Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 9, No.

2, 2015

An Evaluation of Concrete Compressive Strength Using

Computer Tomography Scan Method

Dauda Dahiru

Department of Building, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT
Compressive strength represents a basic standard by which the quality of concrete is assessed. However, in
view of the inherent shortcomings of the compressive strength test, current trend is towards performance
oriented test using Non Destructive Methods, NDT. This is a report on a research carried out on the
assessment of concrete strengths using computer tomography (CT) scan method. First, a preliminary
investigation of the various properties of the materials used for the production of concrete samples was
carried out. Concrete samples were then prepared, cured and subjected to computer tomography (CT) scan
test at the end of the following curing periods: 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days. Samples were then subjected to
compressive strength test. Results showed compressive strength is related to the Hounsfield value by a
correlation of 0.863. Correlation test, multiple regression analysis and graphs were used to analyze the results.
Part of the conclusion drawn from the analysis is that CT scan is good in evaluating concrete strength. It was
recommended that where CT scan is used, the following equation can be used to determine that compressive
strength, y = 5.6 + 0.00711X t .
R R

KEYWORDS: Concrete, Non-destructive testing, Computer tomography scan, Compressive

strength, Quality.

INTRODUCTION its quality (Garba et al., 2004; Neville, 2007; Gupta

and Gupta, 2008; Neville and Brooks, 2010). The
Concrete is the most widely used construction constituents of a good and bad concrete may be exactly
material all over the world and is second only to water the same; it is only the knowledge and skill of the
as the most utilized substance in the world. According producer often without additional cost of labour which
to Mehta and Monteiro (2006), concrete benefits are responsible for the difference. Unfortunately,
mankind more effectively than any construction according to Neville (2007), the engineer often knows
material. The quality of concrete in any building less about the concrete of which the structure is made
project, therefore, determines, to a large extent, the than about other popular manufactured construction
quality of building production in terms of the materials, like steel. This means that there exists the
performance of such structure, production cost and need to take measures throughout the entire stages of
delivery time. production of concrete so as to ensure the production of
However, there are too many variables in the qualitative concrete; quality control. Testing is an
environmental conditions and workmanship that affect inseparable part of quality control. This explains the
reason why there is always a provision for testing of
Accepted for Publication on 1/7/2014. concrete in any large-or medium-sized building or civil

- 175 - 2015 JUST. All Rights Reserved.

An Evaluation of Concrete Dauda Dahiru

engineering project, and money is set aside for that. It Cement

is often necessary to test concrete structures after The type of cement used for the study was Ordinary
concrete has hardened in order to determine whether or Portland Cement, OPC, manufactured and recently
not the structure is suitable for its designed use. Ideally, supplied by the Dangote Cement Company. Various
such testing should be conducted without damaging the tests were undertaken so as to ensure compliance with
concrete. In view of the many shortcomings associated the relevant standards. These tests were carried out on
with the compressive strength test, there exists the need the cement used in accordance to the Nigerian
for a viable alternative. Non-destructive testing seems Industrial Standards: NIS 11 (1974), NIS 445 (2003),
to be the right choice. According to Shetty (2009), NIS 447 (2003), NIS 455 (2003) and British Standards
NDT is now considered as a powerful method for BS 12 (1996) and EN 197-1 (2000). Setting time test,
evaluating existing concrete structures with regard to as well as soundness and consistency tests were
their strength and durability apart from assessment and undertaken in a concrete laboratory at the Department
control of quality of hardened concrete. Gambhir of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
(2006) noted that there is now a switch-over to Nigeria.
performance oriented test through the use of non- Chemical analysis of the cement samples was also
destructive method. This, perhaps, explains the reason carried out at the Center for Energy Research and
why Akkaya et al. (2002) noted that the evaluation of Training, CERT, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
mechanical properties of concrete by non-destructive Nigeria.
techniques is one of the most challenging tasks in
modern civil engineering. Fine Aggregates
Furthermore, the increasing age of reinforced Fine aggregates used in this research work were
concrete structures all over the world has led to the clean and air - dried river sand obtained from Samaru
growing need for reliable tools for concrete Zaria. It was sieved with a 5 mm B5 112 (1971) sieve,
degradation assessment. Also, studies of micro- so as to remove impurities and larger aggregates.
structure property relationships are at the heart of Before fine aggregates were used, they were subjected
modern material science. In other words, there is a to sieve analysis. This was undertaken in accordance to
demand for modelling of material properties on a BS 933-Part 1 (1997). Other properties of fine
meso-scale rather than on the macro-scale only aggregates that were investigated include: specific
(Reinhardt, 2002). As such, tools are needed that allow gravity on oven-dried basis, apparent specific gravity
close examination into a material rather than onto a and water absorption. These tests were carried out in
surface only; molecular analysis. accordance to the following British Standards: BS 812
(1990), BS 882 (1992) and BS 933 (1997).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Coarse Aggregates
Materials Coarse aggregates used were crushed granite stones
The materials used in the experiment are: cement, obtained from a single quarry site along the Zaria-
fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water. Sokoto road. Sieve analysis was carried out on the
Preliminary tests were carried out on these materials so coarse aggregates used in the experiment in accordance
as to establish preliminary test results and obtain to BS 933- Part I (1997).
appropriate parameters. The various tests undertaken Other properties of coarse aggregates that were
were as follows: investigated include: specific gravity on oven-dried
basis, apparent specific gravity and water absorption.

