoaccomplishthetask.
Eachofthetechniquesusesthespacebetweenthenamestoidentifywheretosplit.

Finding the First Name

FullName FirstName
AlanJones Alan =LEFT(C14,FIND("",C14,1))
BobSmith Bob =LEFT(C15,FIND("",C15,1))
CarolWilliams Carol =LEFT(C16,FIND("",C16,1))

Finding the Last Name

FullName LastName
AlanJones Jones =RIGHT(C22,LEN(C22)FIND("",C22))
BobSmith Smith =RIGHT(C23,LEN(C23)FIND("",C23))
CarolWilliams Williams =RIGHT(C24,LEN(C24)FIND("",C24))

Finding the Last name when a Middle name is present

Theformulaabovecannothandleanymorethantwonames.
Ifthereisalsoamiddlename,thelastnameformulawillbeincorrect.
Tosolvetheproblemyouhavetouseamuchlongercalculation.

FullName LastName
AlanDavidJones Jones
BobJohnSmith Smith
CarolSusanWilliams Williams
=RIGHT(C37,LEN(C37)-FIND("#",SUBSTITUTE(C37," ","#",LEN(C37)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(C37," ","")))))

Finding the Middle name

Split Forename and Surname
FullName MiddleName
AlanDavidJones David
BobJohnSmith John
CarolSusanWilliams Susan
=LEFT(RIGHT(C45,LEN(C45)-FIND(" ",C45,1)),FIND(" ",RIGHT(C45,LEN(C45)-FIND(" ",C45,1)),1))
Percentages
Therearenospecificfunctionsforcalculatingpercentages.
Youhavetousetheskillsyouweretaughtinyourmathsclassatschool!

Finding a percentage of a value

Initialvalue 120
%tofind 25%
Percentagevalue 30 =D8*D9

Example 1
Acompanyisabouttogiveitsstaffapayrise.
Thewagesdepartmentneedtocalculatetheincreases.
Staffondifferentgradesgetdifferentpayrises.

Grade %Rise
A 10%
B 15%
C 20%

Name Grade OldSalary Increase

Alan A 10,000 1,000 =E23*LOOKUP(D23,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
Bob B 20,000 3,000 =E24*LOOKUP(D24,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
Carol C 30,000 6,000 =E25*LOOKUP(D25,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
David B 25,000 3,750 =E26*LOOKUP(D26,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
Elaine C 32,000 6,400 =E27*LOOKUP(D27,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
Frank A 12,000 1,200 =E28*LOOKUP(D28,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)

Finding a percentage increase

Initialvalue 120
%increase 25%
Increasedvalue 150 =D33*D34+D33

Example 2
Acompanyisabouttogiveitsstaffapayrise.
Thewagesdepartmentneedtocalculatethenewsalaryincludingthe%increase.
Staffondifferentgradesgetdifferentpayrises.
Percentages
Grade %Rise
A 10%
B 15%
C 20%

Name Grade OldSalary Increase

Alan A 10,000 11,000 =E48*LOOKUP(D48,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E48
Bob B 20,000 23,000 =E49*LOOKUP(D49,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E49
Carol C 30,000 36,000 =E50*LOOKUP(D50,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E50
David B 25,000 28,750 =E51*LOOKUP(D51,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E51
Elaine C 32,000 38,400 =E52*LOOKUP(D52,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E52
Frank A 12,000 13,200 =E53*LOOKUP(D53,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E53

Finding one value as percentage of another

ValueA 120
ValueB 60
Aas%ofB 50% =D59/D58

Youwillneedtoformattheresultas%byusingthe%button
onthetoolbar.

Example 3
Anmanagerhasbeenaskedtosubmitbudgetrequirementsfornextyear.
Themangerneedstospecifywhatwillberequiredeachquarter.
Themanagerknowswhathasbeenspentbyeachregioninthepreviousyear.
Byanalysingthepastyearsspending,themanagerhopestopredict
whatwillneedtobespentinthenextyear.

Last years figures

Region Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
North 9,000 2,000 9,000 7,000
South 7,000 4,000 9,000 5,000
East 2,000 8,000 7,000 3,000
West 8,000 9,000 6,000 5,000 Total
Total 26,000 23,000 31,000 20,000 100,000

Last years Quarters as % of last years Total

Region Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Percentages
North 9% 2% 9% 7% =G74/$H$78
South 7% 4% 9% 5% =G75/$H$78
East 2% 8% 7% 3% =G76/$H$78
West 8% 9% 6% 5% =G77/$H$78
Total 26% 23% 31% 20% =G78/$H$78

Next years budget 150,000

Next years estimated budget requirements
Region Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
North 13,500 3,000 13,500 10,500 =G82*$E$88
South 10,500 6,000 13,500 7,500 =G83*$E$88
East 3,000 12,000 10,500 4,500 =G84*$E$88
West 12,000 13,500 9,000 7,500 Total
Total 39,000 34,500 46,500 30,000 150,000

Finding an original value after an increase has been applied

Increasedvalue 150
%increase 25%
Originalvalue 120 =D100/(100%+D101)

Example 4
Anemployhastosubmitanexpensesclaimfortravellingandaccommodation.
TheclaimneedstoshowtheVATtaxportionofeachreceipt.
Unfortunatelythereceiptsheldbytheemployeeonlyshowthetotalamount.
TheemployeeneedstosplitthistotaltoshowtheoriginalvalueandtheVATamount.

VATrate 17.50%

Receipt Total ActualValue VatValue

Petrol 10.00 8.51 1.49 =D113D113/(100%+$D$110)
Hotel 235.00 200.00 35.00
Petrol 117.50 100.00 17.50
=D115/(100%+$D$110)
Show all formula
YoucanviewalltheformulaontheworksheetbypressingCtrland`.
The'istheleftsinglequoteusuallyfoundonthekeytoleftofnumber1.

PressCtrland`toseetheformulabelow.(The screen may look a bit odd.)

Pressthesamecombinationtoseetheoriginalview.

10 20 30
30 40 70
50 60 60
70 80 30
SUM using names
Youcanusethenamestypedatthetopofcolumnsorsideofrowsincalculations
simplybytypingthenameintotheformula.

Trythisexample:
GotocellC16andthenentertheformula=SUM(jan)
Theresultwillshow.
ThisformulacanbecopiedtoD16andE16,andthenameschangetoFebandMar.

Jan Feb Mar

North 45 50 50
South 30 25 35
East 35 10 50
West 20 50 5
Total

If it does not work !

Thefeaturemayhavebeenswitchedoffonyourcomputer.
YoucanswitchitonbyusingTools,Options,Calculation,Accept Labels in Formula.
Instant Charts
Youcancreateachartquicklywithouthavingtousethechartbuttonon
thetoolbarbypressingthefunctionkeyF11whilstinsidearangeofdata.

Jan Feb Mar

North 45 50 50
South 30 25 35
East 35 10 50
West 20 50 5

Clickanywhereinsidethetableabove.
ThenpressF11.
Filename formula
Theremaybetimeswhenyouneedtoinsertthenameofthecurrentworkbook
orworksheetintoacell.

ThiscanbedonebyusingtheCELL()function,shownbelow.
F:\SHAHIDDataCollection\PPTTEmplets&Vista\Exelformuladictionary\[EXCELFormulaDictionaryBySHAHID.xls]MenuEmpty
=CELL("filename")

Theproblemwiththisisthatitgivesthecompletepathincludingdriveletterandfolders.
Tojustpickouttheworkbookorworksheetnameyouneedtousetextfunctions.

To pick the Path.

F:\SHAHIDDataCollection\PPTTEmplets&Vista\Exelformuladictionary\
=MID(CELL("filename"),1,FIND("[",CELL("filename"))1)

To pick the Workbook name.

EXCELFormulaDictionaryBySHAHID.xls
=MID(CELL("filename"),FIND("[",CELL("filename"))+1,FIND("]",CELL("filename"))FIND("[",CELL("filename"))1)

To pick the Worksheet name.

MenuEmpty
=MID(CELL("filename"),FIND("]",CELL("filename"))+1,255)
Brackets in formula
Sometimesyouwillneedtousebrackets,(alsoknownas'braces'),informula.
Thisistoensurethatthecalculationsareperformedintheorderthatyouneed.
Theneedforbracketsoccurswhenyoumixplusorminuswithdivideormultiply.

Mathematicallyspeakingthe*and/aremoreimportantthan+and.
The*and/operationswillbecalculatedbefore+and -.

Example1:Thewronganswer!

10
20
2
50 =C12+C13*C14

Youmayexpectthat10+20wouldequal30
Andthen30*2wouldequal60

Butbecausethe*iscalculatedfirstExcelseesthe
calculationas20*2resultingin40
Andthen10+40resultingin50

Example2:Thecorrectanswer.

10
20
2
60 =(C27+C28)*C29

Byplacingbracketsaround(10+20)Excelperformsthis
partofthecalulationfirst,resultingin30
Thenthe30ismultipledby2resultingin60
Age Calculation
Youcancalculateapersonsagebasedontheirbirthdayandtodaysdate.
ThecalculationusestheDATEDIF()function.
TheDATEDIF()isnotdocumentedinExcel5,7or97,butitisin2000.
(MakesyouwonderwhatelseMicrosoftforgottotellus!)

Birthdate: 1Jan60

Yearslived: 49 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"y")
andthemonths: 4 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"ym")
andthedays: 5 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"md")

Youcanputthisalltogetherinonecalculation,whichcreatesatextversion.
Ageis49Years,4Monthsand5Days
="Age is "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"y")&" Years, "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"ym")&" Months and "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"md")&" Days"

Another way to calculate age

Thismethodgivesyouanagewhichmaypotentiallyhavedecimalplacesrepresentingthemonths.
Iftheageis20.5,the.5represents6months.

Birthdate: 1Jan60

Ageis: 49.34 =(TODAY()C23)/365.25

AutoSum Shortcut Key
InsteadofusingtheAutoSumbuttonfromthetoolbar,
youcanpressAltand=toachievethesameresult.

Tryithere:
MovetoablankcellintheTotalroworcolumn,thenpressAltand=.
or
Selectarow,columnorallcellsandthenpressAltand=.

Jan Feb Mar Total

North 10 50 90
South 20 60 100
East 30 70 200
West 40 80 300
Total
ABS
Number AbsoluteValue
10 10 =ABS(C4)
10 10 =ABS(C5)
1.25 1.25 =ABS(C6)
1.25 1.25 =ABS(C7)

What Does it Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatesthevalueofanumber,irrespectiveofwhetheritispositiveornegative.

Syntax
=ABS(CellAddressorNumber)

Formatting
Theresultwillbeshownasanumber,nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyacompanytestingamachinewhichcutstimber.
Themachineneedstocuttimbertoanexactlength.
Threepiecesoftimberwerecutandthenmeasured.
IncalculatingthedifferencebetweentheRequiredLengthandtheActualLengthitdoes
notmatterifthewoodwascuttoolongorshort,themeasurementneedstobeexpressedas
anabsolutevalue.

Table1showstheoriginalcalculations.
TheDifferenceforTest3isshownasnegative,whichhasaknockoneffect
whentheErrorPercentageiscalculated.
Whetherthewoodwastoolongorshort,thepercentageshouldstillbeexpressed
asanabsolutevalue.

Table1
Test Required Actual Error
Difference
Cut Length Length Percentage
Test1 120 120 0 0%
Test2 120 90 30 25%
Test3 120 150 30 25%
=D36E36

Table2showsthesamedatabutusingthe=ABS()functiontocorrectthecalculations.
ABS
Table2
Test Required Actual Error
Difference
Cut Length Length Percentage
Test1 120 120 0 0%
Test2 120 90 30 25%
Test3 120 150 30 25%
=ABS(D45E45)
ADDRESS
Typeacolumnnumber: 2
Typearownumber: 3
Typeasheetname: Hello

$B$3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,1,TRUE)
B$3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,2,TRUE)
$B3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,3,TRUE)
B3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,4,TRUE)

R3C2 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,1,FALSE)
R3C[2] =ADDRESS(F4,F3,2,FALSE)
R[3]C2 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,3,FALSE)
R[3]C[2] =ADDRESS(F4,F3,4,FALSE)

Hello!$B$3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,1,TRUE,F5)
Hello!B$3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,2,TRUE,F5)
Hello!$B3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,3,TRUE,F5)
Hello!B3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,4,TRUE,F5)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncreatesacellreferenceasapieceoftext,basedonarowandcolumn
numbersgivenbytheuser.
Thistypeoffunctionisusedinmacrosratherthanontheactualworksheet.

Syntax
=ADDRESS(RowNumber,ColNumber,Absolute,A1orR1C1,SheetName)
TheRowNumberisthenormalrownumberfrom1to16384.
TheColNumberisfrom1to256,colsAtoIV.
TheAbsolutecanbe1,2,3or4.
When1thereferencewillbeintheform$A$1,columnandrowabsolute.
When2thereferencewillbeintheformA$1,onlytherowabsolute.
When3thereferencewillbeintheform$A1,onlythecolumnabsolute.
When4thereferencewillbeintheformA1,neithercolorrowabsolute.
TheA1orR1C1iseitherTRUEofFALSE.
WhenTRUEthereferencewillbeintheformA1,thenormalstyleforcelladdresses.
WhenFALSEthereferencewillbeintheformR1C1,thealternativestyleofcelladdress.
TheSheetNameisapieceoftexttobeusedastheworksheetnameinthereference.
TheSheetNamedoesnotactuallyhavetoexist.
AND
ItemsToTest Result
500 800 TRUE =AND(C4>=100,D4>=100)
500 25 FALSE =AND(C5>=100,D5>=100)
25 500 FALSE =AND(C6>=100,D6>=100)
12 TRUE =AND(D7>=1,D7<=52)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionteststwoormoreconditionstoseeiftheyarealltrue.
Itcanbeusedtotestthataseriesofnumbersmeetcertainconditions.
Itcanbeusedtotestthatanumberoradatefallsbetweenanupperandlowerlimit.
NormallytheAND()functionwouldbeusedinconjunctionwithafunctionsuchas=IF().

Syntax
=AND(Test1,Test2)
Notethattherecanbeupto30possibletests.

Formatting
WhenusedbyitselfitwillshowTRUEorFALSE.

Example 1
Thefollowingexampleshowsalistofexaminationresults.
Theteacherwantstofindthepupilswhoscoredaboveaverageinallthreeexams.
The=AND()functionhasbeenusedtotestthateachscoreisabovetheaverage.
TheresultofTRUEisshownforpupilswhohavescoredaboveaverageinallthreeexams.

Name Maths English Physics Passed

Alan 80 75 85 TRUE
Bob 50 30 40 FALSE
Carol 60 70 50 FALSE
David 90 85 95 TRUE
Eric 20 30 Absent FALSE
Fred 40 60 80 FALSE
Gail 10 90 80 FALSE
Harry 80 70 60 TRUE
Ian 30 10 20 FALSE
Janice 10 20 30 FALSE
=AND(C38>=AVERAGE($C$29:$C$38),D38>=AVERAGE($D$29:$D$38),E38>=AVERAGE($E$29:$E$38))

Averages 47 54 60
AREAS
Pink Name Age 2 =AREAS(PeopleLists)
Alan 18
Bob 17
Carol 20

Green Name Age

David 20
Eric 16
Fred 19

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctiontestsarangetodeterminewhetheritisasingleblockofdata,orwhether
itisamultipleselection.
Ifitisasingleblocktheresultwillbe1.
Ifitisamultipleblocktheresultwillbethenumberofrangesselected.
Thefunctionisdesignedtobeusedinmacros.

Syntax
=AREAS(RangeToTest)

Formatting
Theresultwillbeshownasanumber.

Example
Theexampleatthetopofthispageshowstworangescolouredpinkandgreen.
TheserangeshavebeengiventhenamePeopleLists.
The=AREAS(PeopleLists)givesaresultof2indicatingthattherearetwoseparate
selectionswhichformthePeopleListsrange.

Note
TonamemultiplerangestheCTRLkeymustbeused.
Intheaboveexamplethepinkrangewasselectedasnormal,thentheCtrlkey
washelddownbeforeselectingthegreenrange.
WhenaRangeNameiscreateditwillconsiderbothPinkandGreenasbeingonerange.
AVERAGE
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Average
Temp 30 31 32 29 26 28 27 29 =AVERAGE(D4:J4)
Rain 0 0 0 4 6 3 1 2 =AVERAGE(D5:J5)

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Average

Temp 30 32 29 26 28 27 28.667 =AVERAGE(D8:J8)
Rain 0 0 4 6 3 1 2.3333 =AVERAGE(D9:J9)

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Average

Temp 30 No 32 29 26 28 27 28.667 =AVERAGE(D12:J12)
Rain 0 Reading 0 4 6 3 1 2.3333 =AVERAGE(D13:J13)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatestheaveragefromalistofnumbers.
Ifthecellisblankorcontainstext,thecellwillnotbeusedintheaveragecalculation.
Ifthecellcontainszero0,thecellwillbeincludedintheaveragecalculation.

Syntax
=AVERAGE(Range1,Range2,Range3...throughtoRange30)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Note
Tocalculatetheaverageofcellswhichcontaintextorblanksuse=SUM()togetthetotaland
thendividebythecountoftheentriesusing=COUNTA().

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Average

Temp 30 No 32 29 26 28 27 24.571 =SUM(D31:J31)/COUNTA(D31:J31)
Rain 0 Reading 0 4 6 3 1 2 =SUM(D32:J32)/COUNTA(D32:J32)

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Average

Temp 30 32 29 26 28 27 28.667 =SUM(D35:J35)/COUNTA(D35:J35)
Rain 0 0 4 6 3 1 2.3333 =SUM(D36:J36)/COUNTA(D36:J36)

FurtherUsage
BIN2DEC
BinaryNumber DecimalEquivalent
0 0 =BIN2DEC(C4)
1 1 =BIN2DEC(C5)
10 2 =BIN2DEC(C6)
11 3 =BIN2DEC(C7)
111111111 511 =BIN2DEC(C8)
1111111111 1 =BIN2DEC(C9)
1111111110 2 =BIN2DEC(C10)
1111111101 3 =BIN2DEC(C11)
1000000000 512 =BIN2DEC(C12)
11111111111 #NUM! =BIN2DEC(C13)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionconvertsabinarynumbertodecimal.
Negativenumbersarerepresentedusingtwo'scomplementnotation.

Syntax
=BIN2DEC(BinaryNumber)
Thebinarynumberhasalimitoftencharacters.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
CEILING
Number RaisedUp
2.1 3 =CEILING(C4,1)
1.5 2 =CEILING(C5,1)
1.9 2 =CEILING(C6,1)
20 30 =CEILING(C7,30)
25 30 =CEILING(C8,30)
40 60 =CEILING(C9,30)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionroundsanumberuptothenearestmultiplespecifiedbytheuser.

Syntax
=CEILING(ValueToRound,MultipleToRoundUpTo)
TheValueToRoundcanbeacelladdressoracalculation.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example 1
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyaestateagentrentingholidayapartments.
Thepropertiesbeingrentedareonlyavailableonaweeklybasis.
Whenthecustomersuppliesthenumberofdaysrequiredinthepropertythe=CEILING()
functionroundsitupbyamultipleof7tocalculatethenumberoffullweekstobebilled.

DaysTo
DaysRequired BeBilled
Customer1 3 7 =CEILING(D28,7)
Customer2 4 7 =CEILING(D29,7)
Customer3 10 14 =CEILING(D30,7)

Example 2
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyabuildersmerchantdeliveringproductstoaconstructionsite.
Themerchantneedstohiretruckstomoveeachproduct.
Eachproductneedsaparticulartypeoftruckofafixedcapacity.

Table1calculatesthenumberoftrucksrequiredbydividingtheUnitsToBeMovedby
theCapacityofthetruck.
Thisresultsofthedivisionarenotwholenumbers,andthebuildercannothirejustpart
CEILING
ofatruck.

Table1
UnitsTo Truck Trucks
Item BeMoved Capacity Needed
Bricks 1000 300 3.33 =D45/E45
Wood 5000 600 8.33 =D46/E46
Cement 2000 350 5.71 =D47/E47

Table2showshowthe=CEILING()functionhasbeenusedtorounduptheresultof
thedivisiontoawholenumber,andthusgiventheexactamountoftrucksneeded.

Table2
UnitsTo Truck Trucks
Item BeMoved Capacity Needed
Bricks 1000 300 4 =CEILING(D54/E54,1)
Wood 5000 600 9 =CEILING(D55/E55,1)
Cement 2000 350 6 =CEILING(D56/E56,1)

Example 3
Thefollowingtableswereusedbyashopkeepertocalculatethesellingpriceofanitem.
Theshopkeeperbuysproductsbythebox.
ThecostoftheitemiscalculatedbydividingtheBoxCostbytheBoxQuantity.
Theshopkeeperalwayswantsthepricetoendin99pence.

Table1showshowjustanormaldivisionresultsinvaryingItemCosts.

Table1
Item BoxQnty BoxCost CostPerItem
Plugs 11 20 1.81818 =D69/C69
Sockets 7 18.25 2.60714 =D70/C70
Junctions 5 28.10 5.62000 =D71/C71
Adapters 16 28 1.75000 =D72/C72

Table2showshowthe=CEILING()functionhasbeenusedtoraisetheItemCostto
alwaysendin99pence.

Table2
CEILING
Item InBox BoxCost CostPerItem RaisedCost
Plugs 11 20 1.81818 1.99
Sockets 7 18.25 2.60714 2.99
Junctions 5 28.10 5.62000 5.99
Adapters 16 28 1.75000 1.99
=INT(E83)+CEILING(MOD(E83,1),0.99)

Explanation
=INT(E83) Calculatestheintegerpartoftheprice.
=MOD(E83,1) Calculatesthedecimalpartoftheprice.
=CEILING(MOD(E83),0.99) Raisesthedecimalto0.99
CELL
Thisisthecellandcontentstotest. 17.50%

Thecelladdress. $D$3 =CELL("address",D3)

Thecolumnnumber. 4 =CELL("col",D3)
Therownumber. 3 =CELL("row",D3)
Theactualcontentsofthecell. 0.175 =CELL("contents",D3)

Thetypeofentryinthecell. v =CELL("type",D3)
Shownasbforblank,lfortext, vforvalue.
Thealignmentofthecell.
Shownas'forleft,^forcentre,"forright. =CELL("prefix",D3)
Nothingisshownfornumericentries.
Thewidthofthecell. 12 =CELL("width",D3)
Thenumberformatfothecell.
P2 =CELL("format",D3)
(Seethetableshownbelow)

Formattedforbraces()onpositivevalues. 0 =CELL("parentheses",D3)
1foryes, 0forno.
Formattedforcolourednegatives.
0 =CELL("color",D3)
1foryes, 0forno.
Thetypeofcellprotection.
0 =CELL("protect",D3)
1foralocked,0forunlocked.
Thefilenamecontainingthecell. F:\SHAHIDDataCollection\PPTTEmplets&Vista\Exelformuladictionary\[EXCELFormulaDictionaryBySHAHID.xls]CELL
=CELL("filename",D3)
What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionexaminesacellanddisplaysinformationaboutthecontents,positionandformatting.

Syntax
=CELL("TypeOfInfoRequired",CellToTest)
TheTypeOfInfoRequiredisatextentrywhichmustbesurroundedwithquotes"".

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Codesusedtoshowtheformattingofthecell.

Numeric Format Code

General G
0 F0
#,##0 ,0
0.00 F2
#,##0.00 ,2
$#,##0_);($#,##0) C0
CELL
$#,##0_);[Red]($#,##0) C0
$#,##0.00_);($#,##0.00) C2
$#,##0.00_);[Red]($#,##0.00) C2
0% P0
0.00% P2
0.00E+00 S2
#?/?or#??/?? G
m/d/yyorm/d/yyh:mmormm/dd/yy. D4
dmmmyyorddmmmyy D1
dmmmorddmmm D2
mmmyy D3
mm/dd D5
h:mmAM/PM D7
h:mm:ssAM/PM D6
h:mm D9
h:mm:ss D8

Example
Thefollowingexampleusesthe=CELL()functionaspartofaformulawhichextractsthefilename.

Thenameofthecurrentfileis: EXCELFormulaDictionaryBySHAHID.xls
=MID(CELL("filename"),FIND("[",CELL("filename"))+1,FIND("]",CELL("filename"))FIND("[",CELL("filename"))1)
CHAR
ANSINumber Character
65 A =CHAR(G4)
66 B =CHAR(G5)
169 =CHAR(G6)

What Does It Do?

ThisfunctionconvertsanormalnumbertothecharacteritrepresentintheANSI
charactersetusedbyWindows.

Syntax
=CHAR(Number)
TheNumbermustbebetween1and255.

Formatting
Theresultwillbeacharacterwithnospecialformatting.

Example
Thefollowingisalistofall255numbersandthecharacterstheyrepresent.
NotethatmostWindowsbasedprogrammaynotdisplaysomeofthespecialcharacters,
thesewillbedisplayedasasmallbox.

1 26 51 3 76 L 101 e 126 ~ 151 176 201 226 251

2 27 52 4 77 M 102 f 127 152 177 202 227 252
3 28 53 5 78 N 103 g 128 153 178 203 228 253
4 29 54 6 79 O 104 h 129 154 179 204 229 254
5 30 55 7 80 P 105 i 130 155 180 205 230 255
6 31 56 8 81 Q 106 j 131 156 181 206 231
7 32 57 9 82 R 107 k 132 157 182 207 232
8 33 ! 58 : 83 S 108 l 133 158 183 208 233
9 34 " 59 ; 84 T 109 m 134 159 184 209 234
10 35 # 60 < 85 U 110 n 135 160 185 210 235
11 36 $ 61 = 86 V 111 o 136 161 186 211 236
12 37 % 62 > 87 W 112 p 137 162 187 212 237
13 38 & 63 ? 88 X 113 q 138 163 188 213 238
14 39 ' 64 @ 89 Y 114 r 139 164 189 214 239
15 40 ( 65 A 90 Z 115 s 140 165 190 215 240
16 41 ) 66 B 91 [ 116 t 141 166 191 216 241
17 42 * 67 C 92 \ 117 u 142 167 192 217 242
18 43 + 68 D 93 ] 118 v 143 168 193 218 243
CHAR
19 44 , 69 E 94 ^ 119 w 144 169 194 219 244
20 45 70 F 95 _ 120 x 145 170 195 220 245
21 46 . 71 G 96 ` 121 y 146 171 196 221 246
22 47 / 72 H 97 a 122 z 147 172 197 222 247
23 48 0 73 I 98 b 123 { 148 173 198 223 248
24 49 1 74 J 99 c 124 | 149 174 199 224 249
25 50 2 75 K 100 d 125 } 150 175 200 225 250

Note
Number32doesnotshowasitistheSPACEBARcharacter.
CHOOSE
Index
Value Result
1 Alan =CHOOSE(C4,"Alan","Bob","Carol")
3 Carol =CHOOSE(C5,"Alan","Bob","Carol")
2 Bob =CHOOSE(C6,"Alan","Bob","Carol")
3 18% =CHOOSE(C7,10%,15%,18%)
1 10% =CHOOSE(C8,10%,15%,18%)
2 15% =CHOOSE(C9,10%,15%,18%)

What Does It Do?

ThisfunctionpicksfromalistofoptionsbaseduponanIndexvaluegiventobytheuser.

Syntax
=CHOOSE(UserValue,Item1,Item2,Item3throughtoItem29)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisrequired.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedtocalculatethemedalsforathletestakingpartinarace.
TheTimeforeachathleteisentered.
The=RANK()functioncalculatesthefinishingpositionofeachathlete.
The=CHOOSE()thenallocatesthecorrectmedal.
The=IF()hasbeenusedtofilteroutanypositionsabove3,asthiswouldcause
theerrorof#VALUEtoappear,duetothefactthe=CHOOSE()hasonlythreeitemsinit.

Name Time Position Medal

Alan 1:30 2 Silver =IF(D30<=3,CHOOSE(D30,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
Bob 1:15 4 unplaced =IF(D31<=3,CHOOSE(D31,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
Carol 2:45 1 Gold =IF(D32<=3,CHOOSE(D32,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
David 1:05 5 unplaced =IF(D33<=3,CHOOSE(D33,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
Eric 1:20 3 Bronze =IF(D34<=3,CHOOSE(D34,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
=RANK(C34,C30:C34)
CLEAN
DirtyText CleanText
Hello Hello =CLEAN(C4)
Hello Hello =CLEAN(C5)
Hello Hello =CLEAN(C6)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionremovesanynonprintablecharactersfromtext.
Thesenonprintingcharactersareoftenfoundindatawhichhasbeenimported
fromothersystemssuchasdatabaseimportsfrommainframes.

Syntax
=CLEAN(TextToBeCleaned)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.Theresultwillshowasnormaltext.
CODE
Letter ANSICode
A 65 =CODE(C4)
B 66 =CODE(C5)
C 67 =CODE(C6)
a 97 =CODE(C7)
b 98 =CODE(C8)
c 99 =CODE(C9)
Alan 65 =CODE(C10)
Bob 66 =CODE(C11)
Carol 67 =CODE(C12)

What Does It Do?