- 176 -
Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 9, No. 2, 2015

These tests were undertaken in accordance to the of each constituent to be used in the production of
following British standards: BS 812 (1990), BS 882 concrete samples. Mixing machine, a horizontal rotary
(1992) and BS 933 (1997). drum mixer, and manual compaction method were
employed in the production of pieces of 150 mm x 150
Water mm x 150 mm concrete cubes. Details of the materials
Water used for mixing was clean, fresh water, free needed for a batch of 6 concrete cubes are presented in
from injurious oils, chemicals and vegetable matter or Table 2.
other impurities.
Table 2. Quantity of materials required for a
Equipment Used batch of 6 concrete cubes
In the course of carrying out the various Types of Quantity of Material
S. No.
experiments, certain equipment were used. Details of Material Required (kg)
the types of equipment used are presented in Table 1. 1 Cement 7.09
2 Sand 15.50
Table 1. Types of tests and description of 3 Coarse 30
equipment used Aggregates
Description of 4 Water 3.25
Type of Test
Equipment/Device Used
Compressive Universal compressive testing Computed Tomography Scan - (CT Scan)
strength machine, produced by Saml The test was carried out at the Department of
Denison & Son, Ltd., Houslet Radiology, Ahmadu University Teaching Hospital,
Foundry, Leeds, England, U.K. Zaria, Nigeria. Samples of concrete cubes were
subjected to CT scan after each required curing period.
Computer Nix high speed computer
tomography tomography scanner manufactured Also, two 150 mm x 300 mm concrete cylinders were
scan by clinical equipment company produced and three (3) steel reinforcement pieces were
put in one cylinder whereas four (4) pieces were placed
in 2004.
in the other cylinder. The procedure is as follows:
The sample was removed from the curing tank,
PRODUCTION AND TESTING OF
dried and weighed. It was, then, placed in the CT scan
CONCRETE SPECIMEN
machine/device. Brain protocol was used for the test.
Trail Mix
Using AX IAL scan, with 2 mm slice thickness, a
A trail mix was carried out in order to determine the
scanogram was taken for the sample as the base which
most suitable water-cement (W/C) ratio and
allows to plan so as to get the next series scan. The
compaction method. An absolute volume method of
series scans were used to obtain images of internal
batching with a nominal mix ratio of 1:2:4 and three
structure of the concrete. The radiation exposure factor
(3) different W/C ratios of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.60 were used.
used was 120 kVp with standard time of 300 MAs. The
The samples were tested to destruction after 7days.
images of concrete samples produced by the CT scan
were then used to:
Final Mix Design
1. Determine the Hounsfield values.
The final mix design entails the use of absolute
2. Calculate the density of the concrete samples using
volume batching with a nominal mix of 1:2:4 and a
the processed CT scan images by obtaining the
water-cement ratio of 0.50 to determine the proportion
readings using densitometer from such images.