ThisfunctionshowstheANSIvalueofasinglecharacter,orthefirstcharacterinapiece
oftext.
TheANSIcharactersetisusedbyWindowstoidentifyeachkeyboardcharacterbyusing
auniquenumber.
Thereare255charactersintheANSIset.

Syntax
=CODE(Text)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded,theresultwillbeshownasanumberbetween1and255.

Example
SeetheexampleforFREQUENCY.

1 26 51 3 76 L 101 e 126 ~ 151 176 201 226 251

2 27 52 4 77 M 102 f 127 152 177 202 227 252
3 28 53 5 78 N 103 g 128 153 178 203 228 253
4 29 54 6 79 O 104 h 129 154 179 204 229 254
5 30 55 7 80 P 105 i 130 155 180 205 230 255
6 31 56 8 81 Q 106 j 131 156 181 206 231
7 32 57 9 82 R 107 k 132 157 182 207 232
8 33 ! 58 : 83 S 108 l 133 158 183 208 233
9 34 " 59 ; 84 T 109 m 134 159 184 209 234
10 35 # 60 < 85 U 110 n 135 160 185 210 235
11 36 $ 61 = 86 V 111 o 136 161 186 211 236
12 37 % 62 > 87 W 112 p 137 162 187 212 237
13 38 & 63 ? 88 X 113 q 138 163 188 213 238
14 39 ' 64 @ 89 Y 114 r 139 164 189 214 239
15 40 ( 65 A 90 Z 115 s 140 165 190 215 240
 8 33 ! 58 : 83 S 108 l 133 158 183 208 233
9 34 " 59 ; 84 T 109 m 134 159 184 209 234
10 35 # 60 < 85 U 110 n 135 160 185 210 235
11 36 $ 61 = 86 V 111 o 136 161 186 211 236
CODE
12 37 % 62 > 87 W 112 p 137 162 187 212 237
13 38 & 63 ? 88 X 113 q 138 163 188 213 238
14 39 ' 64 @ 89 Y 114 r 139 164 189 214 239
15 40 ( 65 A 90 Z 115 s 140 165 190 215 240
16 41 ) 66 B 91 [ 116 t 141 166 191 216 241
17 42 * 67 C 92 \ 117 u 142 167 192 217 242
18 43 + 68 D 93 ] 118 v 143 168 193 218 243
19 44 , 69 E 94 ^ 119 w 144 169 194 219 244
20 45 70 F 95 _ 120 x 145 170 195 220 245
21 46 . 71 G 96 ` 121 y 146 171 196 221 246
22 47 / 72 H 97 a 122 z 147 172 197 222 247
23 48 0 73 I 98 b 123 { 148 173 198 223 248
24 49 1 74 J 99 c 124 | 149 174 199 224 249
25 50 2 75 K 100 d 125 } 150 175 200 225 250
COMBIN
PoolOfItems ItemsInAGroup PossibleGroups
4 2 6 =COMBIN(C4,D4)
4 3 4 =COMBIN(C5,D5)
26 2 325 =COMBIN(C6,D6)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatesthehighestnumberofcombinationsavailablebasedupon
afixednumberofitems.
Theinternalorderofthecombinationdoesnotmatter,soABisthesameasBA.

Syntax
=COMBIN(HowManyItems,GroupSize)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisrequired.

Example 1
Thisexamplecalculatesthepossiblenumberofpairsoflettersavailable
fromthefourcharactersABCD.

TotalCharacters GroupSize Combinations

4 2 6 =COMBIN(C25,D25)

Theproof! Thefourletters: ABCD

Pair1 AB
Pair2 AC
Pair3 AD
Pair4 BC
Pair5 BD
Pair6 CD

Example 2
Adecoratorisaskedtodesignacolourschemeforanewoffice.
Thedecoratorisgivenfivecolourstoworkwith,butcanonlyusethreeinanyscheme.
Howmanycoloursschemescanbecreated?

AvailableColours ColoursPerScheme TotalsSchemes

5 3 10 =COMBIN(C41,D41)
COMBIN
Thecolours
Red
Green
Blue
Yellow
Black

Scheme1 Scheme2 Scheme3 Scheme4 Scheme5

Red Red Red Red Red
Green Green Green Blue Blue
Blue Yellow Black Yellow Black

Scheme6 Scheme7 Scheme8 Scheme9 Scheme10

Green Green Green Blue ??????
Blue Blue Yellow Yellow
Yellow Black Black Black
CONCATENATE
Name1 Name2 ConcatenatedText
Alan Jones AlanJones =CONCATENATE(C4,D4)
Bob Williams BobWilliams =CONCATENATE(C5,D5)
Carol Davies CarolDavies =CONCATENATE(C6,D6)
Alan Jones AlanJones =CONCATENATE(C7,"",D7)
Bob Williams Williams, Bob =CONCATENATE(D8,",",C8)
Carol Davies Davies,Carol =CONCATENATE(D9,",",C9)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionjoinsseparatepiecesoftextintooneitem.

Syntax
=CONCATENATE(Text1,Text2,Text3...Text30)
Uptothirtypiecesoftextcanbejoined.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded,theresultwillbeshownasnormaltext.

Note
Youcanachievethesameresultbyusingthe&operator.

Name1 Name2 ConcatenatedText

Alan Jones AlanJones =C25&D25
Bob Williams BobWilliams =C26&D26
Carol Davies CarolDavies =C27&D27
Alan Jones AlanJones =C28&""&D28
Bob Williams Williams, Bob =D29&","&C29
Carol Davies Davies,Carol =D30&","&C30
CONVERT
Amount Converting Converting Converted
ToConvert From To Amount
1 in cm 2.54 =CONVERT(C4,D4,E4)
1 ft m 0.3048 =CONVERT(C5,D5,E5)
1 yd m 0.9144 =CONVERT(C6,D6,E6)

1 yr day 365.25 =CONVERT(C8,D8,E8)

1 day hr 24 =CONVERT(C9,D9,E9)
1.5 hr mn 90 =CONVERT(C10,D10,E10)
0.5 mn sec 30 =CONVERT(C11,D11,E11)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionconvertsavaluemeasureinonetypeofunit,tothesamevalueexpressed
inadifferenttypeofunit,suchasInchestoCentimetres.

Syntax
=CONVERT(AmountToConvert,UnitToConvertFrom,UnitToConvertTo)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
ThefollowingtablewasusedbyanImport/Exportingcompanytoconverttheweight
andsizeofpackagesfromoldstyleUKmeasuringsystemtoEuropeansystem.

Pounds Ounces Kilograms

Weight 5 3 2.35301
=CONVERT(D28,"lbm","kg")+CONVERT(E28,"ozm","kg")

Feet Inches Metres

Height 12 6 3.81
Length 8 3 2.5146
Width 5 2 1.5748
=CONVERT(D34,"ft","m")+CONVERT(E34,"in","m")

Abbreviations
Thisisalistofallthepossibleabbreviationswhichcanbeusedtodenotemeasuringsystems.

Weight & Mass Distance

CONVERT
Gram g Meter m
Kilogram kg Statutemile mi
Slug sg Nauticalmile Nmi
Poundmass lbm Inch in
U(atomicmass) u Foot ft
Ouncemass ozm Yard yd
Angstrom ang
Time Pica(1/72in.) Pica
Year yr
Day day Pressure
Hour hr Pascal Pa
Minute mn Atmosphere atm
Second sec mmofMercury mmHg

Temperature Liquid
DegreeCelsius C Teaspoon tsp
DegreeFahrenheit F Tablespoon tbs
DegreeKelvin K Fluidounce oz
Cup cup
Force Pint pt
Newton N Quart qt
Dyne dyn Gallon gal
Poundforce lbf Liter l

Energy Power
Joule J Horsepower HP
Erg e Watt W
Thermodynamic
calorie c
ITcalorie cal Magnetism
Electronvolt eV Tesla T
Horsepowerhour HPh Gauss ga
Watthour Wh
Footpound flb
BTU BTU

Thesecharacterscanbeusedasaprefixtoaccessfurtherunitsofmeasure.
Using"c"asaprefixtometers"m"willallowcentimetres"cm"tobecalculated.

Prefix Multiplier Abbreviation Prefix Multiplier Abbreviation

CONVERT
exa 1.00E+18 E deci 1.00E01 d
peta 1.00E+15 P centi 1.00E02 c
tera 1.00E+12 T milli 1.00E03 m
giga 1.00E+09 G micro 1.00E06 u
mega 1.00E+06 M nano 1.00E09 n
kilo 1.00E+03 k pico 1.00E12 p
hecto 1.00E+02 h femto 1.00E15 f
dekao 1.00E+01 e atto 1.00E18 a
CORREL
Table1 Table2

AirCond Advertising
Month AvgTemp Sales Costs Sales
Jan 20 100 2,000 20,000
Feb 30 200 1,000 30,000
Mar 30 300 5,000 20,000
Apr 40 200 1,000 40,000
May 50 400 8,000 40,000
Jun 50 400 1,000 20,000

Correlation 0.864 Correlation 28%

=CORREL(D5:D10,E5:E10) =CORREL(G5:G10,H5:H10)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionexaminestwosetsofdatatodeterminethedegreeofrelationship
betweenthetwosets.
Theresultwillbeadecimalbetween0and1.
Thelargertheresult,thegreaterthecorrelation.

InTable1theMonthlytemperatureiscomparedagainsttheSalesofairconditioningunits.
Thecorrelationshowsthatthereisan0.864realtionshipbetweenthedata.

InTable2theCostofadvertisinghasbeencomparedtoSales.
Itcanbeformattedaspercentage%toshowamoremeaningfullresult.
Thecorrelationshowsthatthereisan28%realtionshipbetweenthedata.

Syntax
=CORREL(Range1,Range2)

Formatting
Theresultwillnormallybeshownindecimalformat.
COUNT
EntriesToBeCounted Count
10 20 30 3 =COUNT(C4:E4)
10 0 30 3 =COUNT(C5:E5)
10 20 30 3 =COUNT(C6:E6)
10 1Jan88 30 3 =COUNT(C7:E7)
10 21:30 30 3 =COUNT(C8:E8)
10 0.577764 30 3 =COUNT(C9:E9)
10 30 2 =COUNT(C10:E10)
10 Hello 30 2 =COUNT(C11:E11)
10 #DIV/0! 30 2 =COUNT(C12:E12)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncountsthenumberofnumericentriesinalist.
Itwillignoreblanks,textanderrors.

Syntax
=COUNT(Range1,Range2,Range3...throughtoRange30)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyabuildersmerchanttocalculatethenumberofsales
forvariousproductsineachmonth.

Item Jan Feb Mar

Bricks 1,000
Wood 5,000
Glass 2,000 1,000
Metal 1,000
Count 3 2 0
=COUNT(D29:D32)
COUNTA
EntriesToBeCounted Count
10 20 30 3 =COUNTA(C4:E4)
10 0 30 3 =COUNTA(C5:E5)
10 20 30 3 =COUNTA(C6:E6)
10 1Jan88 30 3 =COUNTA(C7:E7)
10 21:30 30 3 =COUNTA(C8:E8)
10 0.695395 30 3 =COUNTA(C9:E9)
10 30 2 =COUNTA(C10:E10)
10 Hello 30 3 =COUNTA(C11:E11)
10 #DIV/0! 30 3 =COUNTA(C12:E12)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncountsthenumberofnumericortextentriesinalist.
Itwillignoreblanks.

Syntax
=COUNTA(Range1,Range2,Range3...throughtoRange30)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyaschooltokeeptrackoftheexaminationstakenbyeachpupil.
Eachexampassedwasgradedas1,2or3.
AfailurewasenteredasFail.

Theschoolneededtoknownhowmanypupilssateachexam.
Theschoolalsoneededtoknowhowmanyexamsweretakenbyeachpupil.

The=COUNTA()functionhasbeenusedbecauseofitsabilitytocounttextandnumericentries.

ExamsTaken
Maths English Art History
ByEachPupil
Alan Fail 1 2
Bob 2 1 3 3
Carol 1 1 1 3
David Fail Fail 2
Elaine 1 3 2 Fail 4
=COUNTA(D39:G39)
COUNTA
HowmanypupilssateachExam.
Maths English Art History
4 3 5 2
=COUNTA(D35:D39)
COUNTBLANK
RangeToTest Blanks
1 2 =COUNTBLANK(C4:C11)
Hello
3
0

1Jan98

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncountsthenumberofblankcellsinarange.

Syntax
=COUNTBLANK(RangeToTest)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyacompanywhichwasballotingitsworkersonwhether
thecompanyshouldhaveanosmokingpolicy.
Eachofthedepartmentsinthevariousfactorieswerequestioned.
TheresponsetothequestioncouldbeYorN.
Astheresultsofthevotewerecollatedtheywereenteredintothetable.
The=COUNTBLANK()functionhasbeenusedtocalculatethenumberofdepartmentswhich
havenoyetregisteredavote.

Admin Accounts Production Personnel

Factory1 Y N
Factory2 Y Y N
Factory3
Factory4 N N N
Factory5 Y Y
Factory6 Y Y Y N
Factory7 N Y
Factory8 N N Y Y
Factory9 Y
Factory10 Y N Y
COUNTBLANK
Votesnotvetregistered: 16 =COUNTBLANK(C32:F41)

VotesforYes: 14 =COUNTIF(C32:F41,"Y")

VotesforNo: 10 =COUNTIF(C32:F41,"N")
COUNTIF
Item Date Cost
Brakes 1Jan98 80
Tyres 10May98 25
Brakes 1Feb98 80
Service 1Mar98 150
Service 5Jan98 300
Window 1Jun98 50
Tyres 1Apr98 200
Tyres 1Mar98 100
Clutch 1May98 250

HowmanyBrakeShoesHavebeenbought. 2 =COUNTIF(C4:C12,"Brakes")
HowmanyTyreshavebeenbought. 3 =COUNTIF(C4:C12,"Tyres")
Howmanyitemscost100orabove. 5 =COUNTIF(E4:E12,">=100")

Typethenameoftheitemtocount. service 2 =COUNTIF(C4:C12,E18)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncountsthenumberofitemswhichmatchcriteriasetbytheuser.

Syntax
=COUNTIF(RangeOfThingsToBeCounted,CriteriaToBeMatched)
Thecriteriacanbetypedinanyofthefollowingways.
Tomatchaspecificnumbertypethenumber,suchas=COUNTIF(A1:A5,100)
Tomatchapieceoftexttypethetextinquotes,suchas=COUNTIF(A1:A5,"Hello")
Tomatchusingoperatorssurroundtheexpressionwithquotes,suchas=COUNTIF(A1:A5,">100")

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
DATE
Day Month Year Date
25 12 99 12/25/99 =DATE(E4,D4,C4)
25 12 99 25Dec99 =DATE(E5,D5,C5)
33 12 99 January2,2000 =DATE(E6,D6,C6)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctioncreatesarealdatebyusingthreenormalnumberstypedintoseparatecells.

Syntax
=DATE(year,month,day)

Formatting
Theresultwillnormallybedisplayedinthedd/mm/yyformat.
ByusingtheFormat,Cells,Number,Datecommandtheformatcanbechanged.
DATEDIF
FirstDate SecondDate Interval Difference
1Jan60 10May70 days 3782 =DATEDIF(C4,D4,"d")
1Jan60 10May70 months 124 =DATEDIF(C5,D5,"m")
1Jan60 10May70 years 10 =DATEDIF(C6,D6,"y")
1Jan60 10May70 yeardays 130 =DATEDIF(C7,D7,"yd")
1Jan60 10May70 yearmonths 4 =DATEDIF(C8,D8,"ym")
1Jan60 10May70 monthdays 9 =DATEDIF(C9,D9,"md")

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctioncalculatesthedifferencebetweentwodates.
Itcanshowtheresultinweeks,monthsoryears.

Syntax
=DATEDIF(FirstDate,SecondDate,"Interval")
FirstDate:Thisistheearliestofthetwodates.
SecondDate:Thisisthemostrecentofthetwodates.
"Interval":Thisindicateswhatyouwanttocalculate.
Thesearetheavailableintervals.
"d" Daysbetweenthetwodates.
"m" Monthsbetweenthetwodates.
"y" Yearsbetweenthetwodates.
"yd" Daysbetweenthedates,asifthedateswereinthesameyear.
"ym" Monthsbetweenthedates,asifthedateswereinthesameyear.
"md" Daysbetweenthetwodates,asifthedateswereinthesamemonthandyear.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Birthdate: 1Jan60

Yearslived: 49 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"y")
andthemonths: 4 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"ym")
andthedays: 5 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"md")

Youcanputthisalltogetherinonecalculation,whichcreatesatextversion.
Ageis49Years,4Monthsand5Days
DATEDIF
="Age is "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"y")&" Years, "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"ym")&" Months and "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"md")&" Days"
DATEVALUE
Date DateValue
25dec99 36519 =DATEVALUE(C4)
25/12/99 36519 =DATEVALUE(C5)
25dec99 36519 =DATEVALUE(C6)
25/12/99 36519 =DATEVALUE(C7)

What Does It Do?

Thefunctionisusedtoconvertapieceoftextintoadatewhichcanbeusedincalculations.
Datesexpressedastextareoftencreatedwhendataisimportedfromotherprograms,suchas
exportsfrommainframecomputers.

Syntax
=DATEVALUE(text)

Formatting
Theresultwillnormallybeshownasanumberwhichrepresentsthedate.Thisnumbercan
beformattedtoanyofthenormaldateformatsbyusingFormat,Cells,Number,Date.

Example
Theexampleusesthe=DATEVALUEandthe=TODAYfunctionstocalculatethenumberof
daysremainingonapropertylease.

The=DATEVALUEfunctionwasusedbecausethedatehasbeenenteredinthecellas
apieceoftext,probablyafterbeingimportedfromanexternalprogram.

DaysUntil
PropertyRef. ExpiryDate Expiry
BC100 25dec99 3420
FG700 10july/99 3588
TD200 13sep98 3888
HJ900 30/5/2000 #VALUE!
=DATEVALUE(E32)TODAY()
DAVERAGE
This is the Database range.
Life Box Boxes In Value Of
Product Wattage Hours
Brand Unit Cost Quantity Stock Stock
Bulb 200 3000
Horizon 4.50 4 3 54.00
Neon 100 2000
Horizon 2.00 15 2 60.00
Spot 60 0.00
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam 0.80 25 6 120.00
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon 0.20 40 3 24.00
Spot 100 unknown Horizon 1.25 10 4 50.00
Spot 200 3000 Horizon 2.50 15 0 0.00
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam 0.50 10 3 15.00
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam 5.00 3 2 30.00
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam 1.80 20 5 180.00
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam 0.25 10 5 12.50
Bulb 10 800 Horizon 0.20 25 2 10.00
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam 0.15 25 0 0.00
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam 0.20 30 2 12.00
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon 0.80 10 5 40.00
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon 0.10 20 5 10.00

TocalculatetheAveragecostofaparticularBrandofbulb.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Typethebrandname: sunbeam

TheAveragecost ofsunbeamis: 1.24 =DAVERAGE(B3:I19,F3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionexaminesalistofinformationandproducesandaverage.

Syntax
=DAVERAGE(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
TheDatabaseRangeistheentirelistofinformationyouneedtoexamine,includingthe
fieldnamesatthetopofthecolumns.
TheFieldNameisthename,orcell,ofthevaluestobeaveraged,suchas"UnitCost"orF3.
TheCriteriaRangeismadeupoftwotypesofinformation.
Thefirstsetofinformationisthename,ornames,oftheFields(s)tobeusedasthebasis
forselectingtherecords,suchasthecategoryBrandorWattage.
DAVERAGE
Thesecondsetofinformationistheactualrecord,orrecords,whicharetobeselected,such
asHorizonasabrandname,or100asthewattage.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Examples

The average Unit Cost of a particular Product of a particular Brand.

Product Brand
Bulb Horizon

TheaverageofHorizonBulbis: 1.16 =DAVERAGE(B3:I19,F3,E49:F50)

Thisisthesamecalculationbutusingtheactualname"UnitCost"insteadofthecelladdress.

1.16 =DAVERAGE(B3:I19,"UnitCost",E49:F50)

The average Unit Cost of a Bulb equal to a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb 100

AverageofBulb100is: 0.53 =DAVERAGE(B3:I19,"UnitCost",E60:F61)

The average Unit Cost of a Bulb less then a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb <100

AverageofBulb<100is: 0.17 =DAVERAGE(B3:I19,"UnitCost",E67:F68)

DAY
FullDate TheDay
25Dec98 25 =DAY(C4)
6May09 Sat6 =DAY(C5)
6May09 6 =DAY(C6)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionextractsthedayofthemonthfromacompletedate.

Syntax
=DAY(value)

Formatting
Normallytheresultwillbeanumber,butthiscanbeformattedtoshowtheactual
dayoftheweekbyusingFormat,Cells,Number,Customandusingthecodedddordddd.

Example
The=DAYfunctionhasbeenusedtocalculatethenameofthedayforyourbirthday.

Pleaseenteryourdateofbirthintheformatdd/mm/yy : 3/25/1962
Youwerebornon: Thursday25 =DAY(F21)
DAYS360
StartDate EndDate DaysBetween * See the Note below.
1Jan98 5Jan98 4 =DAYS360(C4,D4,TRUE)
1Jan98 1Feb98 30 =DAYS360(C5,D5,TRUE)
1Jan98 31Mar98 89 =DAYS360(C6,D6,TRUE)
1Jan98 31Dec98 359 =DAYS360(C7,D7,TRUE)

What Does It Do?

Showsthenumberofdaysbetweentwodatesbasedona360dayyear(twelve30daymonths).
Usethisfunctionifyouraccountingsystemisbasedontwelve30daymonths.

Syntax
=DAYS360(StartDate,EndDate,TRUEofFALSE)
TRUE:UsethisforEuropeanaccountingsystems.
FALSE:UsethisforUSAaccountingsystems.

Formatting
Theresultwillbeshownasanumber.

Note
Thecalculationdoesnotincludethelastday.Theresultofusing1Jan98and5Jan98will
givearesultof4.Tocorrectthisadd1totheresult.=DAYS360(Start,End,TRUE)+1
DB
PurchasePrice: 5,000
LifeinYears: 5
Salvagevalue: 200

Year Deprecation
1 2,375.00 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D8)
2 1,246.88 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D9)
3 654.61 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D10)
4 343.67 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D11)
5 180.43 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D12)

TotalDepreciation: 4,800.58 * See example 4 below.

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatesdeprecationbaseduponafixedpercentage.
Thefirstyearisdepreciatedbythefixedpercentage.
Thesecondyearusesthesamepercentage,butusestheoriginalvalueoftheitemless
thefirstyearsdepreciation.
Anysubsequentyearsusethesamepercentage,usingtheoriginalvalueoftheitemless
thedepreciationofthepreviousyears.
Thepercentageusedinthedepreciationisnotsetbytheuser,thefunctioncalculates
thenecessarypercentage,whichwillbevarybaseduponthevaluesinputtedbytheuser.

Anadditionalfeatureofthisfunctionistheabilitytotakeintoaccountwhentheitemwas
originallypurchased.
Iftheitemwaspurchasedpartwaythroughthefinancialyear,thefirstyearsdepreciation
willbebasedontheremainingpartoftheyear.

Syntax
=DB(PurchasePrice,SalvageValue,Life,PeriodToCalculate,FirstYearMonth)
TheFirstYearMonthisthemonthinwhichtheitemwaspurchasedduringthe
firstfinancialyear.Thisisanoptionalvalue,ifitnotusedthefunctionwillassume12as
thevalue.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example 1
Thisexampleshowsthepercentageusedinthedepreciation.
DB
Year1depreciationisbasedupontheoriginalPurchasePricealone.
Year2depreciationisbasedupontheoriginalPurchasePriceminusYear1deprecation.
Year3deprecationisbaseduponoriginalPurchasePriceminusYear1+Year2deprecation.
The%Deprchasbeencalculatedpurelytodemonstratewhat%isbeingused.

PurchasePrice: 5,000
Salvagevalue: 1,000
LifeinYears: 5

Year Deprecation %Deprc

1 1,375.00 27.50%
2 996.88 27.50%
3 722.73 27.50%
4 523.98 27.50%
5 379.89 27.50%
=DB(E47,E48,E49,D56)

TotalDepreciation: 3,998.48

Example 2
Thisexampleissimilartotheprevious,withtheexceptionofthedeprecationbeingcalculated
onamonthlybasis.Thishasbeendonebymultiplyingtheyearsby12.

PurchasePrice: 5,000
LifeinYears: 5
Salvagevalue: 100

Month Deprecation
56 8.79
57 8.24
58 7.72
59 7.23
60 6.78
=DB(E66,E68,E67*12,D75)

Example 3
Thisexampleshowshowthelengthofthefirstyearsownershiphasbeentakenintoaccount.
DB
PurchasePrice: 5,000
LifeinYears: 5
Salvagevalue: 1,000
FirstYearOwnershipInMonths: 6

Year Deprecation %Deprc

1 687.50 13.75%
2 1,185.94 27.50%
3 859.80 27.50%
4 623.36 27.50%
5 451.93 27.50%
=DB(E74,E76,E75,D84,E77)

TotalDepreciation: 3,808.54

Why Is The Answer Wrong ?

Inalloftheexamplesabovethetotaldepreceationmaynotbeexactlytheexpectedvalue.
Thisisduetothewayinwhichthepercentagevalueforthedepreceationhasbeencalculated
bythe=DB()fumction.
ThepercentagerateiscalculatedbyExeclusingtheformula=1((salvage/cost)^(1/life)).
Theresultofthiscalculationisthenroundedtothreedecimalplaces.
Althoughthisroundingmayonlymakeaminorchangetothepercentagerate,whenapplied
tolargevalues,thediffernceiscompoundedresultinginwhatcouldbeconsideredas
approximatevaluesforthethedepreceation.

Example 4
ThisexamplehasbeencreatedwithboththeExcelcalculatedpercentageandthe'real'
percentagecalculatedmanually.
TheExcelDeprecationusesthe=DB()function.
TheRealDeprecationusesamanualcalculation.

Thisisthe'real' deprecationpercentage,calculatedmanually: 27.522034%

=1((E117/E116)^(1/E118))
PurchasePrice: 5,000 =1((salvage/cost)^(1/life)).
Salvagevalue: 1,000
LifeinYears: 5

Excel Real Excel

Year Deprecation Depreciation %Deprc
DB
1 1,375.0000 1,376.1017 27.500%
2 996.8750 997.3705 27.500%
3 722.7344 722.8739 27.500%
4 523.9824 523.9243 27.500%
5 379.8873 379.7297 27.500%

TotalDepreciation: 3,998.48 4,000.00

Errordifference: 1.52
DCOUNT
This is the Database range.
Life Box Boxes In Value Of
Product Wattage Hours
Brand Unit Cost Quantity Stock Stock
Bulb 200 3000
Horizon 4.50 4 3 54.00
Neon 100 2000
Horizon 2.00 15 2 60.00
Spot 60 0.00
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam 0.80 25 6 120.00
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon 0.20 40 3 24.00
Spot 100 unknown Horizon 1.25 10 4 50.00
Spot 200 3000 Horizon 2.50 15 1 37.50
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam 0.50 10 3 15.00
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam 5.00 3 2 30.00
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam 1.80 20 5 180.00
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam 0.25 10 5 12.50
Bulb 10 800 Horizon 0.20 25 2 10.00
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam 0.15 25 1 3.75
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam 0.20 30 2 12.00
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon 0.80 10 5 40.00
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon 0.10 20 5 10.00

CountthenumberofproductsofaparticularBrandwhichhaveaLifeHoursrating.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Typethebrandname: Horizon

TheCOUNTvalueofHorizonis: 7 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,D3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionexaminesalistofinformationandcountsthevaluesinaspecifiedcolumn.
Itcanonlycountvalues,thetextitemsandblankcellsareignored.

Syntax
=DCOUNT(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
TheDatabaseRangeistheentirelistofinformationyouneedtoexamine,includingthe
fieldnamesatthetopofthecolumns.
TheFieldNameisthename,orcell,ofthevaluestoCount,suchas"ValueOfStock"orI3.
TheCriteriaRangeismadeupoftwotypesofinformation.
Thefirstsetofinformationisthename,ornames,oftheFields(s)tobeusedasthebasis
forselectingtherecords,suchasthecategoryBrandorWattage.
DCOUNT
Thesecondsetofinformationistheactualrecord,orrecords,whicharetobeselected,such
asHorizonasabrandname,or100asthewattage.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Examples

The count of a particular product, with a specific number of boxes in stock.

BoxesIn
Product Stock
Bulb 5

Thenumberofproductsis: 3 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,H3,E50:F51)

Thisisthesamecalculationbutusingthename"BoxesInStock"insteadofthecelladdress.