- 177 -
An Evaluation of Concrete Dauda Dahiru

Determination of the Hounsfield Values the image, and the Hounsfield values were immediately
The Hounsfield values were obtained directly from displayed at the left hand side of the image, as shown
the computer by placing the cursor of the computer on in Figure 1.

Vertical, Horizontal
and Diagonal Lines
Drawn to Determine
the Hounsfield Value

Hounsfield Value Displayed at the

Left Hand Side of the Computer

Figure (1): Determination of the Hounsfield Value from the Computer

Determination of Density from Images of Concrete pulse velocity test, rebound hammer, determination of
Samples on the Films Developed radiation attenuation coefficient of concrete cube and
The images from the film produced by the CT scan CT scan), were followed by the destructive
were used to determine the density. The summary of compression test. A Universal Compression Testing
the procedure is as follows: Machine with a capacity of 3000kN was used for that
An instrument used for the determination of purpose.
density, called densitometer (type X), was used. The
unit was switched on, a digital readout was displayed. Compressive strength of concrete specimens was
Then, the probe-tip of the unit was placed against the determined by placing, one after the other, 150 mm x
light source to be used, and slight forward pressure was 150 mm x 150 mm concrete cubes centrally in between
applied. The density reading of the film, including the the platens of the testing machine. The concrete sample
base fog, is now displayed on the Digit-X. The unit was placed in such a way that the axis of the specimen
was kept at right angles to the light source at all times is aligned with the axis of the loading device. There
during measurement. After each reading, the probe tip was no packing used in between the bearing surface of
was removed from the source and the zero buttons the machine and the specimen. Concrete cubes were
were pressed so that the instrument would display 0.00. then subjected to increasing load and pressure applied
The same procedure was repeated for all readings. At to the samples, until the specimen failed. Load was
least 2 minutes were given before taking readings on a applied without jerking or shock. The rate of loading
new film. was 0.233 MPa per second. The test was undertaken at
the Concrete Laboratory, Department of Civil
Compressive Strength Test Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
The aforementioned NDT procedures (ultrasonic

- 178 -
Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 9, No. 2, 2015

RESULTS OF CT SCAN OF the CT scan images obtained directly from the

CONCRETE SAMPLES computer. The other results were determined from the
Hounsfield Values and Readings Obtained from the processed CT scan images on the processed CT scan
Processed X - Ray Images films. Details of the results are presented in Tables 3
The Hounsfield values were recorded directly from and 4.

Table 3. CT scan number from the images of concrete samples in the computer

Age Weight Standard

C.T. Scan Number (Hounsfield) Average
(Days) (kg) Deviation
1 8.20 1647,1579,1781,1588,1605,1472,1576,1489,1615,1771 1612.3 101.6
3 8.10 1959,2021,2124,2697,2515,2035,2746,2907,2743,2339 2408.6 356.9
7 8.25 3089,2213,3278,3369,2263,2454,2893,3415,3089,2400 2846.3 471.1
14 8.20 2901,2540,2459,2867,3342,3496,3668,3147,3104,2243 2976.7 464.4
21 8.20 3030,3577,3318,3580,2836,2346,3006,2788,3527,2371 3037.9 463.1
28 8.15 3432,3435,3967,2212,2364,3334,3614,3168,3272,3064 3186.2 535.9
56 8.30 2167,3091,3638,3030,2132,2274,3008,2220,2112,2235 2590.7 547.5

A total of ten readings were recorded for each of standard deviation were calculated.
the samples tested. The average of the results and the

Table 4. Readings from processed CT scan images using densitometer

Age Weight Standard
Reading from processed CT Scan images Average
(Days) (kg) Deviation
1 8.20 0.01,0.05,0.07,0.02,0.01,0.04,0.02,0.08,0.23,0.26 0.08 0.09
3 8.10 0.16,0.06,0.21,0.03,0.06,0.10,0.04,0.35,0.38,0.68 0.21 0.27
7 8.25 0.29,0.46,0.45,0.25,0.10,0.06,0.34,0.16,0.33,0.25 0.25 0.13
14 8.20 1.02,0.51,0.46,0.04,0.42,0.07,0.37,0.01,0.23,0.26 0.34 0.29
21 8.20 0.07,0.26,0.23,0.01,0.23,0.61,0.71,0.69,0.13,0.50 0.34 0.26
28 8.15 0.08,0.04,0.58,0.91,0.45,0.86,0.29,0.43,0.38,0.01 0.40 0.32

Table 5. Hounsfield values from the images of concrete samples in the computer and
densitometer readings from processed CT scan images

CT Scan No. Readings from Processed Compressive Strength

Curing days Weight
(Hounsfield Value) CT Scan Images (N/mm2) P P

1 8.20 1612.3 0.08 18.89

3 8.10 2408.6 0.21 20.00
7 8.25 2846.3 0.25 23.56
14 8.20 2976.7 0.34 24.89
21 8.20 3037.9 0.34 29.33
28 8.15 3186.2 0.40 30.89

- 179 -
An Evaluation of Concrete Dauda Dahiru

CT scan numbers ranged from 1612.30 to 3186.20. used to predict the compressive strength which is the
The density obtained from the densitometer readings most important index for gauging the quality of
ranged from 0.08 to 0.40. concrete.
Additionally, a formula for assessing the
RESULT OF CT SCAN TEST characteristic strength of concrete cubes was
determined. The formula is as follows:
Relationship between Hounsfield Value, C = 0.008 N
Densitometer Readings and Compressive Strength where: C = Characteristic strength.
Correlation test was used to analyze the results of N = CT scan number.
CT scan test and compressive strength test. Result of The two formulae obtained from the regression
the correlation test is summarized in Table (6). analysis and the graph of characteristic strength of
concrete cubes against the CT scan number were used
Table 6. Correlation of compressive strength to convert the CT scan test result into the characteristic
against Hounsfield value, densitometer strength. Thereafter, the values determined were used
reading and weight to plot three graphs. These graphs are:
Hounsfield Densitometer Weight i. The graph of concrete cube characteristic strength
Value Reading obtained from the destructive (compressive strength)
test.
Compressive
0.863** 0.207 0.283 ii. The graph of CT scan test results converted into
Strength
characteristic strength using the formula obtained
Note: * Correlation is significant at 0.05 level.
from the regression analysis (y=5.6+0.00711X 1 ).
R R

** Correlation is significant at 0.01 level.

iii. The graph that was plotted using the result of
comparative analysis of concrete characteristic
There is direct correlation of 0.863 between the
strength and RAC test results (C=0.0408R).
compressive strength and the CT scan number
In case of densitometer readings, there is a linear
(Hounsfield value). When this value is compared to the
correlation of 0.207, but it is a weak correlation. But,
maximum value (1.0), it is seen that such a relationship
when the densitometer readings are compared with the
is a strong one, though not perfectly linear (direct
weight, the result of analysis shows that there is an
relationship). This means that 86% of the Hounsfield
inverse correlation of -0.592. However, as regards to
values are directly related to compressive strength.
the relationship between Hounsfield value and weight,
Regression analysis was also used to analyze the
there is a very weak correlation of 0.126.
results considering the compressive strength as the
Regression analysis was also used to analyze the
independent variable and the Hounsfield value of the
results considering the compressive strength as the
concrete sample as the dependent variable, meaning
independent variable and the Hounsfield value of the
that the equation that can be used to predict
concrete sample as the dependant variable. The
compressive strength (y) given the Hounsfield value, is
constant, the intercept, is given as 46.450 and the level
especially considering the fact that R square is 74.5%
of significance is 0.051 which is slightly greater than
.The equation is as follows:
0.05; while the slope is - 103 and the level of
y = 5.6 + 0.00711X 1 R

significance is 0.308 which is much higher when

where: y = Characteristic strength.
compared to 0.05. This means that the equation that
X 1 = Hounsfield value.
R R

can be used to predict compressive strength (y) given

It follows that when the CT scan is used, quite apart
the Hounsfield value, is:
from the examination of the internal structure, it can be

- 180 -
Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 9, No. 2, 2015

y = 46.450 403X 1 R

where y = Compressive Strength. The readings obtained from the processed CT scan
X 1 = Hounsfield value.
R R images were also converted into the compressive
It follows that when CT scan is used, quite apart strength by analyzing the concrete cube compressive
from the examination of the internal structure, it can be strength and the test result of CT scan. The
used to predict the compressive strength which is the compressive strength obtained and the concrete cube
most important characteristic of concrete. compressive strength are shown in Table 8.