3 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,"BoxesInStock",E50:F51)

The count of the number of Bulb products equal to a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb 100

Thecountis: 2 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,"BoxesInStock",E61:F62)

The count of Bulb products between two Wattage values.

Product Wattage Wattage

Bulb >=80 <=100

Thecountis: 4 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,"BoxesInStock",E68:G69)
DCOUNTA
This is the Database range.
Life Box Boxes In Value Of
Product Wattage Hours
Brand Unit Cost Quantity Stock Stock
Bulb 200 3000
Horizon 4.50 4 3 54.00
Neon 100 2000
Horizon 2.00 15 2 60.00
Spot 60 0.00
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam 0.80 25 6 120.00
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon 0.20 40 3 24.00
Spot 100 unknown Horizon 1.25 10 4 50.00
Spot 200 3000 Horizon 2.50 15 1 37.50
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam 0.50 10 3 15.00
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam 5.00 3 2 30.00
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam 1.80 20 5 180.00
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam 0.25 10 5 12.50
Bulb 10 800 Horizon 0.20 25 2 10.00
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam 0.15 25 1 3.75
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam 0.20 30 2 12.00
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon 0.80 10 5 40.00
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon 0.10 20 5 10.00

CountthenumberofproductsofaparticularBrand.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Typethebrandname: Horizon

TheCOUNTvalueofHorizonis: 8 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,E3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionexaminesalistofinformationandcountsthenonblankcellsinaspecifiedcolumn.
Itcountsvaluesandtextitems,butblankcellsareignored.

Syntax
=DCOUNTA(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
TheDatabaseRangeistheentirelistofinformationyouneedtoexamine,includingthe
fieldnamesatthetopofthecolumns.
TheFieldNameisthename,orcell,ofthevaluestoCount,suchas"ValueOfStock"orI3.
TheCriteriaRangeismadeupoftwotypesofinformation.
Thefirstsetofinformationisthename,ornames,oftheFields(s)tobeusedasthebasis
forselectingtherecords,suchasthecategoryBrandorWattage.
DCOUNTA
Thesecondsetofinformationistheactualrecord,orrecords,whicharetobeselected,such
asHorizonasabrandname,or100asthewattage.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Examples

The count of a product with an unknown Life Hours value.

Product LifeHours
Bulb unknown

Thenumberofproductsis: 1 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,D3,E50:F51)

Thisisthesamecalculationbutusingthename"LifeHours"insteadofthecelladdress.

1 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,"LifeHours",E50:F51)

The count of the number of particular product of a specific brand.

Product Brand
Bulb Horizon

Thecountis: 5 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,"Product",E61:F62)

The count of particular products from specific brands.

Product Brand
Spot Horizon
Neon Sunbeam

Thecountis: 3 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,"Product",E68:F70)
DEC2BIN
DecimalNumber BinaryEquivalent
0 0 =DEC2BIN(C4)
1 1 =DEC2BIN(C5)
2 10 =DEC2BIN(C6)
3 11 =DEC2BIN(C7)
511 111111111 =DEC2BIN(C8)
512 #NUM! =DEC2BIN(C9)
1 1111111111 =DEC2BIN(C10)
2 1111111110 =DEC2BIN(C11)
3 1111111101 =DEC2BIN(C12)
511 1000000001 =DEC2BIN(C13)
512 1000000000 =DEC2BIN(C14)

DecimalNumber PlacesToPad BinaryEquivalent

1 1 1 =DEC2BIN(C17,D17)
1 2 01 =DEC2BIN(C18,D18)
1 3 001 =DEC2BIN(C19,D19)
1 9 000000001 =DEC2BIN(C20,D20)
1 1 1111111111 =DEC2BIN(C21,D21)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionconvertsadecimalnumbertoitsbinaryequivalent.
Itcanonlycopewithdecimalsrangingfrom512to511.
Theresultcanbepaddedwithleading0zeros,althoughthisisignoredfornegatives.

Syntax
=DEC2BIN(DecimalNumber,PlacesToPad)
ThePlacesToPadisoptional.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
DEC2HEX
DecimalNumber Hexadecimal
0 0 =DEC2HEX(C4)
1 1 =DEC2HEX(C5)
2 2 =DEC2HEX(C6)
3 3 =DEC2HEX(C7)
25 19 =DEC2HEX(C8)
26 1A =DEC2HEX(C9)
27 1B =DEC2HEX(C10)
28 1C =DEC2HEX(C11)
1 FFFFFFFFFF =DEC2HEX(C12)
2 FFFFFFFFFE =DEC2HEX(C13)
3 FFFFFFFFFD =DEC2HEX(C14)
2 FFFFFFFFFE =DEC2HEX(C15)
1 FFFFFFFFFF =DEC2HEX(C16)
549,755,813,887 7FFFFFFFFF =DEC2HEX(C17)
549,755,813,888 8000000000 =DEC2HEX(C18)
549,755,813,888 #NUM! =DEC2HEX(C19)
549,755,813,889 #NUM! =DEC2HEX(C20)

DecimalNumber PlacesToPad Hexadecimal

1 1 1 =DEC2HEX(C23,D23)
1 2 01 =DEC2HEX(C24,D24)
26 3 01A =DEC2HEX(C25,D25)
26 9 00000001A =DEC2HEX(C26,D26)
26 1 FFFFFFFFE6 =DEC2HEX(C27,D27)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionconvertsadecimalnumbertoitshexadecimalequivalent.
Itcanonlycopewithdecimalsrangingfrom549,755,813,888to549,755,813,887.
Theresultcanbepaddedwithleading0zeros,althoughthisisignoredfornegatives.

Syntax
=DEC2HEX(DecimalNumber,PlacesToPad)
ThePlacesToPadisoptional.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
DELTA
Number1 Number2 Delta
10 20 0 =DELTA(C4,D4)
50 50 1 =DELTA(C5,D5)
17.5 17.5 1 =DELTA(C6,D6)
17.5 18 1 =DELTA(C7,D7)
17.50% 0.175 1 =DELTA(C8,D8)
Hello Hello #VALUE! =DELTA(C9,D9)
1 =DELTA(C10,D10)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncomparestwovaluesandtestswhethertheyareexactlythesame.
Ifthenumbersarethesametheresultwillbe1,otherwisetheresultis0.
Itonlyworkswithnumbers,textvaluesproducearesultof#VALUE.
Theformattingofthenumberisnotsignificant,sonumberswhichappearroundeddue
totheremovalofdecimalplaceswillstillmatchcorrectlywithnonroundedvalues.

Syntax
=DELTA(FirstNumber,SecondNumber)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtableisusedtodeterminehowmaypairsofsimilarnumbersareinalist.
The=DELTA()functiontestseachpairandthenthe=SUM()functiontotalsthem.

Number1 Number2 Delta

10 20 0 =DELTA(C30,D30)
50 50 1 =DELTA(C31,D31)
30 30 1 =DELTA(C32,D32)
17.5 18 1 =DELTA(C33,D33)
12 8 0 =DELTA(C34,D34)
100 100 1 =DELTA(C35,D35)
150 125 0 =DELTA(C36,D36)
TotalPairs 4 =SUM(E30:E36)
DGET
This is the Database range.
Life Box Boxes In Value Of
Product Wattage Hours
Brand Unit Cost Quantity Stock Stock
Bulb 200 3000
Horizon 4.50 4 3 54.00
Neon 100 2000
Horizon 2.00 15 2 60.00
Spot 60 0.00
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam 0.80 25 6 120.00
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon 0.20 40 3 24.00
Spot 100 unknown Horizon 1.25 10 4 50.00
Spot 200 3000 Horizon 2.50 15 1 37.50
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam 0.50 10 3 15.00
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam 5.00 3 2 30.00
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam 1.80 20 5 180.00
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam 0.25 10 5 12.50
Bulb 10 800 Horizon 0.20 25 2 10.00
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam 0.15 25 1 3.75
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam 0.20 30 2 12.00
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon 0.80 10 5 40.00
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon 0.10 20 5 10.00

Howmanyboxesofaparticularitemdowehaveinstock?

Life
Product Wattage Hours Brand
Bulb 100 Horizon

Thenumberinstock is: 5 =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C23:F24)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionexaminesalistofinformationandproducesoneresult.
Ifmorethanonerecordmatchesthecriteriatheerror#NUMisshown.
Ifnorecordsmatchthecriteriatheerror#VALUEisshown.

Syntax
=DGET(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
TheDatabaseRangeistheentirelistofinformationyouneedtoexamine,includingthe
fieldnamesatthetopofthecolumns.
TheFieldNameisthename,orcell,ofthevaluestoGet,suchas"ValueOfStock"orI3.
TheCriteriaRangeismadeupoftwotypesofinformation.
DGET
Thefirstsetofinformationisthename,ornames,oftheFields(s)tobeusedasthebasis
forselectingtherecords,suchasthecategoryBrandorWattage.
Thesecondsetofinformationistheactualrecordwhichneedstobeselected,such
asHorizonasabrandname,or100asthewattage.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example 1
Thisexampleextractsinformationfromjustonerecord.

Howmanyboxesofaparticularitemdowehaveinstock?

Life
Product Wattage Hours Brand
Bulb 100 Horizon

Thenumberinstock is: 5 =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C51:F52)

Example 2
Thisexampleextractsinformationfrommultiplerecordsandthereforeshowsthe#NUMerror.

Howmanyboxesofaparticularitemdowehaveinstock?

Life
Product Wattage Hours Brand
Bulb 100

Thenumberinstock is: #NUM! =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C63:F64)

Example 3
Thisexampleextractsinformationfromnorecordsandthereforeshowsthe#VALUEerror.

Howmanyboxesofaparticularitemdowehaveinstock?

Life
Product Wattage Hours Brand
DGET
Bulb 9999

Thenumberinstock is: #VALUE! =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C64:F65)

Example 4
Thisexampleusesthe=IF()functiontodisplayamessagewhenanerroroccurs.

Howmanyboxesofaparticularitemdowehaveinstock?

Life
Product Wattage Hours Brand
Bulb 9999

Thenumberinstock is: #VALUE! =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C85:F86)

Nosuchproduct.
=IF(ISERR(F88),CHOOSE(ERROR.TYPE(F88)/3,"Nosuchproduct.","Duplicatesproductsfound."),"Oneproductfound.")
DMAX
This is the Database range.
Life Box Boxes In Value Of
Product Wattage Hours
Brand Unit Cost Quantity Stock Stock
Bulb 200 3000
Horizon 4.50 4 3 54.00
Neon 100 2000
Horizon 2.00 15 2 60.00
Spot 60 0.00
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam 0.80 25 6 120.00
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon 0.20 40 3 24.00
Spot 100 unknown Horizon 1.25 10 4 50.00
Spot 200 3000 Horizon 2.50 15 0 0.00
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam 0.50 10 3 15.00
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam 5.00 3 2 30.00
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam 1.80 20 5 180.00
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam 0.25 10 5 12.50
Bulb 10 800 Horizon 0.20 25 2 10.00
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam 0.15 25 0 0.00
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam 0.20 30 2 12.00
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon 0.80 10 5 40.00
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon 0.10 20 5 10.00

TocalculatelargestValueOfStockofaparticularBrandofbulb.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Typethebrandname: Horizon

TheMAXvalueofHorizonis: 60.00 =DMAX(B3:I19,I3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionexaminesalistofinformationandproducesthelargestvaluefromaspecifiedcolumn.

Syntax
=DMAX(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
TheDatabaseRangeistheentirelistofinformationyouneedtoexamine,includingthe
fieldnamesatthetopofthecolumns.
TheFieldNameisthenameorcell,ofthevaluestopicktheMaxfrom,suchas"ValueOfStock"orI3.
TheCriteriaRangeismadeupoftwotypesofinformation.
Thefirstsetofinformationisthename,ornames,oftheFields(s)tobeusedasthebasis
forselectingtherecords,suchasthecategoryBrandorWattage.
DMAX
Thesecondsetofinformationistheactualrecord,orrecords,whicharetobeselected,such
asHorizonasabrandname,or100asthewattage.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Examples

The largest Value Of Stock of a particular Product of a particular Brand.

Product Brand
Bulb sunbeam

Thelargestvalueis: 30.00 =DMAX(B3:I19,I3,E49:F50)

Thisisthesamecalculationbutusingthename"ValueOfStock"insteadofthecelladdress.

30.00 =DMAX(B3:I19,"ValueOfStock",E49:F50)

The largest Value Of Stock of a Bulb equal to a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb 100

ThelargestValueOfStock is: 40.00 =DMAX(B3:I19,"ValueOfStock",E60:F61)

The largest Value Of Stock of a Bulb less than a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb <100

ThelargestValueOfStock is: 24.00 =DMAX(B3:I19,"ValueOfStock",E67:F68)

DMIN
This is the Database range.
Life Box Boxes In Value Of
Product Wattage Hours
Brand Unit Cost Quantity Stock Stock
Bulb 200 3000
Horizon 4.50 4 3 54.00
Neon 100 2000
Horizon 2.00 15 2 60.00
Spot 60 0.00
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam 0.80 25 6 120.00
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon 0.20 40 3 24.00
Spot 100 unknown Horizon 1.25 10 4 50.00
Spot 200 3000 Horizon 2.50 15 1 37.50
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam 0.50 10 3 15.00
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam 5.00 3 2 30.00
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam 1.80 20 5 180.00
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam 0.25 10 5 12.50
Bulb 10 800 Horizon 0.20 25 2 10.00
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam 0.15 25 1 3.75
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam 0.20 30 2 12.00
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon 0.80 10 5 40.00
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon 0.10 20 5 10.00

TocalculatelowestValueOfStockofaparticularBrandofbulb.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Typethebrandname: Horizon

TheMINvalueofHorizonis: 10.00 =DMIN(B3:I19,I3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionexaminesalistofinformationandproducessmallestvaluefromaspecifiedcolumn.

Syntax
=DMIN(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
TheDatabaseRangeistheentirelistofinformationyouneedtoexamine,includingthe
fieldnamesatthetopofthecolumns.
TheFieldNameisthename,orcell,ofthevaluestopicktheMinfrom,suchas"ValueOfStock"orI3.
TheCriteriaRangeismadeupoftwotypesofinformation.
Thefirstsetofinformationisthename,ornames,oftheFields(s)tobeusedasthebasis
forselectingtherecords,suchasthecategoryBrandorWattage.
DMIN
Thesecondsetofinformationistheactualrecord,orrecords,whicharetobeselected,such
asHorizonasabrandname,or100asthewattage.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Examples

The lowest Value Of Stock of a particular Product of a particular Brand.

Product Brand
Bulb sunbeam

Thelowestvalueis: 3.75 =DMIN(B3:I19,I3,E49:F50)

Thisisthesamecalculationbutusingthename"ValueOfStock"insteadofthecelladdress.

3.75 =DMIN(B3:I19,"ValueOfStock",E49:F50)

The lowest Value Of Stock of a Bulb equal to a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb 100

ThelowestValueOfStock is: 12.50 =DMIN(B3:I19,"ValueOfStock",E60:F61)

The lowest Value Of Stock of a Bulb between two Wattage values.

Product Wattage Wattage

Bulb >=80 <=100

ThelowestValueOfStock is: 12.00 =DMIN(B3:I19,"ValueOfStock",E67:G68)

DOLLAR
Original Converted
Number ToText
10 10.00 =DOLLAR(C4)
10 10 =DOLLAR(C5,0)
10 10.0 =DOLLAR(C6,1)
10 10.00 =DOLLAR(C7,2)
10.25 10.25 =DOLLAR(C8)
10.25 10 =DOLLAR(C9,0)
10.25 10.3 =DOLLAR(C10,1)
10.25 10.25 =DOLLAR(C11,2)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionconvertsanumberintoapieceoftextformattedascurrency.

Syntax
=DOLLAR(Number,DecimalPlaces)
Number:Thisisthenumberwhichneedstobeconverted.
DecimalPlaces:Thisistheamountofdecimalplacesneededintheconvertednumber.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
Theresultwillbeshownasatextentry.
DSUM
This is the Database range.
Life Box Boxes In Value Of
Product Wattage Hours
Brand Unit Cost Quantity Stock Stock
Bulb 200 3000
Horizon 4.50 4 3 54.00
Neon 100 2000
Horizon 2.00 15 2 60.00
Spot 60 0.00
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam 0.80 25 6 120.00
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon 0.20 40 3 24.00
Spot 100 unknown Horizon 1.25 10 4 50.00
Spot 200 3000 Horizon 2.50 15 0 0.00
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam 0.50 10 3 15.00
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam 5.00 3 2 30.00
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam 1.80 20 5 180.00
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam 0.25 10 5 12.50
Bulb 10 800 Horizon 0.20 25 2 10.00
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam 0.15 25 0 0.00
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam 0.20 30 2 12.00
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon 0.80 10 5 40.00
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon 0.10 20 5 10.00

TocalculatethetotalValueOfStockofaparticularBrandofbulb.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Typethebrandname: Horizon

Thestock valueofHorizonis: 248.00 =DSUM(B3:I19,I3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionexaminesalistofinformationandproducesthetotal.

Syntax
=DSUM(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
TheDatabaseRangeistheentirelistofinformationyouneedtoexamine,includingthe
fieldnamesatthetopofthecolumns.
TheFieldNameisthename,orcell,ofthevaluestobetotalled,suchas"ValueOfStock"orI3.
TheCriteriaRangeismadeupoftwotypesofinformation.
Thefirstsetofinformationisthename,ornames,oftheFields(s)tobeusedasthebasis
forselectingtherecords,suchasthecategoryBrandorWattage.
DSUM
Thesecondsetofinformationistheactualrecord,orrecords,whicharetobeselected,such
asHorizonasabrandname,or100asthewattage.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Examples

The total Value Of Stock of a particular Product of a particular Brand.

Product Brand
Bulb sunbeam

Totalstock valueis: 54.50 =DSUM(B3:I19,I3,E49:F50)

Thisisthesamecalculationbutusingthename"ValueOfStock"insteadofthecelladdress.

54.50 =DSUM(B3:I19,"ValueOfStock",E49:F50)

The total Value Of Stock of a Bulb equal to a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb 100

TotalValueOfStock is: 52.50 =DSUM(B3:I19,"ValueOfStock",E60:F61)

The total Value Of Stock of a Bulb less than a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb <100

TotalValueOfStock is: 56.00 =DSUM(B3:I19,"ValueOfStock",E67:F68)

Easterndata.
Usedbytheexampleforthe=INDIRECT()function.

Jan Feb Mar Total

Alan 1000 2000 3000 6000
Bob 4000 5000 6000 15000
Carol 7000 8000 9000 24000
Total 12000 15000 18000 45000
EDATE
StartDate PlusMonths EndDate
1Jan98 3 1Apr98 =EDATE(C4,D4)
2Jan98 3 2Apr98 =EDATE(C5,D5)
2Jan98 3 2Oct97 =EDATE(C6,D6)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionisusedtocalculateadatewhichisaspecificnumberofmonthsinthepastor
inthefuture.

Syntax
=EDATE(StartDate,Months)

Formatting
Theresultwillnormallybeexpressedasanumber,thiscanbeformattedtorepresent
adatebyusingtheFormat,Cells,Number,Datecommand.

Example
Thisexamplewasusedbyacompanyhiringcontractstaff.
Thecompanyneededtoknowtheenddateoftheemployment.
TheStartdateisentered.
ThecontractDurationisenteredasmonths.
The=EDATE()functionhasbeenusedtocalculatetheendofthecontract.

Start Duration End

Tue06Jan98 3 Mon06Apr98 =EDATE(C27,D27)
Mon12Jan98 3 Sun12Apr98 =EDATE(C28,D28)
Fri09Jan98 4 Sat09May98 =EDATE(C29,D29)
Fri09Jan98 3 Thu09Apr98 =EDATE(C30,D30)
Mon19Jan98 3 Sun19Apr98 =EDATE(C31,D31)
Mon26Jan98 3 Sun26Apr98 =EDATE(C32,D32)
Mon12Jan98 3 Sun12Apr98 =EDATE(C33,D33)

ThecompanydecidenottoendcontractsonSaturdayorSunday.
The=WEEKDAY()functionhasbeenusedtoidentifytheactaulweekdaynumberoftheenddate.
Iftheweekdaynumberis6or7,(SatorSun),then5issubtractedfromthe=EDATE()to
ensuretheendofcontractfallsonaFriday.

Start Duration End

EDATE
Tue06Jan98 3 Mon06Apr98
Mon12Jan98 3 Fri10Apr98
Fri09Jan98 4 Fri08May98
Fri09Jan98 3 Thu09Apr98
Mon19Jan98 3 Fri17Apr98
Mon26Jan98 3 Fri24Apr98
Mon12Jan98 3 Fri10Apr98

=EDATE(C48,D48)IF(WEEKDAY(EDATE(C48,D48),2)>5,WEEKDAY(EDATE(C48,D48),2)5,0)
EOMONTH
StartDate PlusMonths EndOfMonth
5Jan98 2 35885 =EOMONTH(C4,D4)
5Jan98 2 31Mar98 =EOMONTH(C5,D5)
5Jan98 2 30Nov97 =EOMONTH(C6,D6)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionwillshowthelastdayofthemonthwhichisaspecifiednumberofmonths
beforeorafteragivendate.

Syntax
=EOMONTH(StartDate,Months)

Formatting
Theresultwillnormallybeexpressedasanumber,thiscanbeformattedtorepresent
adatebyusingtheFormat,Cells,Number,Datecommand.
ERROR.TYPE
Data TheError ErrorType
10 0 #DIV/0! 2 =ERROR.TYPE(E4)
10 3 #NAME? 5 =ERROR.TYPE(E5)
10 3 #REF! 4 =ERROR.TYPE(E6)
10:00 13:00 ############## #N/A =ERROR.TYPE(E7)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionwillshowanumberwhichcorrespondstoanerrorproducedbyaformula.

Syntax
=ERROR.TYPE(Error)
Erroristhecellreferencewheretheerroroccurred.

Formatting
Theresultwillbeformattedasanormalnumber.

Example
SeeExample4inthe=DGET()function.
EVEN
OriginalValue EvenlyRounded
1 2 =EVEN(C4)
1.2 2 =EVEN(C5)
2.3 4 =EVEN(C6)
25 26 =EVEN(C7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionroundanumberupthenearestevenwholenumber.

Syntax
=EVEN(Number)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtableisusedbyagaragewhichrepairscars.
Thegarageisrepairingafleetofcarsfromthreemanufactures.
Eachmanufacturerusesadifferenttypeofwindscreenwiperwhichareonlysuppliedinpairs.

Table1wasusedtoenterthenumberofwipersrequiredforeachtypeofcar
andthenshowhowmanypairsneedtobeordered.

Table1
Car WipersToOrder PairstoOrder
Vauxhall 5 3 =EVEN(D28)/2
Ford 9 5 =EVEN(D29)/2
Peugeot 7 4 =EVEN(D30)/2
EXACT
Text1 Text2 Result
Hello Hello TRUE =EXACT(C4,D4)
Hello hello FALSE =EXACT(C5,D5)
Hello Goodbye FALSE =EXACT(C6,D6)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctioncomparestwoitemsoftextanddeterminewhethertheyareexactlythesame.
Thecaseofthecharactersistakenintoaccount,onlywordswhicharespeltthesameand
whichhaveupperandlowercasecharactersinthesamepositionwillbeconsideredasequal.

Syntax
=EXACT(Text1,Text2)
Onlytwoitemsoftextcanbecompared.

Formatting
IfthetwoitemsoftextareexactlythesametheresultofTRUEwillbeshown.
IfthereisanydifferenceinthetwoitemsoftexttheresultofFALSEwillbeshown.

Example
Hereisasimplepasswordcheckingformula.
Youneedtoguessthecorrectpassword.
Thepasswordisthenameofacolour,eitherredblueorgreen.
Thecaseofthepasswordisimportant.
The=EXACT()functionisusedtocheckyourguess.

Guessthepassword: red
Isitcorrect: No

(Tostopyoufromcheating,thecorrectpasswordhasbeenenteredasaseriesof=CHAR()
functions,whichusetheANSInumberofthecharactersratherthanthecharacteritself!)
Itsstillveryeasythough.
FACT
Number Factorial
3 6 =FACT(C4)
3.5 6 =FACT(C5)
5 120 =FACT(C6)
10 3,628,800 =FACT(C7)
20 2,432,902,008,176,640,000 =FACT(C8)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatesthefactorialofanumber.
Thefactorialiscalculatedas1*2*3*4..etc.
Thefactorialof5iscalculatedas1*2*3*4*5,whichresultsin120.
Decimalfractionsofthenumberareignored.

Syntax
=FACT(Number)

Formatting.
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
FIND
Text LetterToFind PositionOfLetter
Hello e 2 =FIND(D4,C4)
Hello H 1 =FIND(D5,C5)
Hello o 5 =FIND(D6,C6)
AlanWilliams a 3 =FIND(D7,C7)
AlanWilliams a 11 =FIND(D8,C8,6)
AlanWilliams T #VALUE! =FIND(D9,C9)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionlooksforaspecifiedletterinsideanotherpieceoftext.
Whentheletterisfoundthepositionisshownasanumber.
Ifthetextcontainsmorethanonereferencetotheletter,thefirstoccurrenceisused.
Anadditionaloptioncanbeusedtostartthesearchataspecificpointinthetext,thus
enablingthesearchtofindduplicateoccurrencesoftheletter.
Iftheletterisnotfoundinthetext,theresult#VALUEisshown.

Syntax
=FIND(LetterToLookFor,TextToLookInside,StartPosition)
LetterToLookFor:Thisneedstobeasinglecharacter.
TextToLookInside:Thisisthepieceoftexttobesearchedthrough.
StartPosition:Thisisoptional,itspecifiesatwhichpointinthetextthesearchshouldbegin.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded,theresultwillbeshownasanumber.
FIXED
Original Converted
Number ToText
10 10.00 =FIXED(C4)
10 10 =FIXED(C5,0)
10 10.0 =FIXED(C6,1)
10 10.00 =FIXED(C7,2)
10.25 10.25 =FIXED(C8)
10.25 10 =FIXED(C9,0)
10.25 10.3 =FIXED(C10,1)
10.25 10.25 =FIXED(C11,2)
1000 1,000.00 =FIXED(C12)
1000.23 1,000 =FIXED(C13,0)
1000.23 1000 =FIXED(C14,0,TRUE)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionconvertsanumericvaluetotext.
Duringtheconversionthevaluecanberoundedtoaspecificnumberofdecimalplaces,
andcommascanbeinsertedatthe1,000's.

Syntax
=FIXED(NumberToConvert,DecimalPlaces,Commas)
IfDecimalPlacesplacesisnotspecifiedthefunctionwillassume2.
TheCommasoptioncanbeTRUEforcommasorFALSEfornocommas.
IftheCommasisnotspecifiedthefunctionwillassumeTRUE.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
NotethatanyfurtherformattingwiththeFormat,Cells,Numbercommandwillnothaveanyeffect.
FLOOR
Number RoundedDown
1.5 1 =FLOOR(C4,1)
2.3 2 =FLOOR(C5,1)
2.9 2 =FLOOR(C6,1)
123 100 =FLOOR(C7,50)
145 100 =FLOOR(C8,50)
175 150 =FLOOR(C9,50)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionroundsavaluedowntothenearestmultiplespecifiedbytheuser.

Syntax
=FLOOR(NumberToRound,SignificantValue)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedtocalculatecommissionformembersofasalesteam.
Commissionisonlypaidforevery1000ofsales.
The=FLOOR()functionhasbeenusedtorounddowntheActualSalestothe
nearest1000,whichisthenusedasthebasisforCommission.

Name ActualSales RelevantSales Commission

Alan 23,500 23,000 230
Bob 56,890 56,000 560
Carol 18,125 18,000 180
=FLOOR(D29,1000)
FORECAST
Month Sales
1 1,000
2 2,000
3 2,500
4 3,500
5 3,800
6 4,000

Typethemonthnumbertopredict: 12
TheForecastsalesfigureis: 7,997 =FORECAST(E11,F4:F9,E4:E9)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionusestwosetsofvaluestopredictasinglevalue.
Thepredictedvalueisbasedontherelationshipbetweenthetwooriginalsetsofvalues.
Ifthevaluesaresalesfiguresformonths1to6,(JantoJun),youcanusethefunction
topredictwhatthesalesfigurewillbeinanyothermonth.
ThewayinwhichthepredictioniscalculatedisbasedupontheassumptionofaLinearTrend.

Syntax
=FORECAST(ItemToForeCast,RangeY,RangeX)
ItemToForecastisthepointinthefuture,(orpast),forwhichyouneedtheforecast.
RangeYisthelistofvalueswhichcontainthehistoricaldatatobeusedasthebasis
oftheforecast,suchasSalesfigures.
RangeXistheintervalsusedwhenrecordingthehistoricaldata,suchasMonthnumber.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyacompanyconsideringexpansionoftheirsalesteam.
TheSizeandPerformanceofthepreviousteamsoveraperiodofthreeyearswereentered.
ThesizeoftheNewSalesteamisentered.
The=FORECAST()functionisusedtocalculatethepredictedperformanceforthenewsales
teambaseduponalineartrend.

SizeOf Known
Year SalesTeam Performance
1996 10 5,000
FORECAST
1997 20 8,000
1998 30 8,500

SizeOfTheNewSalesTeam: 40
EstimatedForecastOfPerformance: 10,667 =FORECAST(E43,E39:E41,D39:D41)
FREQUENCY
Jan Feb Mar
North 5,000 6,000 4,500
South 5,800 7,000 3,000
East 3,500 2,000 10,000
West 12,000 4,000 6,000

Sales4,000andbelow. 4,000 4 {=FREQUENCY(D4:F7,E9:E11)}

Salesabove4,000upto6,000 6,000 5 {=FREQUENCY(D4:F7,E9:E11)}
Salesabove6,000 999,999 3 {=FREQUENCY(D4:F7,E9:E11)}

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncomparesarangeofdataagainstalistofintervals.
Theresultshowshowmanyitemsintherangeofdatafallbetweentheintervals.
Thefunctionisenteredinthecellsasanarray,thatiswhyitisenclosedin{}braces.

Syntax
=FREQUENCY(RangeOfData,ListOfIntervals)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example 1
Thefollowingtableswereusedtorecordtheweightofagroupofchildren.
The=FREQUENCY()functionwasthenusedtocalculatethenumberofchildrenwhose
weightsfellbetweenspecifiedintervals.

WeightKg NumberOfChildren:
Child1 20.47 Between015Kg 2
Child2 22.83 Above15butlessthanorequalto20Kg 4
Child3 15.74 Above20Kg 3
Child4 10.80 {=FREQUENCY(C30:C38,C41:C43)}
Child5 8.28 {=FREQUENCY(C30:C38,C41:C43)}
Child6 20.66 {=FREQUENCY(C30:C38,C41:C43)}
Child7 17.36
Child8 16.67
Child9 18.01

KgWeightIntervals
15
FREQUENCY
20
100
FREQUENCY
Example 2
Thisexampleusescharactersinsteadofvalues.
Arestauranthasasked40customersfortheirratingofthefoodintherestaurant.
Theratingswereenteredintoatableasasingleletter,E,V,A,PorD.
Themanagernowwantstocalculatehowmanyresponsesfellintoeachcategory.
Unfortunately,the=FREQUENCY()functionignorestextentries,sohowcanthefrequency
oftextbecalculated?

Theansweristousethe=CODE()and=UPPER()functions.
The=UPPER()forcesallthetextentriestobeconsideredascapitalletters.
The=CODE()functioncalculatestheuniqueANSIcodeforeachcharacter.
Asthiscodeisanumericvalue,the=FREQUENCY()functioncanthenbeused!

Rating Frequency
Excellent E 6 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}
VeryGood V 8 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}
Average A 9 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}
Poor P 8 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}
Disgusting D 9 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}

CustomerRatings
V D V A p A D D
V P a D A P V d
A V E P p E D A
A E d V D P a E
V e P P A V E D
FREQUENCY 2
Thisexampleshowshowthe=FREQUENCY()functionhasbeenusedtocalculate
howoftencertainnumbersappearintheLotteryresults.

Table1isarecordofalltheresultsfromthepastsevenweeks.

Table1
Week1 Week2 Week3 Week4 Week5 Week6 Week7
1stNumber 3 36 5 3 2 41 45
2ndNumber 6 3 19 37 23 15 4
3rdNumber 15 44 35 20 47 29 44
4thNumber 32 15 32 46 6 45 23
5thNumber 37 31 13 22 49 13 43
6thNumber 5 22 30 8 49 11 46
BonusBall 17 13 15 25 18 17 1

Table2isthelistofpossiblenumberfrom1to49,andhowmanyappearances
eachnumberhasmadeduringthepastsevenweeks.

Table2
Lottery HowMany
Number Appearances
1 1 {=FREQUENCY(C10:I16,B24:B72)}
2 1 {=FREQUENCY(C10:I16,B24:B72)}
3 3 {=FREQUENCY(C10:I16,B24:B72)}
4 1 {=FREQUENCY(C10:I16,B24:B72)}
5 2
6 2
7 0
8 1
9 0 Specialtip!
10 0 Tocounthowmanyuniquenumbersinarange
11 1 usethefollowingformula.Ithastobeentered,
12 0 asanarray,sopressCtrl+Shift+Enterratherthan,
13 3 justEnteralone.
14 0
15 4 Unique values. 31
16 0
17 2 =SUM(1/COUNTIF(C10:I16,C10:I16))
18 1
FREQUENCY 2
19 1
20 1
21 0
22 2
23 2
24 0
25 1
26 0
27 0
28 0
29 1
30 1
31 1
32 2
33 0
34 0
35 1
36 1
37 2
38 0
39 0
40 0
41 1
42 0
43 1
44 2
45 2
46 2
47 1
48 0
49 2
GCD
Greatest
Numbers Divisor
6 15 3 =GCD(C4,D4)
28 49 7 =GCD(C5,D5)
5 99 1 =GCD(C6,D6)

Greatest
Numbers Divisor
18 72 96 6 =GCD(C9,D9,E9)
300 500 200 100 =GCD(C10,D10,E10)
2.5 4 6 2 =GCD(C11,D11,E11)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatesthelargestnumberwhichcanbeusedtodividedallthe
valuesspecified.
Theresultisalwaysawholenumber.
Wherethereisnocommondivisorthevalueof1isused.
Decimalfractionsareignored.

Syntax
=GCD(Number1,Number2,Number3...throughtoNumber29)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
GESTEP
Number1 Number2 GESTEP
10 20 0 =GESTEP(C4,D4)
50 20 1 =GESTEP(C5,D5)
99 100 0 =GESTEP(C6,D6)
100 100 1 =GESTEP(C7,D7)
101 100 1 =GESTEP(C8,D8)
2 1 =GESTEP(C9,D9)
2 0 =GESTEP(C10,D10)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctiontestanumbertoseeifitisgreaterthanorequaltoanothernumber.
Ifthenumberisgreaterthanorequal,theresultof1willbeshown,otherwise0isshown.

Syntax
=GESTEP(NumberToTest,NumberToTestAgainst)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedtocalculatehowmanysalesstaffachievedtheirtargets.
The=GESTEP()functioncomparestheSaleswithTarget,andtheresultsaretotalled.

Name Sales Target GESTEP

Alan 3,000 4,000 0 =GESTEP(D27,E27)
Bob 5,000 4,000 1 =GESTEP(D28,E28)
Carol 1,000 2,000 0 =GESTEP(D29,E29)
David 2,000 2,000 1 =GESTEP(D30,E30)
Eric 8,000 7,000 1 =GESTEP(D31,E31)

TargetsAchieved 3 =SUM(F27:F31)
HEX2DEC
Hexadecimal DecimalNumber
0 0 =HEX2DEC(C4)
1 1 =HEX2DEC(C5)
2 2 =HEX2DEC(C6)
3 3 =HEX2DEC(C7)
1A 26 =HEX2DEC(C8)
1B 27 =HEX2DEC(C9)
7FFFFFFFFF 549,755,813,887 =HEX2DEC(C10)
8000000000 549,755,813,888 =HEX2DEC(C11)
FFFFFFFFFF 1 =HEX2DEC(C12)
FFFFFFFFFE 2 =HEX2DEC(C13)
FFFFFFFFFD 3 =HEX2DEC(C14)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionconvertsahexadecimalnumbertoitsdecimalequivalent.

Syntax
=HEX2DEC(HexaDecimalNumber)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedtoaddtwohexadecimalvaluestogether.

Hexadecimal
Value1 F
Value2 1A
Result 29 =DEC2HEX(HEX2DEC(C29)+HEX2DEC(C30))
HLOOKUP
Jan Feb Mar row 1 The row numbers are not needed.
10 80 97 row 2 they are part of the illustration.
20 90 69 row 3
30 100 45 row 4
40 110 51 row 5
50 120 77 row 6

Typeamonthtolookfor: Feb
Whichrowneedstobepickedout: 4

Theresultis: 100 =HLOOKUP(F10,D3:F10,F11,FALSE)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionscansacrossthecolumnheadingsatthetopofatabletofindaspecifieditem.
Whentheitemisfound,itthenscansdownthecolumntopickacellentry.

Syntax
=HLOOKUP(ItemToFind,RangeToLookIn,RowToPickFrom,SortedOrUnsorted)
TheItemToFindisasingleitemspecifiedbytheuser.
TheRangeToLookInistherangeofdatawiththecolumnheadingsatthetop.
TheRowToPickFromishowfardownthecolumnthefunctionshouldlooktopickfrom.
TheSorted/Unsortediswhetherthecolumnheadingsaresorted.TRUEforyes,FALSEforno.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
HLOOKUP
Example 1
Thistableisusedtofindavaluebasedonaspecifiedmonthandname.
The=HLOOKUP()isusedtoscanacrosstofindthemonth.
Theproblemariseswhenweneedtoscandowntofindtherowadjacenttothename.
Tosolvetheproblemthe=MATCH()functionisused.

The=MATCH()looksthroughthelistofnamestofindthenamewerequire.Itthencalculates
thepositionofthenameinthelist.Unfortunately,becausethelistofnamesisnotasdeep
asthelookuprange,the=MATCH()numberis1lessthanwerequire,soandextra1is
addedtocompensate.

The=HLOOKUP()nowusesthis=MATCH()numbertolookdownthemonthcolumnand
picksoutthecorrectcellentry.

The=HLOOKUP()usesFALSEattheendofthefunctiontoindicatetoExcelthatthe
columnheadingsarenotsorted,eventhoughtoustheorderofJan,Feb,Mariscorrect.
IftheyweresortedalphabeticallytheywouldhavereadasFeb,Jan,Mar.

Jan Feb Mar

Bob 10 80 97
Eric 20 90 69
Alan 30 100 45
Carol 40 110 51
David 50 120 77

Typeamonthtolookfor: feb
Typeanametolookfor: alan

100
Theresultis:
=HLOOKUP(F54,D47:F54,MATCH(F55,C48:C52,0)+1,FALSE)
HLOOKUP
Example 2
Thisexampleshowshowthe=HLOOKUP()isusedtopickthecostofasparepartfor
differentmakesofcars.
The=HLOOKUP()scansthecolumnheadingsforthemakeofcarspecifiedincolumnB.
Whenthemakeisfound,the=HLOOKUP()thenlooksdownthecolumntotherowspecified
bythe=MATCH()function,whichscansthelistofsparesfortheitemspecifiedincolumnC.

Thefunctionusestheabsoluterangesindicatedbythedollarsymbol$.Thisensuresthat
whentheformulaiscopiedtomorecells,therangesfor=HLOOKUP()and=MATCH()do
notchange.

Maker Spare Cost

Vauxhall Ignition 50 Vauxhall Ford VW
VW GearBox 600 GearBox 500 450 600
Ford Engine 1,200 Engine 1000 1200 800
VW Steering 275 Steering 250 350 275
Ford Ignition 70 Ignition 50 70 45
Ford CYHead 290 CYHead 300 290 310
Vauxhall GearBox 500
Ford Engine 1,200
=HLOOKUP(B79,G72:I77,MATCH(C79,F73:F77,0)+1,FALSE)
HLOOKUP
Example 3
Inthefollowingexampleabuildersmerchantisofferingdiscountonlargeorders.
TheUnitCostTableholdsthecostof1unitofBrick,WoodandGlass.
TheDiscountTableholdsthevariousdiscountsfordifferentquantitiesofeachproduct.
TheOrdersTableisusedtoentertheordersandcalculatetheTotal.

AllthecalculationstakeplaceintheOrdersTable.
ThenameoftheItemistypedincolumnC.

TheUnitCostoftheitemisthenlookedupintheUnitCostTable.
TheFALSEoptionhasbeenusedattheendofthefunctiontoindicatethattheproduct
namesacrossthetopoftheUnitCostTablearenotsorted.
UsingtheFALSEoptionforcesthefunctiontosearchforanexactmatch.Ifamatchis
notfound,thefunctionwillproduceanerror.
=HLOOKUP(C127,E111:G112,2,FALSE)

ThediscountisthenlookedupintheDiscountTable
IftheQuantityOrderedmatchesavalueatthetopoftheDiscountTablethe=HLOOKUPwill
lookdownthecolumntofindthecorrectdiscount.
TheTRUEoptionhasbeenusedattheendofthefunctiontoindicatethatthevalues
acrossthetopoftheDiscountTablearesorted.
UsingTRUEwillallowthefunctiontomakeanapproximatematch.IftheQuantityOrdereddoes
notmatchavalueatthetopoftheDiscountTable,thenextlowestvalueisused.
Tryingtomatchanorderof125willdropdownto100,andthediscountfrom
the100columnisused.
=HLOOKUP(D127,E115:G118,MATCH(C127,D116:D118,0)+1,TRUE)

UnitCostTable
Brick Wood Glass
2 1 3

DiscountTable
1 100 300
Brick 0% 6% 8%
Wood 0% 3% 5%
Glass 0% 12% 15%

OrdersTable
Item Units UnitCost Discount Total
Brick 100 2 6% 188
HLOOKUP
Wood 200 1 3% 194
Glass 150 3 12% 396
Brick 225 2 6% 423
Wood 50 1 0% 50
Glass 500 3 15% 1,275

UnitCost =HLOOKUP(C127,E111:G112,2,FALSE)

Discount =HLOOKUP(D127,E115:G118,MATCH(C127,D116:D118,0)+1,TRUE)
HOUR
Number Hour
21:15 21 =HOUR(C4)
0.25 6 =HOUR(C5)

What Does It Do?

Thefunctionwillshowthehourofthedaybaseduponatimeoranumber.

Syntax
=HOUR(Number)

Formatting
Theresultwillbeshownasanormalnumberbetween0and23.
IF
Name Sales Target Result
Alan 1000 5000 NotAchieved =IF(C4>=D4,"Achieved","NotAchieved")
Bob 6000 5000 Achieved =IF(C5>=D5,"Achieved","NotAchieved")
Carol 2000 4000 NotAchieved =IF(C6>=D6,"Achieved","NotAchieved")

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctiontestsacondition.
IftheconditionismetitisconsideredtobeTRUE.
IftheconditionisnotmetitisconsideredasFALSE.
Dependingupontheresult,oneoftwoactionswillbecarriedout.

Syntax
=IF(Condition,ActionIfTrue,ActionIfFalse)
TheConditionisusuallyatestoftwocells,suchasA1=A2.
TheActionIfTrueandActionIfFalsecanbenumbers,textorcalculations.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisrequired.

Example 1
ThefollowingtableshowstheSalesfiguresandTargetsforsalesreps.
Eachhastheirowntargetwhichtheymustreach.
The=IF()functionisusedtocomparetheSaleswiththeTarget.
IftheSalesaregreaterthanorequaltotheTargettheresultofAchievedisshown.
IftheSalesdonotreachthetargettheresultofNotAchievedisshown.
Notethatthetextusedinthe=IF()functionneedstobeplacedindoublequotes"Achieved".

Name Sales Target Result

Alan 1000 5000 NotAchieved =IF(C31>=D31,"Achieved","NotAchieved")
Bob 6000 5000 Achieved =IF(C32>=D32,"Achieved","NotAchieved")
Carol 2000 4000 NotAchieved =IF(C33>=D33,"Achieved","NotAchieved")

Example 2
ThefollowingtableissimilartothatinExample1.
ThistimetheCommissiontobepaidtothesalesrepiscalculated.
IftheSalesaregreaterthanorequaltotheTarget,theCommissionis10%ofSales.
IftheSalesdonotreachTarget,theCommissionisonly5%ofSales.
IF
Name Sales Target Commission
Alan 1000 5000 50 =IF(C43>=D43,C43*10%,C43*5%)
Bob 6000 5000 600 =IF(C44>=D44,C44*10%,C44*5%)
Carol 2000 4000 100 =IF(C45>=D45,C45*10%,C45*5%)

Example 3
Thisexampleusesthe=AND()withinthe=IF()function.
Abuildersmerchantgives10%discountoncertainproductlines.
ThediscountisonlygivenonproductswhichareonSpecialOffer,whentheOrderValue
is1000orabove.
The=AND()functionisusedwiththe=IF()tocheckthattheproductisonofferandthat
thevalueoftheorderisabove1000.

Special Order
Product Offer Value Discount Total
Wood Yes 2,000 200 1,800
Glass No 2,000 2,000
Cement Yes 500 500
Turf Yes 3,000 300 2,700
=IF(AND(C61="Yes",D61>=1000),D61*10%,0)
INDEX
Holidaybookingpricelist.

People
Weeks 1 2 3 4
1 500 300 250 200
2 600 400 300 250
3 700 500 350 300

Howmanyweeksrequired: 2
Howmanypeopleintheparty: 4

Costperpersonis: 250 =INDEX(D7:G9,G11,G12)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionpicksavaluefromarangeofdatabylookingdownaspecifiednumber
ofrowsandthenacrossaspecifiednumberofcolumns.
Itcanbeusedwithasingleblockofdata,ornoncontinuosblocks.

Syntax
Therearevariousformsofsyntaxforthisfunction.

Syntax 1
=INDEX(RangeToLookIn,Coordinate)
ThisisusedwhentheRangeToLookIniseitherasinglecolumnorrow.
TheCoordinateindicateshowfardownoracrosstolookwhenpickingthedatafromtherange.
Bothoftheexamplesbelowusethesamesyntax,buttheCoordinatereferstoarowwhen
therangeisverticalandacolumnwhentherangeishorizontal.

Colours
Red
Green
Blue Size Large Medium Small

Typeeither1,2or3: 2 Typeeither1,2or3: 2
Thecolouris: Green Thesizeis: Medium
=INDEX(D32:D34,D36) =INDEX(G34:I34,H36)
INDEX
Syntax 2
=INDEX(RangeToLookIn,RowCoordinate,ColumnColumnCordinate)
Thissyntaxisusedwhentherangeismadeupofrowsandcolumns.

Country Currency Population Capitol

England Sterling 50M London
France Franc 40M Paris
Germany DM 60M Bonn
Spain Peseta 30M Barcelona

Type1,2,3or4forthecountry: 2
Type1,2or3forstatistics : 3

Theresultis: Paris =INDEX(D45:F48,F50,F51)

Syntax 3
=INDEX(NamedRangeToLookIn,RowCoordinate,ColumnColumnCordinate,AreaToPickFrom)
Usingthissyntaxtherangetolookincanbemadeupofmultipleareas.
Theeasiestwaytorefertotheseareasistoselectthemandgivethemasinglename.

TheAreaToPickFromindicateswhichofthemultipleareasshouldbeused.

InthefollowingexamplethefiguresforNorthandSouthhavebeennamedasone
rangecalledNorthAndSouth.

NORTH Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4

Bricks 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
Wood 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000
Glass 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000

SOUTH Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4

Bricks 1,500 2,500 3,500 4,500
Wood 5,500 6,500 7,500 8,500
Glass 9,500 10,500 11,500 12,500

Type1,2or3fortheproduct: 1
Type1,2,3or4fortheQtr: 3
Type1forNorthor2forSouth: 2
INDEX
Theresultis: 3500 =INDEX(NorthAndSouth,F76,F77,F78)
INDEX
Example
Thisisanextendedversionofthepreviousexample.
Itallowsthenamesofproductsandthequarterstobeentered.
The=MATCH()functionisusedtofindtherowandcolumnpositionsofthenamesentered.
Thesepositionsarethenusedbythe=INDEX()functiontolookforthedata.

EAST Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4

Bricks 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000
Wood 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000
Glass 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000

WEST Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4

Bricks 1,500 2,500 3,500 4,500
Wood 5,500 6,500 7,500 8,500
Glass 9,500 10,500 11,500 12,500

Type1,2or3fortheproduct: wood
Type1,2,3or4fortheQtr: qtr2
Type1forNorthor2forSouth: west

Theresultis: 6500

=INDEX(EastAndWest,MATCH(F100,C91:C93,0),MATCH(F101,D90:G90,0),IF(F102=C90,1,IF(F102=C95,2)))
INDIRECT
Jan Feb Mar
North 10 20 30
South 40 50 60
East 70 80 90
West 100 110 120

Typeaddressofanyofthecellsintheabovetable,suchasG6: G6

Thevalueinthecellyoutypedis: 80 =INDIRECT(H9)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionconvertsaplainpieceoftextwhichlookslikeacelladdressintoausable
cellreference.
Theaddresscanbeeitheronthesameworksheetoronadifferentworksheet.

Syntax
=INDIRECT(Text)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example 1
Thisexampleshowshowdatacanbepickedformotherworksheetsbyusing
theworksheetnameandacelladdress.
TheexampleusesthreeotherworksheetsnamedNORTH,SOUTHandEAST.
Thedataonthesethreesheetsislaidoutinthesamecellsoneachsheet.

Whenareferencetoasheetismadetheexclamationsymbol!needstobeplaced
betweenthesheetnameandcelladdressactingaspunctuation.

Typethenameofthesheet,suchasNorth: North
Typethecell topickdatafrom,suchasC8: C8
ThecontentsofthecellC8onNorthis: 120 =INDIRECT(G33&"!"&G34)

The=INDIRECT()createdareferenceto=NORTH!C8

Example 2
Thisexampleusesthesamedataasabove,butthistimethe=SUM()functionis
INDIRECT
usedtocalculateatotalfromarangeofcells.

Typethenameofthesheet,suchasSouth: South
Typethestartcelloftherange,suchasC5: C5
Typetheend celloftherange,suchasC7: C7
ThesumoftherangeC5:C7onSouthis: 1200
=SUM(INDIRECT(G44&"!"&G45&":"&G46))

The=INDIRECT()createdareferenceto=SUM(SOUTH!C5:C7)
INFO
SystemInformation
F:\SHAHIDDataCollection\PPTTEmplets&Vista\Exel
Currentdirectory formuladictionary\ =INFO("directory")
Availablebytesofmemory 1,048,576 =INFO("memavail")
Memoryinuse 5,688,532 =INFO("memused")
Totalbytesofmemory 6,737,108 =INFO("totmem")
Numberofactiveworksheets 179 =INFO("numfile")
Cellcurrentlyinthetopleftofthewindow $A:$A$1 =INFO("origin")
Operatingsystem Windows(32bit)NT5.01 =INFO("osversion")
Recalculationmode Automatic =INFO("recalc")
Excel version 11.0 =INFO("release")
Nameofsystem. (PCorMac) pcdos =INFO("system")

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionprovidesinformationabouttheoperatingenvironmentofthecomputer.

Syntax
=INFO(text)
text:Thisisthenameoftheitemyourequireinformationabout.

Formatting
Theresultswillbeshownastextoranumberdependinguponwhatwasrequested.
INT
Number Integer
1.5 1 =INT(C4)
2.3 2 =INT(C5)
10.75 10 =INT(C6)
1.47589 2 =INT(C7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionroundsanumberdowntothenearestwholenumber.

Syntax
=INT(Number)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyaschooltocalculatetheageachildwhenthe
schoolyearstarted.
Achildcanonlybeadmittedtoschooliftheyareover8yearsold.
TheBirthDateandtheTermStartdateareenteredandtheagecalculated.
Table1showstheageofthechildwithdecimalplaces

Table1
BirthDate TermStart Age
1Jan80 1Sep88 8.668035592 =(D27C27)/365.25
5Feb81 1Sep88 7.570157426
20Oct79 1Sep88 8.8678987
1Mar81 1Sep88 7.504449008

Table2showstheageofthechildwiththeAgeformattedwithnodecimalplaces.
Thishastheeffectofincreasingthechildage.

Table2
BirthDate TermStart Age
1Jan80 1Sep88 9 =(D38C38)/365.25
5Feb81 1Sep88 8
20Oct79 1Sep88 9
1Mar81 1Sep88 8
INT

Table3showstheageofthechildwiththeAgecalculatedusingthe=INT()functionto
removethedecimalpartofthenumbertogivethecorrectage.

Table3
BirthDate TermStart Age
1Jan80 1Sep88 8 =INT((D49C49)/365.25)
5Feb81 1Sep88 7
20Oct79 1Sep88 8
1Mar81 1Sep88 7

Note
TheageiscalculatedbysubtractingtheBirthDatefromtheTermStarttofindthe
ageofthechildindays.
Thenumberofdaysisthendividedby365.25
Thereasonforusing365.25istotakeaccountoftheleapyears.
ISBLANK
Data IsTheCellBlank
1 FALSE =ISBLANK(C4)
Hello FALSE =ISBLANK(C5)
TRUE =ISBLANK(C6)
25Dec98 FALSE =ISBLANK(C7)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionwilldetermineifthereisanentryinaparticularcell.
Itcanbeusedwhenaspreadsheethasblankcellswhichmaycauseerrors,butwhich
willbefilledlaterasthedataisreceivedbytheuser.
Usuallythefunctionisusedinconjunctionwiththe=IF()functionwhichcantesttheresult
ofthe=ISBLANK()

Syntax
=ISBLANK(CellToTest)

Formatting
UsedbyitselftheresultwillbeshownasTRUEorFALSE.

Example
Thefollowingexampleshowsalistofchequesreceivedbyacompany.
Whenthechequeisclearedthedateisentered.
UntiltheCleareddateisenteredtheClearedcolumnisblank.
WhiletheClearedcolumnisblankthechequewillstillbeOutstanding.
WhentheCleareddateisenteredthechequewillbeshownasBanked.
The=ISBLANK()functionisusedtodeterminewhethertheClearedcolumnisemptyornot.

Cheques Received Date Date

Num From Received Amount Cleared Banked Outstanding
chq1 ABCLtd 1Jan98 100 2Jan98 100 0
chq2 CJDesign 1Jan98 200 7Jan98 200 0
chq3 JSmith 2Jan98 50 0 50
chq4 TravelCo. 3Jan98 1,000 0 1000
chq5 JSmith 4Jan98 250 6Jan98 250 0
=IF(ISBLANK(F36),0,E36)
=IF(ISBLANK(F36),E36,0)

Totals 550 1050

ISERR
Celltotest Result
3 FALSE =ISERR(D4)
#DIV/0! TRUE =ISERR(D5)
#NAME? TRUE =ISERR(D6)
#REF! TRUE =ISERR(D7)
#VALUE! TRUE =ISERR(D8)
#N/A FALSE =ISERR(D9)
#N/A FALSE =ISERR(D10)

What Does It Do ?
ThisfunctiontestsacellandshowsTRUEifthereisanerrorvalueinthecell.
ItwillshowFALSEifthecontentsofthecellcalculatewithoutanerror,oriftheerror
isthe#NAmessage.

Syntax
=ISERR(CellToTest)
TheCellToTestcanbeacellreferenceoracalculation.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtableswereusedbyapublicantocalculatethecostofasinglebottle
ofchampagne,bydividingthecostofthecratebythequantityofbottlesinthecrate.

Table1showswhathappenswhenthevaluezero0isenteredasthenumberofbottles.
The#DIV/0indicatesthatanattemptwasmadetodividebyzero0,whichExceldoesnotdo.

Table1
CostOfCrate: 24
BottlesInCrate: 0
Costofsinglebottle: #DIV/0! =E32/E33

Table2showshowthiserrorcanbetrappedbyusingthe=ISERR()function.

Table2
CostOfCrate: 24
BottlesInCrate: 0
ISERR
Costofsinglebottle: Tryagain! =IF(ISERR(E40/E41),"Tryagain!",E40/E41)
ISERROR
Celltotest Result
3 FALSE =ISERROR(D4)
#DIV/0! TRUE =ISERROR(D5)
#NAME? TRUE =ISERROR(D6)
#REF! TRUE =ISERROR(D7)
#VALUE! TRUE =ISERROR(D8)
#N/A TRUE =ISERROR(D9)
#N/A TRUE =ISERROR(D10)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctiontestsacellorcalculationtodeterminewhetheranerrorhasbeengenerated.
ItwillshowTRUEforanytypeoferrorandFALSEifnoerrorisfound.

Syntax
=ISERROR(CellToTest)
TheCellToTestcanbeacellreferenceoraformula.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtableswasusedtocalculatethedifferencebetweentwodates.

Table1showsanerrorduetothefactthatthefirstentrywasenteredusinganinappropriate
dateformat.

Table1
Startdate: Jan0198
Enddate: 5Jan98
Difference: #VALUE! =D31D30

Table2showshowthe=ISERROR()functionhasbeenusedtotraptheerrorandinformthe
userthattherehasbeenanerrorinthedataentry.