Table 7. Characteristic strength obtained from Table 8. Compressive strength obtained from
CT scan results using the formulae readings from processed CT scan images using the
derived from the analysis formula derived from regression analysis

Concrete
Regression From Regression Analysis Concrete Cube
Cube Age
Age Analysis Graph (y = -78.5122+381.86X) Compressive Strength
Characteristic
(y=5.6+0.00711X) (C=0.008N) 1 47.96 18.89
Strength
1 17.06 12.90 18.89 3 1.68 20.00
3 22.73 19.27 20.00 7 16.95 23.86
7 25.84 22.77 23.86 14 51.32 24.89
14 26.76 23.81 24.89 21 51.32 29.33
21 26.87 24.30 29.33 28 152.74 30.89
28 28.25 25.49 30.89
35

30
Characteristic Strength

25
[N/mm2]

20 Regression Analysis
[y=5.6+0.00711X]
15 Graph [C=0.008N]

10 Con Cube
Characteristic Strength
5

0
1 3 7 14 21 28
Curing Days
Figure (2): Characteristic strength obtained from CT scan results using the formulae derived from the analysis

- 181 -
An Evaluation of Concrete Dauda Dahiru

Looking at Figure 2, it can be noted that, although characteristic strength. This again confirms an
the three graphs are not exactly the same, they are very important observation made earlier, stating that the CT
close to each other assuming similar form. This is scan result can be used to determine the strength of
particularly so in case of the two graphs drawn from concrete.
the result of analysis of the CT scan test result and the

200

150

100
Regression Analysis -
78.5122+381.86(X)
50
Con. Cube
Characteristic
0
1 3 7 14 21 28
-50

-100

Figure (3): Result of processed CT scan image converted into strength and
concrete cube characteristic strength

Figure 3 shows the graph of the result of processed strength. The value of such correlation is 0.863.
CT scan image converted into strength using regression 3. The equation that can be used to predict
analysis equation and the graph of concrete cube characteristic strength (y) given the Hounsfield
characteristic strength. Looking at the two graphs, it value, is:
will be noted that they are at variance to each other. y = 5.60 + 0.00711X 1 .
R R

This implies that the regression equation cannot give where y = characteristic strength.
an accurate estimate of characteristic strength of X 1 = Hounsfield value.
R R

concrete. 4. The readings of the densitometer obtained from the

processed CT scan film have a weak correlation of
CONCLUSIONS 0.207 with the compressive strength and an inverse
relationship of - 0.592 with the weight of the
After carrying out experiments, observations, concrete sample.
analysis and discussion on the CT scan test method, the 5. The regression equation obtained from
following conclusions can be drawn. densitometer reading from the processed CT scan
1. There is a relationship between the weight, and image cannot give an accurate estimate of
hence the density of concrete, and the Hounsfield characteristic strength of concrete cubes.
value is 0.126. 6. The densitometer instrument is not suitable for
2. The Hounsfield value (also known as CT scan determining the compressive strength and density
number) is directly related to the characteristic of concrete samples from the processed CT scan

- 182 -
Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 9, No. 2, 2015

images of the concrete samples. 2. A joint research should be undertaken between

7. In this study, the physical aspect; like the size, physicists, civil engineers/builders, mechanical and
number and nature of voids noted in the CT scan electrical engineers to study the possibility of
test, seems to give more meaningful information designing and fabricating a portable device that
on its relationship with compressive strength than uses the principle of CT scan machine which can be
the chemical analysis using AAS and XRF. used for examining the internal structure of
concrete, detecting concealed reinforcement bars,
RECOMMENDATIONS examining the internal condition of concrete,... etc.
Based on the results of the study, the following
recommendations are made: Acknowledgement
1. Where CT scan is used to examine concrete, it is The author wishes to acknowledge the contribution
suggested that the following equation can be used made by the following gentlemen towards successful
to determine the characteristic strength of concrete: accomplishment of this research. S.P. Ejeh, N.D.
y = 5.60 + 0.00711X 1 R Chom, Y.D. Amartey and I. Abubakar, Department of
where: y = Characteristic strength of concrete. Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria,
X 1 =CT scan number.
R R Nigeria.