Table2
Startdate: Jan0198
Enddate: 5Jan98
Difference: Errorindataentry
ISERROR
=IF(ISERROR(D40D39),"Errorindataentry",D40D39)
ISEVEN
Number IsitEven
1 FALSE =ISEVEN(C4)
2 TRUE =ISEVEN(C5)
2.5 TRUE =ISEVEN(C6)
2.6 TRUE =ISEVEN(C7)
3.5 FALSE =ISEVEN(C8)
3.6 FALSE =ISEVEN(C9)
Hello #VALUE! =ISEVEN(C10)
1Feb98 FALSE =ISEVEN(C11)
1Feb96 TRUE =ISEVEN(C12)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctiontestsanumbertodeterminewhetheritiseven.
AnevennumberisshownasTRUEanoddnumberisshownasFALSE.
Notethatdecimalfractionsareignored.
Notethatdatescanbeevenorodd.
Notethattextentriesresultinthe#VALUE!error.

Syntax
=ISEVEN(CellToTest)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisrequired.
ISLOGICAL
CellToTest Result
FALSE TRUE =ISLOGICAL(D4)
TRUE TRUE =ISLOGICAL(D5)
FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D6)
20 FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D7)
1Jan98 FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D8)
Hello FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D9)
#DIV/0! FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D10)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctiontestsacelltodeterminewhetherthecellcontentsarelogical.
ThelogicalvaluescanonlybeTRUEorFALSE.
Ifthecelldoescontainalogicalvalue,theresultTRUEisshown.
Ifthecelldoesnotcontainalogicalvalue,theresultFALSEisshown.

Syntax
=ISLOGICAL(CellToTest)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
ISNA
Number Result
1 FALSE =ISNA(C4)
Hello FALSE =ISNA(C5)
FALSE =ISNA(C6)
1Jan98 FALSE =ISNA(C7)
#N/A TRUE =ISNA(C8)

What Does It Do?

ThisfunctiontestsacelltodeterminewhetheritcontainstheNotAvailableerror#N/A.
The#N/Aisgeneratedwhenafunctioncannotworkproperlybecauseofmissingdata.
The#N/Acanalsobetypedintoacellbytheusertoindicatethecelliscurrentlyempty,
butwillbeusedfordataentryinthefuture.
Thefunctionisnormallyusedwithotherfunctionssuchasthe=IF()function.

Syntax
=ISNA(CellToTest)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
ISNONTEXT
ItemToTest IsItANumber?
10 TRUE =ISNONTEXT(C4)
Hello FALSE =ISNONTEXT(C5)
TRUE =ISNONTEXT(C6)
1Jan98 TRUE =ISNONTEXT(C7)
1OO FALSE =ISNONTEXT(C8)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionstestsanentrytodeterminewhetheritisanumber,ratherthantext.
Itwouldbeusedtoensurethatonlynumericentriesareusedincalculations,rather
thantextwhichlookslikeanumber,suchastypingtheletterOinsteadofzero0.
Thefunctionisnormallyusedwithotherfunctionsuchasthe=IF()function.

Syntax
=ISNONTEXT(CellToTest)

Formatting
Nospecialformatting.

Examples
Thefollowingtableisusedbyanelectricalretailertocalculatethesellingprice
ofanitembasedonthebuyingpriceandtheshopmarkup.

Table1showsthe#VALUE!errorgeneratedwhenanumber,300,isentered
usingtheletterOinsteadofthezero0.

Table 1
Item BuyingPrice Markup Profit
Radio 400 150% 600
TV 800 200% 1600
Video 3OO 150% #VALUE! =D32*E32

Table2showshowtheerroristrappedusingthe=ISNONTEXTfunctionand
the=IF()functioninthecalculation.

Table 2
Item BuyingPrice Markup Profit
Radio 400 150% 600
ISNONTEXT
TV 800 200% 1600
Video 3OO 150% RetypethePrice
=IF(ISNONTEXT(D40),D40*E40,"Retype
thePrice")
ISNUMBER
CellEntry Result
1 TRUE =ISNUMBER(D4)
1Jan98 TRUE =ISNUMBER(D5)
FALSE =ISNUMBER(D6)
#DIV/0! FALSE =ISNUMBER(D7)
Hello FALSE =ISNUMBER(D8)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionexaminesacellorcalculationtodeterminewhetheritisanumericvalue.
IfthecellorcalculationisanumericvaluetheresultTRUEisshown.
Ifthecellorcalculationisnotnumeric,orisblank,theresultFALSEisshown.

Syntax
=ISNUMBER(CellToTest)
Thecelltotestcanbeacellreferenceoracalculation.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyapersonneldepartmenttolookupthesalaryofanemployee.
TheemployeecanbeenteredasaNameorasaNumericvalue.
The=ISNUMBER()functionhasbeenusedtoidentifythetypeofentrymade,andthen
the=IF()decideswhichVLOOKUPtoperform.

IDNo. Name Salary

1 Alan 10,000
2 Eric 12,000
3 Carol 8,000
4 Bob 15,000
5 David 12,000

TypeEmployeeNameorID: eric
TheSalaryis: 12,000
=IF(ISNUMBER(E35),VLOOKUP(E35,C29:E33,3,FALSE),VLOOKUP(E35,D29:E33,2,FALSE))
ISODD
Number IsitOdd
1 TRUE =ISODD(C4)
2 FALSE =ISODD(C5)
2.5 FALSE =ISODD(C6)
2.6 FALSE =ISODD(C7)
3.5 TRUE =ISODD(C8)
3.6 TRUE =ISODD(C9)
Hello #VALUE! =ISODD(C10)
1Feb98 TRUE =ISODD(C11)
1Feb96 FALSE =ISODD(C12)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctiontestsanumbertodeterminewhetheritisodd.
AnoddnumberisshownasTRUEanevennumberisshownasFALSE.
Notethatdecimalfractionsareignored.
Notethatdatescanbeoddoreven.
Notethattextentriesresultinthe#VALUE!error.

Syntax
=ISODD(CellToTest)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisrequired.
ISREF
TRUE =ISREF(A1)
FALSE =ISREF(B99)
FALSE =ISREF(Hello)
FALSE =ISREF(10)
FALSE =ISREF(NOW())
FALSE =ISREF("A1")
FALSE =ISREF(XX99)

What Does It Do ?
ThisfunctionshowsTRUEifgivenacelladdress,orFALSEforanyothertypeofvalue.
Itsabitofanoddone,andisnormallyusedinmacrosratherthanontheworksheet.

Syntax
=ISREF(ValueToTest)
TheValueToTestcanbeanytypeofdata,butwhenusedontheworksheet,itcannotbea
referencetothecontentsofanothercell,asthereferencewillitselfbeevaluatedbythefunction.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
ISTEXT
CellToTest Result
Hello TRUE =ISTEXT(D4)
1 FALSE =ISTEXT(D5)
25Dec98 FALSE =ISTEXT(D6)
FALSE =ISTEXT(D7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionstestsanentrytodeterminewhetheritistext.
IftheentryistextisshowsTRUE.
IftheentryisanyothertypeitshowsFALSE.

Syntax
=ISTEXT(CellToTest)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyapersonneldepartmenttolookupthesalaryofanemployee.
TheemployeecanbeenteredasaNameorasaNumericvalue.
The=ISTEXT()functionhasbeenusedtoidentifythetypeofentrymade,andthen
the=IF()decideswhichVLOOKUPtoperform.

IDNo. Name Salary

1 Alan 10,000
2 Eric 12,000
3 Carol 8,000
4 Bob 15,000
5 David 12,000

TypeEmployeeNameorID: 3
TheSalaryis:
8,000
=IF(ISTEXT(E33),VLOOKUP(E33,D27:E31,2,FALSE),VLOOKUP(E33,C27:E31,3,FALSE))
LARGE
Values HighestValue 800 =LARGE(C4:C8,1)
120 2ndHighestValue 250 =LARGE(C4:C8,2)
800 3rdHighestValue 120 =LARGE(C4:C8,3)
100 4thHighestValue 120 =LARGE(C4:C8,4)
120 5thHighestValue 100 =LARGE(C4:C8,5)
250

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionexaminesalistofvaluesandpicksthevalueatauserspecifiedposition
inthelist.

Syntax
=LARGE(ListOfNumbersToExamine,PositionToPickFrom)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedtocalculatethetop3salesfiguresbetweenJan,FebandMar.

Sales Jan Feb Mar

North 5,000 6,000 4,500
South 5,800 7,000 3,000
East 3,500 2,000 10,000
West 12,000 4,000 6,000

HighestValue 12,000 =LARGE(D24:F27,1)

2ndHighestValue 10,000 =LARGE(D24:F27,2)
3rdHighestValue 7,000 =LARGE(D24:F27,3)

Note
AnotherwaytofindtheHighestandLowestvalueswouldhavebeentouse
the=MAX()and=MIN()functions.

Highest 12,000 =MAX(D24:F27)

Lowest 2,000 =MIN(D24:F27)
LCM
Least
Common
Numbers Multiple
6 20 60 =LCM(C4,D4)
12 18 36 =LCM(C5,D5)
34 96 1632 =LCM(C6,D6)

What Does It Do ?
ThisfunctioncalculatetheLeastCommonMultiple,whichisthesmallestnumber
thatcanbedividedbyeachofthegivennumbers.

Syntax
=LCM(Number1,Number2,Number3...throughtoNumber29)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
LEFT
NumberOf
Characters
Text Required LeftString
AlanJones 1 A =LEFT(C4,D4)
AlanJones 2 Al =LEFT(C5,D5)
AlanJones 3 Ala =LEFT(C6,D6)
Cardiff 6 Cardif =LEFT(C7,D7)
ABC123 4 ABC1 =LEFT(C8,D8)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctiondisplaysaspecifiednumberofcharactersfromthelefthandsideofa
pieceoftext.

Syntax
=LEFT(OriginalText,NumberOfCharactersRequired)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedtoextractthefirstnameofapersonfromtheirfullname.
The=FIND()functionwasusedtolocatepositionofthespacebetweenthefirstandsecondname.
Thelengthofthefirstnameisthereforethepositionofthespaceminusonecharacter.
The=LEFT()functioncannowextractthefirstnamebasedonthepositionofthespace.

FullName FirstName
AlanJones Alan =LEFT(C27,FIND("",C27)1)
BobSmith Bob =LEFT(C28,FIND("",C28)1)
CarolWilliams Carol =LEFT(C29,FIND("",C29)1)
LEN
Text Length
AlanJones 10 =LEN(C4)
BobSmith 9 =LEN(C5)
CarolWilliams 14 =LEN(C6)
Cardiff 7 =LEN(C7)
ABC123 6 =LEN(C8)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncountsthenumberofcharacters,includingspacesandnumbers,inapieceoftext.

Syntax
=LEN(Text)

Formatting
NoSpecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thisexampleshowshowthe=LEN()functionisusedinaformulawhichextractsthe
secondnamefromatextentrycontainingbothfirstandsecondnames.

OriginalText
CarolWilliams 6 =FIND("",C24)
Thisisthepositionofthespace.

CarolWilliams 8 =LEN(C24)FIND("",C24)
Thisisthelengthofthesecondname.
Calculatedbytakingtheoveralllengthofthecomplete
nameandsubtractingthepositionofthespace.

=RIGHT(C24,LEN(C24)FIND("",C24))
Thisisjustthesecondname.
Calculatedbyusingthe=RIGHT()functiontoextract
therightmostcharactersuptothelengthof
thesecondname.
LOOKUP (Array)
Name Jan Feb Mar
Alan 10 80 97
Bob 20 90 69
Carol 30 100 45
David 40 110 51
Eric 50 120 77
Francis 60 130 28
Gail 70 140 73

TypeaNameinthiscell: Eric

TheMarchvalueforthispersonis: 77 =LOOKUP(F12,D4:G10)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionlooksforapieceofinformationinalist,andthenpicksanitemfromthe
lastcellintheadjacentroworcolumn.

Italwayspicksthedatafromtheendoftheroworcolumn,soitisnogoodifyouneed
topickdatafrompartwayacrossalist,(useVLOOKUPorHLOOKUP).

Thewayinwhichthefunctiondecideswhethertopickfromtheroworcolumnisbased
onthesizeofthetable.

Ifthetablehasmorerowsthancolumns: thefunctionwilllookdowntheleftmostcolumn
tryingtofindamatchforthepieceofinformation
youaskedittolookfor.
Whenamatchisfound,thefunctionwilllook
acrosstotherightmostcolumntopickthe
lastentryontherow.

Ifthetablehasthesameamountofrowsandcolumns:
thefunctionwilllookdowntheleftmostcolumnand
workinjustthesamewayasifthetablehadmore
rowsthancolumns,asinthedescriptionabove.

Ifthetablehasmorecolumnsthanrows: thefunctionwilllookacrossthetoprowtrying
tofindamatchforthepieceofinformationyou
haveaskedittolookfor.
Whenamatchisfound,thefunctionwillthenlook
LOOKUP (Array)
downtothebottomcellofthecolumntopick
thelastentryofthecolumn.

Syntax
=LOOKUP(WhatToLookFor,RangeToLookIn)
TheWhatToLookForshouldbeasingleitem.
TheRangeToLookincanbeeitherhorizontalorvertical.
Becarefulnottoincludeunnecessaryheadingintherangeasthesewillcauseerrors.

Example 1 Example 2
Inthistabletherearemore Inthistabletherearemorecolumnsthanrows,so
rowsthancolumns,sothe therowheadingofJanisnotincludedinthe
columnheadingofJanis lookuprange.
notincludedinthelookup
range. Alan Bob Carol David
Jan Jan 100 100 100 100
Alan 100
Bob 100
Carol 100
David 100
Eric 100
Fred 100

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Problems
Thelistofinformationtobelookedthroughmustbesortedinascendingorder,otherwiseerrors
willoccur,eitheras#N/Aorincorrectresults.

Table1showstheNamecolumnsortedalphabetically,theresultsofusing=LOOKUP()will
becorrect.

Table2showsthesamedata,butnotsorted.Sometimestheresultswillbecorrect,butother
timestheresultwillbean#N/Aerrororincorrectfigure.

Table 1 Table 2
Name Jan Feb Mar Name Jan Feb Mar
Alan 10 80 97 David 40 110 51
Bob 20 90 69 Eric 50 120 77
LOOKUP (Array)
Carol 30 100 45 Alan 10 80 97
David 40 110 51 Bob 20 90 69
Eric 50 120 77 Carol 30 100 45
Francis 60 130 28 Francis 60 130 28
Gail 70 140 73 Gail 70 140 73

Name: Eric Name: Eric

Value: 77 Value: 45
=LOOKUP(C88,B80:E86) =LOOKUP(H88,G80:J86)
LOOKUP (Vector)
Name Jan Feb Mar
Alan 10 80 97
Bob 20 90 69
Carol 30 100 45
David 40 110 51
Eric 50 120 77
Francis 60 130 28
Gail 70 140 73

TypeaNameinthiscell: Eric

TheFeb valueforthispersonis: 120 =LOOKUP(F12,D4:G10,F4:F10)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionlooksforapieceofinformationinalist,andthenpicksanitemfrom
asecondrangeofcells.

Syntax
=LOOKUP(WhatToLookFor,RangeToLookIn,RangeToPickFrom)
TheWhatToLookForshouldbeasingleitem.
TheRangeToLookincanbeeitherhorizontalorvertical.
TheRangeToPickFrommusthavethesamenumberofcellsinitastheRangeToLookin.
Becarefulnottoincludeunnecessaryheadingintherangesasthesewillcauseerrors.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingexampleshowshowthe=LOOKUP()functionwasusedtomatchanametyped
incellG41againstthelistofnamesinC38:C43.Whenamatchisfoundthe=LOOKUP()then
picksfromthesecondrangeE38:J38.
IfthenameCarolisused,thematchismadeinthethirdcellofthelistofnames,andthen
thefunctionpicksthethirdcellfromthelistofvalues.

RangeToLookIn RangeToPickFrom
Alan 5 10 15 20 25 30
Bob
Carol
David Typeaname: Carol
LOOKUP (Vector)
Eric Value: 15
Fred =LOOKUP(G41,C38:C43,E38:J38)

Problems
Thelistofinformationtobelookedthroughmustbesortedinascendingorder,otherwiseerrors
willoccur,eitheras#N/Aorincorrectresults.
LOWER
UpperCaseText LowerCase
ALANJONES alanjones =LOWER(C4)
BOBSMITH bobsmith =LOWER(C5)
CAROLWILLIAMS carolwilliams =LOWER(C6)
CARDIFF cardiff =LOWER(C7)
ABC123 abc123 =LOWER(C8)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionconvertsallcharactersinapieceoftexttolowercase.

Syntax
=LOWER(TextToConvert)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
MATCH
Names Values
Bob 250
Alan 600
David 1000
Carol 4000

Typeanametolookfor: Alan Typeavalue: 1000

ThepositionofAlanis: 2 Valueposition: 3
=MATCH(E9,E4:E7,0) =MATCH(I9,I4:I7,1)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionlooksforaniteminalistandshowsitsposition.
Itcanbeusedwithtextandnumbers.
Itcanlookforanexactmatchoranapproximatematch.

Syntax
=MATCH(WhatToLookFor,WhereToLook,TypeOfMatch)
TheTypeOfMatcheither0,1or1.

Using0willlookforanexactmatch.Ifnomatchisfoundthe#NAerrorwillbeshown.

Using1willlookforanexactmatch,orthenextlowestnumberifnoexactmatchexists.
Ifthereisnomatchornextlowestnumbertheerror#NAisshown.
Thelistofvaluesbeingexaminedmustbesortedforthistoworkcorrectly.

Using1willlookforanexactmatch,orthenexthighestnumberifnoexactmatchexists.
Ifthereisnoexactmatchornexthighestnumbertheerror#NAisshown.
Thelistmustbesortedforthistoworkproperly.

Examples 1
Usingthe0optionsuitableforanexactmatch.
TheAscendinglistgivestheexactmatch.
TheDescendinglistgivestheexactmatch.
TheWrong Valuelistcannotfindanexactmatch,sothe#NAisshown.

Ascending Descending WrongValue

10 40 10
20 30 20
MATCH
30 20 30
40 10 40

20 20 25
2 3 #N/A
=MATCH(G45,G40:G43,0)
MATCH
Example 2
Usingthe1optionsuitableforaascendinglisttofindanexactornextlowestmatch.
TheAscendinglistgivestheexactmatch.
TheDescendinglistgivesthe#NAerror.
TheWrong Valuelistfindsthenextlowestnumber..

Ascending Descending WrongValue

10 40 10
20 30 20
30 20 30
40 10 40

20 20 25
2 #N/A 2
=MATCH(G62,G57:G60,1)

Example 3
Usingthe1optionsuitableforadescendinglisttofindanexactornexthighestmatch.
TheAscendinglistgivesthe#NAerror.
TheDescendinglistgivestheexactmatch.
TheWrong Valuelistfindsthenexthighestnumber.

Ascending Descending WrongValue

10 40 40
20 30 30
30 20 20
40 10 10

20 20 25
#N/A 3 2
=MATCH(G79,G74:G77,1)
MATCH
Example 4
Thetablesbelowwereusedtobyabuscompanytakingbookingforbustours.
Theyneedtoallocateabuswithenoughseatsfortheallthepassengers.
Thelistofbussizeshasbeenenteredinalist.
Thenumberofpassengersonthetouristhenentered.
The=MATCH()functionlooksdownthelisttofindthebuswithenoughseats.
Ifthenumberofpassengersisnotanexactmatch,thenextbiggestbuswillbepicked.
Afterthe=MATCH()functionhasfoundthebus,the=INDEX()functionhasbeenused
tolookdownthelistagainandpickouttheactualbussizerequired.

BusSize Passengersonthetour: 23
Bus1 54 Bussizeneeded: 50
Bus2 50 =INDEX(D95:D99,MATCH(H94,D95:D99,1),0)
Bus3 22
Bus4 15
Bus5 6

Example 5
Thetablesbelowwereusedbyaschooltocalculatetheexamgradesforpupils.
Thelistofgradebreakpointswasenteredinalist.
Thepupilsscoreswereenteredinanotherlist.
Thepupilsscoresarecomparedagainstthebreakpoints.
Ifanexactmatchisnotfound,thenextlowestbreakpointisused.
The=INDEX()functionthenlooksdowntheGradelisttofindthegrade.

ExamScore Grade PupilScore Grade

0 Fail Alan 60 Pass
50 Pass Bob 6 Fail
90 Merit Carol 97 Distinction
95 Distinction David 89 Pass
=INDEX(D111:D114,MATCH(G114,C111:C114,1),0)
MAX
Values Maximum
120 800 100 120 250 800 =MAX(C4:G4)

Dates Maximum
1Jan98 25Dec98 31Mar98 27Dec98 4Jul98 27Dec98 =MAX(C7:G7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionpicksthehighestvaluefromalistofdata.

Syntax
=MAX(Range1,Range2,Range3...throughtoRange30)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Inthefollowingexamplethe=MAX()functionhasbeenusedtofindthehighestvaluefor
eachregion,monthandoverall.

Sales Jan Feb Mar RegionMax

North 5,000 6,000 4,500 6,000 =MAX(C23:E23)
South 5,800 7,000 3,000 7,000
East 3,500 2,000 10,000 10,000
West 12,000 4,000 6,000 12,000

MonthMax 12,000 7,000 10,000

=MAX(E23:E26)
OverallMax 12,000
=MAX(C23:E26)
MEDIAN
Value1 Value2 Value3 Value4 Value5 Median
20 50 10 30 40 30 =MEDIAN(C4:G4)

2000 1000 10 20 8000 1000 =MEDIAN(C6:G6)

10 20 40 40 40 40 =MEDIAN(C8:G8)

Value1 Value2 Value3 Value4 Median

20 40 30 10 25 =MEDIAN(C11:F11)

20 20 40 20 20 =MEDIAN(C13:F13)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionfindsthemedianvalueofagroupofvalues.
Themedianisnottheaverage,itisthehalfwaypointwherehalfthenumbersinthegroupare
largerthanitandhalfthenumbersarelessthanit.
Ifthereisnoexactmediannumberinthegroup,thetwonearestthehalfwaypointare
addedandtheiraverageisusedasthemedian.

Syntax
=MEDIAN(Range1,Range2,Range3...throughtoRange30)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
MID
Start HowMany
Text Position Characters MidString
ABCDEDF 1 3 ABC =MID(C4,D4,E4)
ABCDEDF 2 3 BCD =MID(C5,D5,E5)
ABCDEDF 5 2 ED =MID(C6,D6,E6)

ABC100DEF 100 =MID(C8,5,3)

ABC200DEF 200 =MID(C9,5,3)
ABC300DEF 300 =MID(C10,5,3)

ItemSize:Large Large =MID(C12,12,99)

ItemSize:Medium Medium =MID(C13,12,99)
ItemSize:Small Small =MID(C14,12,99)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionpicksoutapieceoftextfromthemiddleofatextentry.
Thefunctionneedstoknowatwhatpointitshouldstart,andhowmanycharacterstopick.
Ifthenumberofcharacterstopickexceedswhatisavailable,onlytheavailablecharacters
willbepicked.

Syntax
=MID(OriginalText,PositionToStartPicking,NumberOfCharactersToPick)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example 1
Thefollowingtableusesthe=MID()functiontoextractapostcodefromabranchIDused
byacompany.
ItisassumedthatallbranchID'sfollowthesameformatwiththelettersidentifyingthe
postalregionbeinginthe5thand6thpositions.

BranchID PostalRegion
DRSCF476 CF =MID(C35,5,2)
DRSWA842 WA =MID(C36,5,2)
HLTNP190 NP =MID(C37,5,2)

Example 2
MID
Thisexampleshowshowtoextractanitemwhichisofvariablelength,whichisinside
apieceoftextwhichhasnostandardformat,otherthantherequiredtextisalways
betweentwoslash/symbols.

FullBranchCode PostalRegion
DRS/STC/872 STC
HDRS/FC/111 FC
S/NORTH/874 NORTH
HQ/K/875 K
SPECIAL/UK&FR/876 UK&FR
=MID(C50,FIND("/",C50)+1,FIND("/",C50,FIND("/",C50)+1)FIND("/",C50)1)

Findthefirst/,plus1fortheStartofthecode.
Findthesecond/,occurringafterthefirst/
Calculatethelengthofthetexttoextract,bysubtractingtheposition
ofthefirst/fromthepositionofthesecond/
MIN
Values Minimum
120 800 100 120 250 100 =MIN(C4:G4)

Dates Maximum
1Jan98 25Dec98 31Mar98 27Dec98 4Jul98 1Jan98 =MIN(C7:G7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionpicksthelowestvaluefromalistofdata.

Syntax
=MIN(Range1,Range2,Range3...throughtoRange30)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Inthefollowingexamplethe=MIN()functionhasbeenusedtofindthelowestvaluefor
eachregion,monthandoverall.

Sales Jan Feb Mar RegionMin

North 5,000 6,000 4,500 4,500 =MIN(C23:E23)
South 5,800 7,000 3,000 3,000
East 3,500 2,000 10,000 2,000
West 12,000 4,000 6,000 4,000

MonthMIN 3,500 2,000 3,000

=MIN(E23:E26)
OverallMIN 2,000
=MIN(C23:E26)
MINUTE
Number Minute
5/6/200918:32 32 =MINUTE(D4)
9:15:00PM 15 =MINUTE(D5)
0.02 28 =MINUTE(D6)
0.52 28 =MINUTE(D7)
1.52 28 =MINUTE(D8)

What Does It Do?

Thefunctionwillshowtheminuteofthehourbaseduponatimeoranumber.
Onlythefractionpartofthenumberisusedasitisthiswhichrelatestotimeofday.

Syntax
=MINUTE(Number)

Formatting
Theresultwillbeshownasanormalnumberbetween0and59.

Example
The=REPT()functionhasbeenusedtomakeadigitaldisplayforthecurrenttime.
Thetimefunctionsof=HOUR(),=MINUTE()and=SECOND()havebeenusedinconjunction
withthe=NOW()asthebasisforthenumberofrepeats.
ToupdatetheclockpressthefunctionkeyF9.

Clock
Hour ||||||||||||||||||18
Minute ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||32
Second |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||37
=REPT("|",HOUR(NOW()))&""&TEXT(HOUR(NOW()),"00")
=REPT("|",MINUTE(NOW()))&""&TEXT(MINUTE(NOW()),"00")
=REPT("|",SECOND(NOW()))&""&TEXT(SECOND(NOW()),"00")

Related Information
Toconvertatimeinhh:mmformattodecimalformat.

Enteratimeinhh:mmformat: 2:45

Thesametimeconvertedtoadecimal: 2.75 =F38*24

MINUTE
Toextractthehoursasadecimal: 2 =INT(F38*24)

Toextracttheminutesasadecimal: 0.75 =MOD(F38*24,1)

Toconvertatimeindecimalformattohh:mmformat.

Enteratimeindecimalformat: 3.75

Thesametimeconvertedtohh:mmformatis: 3:45 =F49/24

Toextractthehoursinhh:mmformat: 3:00 =INT(F49)/24

Toextracttheminutesinhh:mmformat: 0:45 =MOD(F49,1)/24

Thethreeformulaabovehavealsobeenformattedashh:mmusing
theFormat,Cells,Number,Timecommand.
MMULT
What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionmultipliesonerangeofvalueswithanotherrangeofvalues.
Therangesdonothavetobeofequalsize.
Thedimensionsoftheresultrangeisindirectproportiontodimensionsofthetwoinputranges.
ItisanArrayfunctionandmustbeenteredusingtheCtrl+Shift+Entercombination.

Syntax
=MMULT(Range1,Range2)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtableswereusedbyacompanyproducingboxesofchocolates.
ThetypesofchocolateproducedwereMilk,DarkandWhite.
ThecompanyboxedthechocolatesinthreedifferingmixturesofMilk,DarkandWhite.
IntherunuptoChristmascustomersorderedvariousquantitiesofeachbox.
Thechocolatecompanynowneededtoknowwhatquantityofeachtypeofchocolatetoproduce.
The=MMULT()functionwasusedtomultiplythecontentsofboxesbythecustomerorders.
Theresultofthe=MMULT()isthetotalnumberofeachtypeofchocolatetoproduce.

Chocolatesinthebox
Size Milk Dark White
Giant 50 50 50
Standard 30 20 10
Economy 20 5 5

CustomersOrders
Giant Standard Economy
300 400 500

QuantityToProduce
Milk Dark White
37,000 25,500 21,500

{=MMULT(C32:E32,C26:E28)}
In all three cells

How It Was Done

MMULT
CellsC36toE36wereselected.
Theformula=MMULT(C32:E32,C26:E28)wastyped,(butnotyetentered).
ThekeysCtrl+Shift+Enterwerepressedtoconfirmtheentryasanarray.
Theformulathenshowedthecorrectresult.

Getting The Dimensions Correct

ThedimensionsoftheResultrangearedirectlyrelatedtothetwoinputranges.
ThenumberofrowsintheResultshouldbeequaltotherowsinRange1.
ThenumberofcolumnsintheResultshouldbeequaltothecolumnsinRange2.

Example 2
Thefollowingtableswereusedbythechocolatecompanytocalculatetheamountof
ingredientsneededtoproducebatchesofchocolate.

Thecompanyhasfourfactories,eachofwhichhastoorderenoughButter,EggsandSugar
toensuretheycanmeetproductiontargets.

Range1containstheplannedproductionofMilkandDarkchocolateforeachfactory.
Range2containstheamountButter,EggsandSugarneededtomake1unitofMilkorPlain.
TheResultrangeshowsthequantitiesofeachingredientthatwillhavetobeorderedto
meettheproductiontarget.

NotethedepthoftheResultisthesameasthedepthofRange1,andthewidthof
theResultisthesameasthewidthofRange2.

Range1 Range2
Production Milk Dark Ingredients Butter Eggs Sugar
Factory1 20 0 Milk 1 3 10
Factory2 20 1 Dark 2 2 5
Factory3 10 5
Factory4 20 10

Result
IngredientsToOrder Butter Eggs Sugar
Factory1 20 60 200
Factory2 22 62 205
Factory3 20 40 125
Factory4 40 80 250

{=MMULT(C69:D72,G69:I70)}
MMULT
In all cells

Hint
Togetafeelforhowthe=MMULT()functionoperates,setallvaluesinRange1andRange2
tozero0,thenchangeasinglevalueineach.
MOD
Number Divisor Remainder
12 5 2 =MOD(C4,D4)
20 7 6 =MOD(C5,D5)
18 3 0 =MOD(C6,D6)
9 2 1 =MOD(C7,D7)
24 7 3 =MOD(C8,D8)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatestheremainderafteranumberhasbeendividedbyanothernumber.

Syntax
=MOD(Number,Divisor)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
MODE
Value1 Value2 Value3 Value4 Value5 Mode
20 50 10 10 40 10 =MODE(C4:G4)

40 20 40 10 40 40 =MODE(C6:G6)

10 10 99 20 20 10 =MODE(C8:G8)
20 20 99 10 10 20 =MODE(C9:G9)
10 20 20 99 10 10 =MODE(C10:G10)

10 20 30 40 50 #N/A =MODE(C12:G12)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctiondisplaysthemostfrequentlyoccurringnumberinagroupofnumbers.
Forittoworkcorrectlytheremustbeatleasttwonumberswhicharethesame.
Ifallthevaluesinthegroupareuniquethefunctionshowstheerror#N/A.
Whenthereismorethanonesetofduplicates,thenumberclosesttothebeginning
ofthegroupwillbeused.(Whichisnotreallyanaccurateanswer!)

Syntax
=MODE(Range1,Range2,Range3...throughtoRange30)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtableshowsgarmentssoldinaclothesshop.
Theshopkeeperwantstokeeptrackofthemostcommonlysoldsize.
The=MODE()functionhasbeenusedtocalulatethis.

Order Garmet Size

001 Blouse 10 Mostfrequentlyorderedsize: 10
002 Skirt 10 =MODE(D33:D52)
003 Shirt 8
004 Blouse 10
005 Skirt 12 Countofsize8: 6
006 Dress 8 =COUNTIF(D33:D52,"8")
007 Shirt 10
008 Blouse 10 Countofsize10: 11
009 Dress 8 =COUNTIF(D33:D52,"10")
MODE
010 Shirt 10
011 Dress 12 Countofsize12: 3
012 Skirt 12 =COUNTIF(D33:D52,"12")
013 Skirt 10
014 Shirt 10
015 Dress 8
016 Shirt 10
017 Blouse 10
018 Blouse 8
019 Dress 10
020 Skirt 8

Note
Ifthe=AVERAGE()functionhadbeenusedtheanswerwouldhavebeen: 9.7
Thisfigureisofnobenefittotheshopkeeperastherearenogarmetsofthissize!
MONTH
OriginalDate Month
1Jan98 1 =MONTH(C4)
1Jan98 January =MONTH(C5)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionextractsthemonthfromacompletedate.

Syntax
=MONTH(Date)

Formatting
Normallytheresultwillbeanumber,butthiscanbeformattedtoshowtheactual
monthbyusingFormat,Cells,Number,Customandusingthecodemmmormmmm.

Example
The=MONTHfunctionhasbeenusedtocalculatethenameofthemonthforyourbirthday.

Pleaseenteryourdateofbirthintheformatdd/mm/yy 3/25/1962
Youwerebornin January =MONTH(F20)
MROUND
Rounded
Number Multiple Value
110 50 100 =MROUND(C4,D4)
120 50 100 =MROUND(C5,D5)
150 50 150 =MROUND(C6,D6)
160 50 150 =MROUND(C7,D7)
170 50 150 =MROUND(C8,D8)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionroundsanumberupordowntothenearestmultiplespecifiedbytheuser.

Syntax
=MROUND(NumberToRound,MultipleToUse)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
N
Original Converted
1 1 =N(C4)
31/2 3.5 =N(C5)
3.5 3.5 =N(C6)
3.50% 0.035 =N(C7)
25Dec98 36154 =N(C8)
TRUE 1 =N(C9)
FALSE 0 =N(C10)
Hello 0 =N(C11)
0 =N(C12)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionconvertsanumericentrytoitsmathematicalvalue.
Anythingwhichwillnotconvertisshownas0zero.
Exceldoesnotreallyneedthisfunction,duetothefactthatExcelcalculatesinthisway
naturally.Thefunctionisincludedforcompatibilitywithotherspreadsheetprograms.

Syntax
=N(NumericEntry)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
NA
#N/A =NA()

Value Test
10 11 =IF(ISBLANK(C6),NA(),C6+1)
#N/A =IF(ISBLANK(C7),NA(),C7+1)
30 31 =IF(ISBLANK(C8),NA(),C8+1)

Sales
North 100
South #N/A =NA()
East #N/A =NA()
West 200
Total #N/A =SUM(D11:D14)

What Does It Do ?
ThisfunctionisaplacemarkerusedtoindicatethatrequiredinformationisNotAvailable.
Itcanbetypedirectlyintoacellas=NA()oritcanbeusedaspartofacalculation.
Whenthe=NA()isused,anycalculationswhichdependuponthecellwillalsoshow#NA.
Itisusedtoindicatethatallthedatahasnotyetbeenenteredintothespreadsheet.

Syntax
=NA()

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisrequired.

Example
ThefollowingtablewasusedbyacompanytocalculatethemonthlyWageofanemployee.
TheSalaryandTaxpercentageareentered.
TheTaxisthendeductedfromtheSalarytocalculatetheWage.

Table1showsthatwhentheTaxisnotentered,theWageisstillcalculated.
OnalargespreadsheetthismaygounnoticedandthewrongWagepaid.

Table1
Salary Tax% Pay
Alan 1000 25% 750 =C39C39*D39
Bob 1000 1000 =C40C40*D40
Carol 1000 20% 800 =C41C41*D41
NA

Table2showshowthe=NA()hasbeeninsertedintheunknownTaxtoactasa
reminderthattheTaxstillneedstobeentered.

Table2
Salary Tax% Pay
Alan 1000 25% 750 =C49C49*D49
Bob 1000 #N/A #N/A =C50C50*D50
Carol 1000 20% 800 =C51C51*D51
NETWORKDAYS
StartDate EndDate WorkDays
1Mar98 7Mar98 5 =NETWORKDAYS(C4,D4)
25Apr98 30Jul98 69 =NETWORKDAYS(C5,D5)
24Dec98 5Jan99 9 =NETWORKDAYS(C6,D6)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionwillcalculatethenumberofworkingdaysbetweentwodates.
Itwillexcludeweekendsandanyholidays.

Syntax
=NETWORKDAYS(StartDate,EndDate,Holidays)
Holidays:Thisisalistofdateswhichwillbeexcludedfromthecalculation,suchasXmas
andBankholidays.

Formatting
Theresultwillbeshownasanumber.

Note
Thecalculationdoesnotincludethelastday.Theresultofusing1Jan98and5Jan98will
givearesultof4.Tocorrectthisadd1totheresult.=NETWORKDAYS(Start,End,Holidays)+1

Example
ThefollowingexampleshowshowalistofHolidayscanbecreated.

StartDate EndDate WorkDays

Mon02Mar98 Fri06Mar98 5 =NETWORKDAYS(B28,C28,C33:C37)
Mon02Mar98 Fri13Mar98 10 =NETWORKDAYS(B29,C29,C33:C37)
Mon27Apr98 Fri01May98 4 =NETWORKDAYS(B30,C30,C33:C37)

Holidays
BankHoliday 1May98
Xmas 25Dec98
NewYear 1Jan97
NewYear 1Jan98
NewYear 1Jan99
Northerndata.
Usedbytheexampleforthe=INDIRECT()function.
Alan
Jan Feb Mar Total
Alan 10 20 30 60
Bob 40 50 60 150
Carol 70 80 90 240
Total 120 150 180 450
NOT
CellsToTest Result
10 20 TRUE =NOT(C4>D4)
10 20 TRUE =NOT(C5=D5)
10 20 FALSE =NOT(C6<D6)
1Jan98 1Feb98 TRUE =NOT(C7>D7)
Hello Goodbye TRUE =NOT(C8=D8)
Hello Hello FALSE =NOT(C9=D9)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionperformsatesttoseeifthetestfails.(Atypeofreverselogic).
Ifthetestfails,theresultisTRUE.
Ifthetestismet,thentheresultisFALSE.

Syntax
=NOT(TestToPerform)
TheTestToPerformcanbereferencetocellsoranothercalculation.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyalibrarytotrackbooksborrowed.
ThedatethebookwasTakenoutisentered.
TheperiodoftheLoanisentered.
Thedatethebookwasreturnedisentered.
The=NOT()functionhasbeenusedtocalculatewhetherthebookwasreturnedwithin
thecorrecttime,byaddingtheLoanvaluetotheTakendate.
IfthebookwasnotreturnedontimetheresultOverdueisshown,otherwiseOKisshown.

Taken Loan Returned Status

1Jan98 14 5Jan98 OK =IF(NOT(D33<=B33+C33),"Overdue","OK")
1Jan98 14 15Jan98 OK =IF(NOT(D34<=B34+C34),"Overdue","OK")
1Jan98 14 20Jan98 Overdue =IF(NOT(D35<=B35+C35),"Overdue","OK")
NOW
ThecurrentDateandTime
5/6/200918:32 =NOW()
39939.77265 =NOW()

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionshowsthecurrentdateandtime.Theresultwillbeupdatedeachtimethe
worksheetisopenedandeverytimeanentryismadeanywhereontheworksheet.

Syntax
=NOW()

Formatting
Theresultwillbeshownasadateandtime.Ifitisformattedtoshowasanumber
theintegerpartisusedforthedateandthedecimalportionrepresentthetime.
ODD

RoundedTo
Number NextOdd
2 3 =ODD(C4)
2.4 3 =ODD(C5)
2.9 3 =ODD(C6)
3 3 =ODD(C7)
3.4 5 =ODD(C8)
3.9 5 =ODD(C9)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionroundsanumberuptothenexthighestwholeoddnumber.

Syntax
=ODD(NumberToBeRounded)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
OR
Payment Handling
OrderNo. Cost Type Charge
AB001 1000 Cash =IF(OR(E4="Visa",E4="Delta"),5,0)
AB002 1000 Visa 5 =IF(OR(E5="Visa",E5="Delta"),5,0)
AB003 2000 Cheque =IF(OR(E6="Visa",E6="Delta"),5,0)
AB004 5000 Delta 5 =IF(OR(E7="Visa",E7="Delta"),5,0)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionteststwoormoreconditionstoseeifanyofthemaretrue.
Itcanbeusedtotestthatatleastoneofaseriesofnumbersmeetscertainconditions.
NormallytheOR()functionwouldbeusedinconjunctionwithafunctionsuchas=IF().

Syntax
=OR(Test1,Test2)
Notethattherecanbeupto30possibletests.

Formatting
WhenusedbyitselfitwillshowTRUEorFALSE.

Example
Thefollowingtableshowsalistoforderstakenbyacompany.
Ahandlingchargeof5ismadeonallorderspaidbyVisaorDeltacards.
The=OR()functionhasbeenusedtodeterminewhetherthechargeneedstobeapplied.

Payment Handling
OrderNo. Cost Type Charge
AB001 1000 Cash =IF(OR(E27="Visa",E27="Delta"),5,0)
AB002 1000 Visa 5
AB003 2000 Cheque
AB004 5000 Delta 5
Ordering Stock
Thisisanexampleofaspreadsheettocalculatethebesttimeintervaltoorderstock.

Scenario
Agaragefitsexhaustsystems.
Themanagerorderstheexhaustsonaregularbasis.
Eachtimeanorderismadefornewstock,thereisafixedadministrativecost.
Theexhaustsarekeptinstockuntilneeded.
Keepingtheexhaustsinstockincursacostduetocapitaltiedupandwarehousecosts.
ThesupplieroftheExhaustsgivesadiscountonlargeorders.

Objective
FindthetimeintervaltoorderstockwhichwillresultinthelowestAdminandWarehousecosts.
Input Data
CostofasingleExhaustsystem : 75
CostofkeepingExhaustinstock. (Asa%ofthestock value): 12%
QuantityofExhaustsusedperday: 10
Admincost eachtimenewExhaustsareordered: 25
AveragequantityofExhaustsinstock (As%oforderedquantity): 0.5
OrderingIntervalstoevaluate.(ExpressedinDays): 2

SuppliersfirstPriceBreakandDiscount%offered: 200 1%
SupplierssecondPriceBreakandDiscount%offered: 750 5%

Output
Annual
Ordering Annual Ware TheBest
Interval Quantity Order Order Orders Admin house Annual Ordering
InDays PerOrder Value Discount PerYear Cost Costs Total Interval
1 10 750 365 9,125 45 9,170
2 20 1,500 183 4,575 90 4,665
4 40 3,000 92 2,300 180 2,480
6 60 4,500 61 1,525 270 1,795
8 80 6,000 46 1,150 360 1,510
10 100 7,500 37 925 450 1,375
12 120 9,000 31 775 540 1,315
14 140 10,500 27 675 630 1,305
16 160 12,000 23 575 720 1,295
18 180 13,500 21 525 810 1,335
20 200 15,000 150 19 475 900 1,225 Best
22 220 16,500 165 17 425 990 1,250
24 240 18,000 180 16 400 1,080 1,300
26 260 19,500 195 15 375 1,170 1,350
28 280 21,000 210 14 350 1,260 1,400
30 300 22,500 225 13 325 1,350 1,450
32 320 24,000 240 12 300 1,440 1,500
34 340 25,500 255 11 275 1,530 1,550
36 360 27,000 270 11 275 1,620 1,625
38 380 28,500 285 10 250 1,710 1,675
40 400 30,000 300 10 250 1,800 1,750
42 420 31,500 315 9 225 1,890 1,800
44 440 33,000 330 9 225 1,980 1,875
46 460 34,500 345 8 200 2,070 1,925
48 480 36,000 360 8 200 2,160 2,000
50 500 37,500 375 8 200 2,250 2,075
 52 520 39,000 390 8 200 2,340 2,150
54 540 40,500 405 7 175 2,430 2,200
56 560 42,000 420 7 175 2,520 2,275
58 580 43,500 435 7 175 2,610 2,350
60 600 45,000 450 7 175 2,700 2,425

Things To Try
ChangetheDiscount%to0%and0%.
ChangetheOrderingIntervalto1or30.
ChangetheCostoftheExhaustmakingitcheaperormoreexpensive.
ChangetheQuantityusedperdaytoalargerorsmallernumber.
Explanation
ColumnA Ordering Interval In Days
Thefirstofthesecellshasthevalue1enteredinit.
Thisisthesmallestorderingperiod,whichwouldrequirestocktobeorderedeveryday.
ThesecondcellpickstheorderingintervalfromtheInputDatatable.
Thethirdandsubsequentcellsaddtheorderingintervaltothepreviouscelltocreate
alistofvaluesofthesameinterval.

ColumnB Quantity Per Order

ThisisthenumberofExhaustswhichwillneedtobeordered.

Calculation: OrderingInterval*QuantityUsedPerDay

ColumnC Order Value

ThisisthevalueoftheOrderbeforeanydiscount.

Calculation: QuantityOrdered*CostOfExhaust

ColumnD Order Discount

Thediscountwhichcanbesubtractedfromtheordervalue.
Thediscountisonlygivenonorderswhichareequaltoorgreaterthanthe
PriceBreakvaluessetbythesupplier.

Calculation: OrderValue*SupplierDiscount
Thesupplierdiscountiscalculatedusingthe=IF()andthe=AND()functions.

IftheOrderQuantityisequaltoorabovethefirstPriceBreak,butbelow
thesecondPriceBreak,thenthefirstPriceBreakdiscountisused.
=C29*IF(AND(B29>=$G$24,B29<$G$25),$H$24,IF(B29>=$G$25,$H$25,0))

IftheOrderQuantityisequaltoorabovethesecondPriceBreak,
thesecondPriceBreakdiscountisused.
=C29*IF(AND(B29>=$G$24,B29<$G$25),$H$24,IF(B29>=$G$25,$H$25,0))

IftheOrderQuantitydoesnotqualifyforadiscount,zerodiscountisused.
=C29*IF(AND(B29>=$G$24,B29<$G$25),$H$24,IF(B29>=$G$25,$H$25,0))

ColumnE Orders Per Year

Thisishowmanyorderswillneedtobemadebasedupontheorderinginterval.
Withanintervalof1,therewillhavetobe365orders.

Calculation: 365/OrderingInterval
Thiscalculationmaygiveresultswhicharedecimal,suchas2.3
Thisdecimalwillcauseproblems,duetothefactthatthenumberof
ordersmustalwaysbeawholenumber.
The=CEILING()functionhasbeenusedto'roundup'anydecimalsto
thenexthighestwholenumber.
=CEILING(365/A29,1)
ColumnF Annual Admin Costs
Thisistheadministrationcostsinvolvedinmakingtheorders.

Calculation: OrdersPerYear*AdminCost
=E29*$G$20

ColumnG Annual Warehouse Costs

Thisisthecostofkeepingthestockinthewarehouse.
Itisbasedonthemanagersknowledgethatonaveragethestocklevelis50%ofthe
quantityordered.

Calculation: QuantityOrdered*AverageStockLevel)*ExhaustCost*WarehousingCost
=(B29*$G$21)*$G$17*$G$18

ColumnH Annual Total

ThisisthefullyearlycostoforderingtheExhausts,baseduponhowfrequentlythe
ordersaremade.
ItdoesnottakeintoaccounttheactualcostsoftheExhausts,asthemanageronly
wantstoknowwhatthelowestvaluesfortheoverheadsassociatedwithorderingand
storingtheexhaustsystems.
However,theDiscountfigureistakenintoaccountasthiscanbeusedtooffsetsome
oftheoverheads.

Calculation: AnnualAdminCosts+AnnualWarehouseCostsOrderDiscount
=F29+G29D29

ColumnI The Best Ordering Interval

ThisshowstheBestorderinginterval,givingthelowestannualoverheads.
ItcomparesthevalueincolumnHagainsttheminimumvalueforallofcolumnH.
IfthetwovaluesmatchthewordBestisshown,otherwiseadashisshown.
=IF(H29=MIN($H$29:$H$59),"Best","")
Boxsize Sample Packer1 Packer2 Packer3 Packer4
Small 1 10 10 10 10
Medium 1 20 20 20 21
Large 1 30 28 35 30
Small 2 11 9 10 10
Medium 2 21 20 0 20
Large 2 31 28 30 30
Small 3 8 10 12 10
Medium 3 22 20 20 19
Large 3 32 28 30 30

Boxsize Sample Packer1 Packer2 Packer3 Packer4

PERMUT
PoolOfItems ItemsInAGroup Permutations
4 2 12 =PERMUT(C4,D4)
4 3 24 =PERMUT(C5,D5)
10 4 5040 =PERMUT(C6,D6)
26 6 165,765,600 =PERMUT(C7,D7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatesthemaximumnumberofpermutationsgivenafixednumberofitems.
Theinternalorderissignificant,soABandBAwillbeconsideredastwopossiblepermutations.
Itcouldbeusedtocalculatethepossiblenumberof4digitpasswordsfromthedigits0to9.

Syntax
=PERMUT(PoolToPickFrom,ItemsInAGroup)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedtocalculatethetotalnumberof8letterpasswordswhichcan
becreatedbyusingall26lettersofthealphabet.

LetterInAlphabet 26
PasswordSize 8
Permutations 62,990,928,000

InthecaseofatwoletterpasswordmadefromtheletterA,B,CandD,thefollowing
twelvepermutationswouldbepossible.

ABCD

Password1 AB Password7 BA
Password2 AC Password8 CA
Password3 AD Password9 DA
Password4 BC Password10 CB
Password5 BD Password11 DB
Password6 CD Password12 DC
PI
p
3.14159265358979 =PI()

What Does It Do ?
ThisfunctionisequaltothevalueofPi.
Itiscorrectto15decimalplaces.
Itdoesnotneedanyinput,itisaselfcontainedfunction.

Syntax
=PI()

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Tocalculatetheareaofacircle.

Radius Area
5 78.54 =PI()*(C21^2)
25 1963.50
POWER
Number Power Result
3 2 9 =POWER(C4,D4)
3 4 81 =POWER(C5,D5)
5 2 25 =POWER(C6,D6)
5 4 625 =POWER(C7,D7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionraisesanumbertoauserspecifiedpower.
Itisthesameasusingthe^operator,suchas3^4,whichresultis81.
BoththePOWER()functionandthe^operatorarethesameasusing3*3*3*3.

Syntax
=POWER(NumberToBeRaised,Power)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Tocalculatetheareaofacircle.

Radius Area
5 78.54 =PI()*POWER(C22,2)
25 1963.50
PRODUCT
Numbers Product
2 3 6 =PRODUCT(C4,D4)
5 10 50 =PRODUCT(C5:D5)
3 7 210 =PRODUCT(C6:D6,10)
6300 =PRODUCT(C4:D6)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionmultiplesagroupofnumberstogether.
Itisthesameasusing2*3*5*10*3*7,whichresultsin6300.

Syntax
=PRODUCT(Number1,Number2,Number3...throughtoNumber30)
or
=PRODUCT(RangeOfNumbers)
or
=PRODUCT(Number1,Range,Number2...)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
PROPER
OriginalText Proper
alanjones AlanJones =PROPER(C4)
bobsmith BobSmith =PROPER(C5)
caRolwILLIAMS CarolWilliams =PROPER(C6)
cardiff Cardiff =PROPER(C7)
ABC123 Abc123 =PROPER(C8)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionconvertsthefirstletterofeachwordtouppercase,andallsubsequentletters
areconvertedtolowercase.

Syntax
=PROPER(TextToConvert)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
QUARTILE
Values QuarterNo. Quartile
1 0 1 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E4)
25 1 25 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E5)
50 2 50 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E6)
75 3 75 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E7)
100 4 100 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E8)

Values QuarterNo. Quartile

817 104 640 767 0 104 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H12)
748 756 369 703 1 285.75 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H13)
372 993 294 261 2 489 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H14)
487 384 185 491 3 750 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H15)
140 607 894 182 4 993 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H16)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionexaminesagroupofvaluesandthenshowsthevalueswhichareofthe
upperlimitsofthe1st,2nd,3rdand4thquartersofthedata.
TheQuartileof0(zero)isactuallylowestvalue,whichcanbeobtainedusingthe=MIN()function.
TheQuartileof4isactuallyhighestvalue,whichcanbeobtainedusingthe=MAX()function.

Syntax
=QUARTILE(RangeToBeExamined,QuartileValue)
TheQuartileValuecanonlybe0,1,2,3or4.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
QUOTIENT
Number Divisor Result
12 5 2 =QUOTIENT(C4,D4)
20 3 6 =QUOTIENT(C5,D5)
46 15 3 =QUOTIENT(C6,D6)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatesthenumberoftimesanumbercanbedividedbyanothernumber.
Itignoresanyremainder,onlyshowingthewholenumber.

Syntax
=QUOTIENT(NumberToBeDivided,Divisor)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingexamplewasusedbyadrinksmerchanttocalculatethenumberof
crateswhichcouldbepackedusingbottlesinstock.
Themerchantcanonlysellfullcrates.

Table1calculatesthecratesbysimpledivision.Thishowevershows
decimalfractionswhicharenotneeded.

Table1
Bottles Bottles
Item ToPack PerCrate CratesNeeded
Wine 126 12 10.5 =D28/E28
Champagne 200 8 25
Rum 15 4 3.75
Beer 250 20 12.5

Table2usesthe=QUOTIENT()functiontoremovethedecimalfractionto
givethecorrectresult.

Table2
Bottles Bottles
Item ToPack PerCrate CratesNeeded
Wine 126 12 10 =QUOTIENT(D39,E39)
QUOTIENT
Champagne 200 8 25
Rum 15 6 2
Beer 250 20 12
RAND
Randomgreaterthanorequalto0butlessthan1.
0.294867244 =RAND()

Randomgreaterthanorequalto0butlessthan10
1.350840602 =RAND()*10

Randombetween5and10.
9.099109763 =RAND()*(105)+5

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncreatesarandomnumber>=0but<1.
Thenumberwillchangeeachtimetheworksheetrecalculates,orwhenF9ispressed.

Syntax
=RAND()

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Examples
Thefollowingexamplesshowhowthe=RAND()functionhasbeenusedtorandomly
sortlistofinformation.

AlistofcardshasbeenenteredincolumnC,and=RAND()incolumnD.
ByclickinginsidetherandomnumbersandthenusingData,SortortheSortbutton
thecardswillbeshuffled.

Thesametechniquehasbeenusedtogeneratealistofsixwinninglotterynumbers.

Card Random Lottery Random

Clubs8 0.694371 29 0.985801996
Clubs6 0.109584 34 0.676800459
Diamond9 0.344048 30 0.025462631
Spades13 0.960391 41 0.081533679
Clubs9 0.973041 40 0.964869955
Diamond7 0.434912 37 0.224899741
Diamond4 0.017174 26 0.950657229
Clubs10 0.531356 32 0.075491844
Spades3 0.591644 21 0.410908671
RAND
Hearts6 0.047667 19 0.78739867
Hearts4 0.393096 7 0.796488256
Diamond8 0.630952 10 0.254747151
Hearts11 0.242894 16 0.701614489
Clubs3 0.385026 8 0.075108134
Clubs13 0.189036 48 0.426791143
Spades5 0.042399 43 0.573897525
Diamond3 0.339128 44 0.914700502
Spades2 0.140666 4 0.353515015
Diamond6 0.163469 3 0.827400507
Clubs5 0.787335 45 0.491006522
Spades1 0.050268 47 0.851149127
Clubs12 0.247484 49 0.246393431
Hearts10 0.048117 35 0.305210068
Hearts13 0.431175 27 0.615816899
Spades7 0.044058 1 0.316351078
Spades6 0.500041 13 0.117966221
Diamond12 0.859413 31 0.568115624
Hearts3 0.4784 5 0.149909767
Hearts5 0.361341 18 0.747746376
Hearts8 0.111133 39 0.960784552
Hearts1 0.305177 23 0.138799157
Diamond13 0.35921 12 0.827108941
Hearts9 0.637002 11 0.948006699
Clubs4 0.727207 20 0.556163777
Diamond5 0.403609 33 0.0842155
Spades4 0.86845 42 0.373172593
Clubs1 0.678896 24 0.601621127
Spades8 0.186191 2 0.341223478
Hearts7 0.09968 14 0.409939922
Diamond1 0.141127 25 0.420683805
Clubs2 0.992811 9 0.126847179
Hearts2 0.835192 38 0.56561882
Diamond11 0.377161 15 0.24287074
Clubs7 0.000156 28 0.840431638
Spades12 0.098122 17 0.047261101
Spades10 0.770058 6 0.697910191
Clubs11 0.505955 22 0.09249059
Diamond2 0.766188 46 0.849989258
Diamond10 0.133393 36 0.117629665
Spades9 0.203951
RAND
Spades11 0.584643
Hearts12 0.089342
RANDBETWEEN
Low High Random
5 10 #NAME? =RANDBETWEEN(C4,D4)
1 49 #NAME? =RANDBETWEEN(C5,D5)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionproducesarandomwholenumberbetweentwospecifiednumbers.
TherandomnumberwillchangeeachtimethespreadsheetisrecalculatedorF9ispressed.

Syntax
=RANDOMBETWEEN(LowLimit,HighLimit)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtableshowshowthe=RANDBETWEEN()hasbeenusedtogeneratesix
numberstousefortheNationalLottery.
Notethatthefunctiondoesnotchecktoensureallnumbersareunique,thesamenumber
couldbegeneratedtwiceormore.