REFERENCES Gambhir, M.L. (2006). Concrete Technology. Second

Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, India.
Akkaya, Y., Voigt, T., Subramaniam, and Shah, S.P. Garba et al. (2007). An Investigation into the Practice of
(2003). "Non-destructive measurement of concrete gain Mixed Design of Concrete in the Nigerian Construction
by an ultrasonic wave reflection method". Materials Industry. Journal of Environmental Technology.
and Structures Journal, 36 (8), 507 514. ATBU Bauchi Nigeria.
British Standard, BS 12. (1996). Portland Cement. BSI, Gupta, B.I., and Gupta, A. (2008). Concrete Technology.
Linfordwood, Milton Keynes MK14 6LE, U.K. Standard Publishers-Distributors. New Delhi, India.
British Standard, BS 882: 109. (1992). Aggregates from Mehta, K.P., and Monterio, P.J.M. (2006). Concrete:
Natural Sources for Concrete. BSI, Linfordwood, Microstructure, Properties and Materials. McGraw
Milton Keynes MK14 6LE, U.K. Hill, Ltd., California, U.S.A.
British Standard, BS 933: 1. (1997). Determination of Neville, A.M. (2007). Properties of Concrete". Addison
Particle Size Distribution Sieving Method. BSI, Wesley Longman, Ltd., Edinburgh Gate, Harlow Essex
Linfordwood, Milton Keynes MK14 6LE, U.K. CM 20 2JE, England.
British Standard, BS 812: 109. (1990). Method for Neville, A.M., and Brooks. (2010). Concrete
Determination of Moisture Content of Aggregate. Technology. Second Edition, Addison Wesley
BSI, Linfordwood, Milton Keynes MK14 6LE, U.K. Longman, Ltd., Edinburgh Gate, Harlow Essex CM 20
British Standard, BS 1881: 124. (1988). Methods of 2JE, England.
Analysis of Hardened Concrete. BSI, Linfordwood, NIS 013. (1974). "Specification for aggregates from natural
Milton Keynes MK14 6LE, U.K. sources for concrete". Suite 1, 24 Greenville Estate
British Standard, BS 112. (1971). Determination of Badore, Lekki-Ajah, Lagos, Nigeria.
Properties of Fine Aggregate. BSI, Linfordwood,
Milton Keynes MK14 6LE, U.K.

- 183 -
An Evaluation of Concrete Dauda Dahiru

NIS 014. (1974). "Methods for the sampling and the testing Reinhardt, H.W., and Grosse, C.U. (1999). Setting and
of minerals aggregate, sand and filler". Suite 1, 24 Hardening of Concrete Continuously Monitored by
Greenville Estate Badore, Lekki-Ajah, Lagos, Nigeria. Elastic Waves. http://www.ndt.net/article/grossel/
NIS 447. (2003). "Methods of testing cement- grossel.htm: Retrieved 2009.
determination of setting time and soundness". Suite 1, Reinhardt, W.W., Grosse, C., and Herb, A. (2000).
24 Greenville Estate Badore, Lekki-Ajah, Lagos, Ultrasonic Monitoring of Setting and Hardening of
Nigeria. Cement Mortar- a New Device. Materials and
NIS 455. (2003). "Methods of testing cement-taking or Structures, 33 (233).
preparing samples of cement". Suite 1, 24 Greenville Shetty, M.S. (2009). Concrete Technology: Theory and
Estate Badore, Lekki-Ajah, Lagos, Nigeria. Practice. S. Chand and Company, Ltd., Ram Nagar,
New Delhi 110 055, India.

- 184 -