TheWinning
LotteryNumbers Ticket!
1 49 #NAME? =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$24) Number1
#NAME? =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$24) Number2
PressfunctionKey #NAME? =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$24) Number3
F9torecalculate. #NAME? =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$24) Number4
#NAME? =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$24) Number5
#NAME? =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$24) Number6
#NAME? =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$24) Bonusball

Duplicates!Spinagain
{=IF(SUM(1/COUNTIF(E24:E30,E24:E30))<>7,"Duplicates!Spinagain","AllOK")}
Thisformulaisusedtodeterminewhetherallthenumbersaredifferent.
ItisenteredasanarrayusingCtrl+Shift+Enter.
RANK

RankingPosition
Values HightoLow
7 4 =RANK(C4,C4:C8)
4 5 =RANK(C5,C4:C8)
25 1 =RANK(C6,C4:C8)
8 3 =RANK(C7,C4:C8)
16 2 =RANK(C8,C4:C8)

RankingPosition
Values LowtoHigh
7 2 =RANK(C11,C11:C15,1)
4 1 =RANK(C12,C11:C15,1)
25 5 =RANK(C13,C11:C15,1)
8 3 =RANK(C14,C11:C15,1)
16 4 =RANK(C15,C11:C15,1)

RankingPosition
Values HightoLow
10 5 =RANK(C18,C18:C22)
30 2 =RANK(C19,C18:C22)
20 4 =RANK(C20,C18:C22)
30 2 =RANK(C21,C18:C22)
40 1 =RANK(C22,C18:C22)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatesthepositionofavalueinalistrelativetotheothervaluesinthelist.
Atypicalusagewouldbetorankthetimesofathletesinaracetofindthewinner.
Therankingcanbedoneonanascending(lowtohigh)ordescending(hightolow)basis.
Ifthereareduplicatevaluesinthelist,theywillbeassignedthesamerank.Subsequentranks
wouldnotfollowonsequentially,butwouldtakeintoaccountthefactthattherewereduplicates.
Ifthenumbers30,20,20and10wereranked,30isrankedas1,both20'sarerankedas2,and
the10wouldberankedas4.

Value Rank
30 1 =RANK(B34,B34:B37)
20 2 =RANK(B35,B34:B37)
RANK
20 2 =RANK(B36,B34:B37)
10 4 =RANK(B37,B34:B37)

Syntax
=RANK(NumberToRank,ListOfNumbers,RankOrder)
TheRankOrdercanbe0zeroor1.
Using0willranklargernumbersatthetop.(Thisisoptional,leavingitouthasthesameeffect).
Using1willranksmallnumbersatthetop.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedtorecordthetimesforathletescompetinginarace.
The=RANK()functionwasthenusedtofindtheirracepositionsbaseduponthefinishingtimes.

Athlete Time RacePosition

John 1:30 4 =RANK(C53,C53:C58,1)
Alan 1:45 6 =RANK(C54,C53:C58,1)
David 1:02 1 =RANK(C55,C53:C58,1)
Brian 1:36 5 =RANK(C56,C53:C58,1)
Sue 1:27 3 =RANK(C57,C53:C58,1)
Alex 1:03 2 =RANK(C58,C53:C58,1)
REPLACE

Start Characters New Modified

OriginalText Position ToReplace Character Text
ABCDEFGH 2 1 x AxCDEFGH =REPLACE(C4,D4,E4,F4)
ABCDEFGH 2 5 x AxGH =REPLACE(C5,D5,E5,F5)
ABCDEFGH 2 1 hello AhelloCDEFGH =REPLACE(C6,D6,E6,F6)
ABCDEFGH 2 5 hello AhelloGH =REPLACE(C7,D7,E7,F7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionreplacesaportionoftextwithanewpieceoftext.
Youneedtospecifywherethereplacementshouldstart,howmanycharactersto
removeandwhatthenewreplacementtextshouldbe.

Syntax
=REPLACE(OriginalText,StartPosition,NumberOfCharactersToReplace,NewText)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
REPT
TextTo NumberOf Repeated
Repeat Repeats Text
A 3 AAA =REPT(C4,D4)
AB 3 ABABAB =REPT(C5,D5)
10 =REPT(C6,D6)
| 10 |||||||||| =REPT(C7,D7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionrepeatsapieceoftextaspecifiednumberoftimes.
Youneedtospecifythetexttoberepeatedandhowmanytimestorepeatit.

Syntax
=REPT(TextToRepeat,Repetitions)
Themaximumnumberofrepetitionsis200.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example 1
Thefollowingtablewasusedtodisplayasimplehistogramofsalesfigures.
The=REPT()functionusesthevalueofSales,butthisisdividedby100toscaledownthe
numberofrepetitionstobelowthemaximumof200.

Month Sales
Jan 1,000 ||||||||||||||||||||
Feb 5,000 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mar 3,000 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Apr 2,000 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
=REPT("||",D29/100)

Example 2
The=REPT()functionhasbeenusedtomakeadigitaldisplayforthecurrenttime.
Thetimefunctionsof=HOUR(),=MINUTE()and=SECOND()havebeenusedinconjunction
withthe=NOW()asthebasisforthenumberofrepeats.
ToupdatetheclockpressthefunctionkeyF9.

Clock
Hour ||||||||||||||||||18
Minute ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||32
REPT
Second |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||37

=REPT("|",HOUR(NOW()))&""&TEXT(HOUR(NOW()),"00")
=REPT("|",MINUTE(NOW()))&""&TEXT(MINUTE(NOW()),"00")
=REPT("|",SECOND(NOW()))&""&TEXT(SECOND(NOW()),"00")
RIGHT
NumberOf
Original Characters Right
Text Required String
AlanJones 1 s =RIGHT(C4,D4)
AlanJones 2 es =RIGHT(C5,D5)
AlanJones 3 nes =RIGHT(C6,D6)
Cardiff 6 ardiff =RIGHT(C7,D7)
ABC123 4 C123 =RIGHT(C8,D8)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctiondisplaysaspecifiednumberofcharactersfromtherighthandsideofa
pieceoftext.

Syntax
=RIGHT(OriginalText,NumberOfCharactersRequired)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedtoextractthesecondnameofapersonfromtheirfullname.
The=FIND()functionlocatesthepositionofthespacebetweenthefirstandsecondname.
Thelengthofthesecondnameiscalculatedbysubtractingthepositionofthespacefrom
theoveralllengthofthefullname.
The=RIGHT()functioncanthenextractthesecondname.

FullName SecondName
AlanJones Jones =RIGHT(C28,LEN(C28)FIND("",C28))
BobSmith Smith =RIGHT(C29,LEN(C29)FIND("",C29))
CarolWilliams Williams =RIGHT(C30,LEN(C30)FIND("",C30))
ROMAN
Number Roman
1 I =ROMAN(C4)
2 II =ROMAN(C5)
3 III =ROMAN(C6)
5 V =ROMAN(C7)
10 X =ROMAN(C8)
1998 MCMXCVIII =ROMAN(C9)
1998 MCMXCVIII =ROMAN(C10,0)
1998 MLMVLIII =ROMAN(C11,1)
1998 MXMVIII =ROMAN(C12,2)
1998 MVMIII =ROMAN(C13,3)
1998 MVMIII =ROMAN(C14,4)
1998 MCMXCVIII =ROMAN(C15,TRUE)
1998 MVMIII =ROMAN(C16,FALSE)

What Does It Do ?
ThisfunctionproducesanumbershownasRomannumeralsinvariousformats.

Syntax
=ROMAN(NormalNumber,RomanNumberFormat)
TheRomanNumberFormatcanbeanyofthefollowing.
0isClassic.Thisisusedifnoformatisspecified.
1ismoreConcise.
2isevenmoreConcise.
3isevenmoreConcisestill.
4isSimplified.
TRUEisClassic
FALSEisSimplified

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Note
ThereisnofunctiontodotheoppositecalculationofRomantonormal.
ROUND

PlacesTo Rounded
Number Round Number
1.47589 0 1 =ROUND(C4,D4)
1.47589 1 1.5 =ROUND(C5,D5)
1.47589 2 1.48 =ROUND(C6,D6)
13643.47589 1 13640 =ROUND(C7,D7)
13643.47589 2 13600 =ROUND(C8,D8)
13643.47589 3 14000 =ROUND(C9,D9)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionroundsanumbertoaspecifiedamountoddecimalplaces.
If0isusedthenumberisroundedtothenearestwholenumber.
Ifanegativeamountofroundingisusedthefigurestotheleftofthedecimalpointarerounded.

Syntax
=ROUND(NumberToRound,DecimalPlacesToUse)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
ROUNDDOWN

PlacesTo Rounded
Number Round Down
1.47589 0 1 =ROUNDDOWN(C4,D4)
1.47589 1 1.4 =ROUNDDOWN(C5,D5)
1.47589 2 1.47 =ROUNDDOWN(C6,D6)
13643.48 1 13640 =ROUNDDOWN(C7,D7)
13643.48 2 13600 =ROUNDDOWN(C8,D8)
13643.48 3 13000 =ROUNDDOWN(C9,D9)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionroundsanumberdowntoaspecifiedamountofdecimalplaces.
If0isusedthenumberisroundeddowntothenearestwholenumber.
Ifanegativeamountofroundingisusedthefigurestotheleftofthedecimalpointarerounded.

Syntax
=ROUNDDOWN(NumberToRound,DecimalPlacesToUse)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
ROUNDUP

PlacesTo Rounded
Number Round Up
1.47589 0 2 =ROUNDUP(C4,D4)
1.47589 1 1.5 =ROUNDUP(C5,D5)
1.47589 2 1.48 =ROUNDUP(C6,D6)
13643.48 1 13650 =ROUNDUP(C7,D7)
13643.48 2 13700 =ROUNDUP(C8,D8)
13643.48 3 14000 =ROUNDUP(C9,D9)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionroundsanumberuptoaspecifiedamountofdecimalplaces.
If0isusedthenumberisroundeduptothenearestwholenumber.
Ifanegativeamountofroundingisusedthefigurestotheleftofthedecimalpointarerounded.

Syntax
=ROUNDUPNumberToRound,DecimalPlacesToUse)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
SECOND
Number Second
06/May/0918:32:37 37 =SECOND(C4)
12:00:00PM 0 =SECOND(C5)
0.50 0 =SECOND(C6)
0.51 24 =SECOND(C7)
1.51 24 =SECOND(C8)

What Does It Do?

Thefunctionwillshowthesecondoftheminutebaseduponatimeoranumber.
Onlythefractionpartofthenumberisusedasitisthiswhichrelatestotimeofday.

Syntax
=SECOND(Number)

Formatting
Theresultwillbeshownasanormalnumberbetween0and59.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyatelephonecompnaytocalculatethecostofacall.
Thetelephonecompanyonlydealsinsecondswhichareamultipleof5.
Thesecondsinacallareroundeduptothenearestmultipleof5beforethebilliscalculated.
TheDurationofthecallisentered.
The=MINUTES()functioncalculatesthetotalnumberofminutes.
The=SECOND()functioncalculatesthetotalnumberofseconds.
The=CEILING()functionroundsthesecondsuptothenearestmulipleof5.
TheCostofthecallisthencalculated.

CostPerSecond: 0.01

BilledDuration
Duration Minutes Seconds Cost
0:01:08 1 10 0.70
0:02:03 2 5 1.25
0:01:47 1 50 1.10
=CEILING(SECOND(C36),5)
SIGN
Positiveor
Value Negative
10 1 =SIGN(C4)
20 1 =SIGN(C5)
0 0 =SIGN(C6)
10 1 =SIGN(C7)
20 1 =SIGN(C8)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctiontestsavaluetodeterminewhetheritispositiveornegative.
Ifthevalueispositivetheresultis1.
Ifthevalueisnegativetheresultis1.
Ifthevalueiszero0theresultis0.

Syntax
=SIGN(CellToTest)
TheCellToTestcanbeacelloracalculation.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
SLN
Cost 12,000
Salvage 2,000
Life 4
StraightLineDepreciation 2,500 =SLN(F3,F4,F5)

PurchaseValueOfANewCar 20,000
SecondHandValue 8,000
NumberOfYearsOwnership 6
AnnualStraightLineDepreciation 2,000 =SLN(F9,F10,F11)

What Does It Do ?
ThisfunctioncalculatestheStraightLineDepreciationofanitem.
(AlsoknownasFixedInstalmentmethod).
TheStraightLineDepreciationishowmuchthevalueofanitemreducedduringaspecific
periodoftime.Theresultisauniformdepreciationvalue.

Anexamplewouldbeifyouboughtanewcarfor20,000,thenkeptitfor6years.
Attheendofyourownershipyousellthecarfor8,000.
Thedifferencebetweentheoriginalandthetradeinpriceis20,0008,000whichis12,000.
Becauseyouownedthecarfor6years,theSLNiscalculatedas12,000/6whichis2,000.

Syntax
=SLN(OriginalCost,SellingPrice,LengthOfOwnership)
TheLengthOfOwnershipcanbeanytimeperiod,days,monthsoryears.
However,theSLNwhichiscalculatedwill,beforthattime,specifying2yearsownership
as24monthswillgiveanSLNpermonth.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
SMALL
Values LowestValue 100 =SMALL(C4:C8,1)
120 2ndLowestValue 120 =SMALL(C4:C8,2)
800 3rdLowestValue 120 =SMALL(C4:C8,3)
100 4thLowestValue 250 =SMALL(C4:C8,4)
120 5thLowestValue 800 =SMALL(C4:C8,5)
250

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionexaminesalistofvaluesandpicksthevalueatauserspecifiedposition
inthelist.

Syntax
=SMALL(ListOfNumbersToExamine,PositionToPickFrom)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedtocalculatethebottom3salesfiguresbetweenJan,FebandMar.

Sales Jan Feb Mar

North 5,000 6,000 4,500
South 5,800 7,000 3,000
East 3,500 2,000 10,000
West 12,000 4,000 6,000

LowestValue 2,000 =SMALL(D24:F27,1)

2ndLowestValue 3,000 =SMALL(D24:F27,2)
3rdLowestValue 3,500 =SMALL(D24:F27,3)

Note
AnotherwaytofindtheHighestandLowestvalueswouldhavebeentouse
the=MAX()and=MIN()functions.

Highest 12,000 =MAX(D24:F27)

Lowest 2,000 =MIN(D24:F27)
Southerndata.
Usedbytheexampleforthe=INDIRECT()function.

Jan Feb Mar Total

Alan 100 200 300 600
Bob 400 500 600 1500
Carol 700 800 900 2400
Total 1200 1500 1800 4500
STDEV
Values Values Values
10 10 10
10 10 11
9 11 9
10 10 12

0.5 0.5 1.2909944

=STDEV(C4:C7) =STDEV(E4:E7) =STDEV(G4:G7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatesthesamplepopulationstandarddeviationofalistofvalues.
Asamplepopulationisusedwhenthelistofvaluesrepresentsasampleofapopulation.

Syntax
=STDEV(Range1,Range2,Range3throughtoRange30)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thetablebelowwasusedbyacompanyinterestedinbuyinganewmachine
topackwashingpowder.
Threemachineswereshortlistedandallowtorunforaday.
Attheendofthedayfourboxesofsoappowderwerepickedatrandomfromtheproduction
ofeachmachine.
Theboxeswereweighedandthe=STDEV()functionusedastheseboxesonlyrepresented
asampleofthecompletedaysproduction.
Themachinewiththesmallestdeviationwasthemostconsistent.

SoapPowderBoxFillingMachineTestResults
Test1 Test2 Test3 Test4 Variance
Machine1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.0816 =STDEV(D34:G34)
Machine2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 0.0500 =STDEV(D35:G35)
Machine3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.1291 =STDEV(D36:G36)

Thesmallestdeviationis: 0.0500 =MIN(H34:H36)

Themachinewiththesmallestdeviationis: Machine2
=INDEX(C34:C36,MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0))
STDEV
Explanation of formula:
Thisfindsthelowestvalue. =MIN(H34:H36)
Thisfindsthepositionofthelowestvalue. =MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0)
ThislooksdowntheMachinecolumnto =INDEX(C34:C36,MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0))
findthemachinename.
STDEVP
Values Values Values
10 10 10
10 10 11
9 11 9
10 10 12

0.433013 0.433013 1.118034

=STDEVP(C4:C7) =STDEVP(E4:E7) =STDEVP(G4:G7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatesthestandarddeviationofalistofvalues.
Theresultiscalculatedonthebasisthatthevaluesrepresenttheentirepopulation.

Syntax
=STDEVP(Range1,Range2,Range3throughtoRange30)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thetablebelowwasusedbyacompanyinterestedinbuyinganewmachine
topackwashingpowder.
Atrialrunofjustfourboxespermachinewereproduced.
Theboxeswereweighedandthe=STDEVP()functionusedastheseboxes
representedtheentiretestrun.
Themachinewiththesmallestvariancewasthemostconsistent.????????????????????

SoapPowderBoxFillingMachineTestResults
Test1 Test2 Test3 Test4 Variance
Machine1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.0707 =STDEVP(D32:G32)
Machine2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 0.0433 =STDEVP(D33:G33)
Machine3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.1118 =STDEVP(D34:G34)

Thesmallestvarianceis: 0.0433 =MIN(H32:H34)

Themachinewiththesmallestvarianceis:Machine2
=INDEX(C32:C34,MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0))

Explanation of formula:
STDEVP
Thisfindsthelowestvalue. =(MIN(H32:H34)
Thisfindsthepositionofthelowestvalue. =MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0)
ThislooksdowntheMachinecolumnto =INDEX(C32:C34,MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0))
findthemachinename.
SUBSTITUTE
OldText NewText
OriginalText ToRemove ToInsert UpdatedText
ABCDEF CD hello ABhelloEF =SUBSTITUTE(B4,C4,D4)
ABCDABCD CD hello ABhelloABhello =SUBSTITUTE(B5,C5,D5)
NorthernRegion Region Area NorthernArea =SUBSTITUTE(B6,C6,D6)
SandandCement and & S&&Cement =SUBSTITUTE(B7,C7,D7)

OldText NewText InstanceTo

OriginalText ToRemove ToInsert BeReplaced UpdatedText
ABCABCABC ABC hello 3 ABCABChello
SandandCement and & 2 Sand&Cement
=SUBSTITUTE(B10,C10,D10,E10)
=SUBSTITUTE(B11,C11,D11,E11)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionreplacesaspecifiedpieceoftextwithadifferentpieceoftext.
Itcaneitherreplacealloccurrencesofthetext,oraspecificinstance.
Thefunctioniscasesensitive.

Syntax
=SUBSTITUTE(OriginalText,TextToRemove,TextToInsert,InstanceToUse)
TheInstanceToUseisoptional,ifitisomittedallinstanceswillbesubstituted.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Note
Tocopewithupperorlowercaseinthesubstitutionyoucanuseothertextfunctions
suchas=UPPER(),=LOWER()or=PROPER()toensurethatthesubstitutionwilltakeplace.

Table1showshowdifferingtextcasesaltertheresultofthesubstitution.

Table1
OldText NewText
OriginalText ToRemove ToInsert UpdatedText
NorthernRegion Region Area NorthernArea
Northernregion Region Area Northernregion
NorthernRegion region Area NorthernRegion
NorthernRegion Region area Northernarea
SUBSTITUTE
NorthernRegion region area NorthernRegion
=SUBSTITUTE(B39,C39,D39)

Table2showshowthe=PROPER()functionhasbeenusedtotakeaccountofthemixedcases.

Table2
OldText NewText
OriginalText ToRemove ToInsert UpdatedText
NorthernRegion Region Area NorthernArea
Northernregion Region Area NorthernArea
NorthernRegion region Area NorthernArea
NorthernRegion Region area NorthernArea
NorthernRegion region area NorthernArea
=SUBSTITUTE(PROPER(B50),PROPER(C50),PROPER(D50))
SUM
Horizontal
100 200 300 600 =SUM(C4:E4)

Vertical
100
200
300
600 =SUM(C7:C9)

SingleCells
100 300 600 =SUM(C13,D14,E13)
200

MultipleRanges
100 400
200 500
3000 600
4800 =SUM(C17:C19,E17:E19)

Functions
100 400
200 500
300 600
800 =SUM(AVERAGE(C23:C25),MAX(E23:E25))

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncreatesatotalfromalistofnumbers.
Itcanbeusedeitherhorizontallyorvertically.
Thenumberscanbeinsinglecells,rangesarefromotherfunctions.

Syntax
=SUM(Range1,Range2,Range3...throughtoRange30).

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Note
SUM
Manypeopleusethe=SUM()functionincorrectly.

ThisexampleshowshowtheSUMhasbeencombinedwithplus+symbols.
Theformulaisactuallydoingmoreworkthanneeded.
Itshouldhavebeenenteredaseither=C48+C49+C50or=SUM(C48:C50).

100
200
300
600 =SUM(C48+C49+C50) Wrong!
=SUM(C48:C50) Correct
=C48+C49+C50 Correct
SUM (Running Total)

Using =SUM() For A Running Total

Running
Month Sales Total
Jan 10 10 =SUM($D$7:D7)
Feb 50 60 =SUM($D$7:D8)
Mar 30 90 =SUM($D$7:D9)
Apr 20 110 =SUM($D$7:D10)
May 110 =SUM($D$7:D11)
Jun 110 =SUM($D$7:D12)
Jul 110 =SUM($D$7:D13)
Aug 110 =SUM($D$7:D14)
Sep 110 =SUM($D$7:D15)
Oct 110 =SUM($D$7:D16)
Nov 110 =SUM($D$7:D17)
Dec 110 =SUM($D$7:D18)

Typetheformula=SUM($D$7:D7)incellE7andthencopydownthetable.
Itworksbecausethefirstreferenceusesdollarsymbols$tokeep$D$7static
astheformulaiscopieddown.Eachoccurrenceofthe=SUM()thenaddsall
thenumbersfromthefirstcelldown.

Thefunctioncanbetidieduptoshow0zerowhenthereisnoadjacentvalue
byusingthe=IF()function.

Running
Month Sales Total
Jan 10 10 =SUM(IF(D7,$D$7:D7,0))
Feb 50 60 =SUM(IF(D8,$D$7:D8,0))
Mar 30 90 =SUM(IF(D9,$D$7:D9,0))
Apr 20 110 =SUM(IF(D10,$D$7:D10,0))
May 0 =SUM(IF(D11,$D$7:D11,0))
Jun 0 =SUM(IF(D12,$D$7:D12,0))
Jul 0 The=SUM()onlytakesplacewhen
Aug 0 thereisdataincolumnD.
Sep 0 Otherwisethevalue0zeroisentered.
Oct 0
Nov 0
SUM (Running Total)
Dec 0
SUM and the =OFFSET function
Sometimesitisnecessarytobaseacalculationonasetofcellsindifferentlocations.
Anexamplewouldbewhenatotalisrequiredfromcertainmonthsoftheyear,suchas
thelast3monthsinrelationtothecurrentdate.

Onesolutionwouldbetoretypethecalculationeachtimenewdataisentered,butthis
wouldbetimeconsumingandopentohumanerror.

Abetterwayistoindicatethestartandendpointoftherangetobecalculatedby
usingthe=OFFSET()function.

The=OFFSET()picksoutacellacertainnumberofcellsawayfromanothercell.
Bygivingthe=OFFSET()theaddressofthefirstcellintherangewhichneedsto
betotalled,wecanthenindicatehowfarawaytheendcellshouldbeandthe=OFFSET()
willgiveustheaddressofcellwhichwillbetheendoftherangetobetotalled.

The=OFFSET()needstoknowthreethings;
1.Acelladdresstouseasthefixedpointfromwhereitshouldbasetheoffset.
2.Howmanyrowsitshouldlookupordownfromthestartingpoint.
3.Howmanycolumnsitshouldlookleftorrightfromthestartingpoint.

Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May

10 10 400 500 600 700
=SUM(E24:OFFSET(E24,0,0))
ThisexampleusesE24asthestartingpointandoffsetsnorowsorcolumnswhich
resultsintherangebeingsummedasE24:E24.

410 10 400 500 600 700

=SUM(E29:OFFSET(E29,0,1))
ThisexampleusesE29asthestartingpointandoffsets1coltopickout
cellF29resultinginatherangeE29:F29beingsummed.

910 10 400 500 600 700

=SUM(E34:OFFSET(E34,0,2))
ThisexampleusesE34asthestartingpointandoffsets2colstopickout
cellG34resultinginatherangeE34:G34beingsummed.

Using =OFFSET() Twice In A Formula

Thefollowingexamplesuse=OFFSET()topickboththestartandendoftherange
SUM and the =OFFSET function
whichneedstobetotalled.

Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May

400 10 400 500 600 700
=SUM(OFFSET(E45,0,1):OFFSET(E45,0,1))
ThecellE45hasbeenusedasthestartingpointforbothoffsetsandeachhas
beenoffsetbyjust1column.TheresultisthatjustcellF45isusedasthe
rangeF45:F45forthesumfunctiontocalculate.

900 10 400 500 600 700

=SUM(OFFSET(E51,0,1):OFFSET(E51,0,2))
ThecellE51hasbeenusedasthestartingpointofbothoffsets,thefirstoffsetis
offsetby1column,thesecondby2columns.TheresultistherangeF51:G51which
isthentotalled.

1500 10 400 500 600 700

=SUM(OFFSET(E57,0,1):OFFSET(E57,0,3))
ThecellE57hasbeenusedasthestartingpointforbothoffsets,thefirstoffsetis
offsetby1column,thesecondby3columns.TheresultistherangeF57:H57which
isthentotalled.

Example

Thefollowingtableshowsfivemonthsofdata.
Tocalculatethetotalofaspecificgroupofmonthsthe=OFFSET()functionhasbeenused.
TheStartandEnddatesenteredincellsF71andF72areusedastheoffsettoproduce
arangewhichcanbetotalled.

TypeintheStartmonth. Feb-98
TypeintheEndmonth. Mar-98

Total Jan98 Feb98 Mar98 Apr98 May98

900 10 400 500 600 700

1020 15 20 1000 2000 3000

13 5 3 10 800 900
=SUM(OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(F71)):OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(F72)))
SUM and the =OFFSET function
Explanation
Thefollowingformularepresentabreakdownofwhatthe=OFFSETfunctiondoes.
Theformuladisplayedbelowareonlydummies,buttheywillupdateasyouenter
datesintocellsF71andF72.

Formula 1 =SUM(OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(F71)):OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(F72)))
Thisistheactualformulaenteredbytheuser.

Formula 2 =SUM(OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(2)):OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(3)))
Thisshowshowthe=MONTHfunctioncalculatesthemonthnumber.
Inthisexamplethevaluesofthemonthsare2and3forFebandMar.
Thesevaluesarethe'offsets'relativetocellD79.

Formula 3 =SUM(OFFSET(D79,0,2):OFFSET(D79,0,3))
Thisshowswherethemonthnumbersareusedinthe=OFFSETfunction.

Formula 4 =SUM(F79:G79)
Thisshowshowthe=OFFSETeventuallyequatestocelladdresses
tobeusedasarangeforthe=SUMfunction.
SUMIF
Item Date Cost
Brakes 1Jan98 80
Tyres 10May98 25
Brakes 1Feb98 80
Service 1Mar98 150
Service 5Jan98 300
Window 1Jun98 50
Tyres 1Apr98 200
Tyres 1Mar98 100
Clutch 1May98 250

TotalcostofallBrakesbought. 160 =SUMIF(C4:C12,"Brakes",E4:E12)

TotalcostofallTyresbought. 325 =SUMIF(C4:C12,"Tyres",E4:E12)
Totalofitemscosting100orabove. 1000 =SUMIF(E4:E12,">=100")

Totalofitemtypedinfollowingcell. service 450 =SUMIF(C4:C12,E18,E4:E12)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionaddsthevalueofitemswhichmatchcriteriasetbytheuser.

Syntax
=SUMIF(RangeOfThingsToBeExamined,CriteriaToBeMatched,RangeOfValuesToTotal)

=SUMIF(C4:C12,"Brakes",E4:E12) ThisexaminesthenamesofproductsinC4:C12.
ItthenidentifiestheentriesforBrakes.
ItthentotalstherespectivefiguresinE4:E12

=SUMIF(E4:E12,">=100") ThisexaminesthevaluesinE4:E12.
Ifthevalueis>=100thevalueisaddedtothetotal.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
SUMPRODUCT
Item Sold price
Tyres 5 100
Filters 2 10
Bulbs 3 2

TotalSalesValue: 526 =SUMPRODUCT(D4:D6,E4:E6)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionusesatleasttwocolumnsofvalues.
Thevaluesinthefirstcolumnaremultipledwiththecorrespondingvalueinthesecondcolumn.
Thetotalofallthevaluesistheresultofthecalculation.

Syntax
=SUMPRODUCT(Range1,Range,Range3throughtoRange30)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyadrinksmerchanttokeeptrackofstock.
Themerchantneededtoknowthetotalpurchasevalueofthestock,andthepotential
valueofthestockwhenitissold,takingingintoaccountthemarkuppercentage.

The=SUMPRODUCT()functionisusedtomultiplytheCasesInStockwiththeCasePriceto
calculatewhatthemerchantspentinbuyingthestock.

The=SUMPRODUCT()functionisusedtomultiplytheCasesInStockwith
theBottlesInCaseandtheBottleSettingPrice,tocalculatethepotentialvalueofthe
stockifitisallsold.

CasesIn Case Bottles Bottle Bottle

Product Stock Price InCase Cost Markup SellingPrice
RedWine 10 120 10 12.00 25% 15.00
WhiteWine 8 130 10 13.00 25% 16.25
Champagne 5 200 6 33.33 80% 60.00
Beer 50 24 12 2.00 20% 2.40
Lager 100 30 12 2.50 25% 3.13
=D39/E39 =F39+F39*G39
 TotalValueOfStock : 7,440 =SUMPRODUCT(C35:C39,D35:D39)
TotalSellingPriceOfStock : 9,790 =SUMPRODUCT(C35:C39,E35:E39,H35:H39)

Profit: 2,350 =E44E43

SYD
PurchaseValueOfANewCar 20,000
SecondHandValue 8,000
NumberOfYearsOwnership 6

Deprecationinyear1 3,429 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,1)

Deprecationinyear2 2,857 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,2)
Deprecationinyear3 2,286 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,3)
Deprecationinyear4 1,714 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,4)
Deprecationinyear5 1,143 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,5)
Deprecationinyear6 571 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,6)

TotalDepreciation: 12,000 =SUM(F7:F12)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatesthedepreciationofanitemthroughoutitslife,usingthesumofthe
yearsdigits.
Thedepreciationisgreatestintheearlierpartoftheitemslife.

What is the Sum Of The Years Digits ?

Thesumoftheyearsdigitsaddstogethertheeachoftheyearsofthelife.
Alifeof3yearshasasumof1+2+3equalling6.
Eachoftheyearsisthencalculatedasapercentageofthesumoftheyears.
Year3is50%of6,year2is33%of6,year1is17%6.
Thetotaldepreciationoftheitemisthenallocatedonthebasisofthesepercentages.
Adepreciationof9000isallocatedas50%being4500,33%being3000,17%being1500.

9,000
1 17% 1,500
2 33% 3,000
3 50% 4,500

Asthegreaterpartofthedepreciationisallocatedtotheearliestyearsthevaluesare
inverted,year1is$4500,year2is3000andyear1is1500.

Example 1

PurchasePriceOfACar: 10,000
SalvageValue: 1,000
ExpectedLifeinYears: 3
SYD
As%OfTotalDepreciation
DepreciationinYear1: 4,500 ===> 0.5
DepreciationinYear2: 3,000 ===> 0.333333
DepreciationinYear3: 1,500 ===> 0.166667
=SYD(E39,E40,E41,3)

1.AddtogetherthedigitsoftheLifetogettheSumOfTheYearsDigits,1+2+3=6.
2.SubtracttheSalvagefromthePurchasePricetogetTotalDeprectation,100001000=9000.
3.DividetheTotalDeprectationbytheSumOfTheYearsDigits,9000/6=1500.
4.Inverttheyeardigits,1,2,3becomes3,2,1.
5.Multiply3,2,1by1500toget4500,3000,1500,thesevaluesarethedepreciation
valuesforeachofthethreeyearsinthelifeoftheitem.

Example 2
Thesameexampleusing4years.

PurchasePriceOfACar: 10,000
SalvageValue: 1,000
ExpectedLifeinYears: 4
As%OfTotalDepriciation
DepreciationinYear1: 3,600 0.4
DepreciationinYear2: 2,700 0.3
DepreciationinYear3: 1,800 0.2
DepreciationinYear4: 900 0.1
TotalDepreciation: 9,000 100%

Example 3
Thisexamplewilladjustitselftoaccommodateanynumberofyearsbetween1and10.

PurchasePriceOfACar: 10,000
SalvageValue: 1,000
ExpectedLifeinYears(1to10): 7
As%OfTotalDepriciation
Year 1 2,250 25%
Year 2 1,929 21%
Year 3 1,607 18%
Year 4 1,286 14%
Year 5 964 11%
Year 6 643 7%
Year 7 321 4%
SYD
Year
Year
Year
9,000 100%

Syntax
=SYD(OriginalCost,SalvageValue,Life,PeriodToCalculate)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
T
CellToTest Result
Hello Hello =T(D4)
10 =T(D5)
1Jan98 =T(D6)
=T(D7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionexaminesanentrytodeterminewhetheritistextornot.
Ifthevalueistext,thenthetextistheresultofthefunction
Ifthevalueisnottext,theresultisablank.
ThefunctionisnotspecificallyneededbyExcel,butisincludedforcompatibilitywith
otherspreadsheetprograms.

Syntax
=T(CellToTest)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
TEXT
Original Converted
Number ToText
10 10.00 =TEXT(C4,"0.00")
10 10.00 =TEXT(C5,"0.00")
10 10 =TEXT(C6,"0")
10 10 =TEXT(C7,"0")
10.25 10.3 =TEXT(C8,"0.0")
10.25 10.3 =TEXT(C9,"0.0")

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionconvertsanumbertoapieceoftext.
Theformattingforthetextneedstobespecifiedinthefunction.

Syntax
=TEXT(NumberToConvert,FormatForConversion)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisrequired.
TIME
Hour Minute Second Time
14 30 59 14:30:59 =TIME(C4,D4,E4)
14 30 59 2:30:59PM =TIME(C5,D5,E5)
14 30 59 0.60485 =TIME(C6,D6,E6)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionwillconvertthreeseparatenumberstoanactualtime.

Syntax
=TIME(Hour,Minute,Second)

Formatting
Theresultwillbeshownasatimewhichcanbeformattedeitheras12or24hourstyle.
Ifanormalnumberformatisappliedadecimalfractionisshownwhichrepresentsthe
timeasafractionoftheday.
TIMEVALUE
Text Time
14:30:59 0.604849537 =TIMEVALUE(C4)
14:30:59 14:30:59 =TIMEVALUE(C5)
14:30:59 2:30:59PM =TIMEVALUE(C6)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionwillshowanactualtimebasedonapieceoftextwhichlooks
likeatime.Itisusefulwhendataisimportedfromotherapplications,suchas
frommainframecomputers,whichconvertallvaluestotext.

Syntax
=TIMEVALUE(Text)

Formatting
Theresultwillbeshownasanumberrepresentingthetimeafractionoftheday.
Formattingcanbeappliedforeitherthe12or24hourclocksystem.
TODAY
TodayIs
6May09 =TODAY()

What Does It Do?

Usethistoshowthecurrentdate.

Syntax
=TODAY()

Formatting
TheresultwillnormallybedisplayedusingtheDDMMMYYformat.

Example
ThefollowingexampleshowshowtheTodayfunctionisusedtocalculatethenumber
ofdayssinceaparticularday.

Date DaysSince
1Jan97 4508 =TODAY()C20
10Aug97 4287 =TODAY()C21

Notethattheresultisactuallythenumberofdaysbeforetodaysdate.Tocalculate
aresultwhichincludesthecurrentdateanextra1willneedtobeadded.

Date DaysSince
1Jan97 4509 =TODAY()C28+1
10Aug97 4288 =TODAY()C29+1

Example
Thefollowingexampleshowsthenumberofdaysfromtodayuntiltheyear2000.

Year2000 DaysUntil
01Jan2000 3413 =C36TODAY()
TRANSPOSE
Jan Feb
Alan 10 30
Bob 40 50
Carol 70 80
Total 120 160

0 Alan Bob Carol Total

Jan 10 40 70 120
Feb 30 50 80 160

{=TRANSPOSE(C3:E7)}

Asanarrayformulainallthesecells

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncopiesdatafromarange,andplacesinitinanewrange,turningitso
thatthedataoriginallyincolumnsisnowinrows,andthedataoriginallyinrows
isincolumns.
Thetransposerangemustbethesamesizeastheoriginalrange.
Thefunctionneedstobeenteredasanarrayformula.
Toenteranarrayformulayoumustfirsthighlightallthecellswheretheformulaisrequired.
Nexttypetheformula,suchas=TRANSPOSE(A1:A5).
FinallypressCtrl+Shift+Entertoconfirmit.
Ifchangesneedtobemadetotheformula,theentirearrayhastobehighlighted,theedits
canthenbemadeandtheCtrl+Shift+Enterusedtoconfirmit.

Syntax
=TRANSPOSE(Range)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
TREND WHAT IS CONST b ?
HistoricalData PredictedValues
Month Sales Month Sales
1 1,000 7 4,940 {=TREND(C8:C13,B8:B13,E8:E13)}
2 2,000 8 5,551 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}
3 2,500 9 6,163 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}
4 3,500 10 6,774 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}
5 3,800 11 7,386 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}
6 4,000 12 7,997 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionpredictsvaluesbaseduponthreesetsofrelatedvalues.
ThepredictionisbasedupontheLinearTrendoftheoriginalvalues.
ThefunctionisanarrayfunctionandmustbeenteredusingCtrl+Shift+Enter.

Syntax
=TREND(KnownYs,KnownXs,RequiredXs,Constant)
TheKnownYsistherangeofvalues,suchasSalesFigures.
TheKnownXsistheintervalsusedwhencollectingthedata,suchasMonths.
TheRequiredXsistherangeforwhichyouwanttomaketheprediction,suchasMonths.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thefollowingtableswereusedbyacompanytopredictwhentheywouldstartto
makeaprofit.
Theirbankmanagerhadtoldthecompanythatunlesstheycouldshowaprofitbythe
endofthenextyear,thebankwouldnolongerprovideanoverdraftfacility.
Toprovetothebankthat,baseduponthepastyearsperformance,thecompanywould
starttomakeaprofitattheendofthenextyear,the=TREND()functionwasused.
Thehistoricaldataforthepastyearwasentered,months1to12.
Themonthstopredictwereentered,13to24.
The=TREND()functionshowsthatitwillbemonth22beforethecompanymakeaprofit.

HistoricalData PredictedValues
Month Profit Month Profit
1 5,000 13 2,226 {=TREND(C41:C52,B41:B52,E41:E52)}
TREND WHAT IS CONST b ?
2 4,800 14 1,968 The
3 4,600 15 1,709 same
4 4,750 16 1,451 function
5 4,800 17 1,193 used
6 4,500 18 935 in
7 4,000 19 676 all
8 3,800 20 418 cells
9 3,300 21 160 as
10 2,000 22 98 an
11 2,500 23 356 array
12 2,800 24 615 formula

How To Enter An Array Formula

Selectallthecellswherethearrayisrequired,suchasF41toF52.
Typetheformulasuchas=TREND(C41:C52,B41:B52,E41:E52),butdonotpressEnter.
HoldtheCtrl+Shiftkeysdown.
PressEntertoentertheformulaasanarray.
TRIM
OriginalText TrimmedText
ABCD ABCD =TRIM(C4)
ABCD ABCD =TRIM(C5)
AlanJones AlanJones =TRIM(C6)
ABCD ABCD =TRIM(C7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionremovesunwantedspacesfromapieceoftext.
Thespacesbeforeandafterthetextwillberemovedcompletely.
Multiplespaceswithinthetextwillbetrimmedtoasinglespace

Syntax
=TRIM(TextToTrim)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
TRUNC
Precision
For Truncated
Number Truncation Number
1.47589 0 1 =TRUNC(C4,D4)
1.47589 1 1.4 =TRUNC(C5,D5)
1.47589 2 1.47 =TRUNC(C6,D6)
1.47589 1 1.4 =TRUNC(C7,D7)
1.47589 2 1.47 =TRUNC(C8,D8)
13643.48 1 13640 =TRUNC(C9,D9)
13643.48 2 13600 =TRUNC(C10,D10)
13643.48 3 13000 =TRUNC(C11,D11)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionremovesthedecimalpartofanumber,itdoesnotactuallyroundthenumber.

Syntax
=TRUNC(NumberToTuncate,Precision)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
UPPER
OriginalText UpperCase
alanjones ALANJONES =UPPER(C4)
bobsmith BOBSMITH =UPPER(C5)
carOlwiLLiamS CAROLWILLIAMS =UPPER(C6)
cardiff CARDIFF =UPPER(C7)
abc123 ABC123 =UPPER(C8)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionconvertsallcharactersinapieceoftexttouppercase.

Syntax
=UPPER(TextToConvert)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
SeetheexampleforFREQUENCY.
VALUE
TextContainingANumber Value
Annualturnoverwas5000 5000 =VALUE(MID(C4,SEARCH("",C4),99))

Therewasa2%increaseinsales. 0.02
Therewasa50%increaseinsales. 0.5
A100%increasewasachieved. 1
Onlya2%increaseinsales. 2%
Approx50%increaseinsales. 50%
Therewasa100%increaseinsales. 100% * See explanation below.
=VALUE(MID(SUBSTITUTE(C11,"",""),SEARCH("???%",SUBSTITUTE(C11,"","")),4))

Thewinningtimewas1:30seconds. 0.0625 =VALUE(MID(C14,SEARCH("??:??",C14),5))

Thewinningtimewas1:30seconds. 1:30 =VALUE(MID(C15,SEARCH("??:??",C15),5))
Thewinningtimewas10:30seconds. 10:30 =VALUE(MID(C16,SEARCH("??:??",C16),5))
Thewinningtimewas0:30seconds. 0:30 =VALUE(MID(C17,SEARCH("??:??",C17),5))

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionconvertsapieceoftextwhichresemblesanumberintoanactualvalue.
Ifthenumberinthemiddleofalongpieceoftextitwillhavetobeextractedusingother
textfunctionssuchas=SEARCH(),=MID(),=FIND(),=SUBSTITUTE,=LEFT()or=RIGHT().

Syntax
=VALUE(TextToConvert)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
Theresultwillbeshownasavalue,basedupontheoriginaltext.
Ifthesignisincludedinthetextitwillbeignored.
Ifthe%signisincludedinthetext,theresultwillbeadecimalfractionwhichcanthen
beformattedasapercentage.
Iftheoriginaltextformatappearsasatimehh:mmtheresultwillbeatime.
Thesamewillbetrueforotherrecognisedformats.

Explanation of formula shown above.

Toextractthevaluesfromthefollowingtextiscomplicated!
Theactualpercentagevalueisofvariablelength,itcanbeeitherone,twoorthreedigitslong.
Theonlywaytoidentifythevalueisthefactitalwaysendswiththe%sign.
Thereisnowaytoidentifythebeginningofthevalue,otherthanitisprecededbyaspace.
VALUE
Themainproblemiscalculatingthelengthofthevaluetoextract.
Iftheextractionassumesthemaximumlengthofthreedigitsandthe%sign,errorswilloccur
whenthepercentageisonlyonedigitlong,asalphabeticcharacterswillbeincluded.
Togetaroundtheproblemthe=SUBSTITUTE()functionwasusedtoincreasethesizeofthe
spacesinthetext.
Nowwhentheextractiontakesplaceanyunnecessarycharacterswillbespaceswhichare
ignoredbythe=VALUE()function.

Therewasa2%increaseinsales. 0.02
Therewasa50%increaseinsales. 0.5
Therewasa100%increaseinsales. 1

=VALUE(MID(SUBSTITUTE(C52,"",""),SEARCH("???%",SUBSTITUTE(C52,"","")),4))
VAR
Values Values Values
10 10 10
10 10 11
9 11 9
10 10 12

0.25 0.25 1.6666667

=VAR(C4:C7) =VAR(E4:E7) =VAR(G4:G7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatesthesamplepopulationvarianceofalistofvalues.
Asamplepopulationisusedwhenthelistofvaluesrepresentsasampleofapopulation.

Syntax
=VAR(Range1,Range2,Range3throughtoRange30)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thetablebelowwasusedbyacompanyinterestedinbuyinganewmachine
topackwashingpowder.
Threemachineswereshortlistedandallowtorunforaday.
Attheendofthedayfourboxesofsoappowderwerepickedatrandomfromtheproduction
ofeachmachine.
Theboxeswereweighedandthe=VAR()functionusedastheseboxesonlyrepresented
asampleofthecompletedaysproduction.
Themachinewiththesmallestvariancewasthemostconsistent.

SoapPowderBoxFillingMachineTestResults
Test1 Test2 Test3 Test4 Variance
Machine1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.0067 =VAR(D34:G34)
Machine2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 0.0025 =VAR(D35:G35)
Machine3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.0167 =VAR(D36:G36)

Thesmallestvarianceis: 0.0025 =MIN(H34:H36)

Themachinewiththesmallestvarianceis: Machine2
=INDEX(C34:C36,MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0))
VAR
Explanation of formula:
Thisfindsthelowestvalue. =MIN(H34:H36)
Thisfindsthepositionofthelowestvalue. =MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0)
ThislooksdowntheMachinecolumnto =INDEX(C34:C36,MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0))
findthemachinename.
VARP
Values Values Values
10 10 10
10 10 11
9 11 9
10 10 12

0.1875 0.1875 1.25

=VARP(C4:C7) =VARP(E4:E7) =VARP(G4:G7)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctioncalculatesthevarianceofalistofvalues.
Thevarianceiscalculatedonthebasisthatthevaluesrepresenttheentirepopulation.

Syntax
=VARP(Range1,Range2,Range3throughtoRange30)

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.

Example
Thetablebelowwasusedbyacompanyinterestedinbuyinganewmachine
topackwashingpowder.
Atrialrunajustfourboxespermachinewereproduced.
Theboxeswereweighedandthe=VARP()functionusedastheseboxes
representedtheentiretestrun.
Themachinewiththesmallestvariancewasthemostconsistent.

SoapPowderBoxFillingMachineTestResults
Test1 Test2 Test3 Test4 Variance
Machine1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.0050 =VARP(D32:G32)
Machine2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 0.0019 =VARP(D33:G33)
Machine3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.0125 =VARP(D34:G34)

Thesmallestvarianceis: 0.0019 =MIN(H32:H34)

Themachinewiththesmallestvarianceis: Machine2
=INDEX(C32:C34,MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0))

Explanation of formula:
VARP
Thisfindsthelowestvalue. =(MIN(H32:H34)
Thisfindsthepositionofthelowestvalue. =MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0)
ThislooksdowntheMachinecolumnto =INDEX(C32:C34,MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0))
findthemachinename.
VLOOKUP
The column numbers are not needed.
they are part of the illustration.
col 1 col 2 col 3 col 4 col 5 col 6
Jan 10 20 30 40 50
Feb 80 90 100 110 120
Mar 97 69 45 51 77

Typeamonthtolookfor: Feb
Whichcolumnneedstobepickedout: 4

Theresultis: 100
=VLOOKUP(G11,C6:H8,G12,FALSE)

What Does It Do ?
Thisfunctionscansdowntherowheadingsatthesideofatabletofindaspecifieditem.
Whentheitemisfound,itthenscansacrosstopickacellentry.

Syntax
=VLOOKUP(ItemToFind,RangeToLookIn,ColumnToPickFrom,SortedOrUnsorted)
TheItemToFindisasingleitemspecifiedbytheuser.
TheRangeToLookInistherangeofdatawiththerowheadingsatthelefthandside.
TheColumnToPickFromishowfaracrossthetablethefunctionshouldlooktopickfrom.
TheSorted/Unsortediswhetherthecolumnheadingsaresorted.TRUEforyes,FALSEforno.

Formatting
Nospecialformattingisneeded.
VLOOKUP
Example 1
Thistableisusedtofindavaluebasedonaspecifiednameandmonth.
The=VLOOKUP()isusedtoscandowntofindthename.
Theproblemariseswhenweneedtoscanacrosstofindthemonthcolumn.
Tosolvetheproblemthe=MATCH()functionisused.

The=MATCH()looksthroughthelistofnamestofindthemonthwerequire.Itthencalculates
thepositionofthemonthinthelist.Unfortunately,becausethelistofmonthsisnotaswide
asthelookuprange,the=MATCH()numberis1lessthanwerequire,soandextra1is
addedtocompensate.

The=VLOOKUP()nowusesthis=MATCH()numbertolookacrossthecolumnsand
picksoutthecorrectcellentry.

The=VLOOKUP()usesFALSEattheendofthefunctiontoindicatetoExcelthatthe
rowheadingsarenotsorted.

Jan Feb Mar

Bob 10 80 97
Eric 20 90 69
Alan 30 100 45
Carol 40 110 51
David 50 120 77

Typeanametolookfor: eric
Typeamonthtolookfor: mar

Theresultis: 69
=VLOOKUP(F56,C50:F54,MATCH(F57,D49:F49,0)+1,FALSE)
VLOOKUP
Example 2
Thisexampleshowshowthe=VLOOKUP()isusedtopickthecostofasparepartfor
differentmakesofcars.
The=VLOOKUP()scansdownrowheadingsincolumnFforthesparepartenteredincolumnC.
Whenthemakeisfound,the=VLOOKUP()thenscansacrosstofindtheprice,usingthe
resultofthe=MATCH()functiontofindthepositionofthemakeofcar.

Thefunctionsusetheabsoluterangesindicatedbythedollarsymbol.Thisensuresthat
whentheformulaiscopiedtomorecells,therangesfor=VLOOKUP()and=MATCH()do
notchange.

Maker Spare Cost LookupTable

Vauxhall Ignition 50 Vauxhall Ford VW
VW GearBox 600 GearBox 500 450 600
Ford Engine 1,200 Engine 1000 1200 800
VW Steering 275 Steering 250 350 275
Ford Ignition 70 Ignition 50 70 45
Ford CYHead 290 CYHead 300 290 310
Vauxhall GearBox 500
Ford Engine 1,200
=VLOOKUP(C81,F75:I79,MATCH(B81,G74:I74,0)+1,FALSE)
VLOOKUP
Example 3
Inthefollowingexampleabuildersmerchantisofferingdiscountonlargeorders.
TheUnitCostTableholdsthecostof1unitofBrick,WoodandGlass.
TheDiscountTableholdsthevariousdiscountsfordifferentquantitiesofeachproduct.
TheOrdersTableisusedtoentertheordersandcalculatetheTotal.

AllthecalculationstakeplaceintheOrdersTable.
ThenameoftheItemistypedincolumnCoftheOrdersTable.

TheUnitCostoftheitemisthenlookedupintheUnitCostTable.
TheFALSEoptionhasbeenusedattheendofthefunctiontoindicatethattheproduct
namesdownthesideoftheUnitCostTablearenotsorted.
UsingtheFALSEoptionforcesthefunctiontosearchforanexactmatch.Ifamatchis
notfound,thefunctionwillproduceanerror.
=VLOOKUP(C126,C114:D116,2,FALSE)

ThediscountisthenlookedupintheDiscountTable
IftheQuantityOrderedmatchesavalueatthesideoftheDiscountTablethe=VLOOKUPwill
lookacrosstofindthecorrectdiscount.
TheTRUEoptionhasbeenusedattheendofthefunctiontoindicatethatthevalues
downthesideoftheDiscountTablearesorted.
UsingTRUEwillallowthefunctiontomakeanapproximatematch.IftheQuantityOrdereddoes
notmatchavalueatthesideoftheDiscountTable,thenextlowestvalueisused.
Tryingtomatchanorderof125willdropdownto100,andthediscountfrom
the100rowisused.
=VLOOKUP(D126,F114:I116,MATCH(C126,G113:I113,0)+1,TRUE)

DiscountTable
UnitCostTable Brick Wood Glass
Brick 2 1 0% 0% 0%
Wood 1 100 6% 3% 12%
Glass 3 300 8% 5% 15%

OrdersTable
Item Units UnitCost Discount Total
Brick 100 2 6% 188
Wood 200 1 3% 194
Glass 150 3 12% 396
Brick 225 2 6% 423
VLOOKUP
Wood 50 1 0% 50
Glass 500 3 15% 1,275

Formulafor:
UnitCost =VLOOKUP(C126,C114:D116,2,FALSE)
Discount =VLOOKUP(D126,F114:I116,MATCH(C126,G113:I113,0)+1,TRUE)
Total =(D126*E126)(D126*E126*F126)
WEEKDAY
Date Weekday
Thu01Jan98 5 =WEEKDAY(C4)
Thu01Jan98 5 =WEEKDAY(C5)
Thu01Jan98 5 =WEEKDAY(C6,1)
Thu01Jan98 4 =WEEKDAY(C7,2)
Thu01Jan98 3 =WEEKDAY(C8,3)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionshowsthedayoftheweekfromadate.

Syntax
=WEEKDAY(Date,Type)
Type:Thisisusedtoindicatetheweekdaynumberingsystem.
1:willsetSundayas1throughtoSaturdayas7
2:willsetMondayas1throughtoSundayas7.
3:willsetMondayas0throughtoSundayas6.
Ifnonumberisspecified,Excelwilluse1.

Formatting
Theresultwillbeshownasanormalnumber.
Toshowtheresultasthenameoftheday,useFormat,Cells,Customandset
theTypetodddordddd.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyahotelwhichrentedafunctionroom.
Thehotelchargeddifferentratesdependinguponwhichdayoftheweekthebookingwasfor.
TheBookingDateisentered.
TheActualDayiscalculated.
TheBookingCostispickedfromalistofratesusingthe=LOOKUP()function.

BookingDate ActualDay BookingCost

7Jan98 Thursday 30.00
=LOOKUP(WEEKDAY(C34),C39:D45)

BookingRates
DayOfWeek Cost
1 50
2 25
3 25
WEEKDAY
4 30
5 40
6 50
7 100
WORKDAY
StartDate Days Result
1Jan98 28 35836 =WORKDAY(D4,E4)
1Jan98 28 10Feb98 =WORKDAY(D5,E5)

What Does It Do?

Usethisfunctiontocalculateapastorfuturedatebasedonastartingdateanda
specifiednumberofdays.Thefunctionexcludesweekendsandholidaysandcan
thereforebeusedtocalculatedeliverydatesorinvoicedates.

Syntax
=WORKDAY(StartDate,Days,Holidays)

Formatting
Theresultwillnormallybeshownasanumberwhichcanbeformattedtoa
normaldatebyusingFormat,Cells,Number,Date.

Example
Thefollowingexampleshowshowthefunctioncanbeusedtocalculatedeliverydates
baseduponaninitialOrderDateandestimatedDeliveryDays.

OrderDate DeliveryDays DeliveryDate

Mon02Feb98 2 Wed04Feb98
Tue15Dec98 28 Tue26Jan99
=WORKDAY(D25,E25,D28:D32)
Holidays
BankHoliday Fri01May98
Xmas Fri25Dec98
NewYear Wed01Jan97
NewYear Thu01Jan98
NewYear Fri01Jan99
YEAR
Date Year
25Dec98 1998 =YEAR(C4)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctionextractstheyearnumberfromadate.

Syntax
=YEAR(Date)

Formatting
Theresultisshownasanumber.
YEARFRAC
StartDate EndDate Fraction
1Jan98 1Apr98 0.25 =YEARFRAC(C4,D4)
1Jan98 31Dec98 1 =YEARFRAC(C5,D5)
1Jan98 1Apr98 25% =YEARFRAC(C6,D6)

What Does It Do?

Thisfunctioncalculatesthedifferencebetweentwodatesandexpressestheresult
asadecimalfraction.

Syntax
=YEARFRAC(StartDate,EndData,Basis)
Basis:Definesthecalendarsystemtobeusedinthefunction.
0:oromittedUSAstyle30dayspermonthdividedby360.
1:29or30or31dayspermonthdividedby365.
2:29or30or31dayspermonthdividedby360.
3:29or300r31dayspermonthdividedby365.
4:European29or30or31daysdividedby360.

Formatting
Theresultwillbeshownasadecimalfraction,butcanbeformattedasapercent.

Example
Thefollowingtablewasusedbyacompanywhichhiredpeopleonshorttermcontracts
forapartoftheyear.
TheProRataSalarywhichrepresentstheannualsalaryisentered.
TheStartandEnddatesofthecontractareentered.
The=YEARFRAC()functionisusedtocalculateActualSalaryfortheportionoftheyear.

Start End ProRataSalary ActualSalary

1Jan98 31Dec98 12,000 12,000 =YEARFRAC(B32,C32+1,4)*D32
1Jan98 31Mar98 12,000 3,000 =YEARFRAC(B33,C33+1,4)*D33
1Jan98 30Jun98 12,000 6,000 =YEARFRAC(B34,C34+1,4)*D34

Note
Theextra1hasbeenaddedtotheEnddatetocompensateforthefactthatthe=YEARFRAC()
functioncalculatesfromtheStartdateupto,butnotincluding,theEnddate.
Project Dates House Building
TargetDelivery Tue27Jan98 TargetBudget 12,000

Days
JobStage StartDate Required EndDate DailyCost Total
Survey Mon05Jan98 5 Fri09Jan98 200 1,000
Foundation Mon12Jan98 4 Thu15Jan98 1,000 4,000
Walls Fri16Jan98 3 Tue20Jan98 800 2,400
Roof Wed21Jan98 6 Wed28Jan98 400 2,400
Electrics Thu29Jan98 4 Tue03Feb98 300 1,200

ActualDelivery Tue03Feb98 TotalCost 11,000

AgainstTarget 5daysbehind Budget% 92%

TotalDays 22